Archaeology, Nationalism and Heritage in Islamic Society: a Turkish Case Study

David Shankland, 2002. https://doi.org/10.5284/1000236. How to cite using this DOI

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https://doi.org/10.5284/1000236
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David Shankland (2002) Archaeology, Nationalism and Heritage in Islamic Society: a Turkish Case Study [data-set]. York: Archaeology Data Service [distributor] https://doi.org/10.5284/1000236

Data copyright © Dr David Shankland unless otherwise stated

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Resource identifiers

Digital Object Identifiers

Digital Object Identifiers (DOIs) are persistent identifiers which can be used to consistently and accurately reference digital objects and/or content. The DOIs provide a way for the ADS resources to be cited in a similar fashion to traditional scholarly materials. More information on DOIs at the ADS can be found on our help page.

Citing this DOI

The updated Crossref DOI Display guidelines recommend that DOIs should be displayed in the following format:

https://doi.org/10.5284/1000236
Sample Citation for this DOI

David Shankland (2002) Archaeology, Nationalism and Heritage in Islamic Society: a Turkish Case Study [data-set]. York: Archaeology Data Service [distributor] https://doi.org/10.5284/1000236

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Archive Gallery

This page presents an archive gallery of images from Dr. Shankland's research. Over 500 images are available. The images in this collection have detailed explanatory notes which can be accessed when you open up a larger copy of the image by clicking on either the thumbnail or the 'JPG' link.

Records 161 - 200 of 502

ID Group Thumbnail Short description Download File size
161 158-162 Thumbnail of 161.jpg
161.jpg
Agadami is a large, low mound that lies on the field border between KK and a larger, neighbouring village called Karkin. Renowned for being the site of bad luck, there are many stories in circulation of devils been seen nearby, or of accidents taking place as a person drives by on the road. Today, in spite of its reputation, as can be seen in the Image, it is ploughed extensively. Its skirts are trimmed by passing tractors, and must be regarded as a potential target to be completely flattened. Until now, it probably has been saved by a combination of its name as being dangerous and the fact that, being comparatively flat, it does not actually impeded farming from taking place on its surface. The man pictured is Mr Naci Bakirci, my representative.
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KuCukkoy: showing the mound 'Agadami' JPG
161.jpg
Agadami is a large, low mound that lies on the field border between KK and a larger, neighbouring village called Karkin. Renowned for being the site of bad luck, there are many stories in circulation of devils been seen nearby, or of accidents taking place as a person drives by on the road. Today, in spite of its reputation, as can be seen in the Image, it is ploughed extensively. Its skirts are trimmed by passing tractors, and must be regarded as a potential target to be completely flattened. Until now, it probably has been saved by a combination of its name as being dangerous and the fact that, being comparatively flat, it does not actually impeded farming from taking place on its surface. The man pictured is Mr Naci Bakirci, my representative.
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60 Kb
162 158-162 Thumbnail of 162.jpg
162.jpg
Agadami is a large, low mound that lies on the field border between KK and a larger, neighbouring village called Karkin. Renowned for being the site of bad luck, there are many stories in circulation of devils been seen nearby, or of accidents taking place as a person drives by on the road. Today, in spite of its reputation, as can be seen in the Image, it is ploughed extensively. Its skirts are trimmed by passing tractors, and must be regarded as a potential target to be completely flattened. Until now, it probably has been saved by a combination of its name as being dangerous and the fact that, being comparatively flat, it does not actually impeded farming from taking place on its surface. The man pictured is Mr Naci Bakirci, my representative.
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KuCukkoy: showing the mound 'Agadami' JPG
162.jpg
Agadami is a large, low mound that lies on the field border between KK and a larger, neighbouring village called Karkin. Renowned for being the site of bad luck, there are many stories in circulation of devils been seen nearby, or of accidents taking place as a person drives by on the road. Today, in spite of its reputation, as can be seen in the Image, it is ploughed extensively. Its skirts are trimmed by passing tractors, and must be regarded as a potential target to be completely flattened. Until now, it probably has been saved by a combination of its name as being dangerous and the fact that, being comparatively flat, it does not actually impeded farming from taking place on its surface. The man pictured is Mr Naci Bakirci, my representative.
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61 Kb
163 163-167 Thumbnail of 163.jpg
163.jpg
KuCukkoy's cemetery.. It lies in the centre of the village, and is about seventy years' old. It is surrounded by a protective wall, with metal shards set in to prevent foxes digging up the bones of those who lie within in. Cemeteries in many ways hold a parallel position to that of archaeological mounds within the village cosmology, and they may on occasion make graveyards from ancient mounds still, such as in Karkin. That in KuCukkoy, however, appears to be on plain fields.
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KuCukkoy cemetery JPG
163.jpg
KuCukkoy's cemetery.. It lies in the centre of the village, and is about seventy years' old. It is surrounded by a protective wall, with metal shards set in to prevent foxes digging up the bones of those who lie within in. Cemeteries in many ways hold a parallel position to that of archaeological mounds within the village cosmology, and they may on occasion make graveyards from ancient mounds still, such as in Karkin. That in KuCukkoy, however, appears to be on plain fields.
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61 Kb
164 163-167 Thumbnail of 164.jpg
164.jpg
KuCukkoy's cemetery.. It lies in the centre of the village, and is about seventy years' old. It is surrounded by a protective wall, with metal shards set in to prevent foxes digging up the bones of those who lie within in. Cemeteries in many ways hold a parallel position to that of archaeological mounds within the village cosmology, and they may on occasion make graveyards from ancient mounds still, such as in Karkin. That in KuCukkoy, however, appears to be on plain fields.
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KuCukkoy cemetery JPG
164.jpg
KuCukkoy's cemetery.. It lies in the centre of the village, and is about seventy years' old. It is surrounded by a protective wall, with metal shards set in to prevent foxes digging up the bones of those who lie within in. Cemeteries in many ways hold a parallel position to that of archaeological mounds within the village cosmology, and they may on occasion make graveyards from ancient mounds still, such as in Karkin. That in KuCukkoy, however, appears to be on plain fields.
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60 Kb
165 163-167 Thumbnail of 165.jpg
165.jpg
KuCukkoy's cemetery.. It lies in the centre of the village, and is about seventy years' old. It is surrounded by a protective wall, with metal shards set in to prevent foxes digging up the bones of those who lie within in. Cemeteries in many ways hold a parallel position to that of archaeological mounds within the village cosmology, and they may on occasion make graveyards from ancient mounds still, such as in Karkin. That in KuCukkoy, however, appears to be on plain fields.
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KuCukkoy cemetery JPG
165.jpg
KuCukkoy's cemetery.. It lies in the centre of the village, and is about seventy years' old. It is surrounded by a protective wall, with metal shards set in to prevent foxes digging up the bones of those who lie within in. Cemeteries in many ways hold a parallel position to that of archaeological mounds within the village cosmology, and they may on occasion make graveyards from ancient mounds still, such as in Karkin. That in KuCukkoy, however, appears to be on plain fields.
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61 Kb
166 163-167 Thumbnail of 166.jpg
166.jpg
KuCukkoy's cemetery.. It lies in the centre of the village, and is about seventy years' old. It is surrounded by a protective wall, with metal shards set in to prevent foxes digging up the bones of those who lie within in. Cemeteries in many ways hold a parallel position to that of archaeological mounds within the village cosmology, and they may on occasion make graveyards from ancient mounds still, such as in Karkin. That in KuCukkoy, however, appears to be on plain fields.
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KuCukkoy cemetery JPG
166.jpg
KuCukkoy's cemetery.. It lies in the centre of the village, and is about seventy years' old. It is surrounded by a protective wall, with metal shards set in to prevent foxes digging up the bones of those who lie within in. Cemeteries in many ways hold a parallel position to that of archaeological mounds within the village cosmology, and they may on occasion make graveyards from ancient mounds still, such as in Karkin. That in KuCukkoy, however, appears to be on plain fields.
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60 Kb
167 163-167 Thumbnail of 167.jpg
167.jpg
KuCukkoy's cemetery.. It lies in the centre of the village, and is about seventy years' old. It is surrounded by a protective wall, with metal shards set in to prevent foxes digging up the bones of those who lie within in. Cemeteries in many ways hold a parallel position to that of archaeological mounds within the village cosmology, and they may on occasion make graveyards from ancient mounds still, such as in Karkin. That in KuCukkoy, however, appears to be on plain fields.
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KuCukkoy cemetery JPG
167.jpg
KuCukkoy's cemetery.. It lies in the centre of the village, and is about seventy years' old. It is surrounded by a protective wall, with metal shards set in to prevent foxes digging up the bones of those who lie within in. Cemeteries in many ways hold a parallel position to that of archaeological mounds within the village cosmology, and they may on occasion make graveyards from ancient mounds still, such as in Karkin. That in KuCukkoy, however, appears to be on plain fields.
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61 Kb
168 168 Thumbnail of 168.jpg
168.jpg
The field next to Agadami mound, prepared by the villgers to burn of its stubble. Notice that they have sprinkled earth around the base of the telegraph pole to lessen the possible effect of the flames. Burning stubble is widespread throughout Anatolia, albeit officially frowned upon. As the field burns, many small creatures flee the heat, and occasionally flocks of storks may be seen picking over the ground for food in front of the approaching flames.
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KK: Field before burning JPG
168.jpg
The field next to Agadami mound, prepared by the villgers to burn of its stubble. Notice that they have sprinkled earth around the base of the telegraph pole to lessen the possible effect of the flames. Burning stubble is widespread throughout Anatolia, albeit officially frowned upon. As the field burns, many small creatures flee the heat, and occasionally flocks of storks may be seen picking over the ground for food in front of the approaching flames.
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54 Kb
169 169 Thumbnail of 169.jpg
169.jpg
I stayed in this house for the three pilot seasons in 1995, 1996, and 1997. It consists of two large living rooms, a court-yard, and a stable. There is no running water, but there is a tap in the garden, and a dry closet in the corner of one of the garden walls.
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KK: House JPG
169.jpg
I stayed in this house for the three pilot seasons in 1995, 1996, and 1997. It consists of two large living rooms, a court-yard, and a stable. There is no running water, but there is a tap in the garden, and a dry closet in the corner of one of the garden walls.
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61 Kb
170 170 Thumbnail of 170.jpg
170.jpg
As houses fall into disuse, either because of death or moving to other plots, they are simply left slowly to disintegrate, and parts such as mud-bricks or wood taken from them to rebuild as necessary. For this reason, perhaps as many as a third or a half of traditioanal house structures in a village may not be occupied. This pattern is changing as villagers move from mud-brick to modern building methods, but it is a point that specialists have to bear in mind when calculating residence density in the archaeological record.
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KK: Collapsed house JPG
170.jpg
As houses fall into disuse, either because of death or moving to other plots, they are simply left slowly to disintegrate, and parts such as mud-bricks or wood taken from them to rebuild as necessary. For this reason, perhaps as many as a third or a half of traditioanal house structures in a village may not be occupied. This pattern is changing as villagers move from mud-brick to modern building methods, but it is a point that specialists have to bear in mind when calculating residence density in the archaeological record.
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61 Kb
171 171-174 Thumbnail of 171.jpg
171.jpg
Whilst the villagers to not destroy the mounds on the grounds that they are remnants of other cultures, they do not hesitate to resuse material from them. Here, a house has been rendered waterproof by using earth from a mound known as Kapidali. However, many villagers claim that using this earth has caused them bad luck because it has disturbed the skeletons of those who used to live there. They may explain, for example, that the 'owners' of the bones come in dreams and attempt to strangle them in rage. Here, we can see pottery pieces, and chips of bone and obsidian embedded in the wash used to cover the wall.
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KK: Prehistoric material in house wall JPG
171.jpg
Whilst the villagers to not destroy the mounds on the grounds that they are remnants of other cultures, they do not hesitate to resuse material from them. Here, a house has been rendered waterproof by using earth from a mound known as Kapidali. However, many villagers claim that using this earth has caused them bad luck because it has disturbed the skeletons of those who used to live there. They may explain, for example, that the 'owners' of the bones come in dreams and attempt to strangle them in rage. Here, we can see pottery pieces, and chips of bone and obsidian embedded in the wash used to cover the wall.
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71 Kb
172 171-174 Thumbnail of 172.jpg
172.jpg
Whilst the villagers to not destroy the mounds on the grounds that they are remnants of other cultures, they do not hesitate to resuse material from them. Here, a house has been rendered waterproof by using earth from a mound known as Kapidali. However, many villagers claim that using this earth has caused them bad luck because it has disturbed the skeletons of those who used to live there. They may explain, for example, that the 'owners' of the bones come in dreams and attempt to strangle them in rage. Here, we can see pottery pieces, and chips of bone and obsidian embedded in the wash used to cover the wall.
[DOWNLOAD] right-click and save link
KK: Prehistoric material in house wall JPG
172.jpg
Whilst the villagers to not destroy the mounds on the grounds that they are remnants of other cultures, they do not hesitate to resuse material from them. Here, a house has been rendered waterproof by using earth from a mound known as Kapidali. However, many villagers claim that using this earth has caused them bad luck because it has disturbed the skeletons of those who used to live there. They may explain, for example, that the 'owners' of the bones come in dreams and attempt to strangle them in rage. Here, we can see pottery pieces, and chips of bone and obsidian embedded in the wash used to cover the wall.
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60 Kb
173 171-174 Thumbnail of 173.jpg
173.jpg
Whilst the villagers to not destroy the mounds on the grounds that they are remnants of other cultures, they do not hesitate to resuse material from them. Here, a house has been rendered waterproof by using earth from a mound known as Kapidali. However, many villagers claim that using this earth has caused them bad luck because it has disturbed the skeletons of those who used to live there. They may explain, for example, that the 'owners' of the bones come in dreams and attempt to strangle them in rage. Here, we can see pottery pieces, and chips of bone and obsidian embedded in the wash used to cover the wall.
[DOWNLOAD] right-click and save link
KK: Prehistoric material in house wall JPG
173.jpg
Whilst the villagers to not destroy the mounds on the grounds that they are remnants of other cultures, they do not hesitate to resuse material from them. Here, a house has been rendered waterproof by using earth from a mound known as Kapidali. However, many villagers claim that using this earth has caused them bad luck because it has disturbed the skeletons of those who used to live there. They may explain, for example, that the 'owners' of the bones come in dreams and attempt to strangle them in rage. Here, we can see pottery pieces, and chips of bone and obsidian embedded in the wash used to cover the wall.
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60 Kb
174 171-174 Thumbnail of 174.jpg
174.jpg
Whilst the villagers to not destroy the mounds on the grounds that they are remnants of other cultures, they do not hesitate to resuse material from them. Here, a house has been rendered waterproof by using earth from a mound known as Kapidali. However, many villagers claim that using this earth has caused them bad luck because it has disturbed the skeletons of those who used to live there. They may explain, for example, that the 'owners' of the bones come in dreams and attempt to strangle them in rage. Here, we can see pottery pieces, and chips of bone and obsidian embedded in the wash used to cover the wall.
[DOWNLOAD] right-click and save link
KK: Prehistoric material in house wall JPG
174.jpg
Whilst the villagers to not destroy the mounds on the grounds that they are remnants of other cultures, they do not hesitate to resuse material from them. Here, a house has been rendered waterproof by using earth from a mound known as Kapidali. However, many villagers claim that using this earth has caused them bad luck because it has disturbed the skeletons of those who used to live there. They may explain, for example, that the 'owners' of the bones come in dreams and attempt to strangle them in rage. Here, we can see pottery pieces, and chips of bone and obsidian embedded in the wash used to cover the wall.
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60 Kb
175 175 Thumbnail of 175.jpg
175.jpg
A typical small flock of Anatolian fat-tailed sheep. Farming takes place on a household basis, and there is a huge range of flock size, from a handful maintained by an elderly couple to flock of several hundred, maintained by a shepherd hired usually from the east on a six-months' arrangement.
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KK: small flock of sheep JPG
175.jpg
A typical small flock of Anatolian fat-tailed sheep. Farming takes place on a household basis, and there is a huge range of flock size, from a handful maintained by an elderly couple to flock of several hundred, maintained by a shepherd hired usually from the east on a six-months' arrangement.
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63 Kb
176 176-179 Thumbnail of 176.jpg
176.jpg
This, the largest traditionally-built house in the village was constructed and owned by a man known as 'Riza Effendi', who made a good living by supplying camels for caravans that would pass near by. In due course, the house passed by inheritance to the head man's wife. In 1998, the head man decided to sell the house a trust devoted to women in Istanbul, whose head, a women, is a professor of economics in Bosphorus University came to the village and offered a good price. Her aim appeared to be to set up a women's movement based on the idea that religion (such as that at Catalhoyuk) may favour women. That winter, the house was burnt to the ground, for reasons that are not yet clear.
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View of burnt house in KuCukkoy JPG
176.jpg
This, the largest traditionally-built house in the village was constructed and owned by a man known as 'Riza Effendi', who made a good living by supplying camels for caravans that would pass near by. In due course, the house passed by inheritance to the head man's wife. In 1998, the head man decided to sell the house a trust devoted to women in Istanbul, whose head, a women, is a professor of economics in Bosphorus University came to the village and offered a good price. Her aim appeared to be to set up a women's movement based on the idea that religion (such as that at Catalhoyuk) may favour women. That winter, the house was burnt to the ground, for reasons that are not yet clear.
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89 Kb
177 176-179 Thumbnail of 177.jpg
177.jpg
This, the largest traditionally-built house in the village was constructed and owned by a man known as 'Riza Effendi', who made a good living by supplying camels for caravans that would pass near by. In due course, the house passed by inheritance to the head man's wife. In 1998, the head man decided to sell the house a trust devoted to women in Istanbul, whose head, a women, is a professor of economics in Bosphorus University came to the village and offered a good price. Her aim appeared to be to set up a women's movement based on the idea that religion (such as that at Catalhoyuk) may favour women. That winter, the house was burnt to the ground, for reasons that are not yet clear.
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View of burnt house in KuCukkoy JPG
177.jpg
This, the largest traditionally-built house in the village was constructed and owned by a man known as 'Riza Effendi', who made a good living by supplying camels for caravans that would pass near by. In due course, the house passed by inheritance to the head man's wife. In 1998, the head man decided to sell the house a trust devoted to women in Istanbul, whose head, a women, is a professor of economics in Bosphorus University came to the village and offered a good price. Her aim appeared to be to set up a women's movement based on the idea that religion (such as that at Catalhoyuk) may favour women. That winter, the house was burnt to the ground, for reasons that are not yet clear.
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59 Kb
178 176-179 Thumbnail of 178.jpg
178.jpg
This, the largest traditionally-built house in the village was constructed and owned by a man known as 'Riza Effendi', who made a good living by supplying camels for caravans that would pass near by. In due course, the house passed by inheritance to the head man's wife. In 1998, the head man decided to sell the house a trust devoted to women in Istanbul, whose head, a women, is a professor of economics in Bosphorus University came to the village and offered a good price. Her aim appeared to be to set up a women's movement based on the idea that religion (such as that at Catalhoyuk) may favour women. That winter, the house was burnt to the ground, for reasons that are not yet clear.
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View of burnt house in KuCukkoy JPG
178.jpg
This, the largest traditionally-built house in the village was constructed and owned by a man known as 'Riza Effendi', who made a good living by supplying camels for caravans that would pass near by. In due course, the house passed by inheritance to the head man's wife. In 1998, the head man decided to sell the house a trust devoted to women in Istanbul, whose head, a women, is a professor of economics in Bosphorus University came to the village and offered a good price. Her aim appeared to be to set up a women's movement based on the idea that religion (such as that at Catalhoyuk) may favour women. That winter, the house was burnt to the ground, for reasons that are not yet clear.
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59 Kb
179 176-179 Thumbnail of 179.jpg
179.jpg
This, the largest traditionally-built house in the village was constructed and owned by a man known as 'Riza Effendi', who made a good living by supplying camels for caravans that would pass near by. In due course, the house passed by inheritance to the head man's wife. In 1998, the head man decided to sell the house a trust devoted to women in Istanbul, whose head, a women, is a professor of economics in Bosphorus University came to the village and offered a good price. Her aim appeared to be to set up a women's movement based on the idea that religion (such as that at Catalhoyuk) may favour women. That winter, the house was burnt to the ground, for reasons that are not yet clear.
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View of burnt house in KuCukkoy JPG
179.jpg
This, the largest traditionally-built house in the village was constructed and owned by a man known as 'Riza Effendi', who made a good living by supplying camels for caravans that would pass near by. In due course, the house passed by inheritance to the head man's wife. In 1998, the head man decided to sell the house a trust devoted to women in Istanbul, whose head, a women, is a professor of economics in Bosphorus University came to the village and offered a good price. Her aim appeared to be to set up a women's movement based on the idea that religion (such as that at Catalhoyuk) may favour women. That winter, the house was burnt to the ground, for reasons that are not yet clear.
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60 Kb
180 180 Thumbnail of 180.jpg
180.jpg
KuCukkoy is a pleasantly-laid out village of single-storied family houses spaced generously apart along streets. A nuclear settlement, a mosque lies in the centre of the village, and gardens along peremeter, particularly to its northern side. CH lies to the south of the settlement, about one kilometer distant. As is usual in Anatolia, there are no fences either between houses or between fields, though occasionally there is occasionally an animal pen.
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Village street in KuCukkoy JPG
180.jpg
KuCukkoy is a pleasantly-laid out village of single-storied family houses spaced generously apart along streets. A nuclear settlement, a mosque lies in the centre of the village, and gardens along peremeter, particularly to its northern side. CH lies to the south of the settlement, about one kilometer distant. As is usual in Anatolia, there are no fences either between houses or between fields, though occasionally there is occasionally an animal pen.
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61 Kb
181 181 Thumbnail of 181.jpg
181.jpg
The environment of the area around CH is not obviously immediately relevant to the research, yet increasingly intrudes upon the way that any evaluation of the place of the research team in the area may be made. Whilst the region was, until recently, extremely rich in fauna and flora, it has noticebly dessicated since this research began. The results are most immediately apparent in the drastic decline of the water table and the resulting, immediate disappearence of many of the birds. Now, the greenery such as is depicted in the photograph is achieved through pumping out ground-water faster than it is being replaced. A large-scale re-organisation of the irrigation of the Cumra plain has yet to be properly put in place, and is in any case at present dependent upon there being water in the Beysehir dam above Konya. This raises a host of questions to do with the relationship between the state, perception of natural resources, and the local villagers. These impinge upon the archaeology in turn mainly through the damage that may be caused to the remains of the past in the region, though there are also implications for the practice of archaeology in the area should the water table continue to fall so rapidly. These issues, albeit in a preliminary way, are treated in my chapter in the forthcoming site report volumes.
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KuCukkoy: toad JPG
181.jpg
The environment of the area around CH is not obviously immediately relevant to the research, yet increasingly intrudes upon the way that any evaluation of the place of the research team in the area may be made. Whilst the region was, until recently, extremely rich in fauna and flora, it has noticebly dessicated since this research began. The results are most immediately apparent in the drastic decline of the water table and the resulting, immediate disappearence of many of the birds. Now, the greenery such as is depicted in the photograph is achieved through pumping out ground-water faster than it is being replaced. A large-scale re-organisation of the irrigation of the Cumra plain has yet to be properly put in place, and is in any case at present dependent upon there being water in the Beysehir dam above Konya. This raises a host of questions to do with the relationship between the state, perception of natural resources, and the local villagers. These impinge upon the archaeology in turn mainly through the damage that may be caused to the remains of the past in the region, though there are also implications for the practice of archaeology in the area should the water table continue to fall so rapidly. These issues, albeit in a preliminary way, are treated in my chapter in the forthcoming site report volumes.
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60 Kb
182 182-189 Thumbnail of 182.jpg
182.jpg
Kapidali is a large mound just outside the main settlement of KuCukkoy to the west. It has been used extensively by the villagers for its earth, which is said to be waterproof. However, they have become worried about doing so. The major damage to the mound arose when it was excavated by a bulldozer which the villagers had asked to scoop earth to provide water-proof earth to the banks of a water-channel near by. Tractors began to have accidents near that spot, and an old man eventually gathered together the village and persuaded them to stop taking earth from it. At the same time, some of the bones were reburied. Though they have since been disturbed again by foxes and are lying on the surface, they were buried at the time with a prayer, which is said to have quietened the souls of those who lie in the mound. The grave stone indicates the resting place of a man who was the village watchman, but shot in the course of his duties. The villagers say that they were going to use this mound as the new village cemetery but did not have to do so after a man left the present spot to the village in his will.
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KuCukkoy, Kapidali mound JPG
182.jpg
Kapidali is a large mound just outside the main settlement of KuCukkoy to the west. It has been used extensively by the villagers for its earth, which is said to be waterproof. However, they have become worried about doing so. The major damage to the mound arose when it was excavated by a bulldozer which the villagers had asked to scoop earth to provide water-proof earth to the banks of a water-channel near by. Tractors began to have accidents near that spot, and an old man eventually gathered together the village and persuaded them to stop taking earth from it. At the same time, some of the bones were reburied. Though they have since been disturbed again by foxes and are lying on the surface, they were buried at the time with a prayer, which is said to have quietened the souls of those who lie in the mound. The grave stone indicates the resting place of a man who was the village watchman, but shot in the course of his duties. The villagers say that they were going to use this mound as the new village cemetery but did not have to do so after a man left the present spot to the village in his will.
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61 Kb
183 182-189 Thumbnail of 183.jpg
183.jpg
Kapidali is a large mound just outside the main settlement of KuCukkoy to the west. It has been used extensively by the villagers for its earth, which is said to be waterproof. However, they have become worried about doing so. The major damage to the mound arose when it was excavated by a bulldozer which the villagers had asked to scoop earth to provide water-proof earth to the banks of a water-channel near by. Tractors began to have accidents near that spot, and an old man eventually gathered together the village and persuaded them to stop taking earth from it. At the same time, some of the bones were reburied. Though they have since been disturbed again by foxes and are lying on the surface, they were buried at the time with a prayer, which is said to have quietened the souls of those who lie in the mound. The grave stone indicates the resting place of a man who was the village watchman, but shot in the course of his duties. The villagers say that they were going to use this mound as the new village cemetery but did not have to do so after a man left the present spot to the village in his will.
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KuCukkoy, Kapidali mound JPG
183.jpg
Kapidali is a large mound just outside the main settlement of KuCukkoy to the west. It has been used extensively by the villagers for its earth, which is said to be waterproof. However, they have become worried about doing so. The major damage to the mound arose when it was excavated by a bulldozer which the villagers had asked to scoop earth to provide water-proof earth to the banks of a water-channel near by. Tractors began to have accidents near that spot, and an old man eventually gathered together the village and persuaded them to stop taking earth from it. At the same time, some of the bones were reburied. Though they have since been disturbed again by foxes and are lying on the surface, they were buried at the time with a prayer, which is said to have quietened the souls of those who lie in the mound. The grave stone indicates the resting place of a man who was the village watchman, but shot in the course of his duties. The villagers say that they were going to use this mound as the new village cemetery but did not have to do so after a man left the present spot to the village in his will.
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184 182-189 Thumbnail of 184.jpg
184.jpg
Kapidali is a large mound just outside the main settlement of KuCukkoy to the west. It has been used extensively by the villagers for its earth, which is said to be waterproof. However, they have become worried about doing so. The major damage to the mound arose when it was excavated by a bulldozer which the villagers had asked to scoop earth to provide water-proof earth to the banks of a water-channel near by. Tractors began to have accidents near that spot, and an old man eventually gathered together the village and persuaded them to stop taking earth from it. At the same time, some of the bones were reburied. Though they have since been disturbed again by foxes and are lying on the surface, they were buried at the time with a prayer, which is said to have quietened the souls of those who lie in the mound. The grave stone indicates the resting place of a man who was the village watchman, but shot in the course of his duties. The villagers say that they were going to use this mound as the new village cemetery but did not have to do so after a man left the present spot to the village in his will.
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KuCukkoy, Kapidali mound JPG
184.jpg
Kapidali is a large mound just outside the main settlement of KuCukkoy to the west. It has been used extensively by the villagers for its earth, which is said to be waterproof. However, they have become worried about doing so. The major damage to the mound arose when it was excavated by a bulldozer which the villagers had asked to scoop earth to provide water-proof earth to the banks of a water-channel near by. Tractors began to have accidents near that spot, and an old man eventually gathered together the village and persuaded them to stop taking earth from it. At the same time, some of the bones were reburied. Though they have since been disturbed again by foxes and are lying on the surface, they were buried at the time with a prayer, which is said to have quietened the souls of those who lie in the mound. The grave stone indicates the resting place of a man who was the village watchman, but shot in the course of his duties. The villagers say that they were going to use this mound as the new village cemetery but did not have to do so after a man left the present spot to the village in his will.
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76 Kb
185 182-189 Thumbnail of 185.jpg
185.jpg
Kapidali is a large mound just outside the main settlement of KuCukkoy to the west. It has been used extensively by the villagers for its earth, which is said to be waterproof. However, they have become worried about doing so. The major damage to the mound arose when it was excavated by a bulldozer which the villagers had asked to scoop earth to provide water-proof earth to the banks of a water-channel near by. Tractors began to have accidents near that spot, and an old man eventually gathered together the village and persuaded them to stop taking earth from it. At the same time, some of the bones were reburied. Though they have since been disturbed again by foxes and are lying on the surface, they were buried at the time with a prayer, which is said to have quietened the souls of those who lie in the mound. The grave stone indicates the resting place of a man who was the village watchman, but shot in the course of his duties. The villagers say that they were going to use this mound as the new village cemetery but did not have to do so after a man left the present spot to the village in his will.
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KuCukkoy, Kapidali mound JPG
185.jpg
Kapidali is a large mound just outside the main settlement of KuCukkoy to the west. It has been used extensively by the villagers for its earth, which is said to be waterproof. However, they have become worried about doing so. The major damage to the mound arose when it was excavated by a bulldozer which the villagers had asked to scoop earth to provide water-proof earth to the banks of a water-channel near by. Tractors began to have accidents near that spot, and an old man eventually gathered together the village and persuaded them to stop taking earth from it. At the same time, some of the bones were reburied. Though they have since been disturbed again by foxes and are lying on the surface, they were buried at the time with a prayer, which is said to have quietened the souls of those who lie in the mound. The grave stone indicates the resting place of a man who was the village watchman, but shot in the course of his duties. The villagers say that they were going to use this mound as the new village cemetery but did not have to do so after a man left the present spot to the village in his will.
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62 Kb
186 182-189 Thumbnail of 186.jpg
186.jpg
Kapidali is a large mound just outside the main settlement of KuCukkoy to the west. It has been used extensively by the villagers for its earth, which is said to be waterproof. However, they have become worried about doing so. The major damage to the mound arose when it was excavated by a bulldozer which the villagers had asked to scoop earth to provide water-proof earth to the banks of a water-channel near by. Tractors began to have accidents near that spot, and an old man eventually gathered together the village and persuaded them to stop taking earth from it. At the same time, some of the bones were reburied. Though they have since been disturbed again by foxes and are lying on the surface, they were buried at the time with a prayer, which is said to have quietened the souls of those who lie in the mound. The grave stone indicates the resting place of a man who was the village watchman, but shot in the course of his duties. The villagers say that they were going to use this mound as the new village cemetery but did not have to do so after a man left the present spot to the village in his will.
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KuCukkoy, Kapidali mound JPG
186.jpg
Kapidali is a large mound just outside the main settlement of KuCukkoy to the west. It has been used extensively by the villagers for its earth, which is said to be waterproof. However, they have become worried about doing so. The major damage to the mound arose when it was excavated by a bulldozer which the villagers had asked to scoop earth to provide water-proof earth to the banks of a water-channel near by. Tractors began to have accidents near that spot, and an old man eventually gathered together the village and persuaded them to stop taking earth from it. At the same time, some of the bones were reburied. Though they have since been disturbed again by foxes and are lying on the surface, they were buried at the time with a prayer, which is said to have quietened the souls of those who lie in the mound. The grave stone indicates the resting place of a man who was the village watchman, but shot in the course of his duties. The villagers say that they were going to use this mound as the new village cemetery but did not have to do so after a man left the present spot to the village in his will.
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61 Kb
187 182-189 Thumbnail of 187.jpg
187.jpg
Kapidali is a large mound just outside the main settlement of KuCukkoy to the west. It has been used extensively by the villagers for its earth, which is said to be waterproof. However, they have become worried about doing so. The major damage to the mound arose when it was excavated by a bulldozer which the villagers had asked to scoop earth to provide water-proof earth to the banks of a water-channel near by. Tractors began to have accidents near that spot, and an old man eventually gathered together the village and persuaded them to stop taking earth from it. At the same time, some of the bones were reburied. Though they have since been disturbed again by foxes and are lying on the surface, they were buried at the time with a prayer, which is said to have quietened the souls of those who lie in the mound. The grave stone indicates the resting place of a man who was the village watchman, but shot in the course of his duties. The villagers say that they were going to use this mound as the new village cemetery but did not have to do so after a man left the present spot to the village in his will.
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KuCukkoy, Kapidali mound JPG
187.jpg
Kapidali is a large mound just outside the main settlement of KuCukkoy to the west. It has been used extensively by the villagers for its earth, which is said to be waterproof. However, they have become worried about doing so. The major damage to the mound arose when it was excavated by a bulldozer which the villagers had asked to scoop earth to provide water-proof earth to the banks of a water-channel near by. Tractors began to have accidents near that spot, and an old man eventually gathered together the village and persuaded them to stop taking earth from it. At the same time, some of the bones were reburied. Though they have since been disturbed again by foxes and are lying on the surface, they were buried at the time with a prayer, which is said to have quietened the souls of those who lie in the mound. The grave stone indicates the resting place of a man who was the village watchman, but shot in the course of his duties. The villagers say that they were going to use this mound as the new village cemetery but did not have to do so after a man left the present spot to the village in his will.
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61 Kb
188 182-189 Thumbnail of 188.jpg
188.jpg
Kapidali is a large mound just outside the main settlement of KuCukkoy to the west. It has been used extensively by the villagers for its earth, which is said to be waterproof. However, they have become worried about doing so. The major damage to the mound arose when it was excavated by a bulldozer which the villagers had asked to scoop earth to provide water-proof earth to the banks of a water-channel near by. Tractors began to have accidents near that spot, and an old man eventually gathered together the village and persuaded them to stop taking earth from it. At the same time, some of the bones were reburied. Though they have since been disturbed again by foxes and are lying on the surface, they were buried at the time with a prayer, which is said to have quietened the souls of those who lie in the mound. The grave stone indicates the resting place of a man who was the village watchman, but shot in the course of his duties. The villagers say that they were going to use this mound as the new village cemetery but did not have to do so after a man left the present spot to the village in his will.
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KuCukkoy, Kapidali mound JPG
188.jpg
Kapidali is a large mound just outside the main settlement of KuCukkoy to the west. It has been used extensively by the villagers for its earth, which is said to be waterproof. However, they have become worried about doing so. The major damage to the mound arose when it was excavated by a bulldozer which the villagers had asked to scoop earth to provide water-proof earth to the banks of a water-channel near by. Tractors began to have accidents near that spot, and an old man eventually gathered together the village and persuaded them to stop taking earth from it. At the same time, some of the bones were reburied. Though they have since been disturbed again by foxes and are lying on the surface, they were buried at the time with a prayer, which is said to have quietened the souls of those who lie in the mound. The grave stone indicates the resting place of a man who was the village watchman, but shot in the course of his duties. The villagers say that they were going to use this mound as the new village cemetery but did not have to do so after a man left the present spot to the village in his will.
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60 Kb
189 182-189 Thumbnail of 189.jpg
189.jpg
Kapidali is a large mound just outside the main settlement of KuCukkoy to the west. It has been used extensively by the villagers for its earth, which is said to be waterproof. However, they have become worried about doing so. The major damage to the mound arose when it was excavated by a bulldozer which the villagers had asked to scoop earth to provide water-proof earth to the banks of a water-channel near by. Tractors began to have accidents near that spot, and an old man eventually gathered together the village and persuaded them to stop taking earth from it. At the same time, some of the bones were reburied. Though they have since been disturbed again by foxes and are lying on the surface, they were buried at the time with a prayer, which is said to have quietened the souls of those who lie in the mound. The grave stone indicates the resting place of a man who was the village watchman, but shot in the course of his duties. The villagers say that they were going to use this mound as the new village cemetery but did not have to do so after a man left the present spot to the village in his will.
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KuCukkoy, Kapidali mound JPG
189.jpg
Kapidali is a large mound just outside the main settlement of KuCukkoy to the west. It has been used extensively by the villagers for its earth, which is said to be waterproof. However, they have become worried about doing so. The major damage to the mound arose when it was excavated by a bulldozer which the villagers had asked to scoop earth to provide water-proof earth to the banks of a water-channel near by. Tractors began to have accidents near that spot, and an old man eventually gathered together the village and persuaded them to stop taking earth from it. At the same time, some of the bones were reburied. Though they have since been disturbed again by foxes and are lying on the surface, they were buried at the time with a prayer, which is said to have quietened the souls of those who lie in the mound. The grave stone indicates the resting place of a man who was the village watchman, but shot in the course of his duties. The villagers say that they were going to use this mound as the new village cemetery but did not have to do so after a man left the present spot to the village in his will.
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62 Kb
190 190 Thumbnail of 190.jpg
190.jpg
View of fields to the east of KuCukkoy, near Avrathan. Notice the sprinklers thorwing the water, pumped sometimes from up to 100 metres deep, into the air. As yet, there has been no move to introduce measures against rapid evaporation.
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KuCukkoy fields, showing sprinklers JPG
190.jpg
View of fields to the east of KuCukkoy, near Avrathan. Notice the sprinklers thorwing the water, pumped sometimes from up to 100 metres deep, into the air. As yet, there has been no move to introduce measures against rapid evaporation.
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57 Kb
191 191 Thumbnail of 191.jpg
191.jpg
Salurhoyugu lies just to the north of the main village settlement. It has suffered no particular damage, other than being extensively plough over and its skirts slightly trimmed, nor during the course of my research was I able to discover any ethnographic tale or aspect of this mound that had any particular significance within village life.
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KuCukkoy: Salurhoyugu JPG
191.jpg
Salurhoyugu lies just to the north of the main village settlement. It has suffered no particular damage, other than being extensively plough over and its skirts slightly trimmed, nor during the course of my research was I able to discover any ethnographic tale or aspect of this mound that had any particular significance within village life.
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58 Kb
192 192 Thumbnail of 192.jpg
192.jpg
Bird of prey, seemingly stunned, sitting immobile next to electric pylon. The extensive bird life of the plain has drastically fallen over the past five years.
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KuCukkoy: near Karacahoyugu JPG
192.jpg
Bird of prey, seemingly stunned, sitting immobile next to electric pylon. The extensive bird life of the plain has drastically fallen over the past five years.
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60 Kb
193 193 Thumbnail of 193.jpg
193.jpg
Field use in KuCukkoy is complicated, and interesting because of the great wealth of the soil. Of possible cash-crops, the villagers may grow melons, wheat, beans, lentils depending on the market and depending upon what seems to be successful from one year to the next. They also grow sugar-beet in co-ordination with the near-by factory. The illustration shows a melon field whose crop has failed because of the drought, with sun-flowers grown on its perimeter for private consumption of the dried seeds. To the rear lies Salurhoyugu, and in the middle ground an open-topped water channel, not yet in use. The richness of the soil, and the wealth that can be obtained through mechanised irrigated farming is one reason why the heritage has been so badly damaged in the last decade.
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KuCukkoy: field showing Salurhoyugu in background JPG
193.jpg
Field use in KuCukkoy is complicated, and interesting because of the great wealth of the soil. Of possible cash-crops, the villagers may grow melons, wheat, beans, lentils depending on the market and depending upon what seems to be successful from one year to the next. They also grow sugar-beet in co-ordination with the near-by factory. The illustration shows a melon field whose crop has failed because of the drought, with sun-flowers grown on its perimeter for private consumption of the dried seeds. To the rear lies Salurhoyugu, and in the middle ground an open-topped water channel, not yet in use. The richness of the soil, and the wealth that can be obtained through mechanised irrigated farming is one reason why the heritage has been so badly damaged in the last decade.
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61 Kb
194 194 Thumbnail of 194.jpg
194.jpg
View showing KK from distance. Note the trees that surround the village and the very flat, unfenced fields that surround it, making any mounds very obvious. In the foreground is an as yet unused water channel, part of KOP (Konya Plain Irrigation Project), the second largest water infrastructural project in Turkey after the Ataturk Dam, that has already begun to replace the previous irrigation system built by the Germans before the First World War.
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KK from distance JPG
194.jpg
View showing KK from distance. Note the trees that surround the village and the very flat, unfenced fields that surround it, making any mounds very obvious. In the foreground is an as yet unused water channel, part of KOP (Konya Plain Irrigation Project), the second largest water infrastructural project in Turkey after the Ataturk Dam, that has already begun to replace the previous irrigation system built by the Germans before the First World War.
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56 Kb
195 195-197 Thumbnail of 195.jpg
195.jpg
Karacahoguyu is one of the largest mounds in the immediate area, and one whose remains spread off the mounds itself and into the surrounding fields, where ceramic pieces are frequently found. The villagers are convinced that there is gold in this mound in particular, and may tell stories of trying to open trenches, impeded by supernatural forces such as wind whistling or voices howling. However, illegal digging continues, and the picture shows the government representative holding a large piece of broken pot that has emerged from one of the illicit holes.
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KK: Karacahoguyu JPG
195.jpg
Karacahoguyu is one of the largest mounds in the immediate area, and one whose remains spread off the mounds itself and into the surrounding fields, where ceramic pieces are frequently found. The villagers are convinced that there is gold in this mound in particular, and may tell stories of trying to open trenches, impeded by supernatural forces such as wind whistling or voices howling. However, illegal digging continues, and the picture shows the government representative holding a large piece of broken pot that has emerged from one of the illicit holes.
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67 Kb
196 195-197 Thumbnail of 196.jpg
196.jpg
Karacahoguyu is one of the largest mounds in the immediate area, and one whose remains spread off the mounds itself and into the surrounding fields, where ceramic pieces are frequently found. The villagers are convinced that there is gold in this mound in particular, and may tell stories of trying to open trenches, impeded by supernatural forces such as wind whistling or voices howling. However, illegal digging continues, and the picture shows the government representative holding a large piece of broken pot that has emerged from one of the illicit holes.
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KK: Karacahoguyu JPG
196.jpg
Karacahoguyu is one of the largest mounds in the immediate area, and one whose remains spread off the mounds itself and into the surrounding fields, where ceramic pieces are frequently found. The villagers are convinced that there is gold in this mound in particular, and may tell stories of trying to open trenches, impeded by supernatural forces such as wind whistling or voices howling. However, illegal digging continues, and the picture shows the government representative holding a large piece of broken pot that has emerged from one of the illicit holes.
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59 Kb
197 195-197 Thumbnail of 197.jpg
197.jpg
Karacahoguyu is one of the largest mounds in the immediate area, and one whose remains spread off the mounds itself and into the surrounding fields, where ceramic pieces are frequently found. The villagers are convinced that there is gold in this mound in particular, and may tell stories of trying to open trenches, impeded by supernatural forces such as wind whistling or voices howling. However, illegal digging continues, and the picture shows the government representative holding a large piece of broken pot that has emerged from one of the illicit holes.
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KK: Karacahoguyu JPG
197.jpg
Karacahoguyu is one of the largest mounds in the immediate area, and one whose remains spread off the mounds itself and into the surrounding fields, where ceramic pieces are frequently found. The villagers are convinced that there is gold in this mound in particular, and may tell stories of trying to open trenches, impeded by supernatural forces such as wind whistling or voices howling. However, illegal digging continues, and the picture shows the government representative holding a large piece of broken pot that has emerged from one of the illicit holes.
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60 Kb
198 198 Thumbnail of 198.jpg
198.jpg
German built water channel filled with water. This system is now largely out of use.
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KK: German-built water channel JPG
198.jpg
German built water channel filled with water. This system is now largely out of use.
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60 Kb
199 199-200 Thumbnail of 199.jpg
199.jpg
Tekkehoyugu lies just outside the KuCukkoy boundary, on the road entering into Dedemolu, the next village, but is well-known throughout the immediate area as a particularly efficacious spot. A holy man is buried in the cemetery at its foot at which people still come to pray and leave items of clothing. The story of the holy man is in the archive report, but briefly, reflects upon his achieving a miracle at feeding the Sultan's army. There was a small monastary (probably a building of one or two rooms) at this place that was destroyed during the anti-brotherhood movement of the 1920s. Today, the local prayer leader remains angry at his congregation for believing in the efficacy of praying for the assistance of the man buried here.
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KK: Tekkhoyugu JPG
199.jpg
Tekkehoyugu lies just outside the KuCukkoy boundary, on the road entering into Dedemolu, the next village, but is well-known throughout the immediate area as a particularly efficacious spot. A holy man is buried in the cemetery at its foot at which people still come to pray and leave items of clothing. The story of the holy man is in the archive report, but briefly, reflects upon his achieving a miracle at feeding the Sultan's army. There was a small monastary (probably a building of one or two rooms) at this place that was destroyed during the anti-brotherhood movement of the 1920s. Today, the local prayer leader remains angry at his congregation for believing in the efficacy of praying for the assistance of the man buried here.
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58 Kb
200 199-200 Thumbnail of 200.jpg
200.jpg
Tekkehoyugu lies just outside the KuCukkoy boundary, on the road entering into Dedemolu, the next village, but is well-known throughout the immediate area as a particularly efficacious spot. A holy man is buried in the cemetery at its foot at which people still come to pray and leave items of clothing. The story of the holy man is in the archive report, but briefly, reflects upon his achieving a miracle at feeding the Sultan's army. There was a small monastary (probably a building of one or two rooms) at this place that was destroyed during the anti-brotherhood movement of the 1920s. Today, the local prayer leader remains angry at his congregation for believing in the efficacy of praying for the assistance of the man buried here.
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KK: Tekkhoyugu JPG
200.jpg
Tekkehoyugu lies just outside the KuCukkoy boundary, on the road entering into Dedemolu, the next village, but is well-known throughout the immediate area as a particularly efficacious spot. A holy man is buried in the cemetery at its foot at which people still come to pray and leave items of clothing. The story of the holy man is in the archive report, but briefly, reflects upon his achieving a miracle at feeding the Sultan's army. There was a small monastary (probably a building of one or two rooms) at this place that was destroyed during the anti-brotherhood movement of the 1920s. Today, the local prayer leader remains angry at his congregation for believing in the efficacy of praying for the assistance of the man buried here.
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59 Kb

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