ID,DATE_START,DATE_END,PHASE_DATE1,PHASE_DATE2,SETTLEMENT_SIZE,RURAL_SETTLEMENT_FORM,DOMESTIC_OCCUPATION,NO_CIRC_BUILDING,NO_RECT_BUILDING,OTHER_BUILDINGS,PADDOCKS,MULTI_ROOM_BUILDING,VILLA_BUILDING,AISLED_BUILDING,MASONRY_BUILDING,TOPOGRAPHY,AGRICULTURAL_ECONOMY,TRACKWAY_ROAD,STRUCTURED_DEPOSITS,EARLY_SAXON_ACTIVITY,SITE_SUMMARY
1001,1,300,60,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,mixed,Yes,No,No,"Excavation on the gravel terrace of the river Chelmer (250m to north) and 6.5km west of the Blackwater estuary revealed part of a late Iron Age and Roman settlement previously shown by cropmarks as a series of enclosures. Earliest phase comprised a late Iron Age horseshoe shaped enclosure (c 35x30m), with entrance approached by a trackway. A much larger rectangular enclosure (100x120m) subsequently laid out to the west. Interiors of enclosures not investigated, though daub in ditches hints at structures. Abandoned  AD 60, with a large number of complete/near complete pottery vessels placed in latest enclosure ditch. A small quantity of 2nd-3rd C pottery from silted upper fills suggest some later use, perhaps as stock enclosures, and new small rectilinear enclosures revealed to the east, probably dating to the 3rd C AD - uncertain if occupation or purely agricultural use."
1002,1,350,100,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,No,,,Yes,No,Yes,No,No,Yes,hill,uncertain,No,Yes,No,Possible LIA shrine replaced by RCT within walled temenos (0.85ha) 1km NE of town on southern slope of hill overlooking river Slade. Additional structure resembled half a temple. Temenos contained large pits with ritual deposits. Timber framed structures (workshops?) revealed outside the precinct (Site B).
1003,120,400,300,,medium (4 - 8 ha),complex,Yes,,2,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,plateau or plain,arable,Yes,No,No,"Roman villa in ditched compound within regular network of fields, enclosures and a droveway. fieldsystem established early 2nd century, probably with associated settlement, though  no buildings identified (only 15 ovens and a well). Modified early/mid 3rd, and major changes in late 3rd/4th century, with 4+  buildings including a bathhouse, granary and workshop/storehouse. Slow decline then abandoned late 4th/early 5th century though possible continuity of land use into post-Roman period."
1004,50,375,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),complex,Yes,4,1,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,mixed,Yes,No,No,"Almost complete plan of a rural farmstead with four roundhouses and at least one substantial 3rd century rectangular building. The settlement developed from a very regular system of early Roman enclosures and trackways (a complex farm) to mid and late Roman phases characterised by timber structures, pits and middens, seemingly unenclosed by any ditched boundaries (an open farm). An associated cremation cemetery dated from the early 1st to early 2nd century AD."
1005,1,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"fieldsystems, enclosures and a trackway on slopes of shallow valley near river Ter showing continuity from LIA into the Roman period. Probably on the periphery of a settlement, as a reasonable amount of structural and domestic material was recovered. Known Roman settlement to the north (record 1065)."
1006,75,350,120,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Part of a rectangular fieldsystem (and clay extraction pits) originating in the later 1st century AD and silting up during the early 2nd century to be replaced by 3 linear ditches, possibly part of a trackway and/or larger fieldsystem. Part of a small later Roman curvilinear enclosure also revealed."
1007,50,120,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Group of three dumbbell shaped ovens with associated pits/postholes,  120m west of the river Ter. Interpreted as possible pottery kilns on basis of form, though no kiln products found. To the east were two large quarry hollows with domestic material from a nearby settlement. A ditch and well cut through the quarry hollow."
1008,1,50,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,1,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,mixed,No,Yes,No,"Late Iron Age settlement comprising a small enclosure, pits, postholes (two 4-post structures), gullies  (including one potential roundhouse gully) and undated ditches. Possibly part of a larger complex. Possible structured deposits in enclosure ditch. No evidence for occupation post-conquest."
1009,-100,60,-50,,small (<1 - 3 ha),complex,Yes,2,1,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,hill,mixed,No,No,No,"A middle Iron Age settlement on a high ridge to the west of Stebbing Brook valley, transformed in LIA with a regular grid of field ditches and enclosures, along with 2 roundhouses, pits and a possible rectangular structure. Settlement extended well beyond excavation area so size uncertain. Evidence that this settlement continues until c AD 55/60 when abandoned."
1010,50,450,70,150,medium (4 - 8 ha),unclassified,Yes,,3,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,coastal,mixed,No,No,Yes,"A Roman villa site excavated in two series of excavations from 1951 to 1978 on a ridge of sand and gravel with clay and salt marsh in vicinity.  Large plastered Flavian aisled timber building (B2) overlay Roman SFB interpreted as an agricultural building. Nearby masonry building (B1) not excavated. Possible fish or oyster pond. In mid 2nd century replaced with stone founded corridor villa (B3), altered mid 3rd C with bathhouse inserted. Timber outbuildings and outer field ditches also revealed. Villa estate estimated at c 800 ha (268 ha arable, 268 ha marsh). Dismantled in 4th/5th century and timber-framed buildings on rubble rafts built.  5th century Saxon occupation attested."
1011,1,300,60,,large (9+ ha),complex,Yes,,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,mixed,Yes,Yes,No,"A series of excavation trenches (7km NE of Colchester) within a dense cropmark complex of Roman trackways and field ditches (dated 1st-2nd C), created within the framework of the Bronze Age landscape. Trenches revealed LIA cremations, a conquest period ritual pit, 1st C AD defences (possibly post-Boudiccan and associated with military?), 3 early Roman pottery kilns, trackway ditches and enclosures - a small farming community, but no evidence for structures. Limited evidence for late Roman activity."
1012,1,400,275,,small (<1 - 3 ha),complex,No,,2,Yes,No,Yes,No,No,Yes,river valley,uncertain,No,Yes,No,"Late Iron Age activity (including  large defensive ditches) continuing into the Roman period.  Large (20m sq) posthole structure dated to later 3rd C interpreted as a temple, associated with a pond and water system, and timber posts. New temple and pottery kiln built early 4th C. Interpreted as having possible Christian phase.  Large number of finds. Activity continues into 5th C."
1013,1,325,43,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,4,1,Yes,No,No,No,Yes,No,river valley,mixed,No,No,Yes,A LIA enclosure and house 6km N of the Thames transformed during conquest period with addition of triple-ditched defensive enclosure with central roundhouse and 4-post structure. Ditches rapidly backfilled but site continued as farmstead until early 4th C. Roundhouse replaced by aisled building by late 1st C. Other posthole structures on site. In mid 3rd C four pottery kilns built. Five Saxon SFBs.
1014,1,350,120,250,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,4,,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,mixed,Yes,Yes,No,"Excavations in advance of airport expansion at Stanstead revealed part of a late Iron Age- Roman settlement. Features comprised enclosures, trackways, field ditches and four potential roundhouses, defined by gullies (site interpreted here as a complex type farm in this phase). Occupation appears to have continued (with many further modifications) into the early 2nd C AD, albeit on a reduced scale, whilst the site was completely re-modelled in the later Roman period, defined by a single wide ditched rectangular enclosure (enclosed type farm?). There may well have been a hiatus in activity within the excavated area during the middle Roman period, and the ceramic assemblage suggests late Roman occupation ceased by mid 4th C AD."
1015,-75,75,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,12,2,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,mixed,No,Yes,No,Enclosed LIA settlement (ACS site) dating c 75-25 BC with roundhouses around a possible rectangular shrine. Later brief phase c AD 40-75 then abandoned. Higher status than surrounding settlements.
1016,1,400,,,large (9+ ha),unclassified,Yes,,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,mixed,Yes,No,No,"LIA to Roman settlements, enclosures, trackways and fieldsystems found at BLS/DFS/DCS sites dating 1st-4th C, including ER cremation cemetery, with high status graves. 3rd C cobbled surfaces probably represent location of  timber buildings, but no further evidence for domestic buildings. Small corndrier found on DFS. (Note ACS is separate entry 1015 and for other Stansted sites see 1014 and 1032)."
1017,-100,370,75,125,medium (4 - 8 ha),complex,Yes,1,4,Yes,No,No,No,No,Yes,river valley,mixed,No,No,No,"Excavations 70m S of unexcavated courtyard villa near floodplain of river Can revealed continuous settlement from MIA to LR period. LIA comprised 2 enclosures & a roundhouse, which went out of use later 1st C at same time as enclosures & fieldsystems (& 3 timber structures of agricultural & domestic function) of substantial planned estate - probably part of the 1st villa phase.  Also small ER cremation cemetery & possible detached bathhouse in vicinity. Major reorganisation early 2nd C with new timber structure and enclosure. Villa enclosure defined in mid 3rd C. System of paddocks and stock enclosures (for sheep?) in LR period, along with inhumation cemetery. Features filled with burnt material (c AD 370), presumably derived from the villa, & uncertain occupation after this."
1018,50,125,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"Small cremation cemetery and parts of Romano-British fieldsystem. No associated settlement known, though pit with wasters suggests pottery production in vicinity."
1019,-100,410,,,large (9+ ha),complex,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,Yes,river valley,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Substantial settlement with enclosures, pits and trackways revealed by geophysics and fieldwalking alongside main Roman road from Dunmow towards London. Suggestions of marching camp but little evidence. Possible stone buildings. Overall dating suggests occupation from LIA to end of Roman or Saxon period."
1020,1,50,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,arable,No,Yes,No,"Short-lived LIA-ER drainage ditches in regular parallel alignments, probably associated with drainage for arable agriculture. No evidence for use beyond c AD 50 when Stane St constructed, c 50m to the N. Sporadic occupation deposits, and possible structured deposit in pit."
1021,1,250,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"Small cremation & inhumation cemetery originating in early to mid 1st C AD within an enclosure. Enclosure silted up by later 1st C AD, but burials continued until at least mid 3rd C AD.  Two graves date early-mid 1st AD, but most date after c AD 70. Possible pyre debris from ditch."
1022,1,120,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,mixed,No,No,No,"Rectangular ditched enclosures defined farmstead of 1st-2nd C AD date. 1st enclosure (early 1st C AD) replaced by 2nd (later 1st-early 2nd C), then cut by field ditch in later 2nd C indicating gone out of use. No evidence for structures, but domestic debris indicating sporadic or short-lived occupation."
1023,1,400,100,,uncertain,complex,Yes,2,2,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,mixed,Yes,No,No,"A small number of LIA/ER cremation burials along with possible ditched boundary prior to  a major N-S boundary in late 1st/early 2nd C separating river floodplain from higher land to west. In 2nd-3rd C, construction of improved drainage systems, buildings, corn driers & trackways - intensification of land use. Probably part of a wider (villa?) estate centred on east side of the river. 2 rectangular buildings probably of agricultural function, but at least 2 4th C circular buildings to N may have been industrial (metalworking) and domestic."
1024,-100,50,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,river valley,mixed,Yes,No,No,"A LIA settlement continuing on from a MIA nucleated settlement, though all earlier roundhouses no longer in use and no definite domestic structures found. Enclosures and fieldsystems probably established at this time. All abandoned at conquest period, and later RB trackway ran through site. Also quarrying. Dated 2nd-3rd C."
1025,1,400,200,300,small (<1 - 3 ha),complex,Yes,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,mixed,Yes,No,No,"fieldsystem/ livestock enclosures (near to a settlement) established in LIA. Included several wells interpreted as livestock waterholes. Posthole structures of later 1st AD date thought to have agricultural functions - temporary animal pens and storage structures? End of 2nd C completely redeveloped with further stock enclosures, fields and trackways - main domestic focus thought to be just to the south, but probably some occupation on site. Abandoned by start of 4th C AD, though posthole building may be late Roman. Small late/sub-Roman cemetery. Reused structural timbers in late 3rd/early 4th C well."
1026,-50,400,300,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,coastal,uncertain,Yes,No,No,LIA development of existing MIA fieldsystem with addition of large boundary ditch. Possible small area of settlement revealed. Small cremation cemetery. fieldsystem continues in Roman period with reorganisation in 4th C including a rectangular enclosure & change in material culture. No trace of any domestic buildings & occupation remains uncertain. A corn drier dates at some point in the Roman period.
1027,50,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,coastal,uncertain,No,No,No,"A number of Red Hills sites excavated  in the Blackwater estuary and associated solely with salt production on a large scale. No direct evidence of occupation, but quantities of pottery suggest domestic activity in vicinity. A possible hearth at Site 11 and a trough for evaporating brine. Uncertain if salt production continued after 2nd C, or if used for habitation on raised saltern. Other Red Hill Sites in Crouch & Thames estuaries to the south."
1028,-100,350,180,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,1,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,coastal,mixed,No,No,Yes,M-LIA settlement  of roundhouses and enclosures continued into Roman period but ceased by late 2nd C AD. At least one roundhouse dated to LIA and none to the Roman period.  Group of late 3rd/4th C burials attest to further occupation in the area. Early Saxon settlement.
1029,50,400,,,large (9+ ha),complex,Yes,,2,No,No,No,No,No,Yes,river valley,uncertain,Yes,Yes,No,"Excavations within part of a 'small town' which covered 10-12ha. Occupied began c mid 1st C AD, & by early 2nd C evidence for planned settlement with minor road & rear boundary of property fronting onto main road. Small enclosed cremation cemetery in corner of rear boundary plot. No actual buildings found of this phase, but finds indicate they were in vicinity. In mid 4th C shrine built in area of earlier cemetery, with associated votive pits. Shrine re-built in late 4th C and continued into 5th C."
1030,-100,400,150,250,small (<1 - 3 ha),complex,Yes,,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,hill,arable,Yes,Yes,No,"MIA field boundaries and potential LIA cremation cemetery/pyres, with low status occupation from 1st to mid 2nd C & late 3rd to late 4th C. Uncertain evidence for buildings but plenty of domestic  objects. 1st phase settlement characterised by a droveway, enclosure & pits (enclosed farmstead). Economic basis uncertain but probably mainly arable. Possible abandonment mid 2nd-mid 3rd C. Late Roman phase defined by huge enclosure (over 2ha) divided into at least 7 smaller enclosures (complex farm?), with many pits. Potential structured deposit in one pit."
1031,1,350,,,large (9+ ha),complex,Yes,,2,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,Yes,plateau or plain,mixed,Yes,No,No,"Series of excavations revealed extensive settlement evidence from LIA-Roman settlement over 27ha, including fieldsystems, trackways, pits, wells, a pottery kiln, cremation cemeteries and areas of occupation, including antiquarian reports of masonry buildings. One rectangular timber building found in excavations. At least 3 corn driers found. Interpreted as an agricultural village. Evidence suggests decline from late 3rd C, though not abandoned."
1032,1,400,250,,small (<1 - 3 ha),complex,Yes,5,3,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,mixed,Yes,Yes,No,"Large scale excavations as part of major works at Stansted airport revealed part of a settlement dating from the late Iron Age to the later Roman period. Earliest features, of late Iron Age/early Roman date, comprised roundhouses & other structures, enclosures and field ditches (though overall morphology remains uncertain, potentially enclosed settlement). Structured deposits were observed in ditches. Settlement continued through the mid Roman period, with some evidence of expansion of activity onto clay plateau (seen in LBR site to the west) with new trackways and rectangular fieldsystems. No evidence for new domestic buildings at this time. From the mid 3rd through 4th C there were further changes  with a complete re-modelling  and expansion of the settlement. A  large settlement enclosure (c 2ha) contained  many internal sub-divisions, with at least 3 rectangular buildings, 5 further roundhouses, other structures and a corn drier. Field ditches observed running off from the main enclosure. The settlement lay on the east side of a plateau, with further settlement located to the west of this, 2.5km distant (see ID 1014)."
1033,75,325,,,large (9+ ha),complex,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,Yes,river valley,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Excavation within a roadside settlement, starting in late 1st C AD, with hiatus in activity from mid 2nd to late 3rd C. New activity later 3rd C, probably domestic though possibly associated with a public building.  End of Roman activity marked by dumps of levelling material in the 4th C."
1034,75,400,150,,medium (4 - 8 ha),unclassified,Yes,,4,Yes,No,Yes,Yes,No,Yes,plateau or plain,mixed,No,No,No,"Enigmatic 'villa' estate, with initial rectangular building probably built later 1st C AD. This burnt down mid 2nd C & replaced. It remains uncertain if this replacement was the principal villa building but it incorporated a small bathhouse and had painted plaster walls and mosaic floors. At least 3 other stone buildings along with other structures and ditches spread over wide area. Recording variable. Finds suggest probable religious element to site. Evidence for ironworking and bronzeworking."
1035,-25,125,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,coastal,uncertain,No,No,No,"Cremation cemetery established end 1st C BC and continuing to the 2nd C AD.  Situated on low rise on coastal plain, 2km inland from Thames estuary. 2km from N Shoebury (1026) Red Hills salt production area. Early and mid Roman field boundaries also revealed but no settlement."
1036,1,100,50,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,coastal,mixed,Yes,No,No,A small LIA  doubled ditched enclosure with internal pits & possible 4-post structure is possibly part of a more extensive farmstead. Succeeded in mid 1st C AD by possible trackway and unusual group of  14 inhumation and 2 cremation burials inserted along length of prehistoric ditch. 1km north of the Thames.
1037,1,100,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,coastal,mixed,No,Yes,No,Pits and a gully dating to LIA-ER period belong to the periphery of core settlement area on the edge of Rainham marshes. Pits possibly associated with industrial activity. Two pits contained near complete pots. Undated postholes may relate to structures of this phase.
1038,100,400,,,large (9+ ha),complex,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Excavations on eastern edge of the Roman roadside settlement of Great Dunmow, and close to junction of 3 Roman roads revealing a potential pottery kiln. No other Roman archaeology encountered."
1039,1,120,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"A rectilinear enclosure on the south side of a droveway established in late Iron Age-early Roman period and largely abandoned in 2nd C AD, although the trackway probably continues. Pits, hearths & postholes point to some potential occupation within the enclosure and there is some element of sub-division. A further smaller enclosure to the north of the trackway is probably a stock enclosure. Limited specialist information."
1040,1,300,100,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,1,No,Yes,No,No,No,Yes,plateau or plain,mixed,Yes,No,No,"LIA trackway & burials in southern excavation zone, and rectangular field/enclosure system (established in 2nd C AD) in northern zone.  Substantial (7x13m) rectangular stone footed building built here in early 3rd C AD & evidence for domestic occupation from the 2nd to 3rd C AD. In the late 3rd C AD the field/enclosure system was replaced by new ditches mostly of different alignment."
1041,100,200,,,large (9+ ha),complex,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,Small keyhole excavations in the western periphery of Great Dunmow Roman roadside settlement just north of Stane Street revealed part of a 2nd C AD cremation cemetery.
1042,50,300,200,,large (9+ ha),complex,Yes,,1,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,river valley,mixed,Yes,No,No,"Enclosures, a 1st C AD cremation burial and 3rd C well probably forming a peripheral part of a Roman roadside settlement and part of the main Roman road to Braintree (13.5m wide). Also features associated with ironworking. All (except road) out of use by end 3rd C AD. Further features (dated 3rd C) lay immediately to east, including gravel metalled floor for timber building, while to the west lies the main part of the probable roadside settlement at junction with Chelmsford-Gt Dunmow road."
1043,25,300,50,,medium (4 - 8 ha),unclassified,Yes,1,3,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,No,river valley,mixed,No,No,No,"LIA farmstead by Cressing Brook in form of rectangular enclosure & at least one semi-circular posthole structure. Site suffered from heavy fire & boundary ditch filled in immediately after conquest & site reorganised, with two rectangular buildings, one of which was re-built twice. Two 1st C AD burials in area set aside. Large agricultural barn also postulated. Site developed until late 3rd/4th C, when no buildings present - just an oven.  Site part of larger settlement revealed by cropmarks."
1044,-100,450,,,large (9+ ha),complex,Yes,1,7,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,Yes,No,Yes,"Two excavations within a roadside settlement by crossing of river Blackwater, with extensive evidence for LIA settlement (2 rectangular buildings within enclosures, probably part of wider settlement) and a 1st C BC warrior burial on slope overlooking the settlement (Sealey 2007). Possible mid 1st C AD (Neronian?) military ditch relating to a fort? Settlement developed around road junction, partly enclosed (c 5ha) by earthwork in 2nd C but this overlain by LR building. Timber-framed low status buildings revealed, along with industrial areas, a possible circular shrine and cemeteries. Evidence for big decline by 4th C but early Saxon graves in cemetery points to continued occupation."
1045,-100,400,80,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,No,,3,No,No,Yes,No,No,Yes,hill,uncertain,No,Yes,No,"LIA shrine on low hill above river Stort associated with mass deposits of coins and brooches succeeded in c AD 80s by masonry temple set in walled temenos with ancillary ranges. Large nos of associated finds. Roman settlement in vicinity. Two main phases of excavation, but latter (1980s) not published. Near to settlement at Holbrooks (record 1073)."
1046,1,120,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"LIA-ER enclosure (32m dia, 0.1-0.2ha) defined by substantial (5m wide, 1.6m deep) ditch. 6 postholes/pits in interior, but no evidence for structures. Thought to have been for domestic use, perhaps only occupied seasonally. Contemporary with another farmstead 1km to SE. Great Holts Farm villa (record 1003) lies 1km to NE & Chelmsford to the S."
1047,75,400,,,large (9+ ha),complex,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,Yes,No,No,Small area of excavation immediately S of Chequers Lane (record 1029). During the 1st C this area did not lie within built up settlement - agricultural land of fieldsystems. Increase in activity in 2nd C - no occupation but clear that settlement was moving further west. In 3rd-4th C settlement seen on site - property boundary and increase in finds. No post-Roman activity.
1048,-100,250,150,,large (9+ ha),complex,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"10 evaluation trenches across area of 2nd C enclosure ditch. LIA-ER gullies (uncertain if domestic) & large V-shaped enclosure ditch (4.2m wide, 1.2m deep) dug in mid 2nd C. Later Roman activity quite sparse - defensive ditch sealed by gravel surface by mid 3rd C. Uncertain if ever domestic occupation in this part of the settlement (see 1044)."
1049,50,125,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Part of a fieldsystem first laid out around conquest period on western slope of the Brain Valley, 1.75km to the SE of the settlement at Braintree. Main fieldsystem out of use by early 2nd C AD, & much less evidence for any activity after this. No direct evidence for occupation, but ditches contained large quantity of pottery & other occupational debris."
1050,50,450,125,400,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,1,1,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,coastal,mixed,No,No,Yes,"A small farmstead with at least one roundhouse within system of large rectangular enclosures and fields established mid 1st C AD and occupation ceased by early 2nd C AD. fieldsystem continues into 4th C & in late 4th/early 5th C surviving elements incorporated into series of small regular enclosures, possibly linked to management of livestock on the coastal wetlands. Also well and small masonry footed structure. Occupation ceased by mid 5th C, though a single Saxon pit revealed."
1051,1,150,50,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,1,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,mixed,No,No,No,"Fieldsystems originating in the LIA, along with possible rectangular structure and debris  suggesting occupation and light industrial activity. Most ditches appear to be abandoned by mid to late 1st C AD, though pits and system of drains in one part of site indicates continued occupation until early/mid 2nd C. (see record 1011)."
1052,-100,400,,,large (9+ ha),complex,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Excavation to the east of the main occupation, outside of the 2nd C AD enclosure. Earliest activity is LIA ditch, possibly part of an enclosure. Also part of possible late 1st C AD cobbled road (main road leading N from the town) and large 1st C AD gravel quarry.  No evidence for occupation. A single  disturbed inhumation grave, possibly part of larger cemetery in area. Upper silting of quarry contained late 3rd/4th C pot."
1053,-100,400,50,230,large (9+ ha),complex,Yes,7,15,Yes,Yes,No,No,Yes,Yes,coastal,mixed,Yes,Yes,Yes,"Extensive excavations on gravel terrace overlooking Thames estuary. Large open MIA settlement (c 110 roundhouses) gave way in LIA to 2-3 more nucleated settlements & during M-L 1st C BC, large multivallate enclosure constructed. 6 areas of LIA mixed burial. Soon after conquest landscape parcelled up into enclosures & droveways with 2 areas of settlement within enclosures. Features included 2 aisled buildings, an apsidal building & other  circular and rectangular buildings (including 4 masonry structures and possible beam slot military style granary) and 4-post structures, 8 wells and hundred of pits. Possibly out of use by mid 3rd C AD, and site reverted to agriculture in LR period. By later 4th C, field ditches no longer maintained. Also dispersed pottery industry with 23 kilns from 1st to early 3rd C. Burials throughout phases including substantial LR cemetery, though little evidence for contemporary settlement. Extensive E-M Saxon settlement & cemeteries."
1054,50,400,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,1,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,No,hill,mixed,Yes,Yes,No,"Peripheral features of a Roman farmstead (though occupation likely to be very close if not actually on site), possibly quite a wealthy estate with evidence from fieldwalking. Included large (26 x 10m) rectangular timber building dated from early to mid 2nd C when demolished - probable agricultural function. Sub-division of land into small rectilinear fields in later 2nd C (shift from arable to pastoral?). Possible corn drier/kiln within circular structure by stream dated 2nd-4th C. Small 3rd-4th C cremation cemetery 65m N of main settlement. A number of 'special deposits'  inc. infant & dog burial & deposits of antler."
1055,1,250,,,large (9+ ha),complex,Yes,,2,No,No,No,No,Yes,No,river valley,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Late Iron Age occupation (ditch) & Roman settlement (part of roadside settlement), including two early Roman possible buildings (one aisled), a well and metalled road surface. In decline by mid 3rd C AD."
1056,1,250,,,uncertain,complex,No,,1,No,No,No,No,No,No,coastal,mixed,Yes,No,No,"A small part of the wide Heybridge excavations, revealing organised LIA-ER agricultural boundaries and trackway on periphery of nucleated roadside settlement to the SE. A rectangular agricultural building, storage pits and well belong to Roman period (2nd C +). In later 2nd-3rd C significant change in organisation with large enclosure ditch & small cemetery. No indications of domestic activity on site. Little evidence for late 3rd/4th C activity except one inhumation burial."
1057,50,300,100,200,uncertain,unclassified,No,2,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,river valley,mixed,No,No,No,"Successive series of fieldsystems on axis parallel to Stane St from mid 1st to 3rd C AD. Initial layout of 2 fields succeeded in 2nd C by up to 8 fields & enclosures. Further reorganisation in 3rd C. All possibly used as paddocks for livestock, though possible evidence for more arable strip fields in 3rd C. In 4th C possibly part of larger arable fieldsystems.  No evidence for occupation, but two circular gullies may represent structures of some kind. Dumps of domestic debris probably from adjacent small town."
1058,1,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,2,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Two areas of investigation on top of shallow valley slope, one (A) revealing a rectangular Roman building/enclosure (13x24m), similar to Ivy Chimneys (1.5km to N), dated AD 200-400. Succeeded by later rectangular posthole structure and boundaries. Uncertain function, presumably agricultural. Other site (B) revealed LIA-ER brickearth quarry and associated fire pits."
1059,200,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"A series of small ditched fields or paddocks of later 2nd/3rd C date replaced by fences during 4th C, possibly indicating change in function. Also group of 4th C hearths of unknown function - no slag or CPR. Possible tile used in construction. Possible domestic focus on low knoll to NW of site."
1060,60,400,150,,medium (4 - 8 ha),enclosed,Yes,,2,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,Yes,river valley,pastoral,Yes,No,No,"Various small scale excavations immediately north of Stane Street Roman Road in the Blackwater Valley revealed peripheral parts of a substantial (though not necessarily densely occupied) rural settlement, interpreted as a potential villa, though with no direct evidence. Originating in the later 1st C AD as potentially large (8-9ha) enclosure aligned upon Stane St just to the south. A major building probably occupied the northern end (possibly a villa?) but not excavated. A mid 2nd C AD timber structure within a system of ditches (interpreted as internal paddocks associated with cattle rearing) was excavated, though the outer enclosure may have fallen into disuse by this point. In 3rd/4th C, many pits dug & a possible robbed out masonry building belongs to this phase. High status building materials found at the site. Evidence for activity into late 4th C, including quarrying."
1061,300,450,,,medium (4 - 8 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,Yes,coastal,uncertain,No,No,Yes,"Two separate excavations (1992/3 and 2009) 140m north of the Saxon shore fort and on the limits of the salt marsh revealed elements of the late Roman extra-mural settlement.  Features included ditched enclosures, together with a short length of a late 4th century rubble foundation, probably part of an outbuilding, and rubbish pits. Also a Saxon pit."
1062,-100,325,275,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,2,No,Yes,No,No,No,Yes,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Late Iron Age-early Roman fieldsystems north of the river Chelmer, then 3rd C AD enclosure associated with slight increase in domestic debris, though still uncertain if occupation. Late 3rd C two masonry buildings constructed, both completely robbed. Main building had a number of rooms and a large apse. Difficult to interpret, though two main suggestions are a principia or a shrine."
1063,1,400,50,,large (9+ ha),complex,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"A Roman roadside settlement lying at the junction of several roads, between the River Brain in the south and the River Blackwater to the north. Activity started nearby in the late Iron Age (a late Iron Age oval enclosure excavated to the east), with the roadside settlement developing from the Neronian period, and expanding into this excavation area in the 2nd-3rd C AD (part of wider expansion west along Stane Street in the 2nd century). Evidence for system of main and minor roads developing organically. No evidence for structures, though a well and domestic debris in pits points to occupation through until end of 4th C AD."
1064,1,400,,,large (9+ ha),complex,Yes,,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,mixed,Yes,No,No,"Small excavation within nucleated 'village' settlement revealed traces of 1st to 4th C AD occupation, including cremation burials, ditched enclosures, wells and pits. Uncertain if occupation or on fringes of settlement. Wells infilled by early 4th C, but some activity continued until end of 4th C. See record 1031."
1065,75,350,150,250,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,1,1,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,river valley,mixed,Yes,No,No,"Small excavation revealed part of farmstead on gentle slope facing river Ter with enclosures, pits, a well, postholes and LR rubble spreads. Includes a late 1st-2nd C timber building (interpreted as a cattle byre), a possible roundhouse and a substantial collection of box tile in LR contexts.  Possible hiatus in occupation/activity in mid 2nd-early 3rd C AD. No activity after early 4th C AD. See record 1005."
1066,50,450,,,large (9+ ha),complex,Yes,,1,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,coastal,mixed,Yes,No,Yes,"Excavation on northern periphery of Heybridge nucleated settlement. In mid 1st C AD, two ditch lines laid out defining a land plot that persisted throughout later occupation. Pits and postholes lay within this plot, along with a well, dug in 3rd C AD, and at same time, large area of metalling laid down. Well filled in late 3rd C with material from nearby pottery kiln. In 4th C rectangular post-hole structure built, probably continuing into Saxon period. Much early Saxon pottery, along with 5 SFBs."
1067,-50,600,100,200,medium (4 - 8 ha),unclassified,Yes,,5,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,river valley,mixed,Yes,No,Yes,"LIA regular enclosure system and finds though no actual evidence for occupation site. Early 2nd C, a substantial winged corridor villa  was constructed within a precinct with ranges of buildings. Smaller building to north linked to bath block. Villa fully integrated with surrounding roads and fields, and also a potential barrow cemetery.  After fire at start of 3rd C, villa re-modelled, including reversing the facade so it face outside of the precinct, and building a large aisled barn, ultimately used into 5th C. In 5th/6th C a post-built hall erected."
1068,100,250,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,Small excavation revealing field ditches of late 1st/early 2nd C date and late 2nd/early 3rd C pottery kiln. Also two cremation burials to the east thought to be contemporary.
1069,1,150,50,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,1,1,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,river valley,mixed,No,No,No,"LIA-RB site in the River Lea Valley, developing in the early 1st century AD as an enclosure with potential circular and rectangular structures and with system of rectangular enclosures, pits and wells developing post-conquest (probable fieldsystems). No LR activity except a few pottery sherds - probably outlying fields."
1070,100,150,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,coastal,uncertain,No,No,No,"Small excavation revealing 5 urned cremations, lying 100m west of rich burial mound found in 1848 and included here. Associated settlement (2nd-3rd C) known at Little Shelford to the north."
1071,50,400,,,large (9+ ha),complex,Yes,,4,Yes,Yes,Yes,No,No,Yes,river valley,mixed,Yes,No,No,"Piecemeal excavation over many years revealed what is probably part of a roadside settlement (London to Dunmow road) on the eastern slope above the river Roding. Activity began mid 1st C AD with road and field ditches. Ditches filled in c AD100 & two stone founded timber buildings built by road, corndrier built and cremation cemetery started to the south. By c AD200, buildings gone, corn dryer demolished and bathhouse built. Cemetery continued to expand along road & wells dug. Possible 3rd C hiatus & in late 3rd/4th C large stockade and possible timber structure built. Bathhouse demolished and robbed. Wells continued in use. Large area of gravel laid down by road in 4th C, possibly used into 5th C. Overall nature of occupation uncertain, but possible villa at hill Farm 1km to the west."
1072,100,350,250,,medium (4 - 8 ha),unclassified,Yes,,2,Yes,No,Yes,Yes,No,Yes,river valley,mixed,No,Yes,No,"Romano-British timber building (ill-defined, probable sill-beam construction standing on clay-with-chalk) on valley slope of river Ter, maximum of 12x11m, out of use by mid 3rd C. Adjacent to wooden supports for timber tank (uncertain if roofed), and flue bases - all possibly indicating production of malt for brewing. Part of villa estate, the villa being excavated in 1947, 250m NW of site. Villa excavation included here. Pottery suggests occupation into the 4th C AD, though date of villa construction remains uncertain."
1073,1,400,,,medium (4 - 8 ha),complex,Yes,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,Yes,river valley,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"A nucleated settlement alongside a major road junction by the river Stort and 400m from a Romano-Celtic temple. The settlement probably originated in the late Iron Age and eventually covered at least 6ha, though only small areas were excavated in 1970. Very limited reporting, but masonry structures with tessellated floors found (2nd-3rd C) along with metalled surfaces, pits, ovens etc. Distinct evidence for metalworking in some areas."
1074,50,400,100,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,1,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Evaluation in a side valley of the River Cam revealing Roman and medieval features. Earliest Roman features were a series of ditches and gullies of 1st C AD date. Also of this date was a metalled surface (for crop processing or livestock management?). A subsoil deposit containing mid 2nd ? mid 3rd century pottery was excavated and 4th century deposits  found overlying the metalled surface. Possible beam slot timber structure. Most Roman features are probably the result of agricultural activities associated with the Roman villa site at Chinnel Barn (EHER 16924), 150m NW of, and beneath, the near-by M11 motorway. This earlier excavation also revealed late Iron Age occupation."
1075,100,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,1,,No,No,No,No,No,Yes,coastal,uncertain,No,No,No,"Small watching brief on site of SAM - a masonry and tile circular Roman structure (20m dia with hexagonal chamber in the centre), thought to have been a mausoleum. No part of the mausoleum was identified in situ, although the same building materials used in its construction (opus signinum and tile) were found in the demolition material. No pottery or other specific dating material found."
1076,50,300,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,mixed,No,No,No,"Field-walking, trial trenching and open area excavation revealed a spread of Roman activity to the NW of the Roman settlement at Great Dunmow. The main features of the site were a large NE-SW orientated boundary ditch, three large pits, a series of inter-cutting gullies or slots, and an oven or kiln. It is likely that the ditches are part of an early Roman fieldsystem, whilst the oven and gullies relate to later Roman agricultural activity. It is suggested that the gullies were used for livestock stockades or as cultivation/horticultural trenches. It is thought that the features encountered are peripheral to a main focus of activity, which is speculated to lie to the north of the site."
1077,100,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,8,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,mixed,Yes,No,No,A Romano-British settlement beside the presumed line of a Roman road was uncovered during the construction of a water pipeline. Pottery ranged from 2nd to 4th C AD with the major emphasis on 3rd-4th C. Curvilinear ditches were interpreted as remnants of round or semi-circular stake-built structures (workshops?) and CBM is thought to relate to a more substantial structure beyond the limit of excavation. Some evidence for ironworking in the vicinity of the settlement.
1078,1,70,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Pipeline excavations c 500m west of the river Blackwater revealed a series of Late Iron Age ditches, gullies and pits of early to mid 1st century AD date. The latest pottery suggests some features were in use up to c. AD 70. The features represent part of a LIA settlement predating Roman road between London and Colchester, which lies immediately NW. Pottery, animal bone and other refuse indicate domestic occupation."
1079,1,200,50,,small (<1 - 3 ha),complex,Yes,,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,hill,mixed,No,No,No,"Excavations on a north-facing  boulder clay hill slope overlooking a valley that formerly would have held a tributary of the river Stour, revealed main part of a LIA-ER settlement. Settlement comprises two roundhouses, pit groups and an area of dense intercutting gullies and ditches. Six major linear features and seven smaller ditch fragments comprise the earliest evidence for division of land. Mid 1st C AD, roundhouses go out of use and enclosure system developed around a large pond. Abandoned by end of 2nd C."
1080,1,400,,,medium (4 - 8 ha),complex,Yes,,1,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,Yes,No,"Excavations on the western edge of Great Dunmow uncovered evidence for 1st-century AD enclosures and ritual activity (neonate buried in an inverted pot, and placed deposits), early and late Roman enclosures (possibly used for small-scale cultivation or paddocks by the inhabitants of the  Roman roadside settlement), and mid to late 4th-century clay extraction. A small late Roman timber structure may be related to clay extraction."
1081,50,400,250,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,pastoral,Yes,No,No,"A watching brief and two seasons of excavation 9km SW of Colchester revealed part of a Roman settlement, and a small group of cremation burials (dated to the 1st-early 2nd century), located about 300m to the NE. Early-mid Roman phase comprised trackways, field ditches and enclosures, plus a well and an oven. The oven lies within what is probably the main domestic enclosure. Changes to the settlement layout in late Roman period - the landscape had possibly been partly reorganised into blocks of fields or paddocks (though volumes of pottery still suggests occupation, perhaps just outide of the area of excavation). No evidence for structures. Slight evidence to suggest economy based mainly on animal husbandry."
1082,1,100,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,No,No,No,A small six trench evaluation on the narrow neck of a spur of high ground in the South Essex Claygate Beds hills revealed a late Iron Age-early Roman rectangular ditched enclosure encompassing 0.56ha. The interior is relatively flat and revealed pits and a posthole. Interpreted as a small enclosed farmstead.
1083,50,400,250,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"A evaluation and geophysical survey c 150m east of the temple and settlement at Harlow and immediately SE of the villa at Harlowbury revealed trackways, field ditches and enclosures, probably relating to the villa estate. Uncertain if occupation, but finds suggest so, and also that it remained locally focussed and probably of low status, during the early Roman period, but with more imports later on. Most pottery later 3rd-4th C and early Saxon pottery also recovered."
1084,100,400,,,medium (4 - 8 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,Yes,hill,uncertain,No,No,No,"Evaluation of scheduled supposed villa site just south of river Stort, and 150m east of the temple and settlement at Harlow, which confirmed the presence of a Roman building or buildings within a system of enclosures, though definite evidence for a villa type building. Large quantity of roof tile discovered in the vicinity of a 'D-shaped' enclosure which enclosed a series of post holes suggesting  a tiled roof building existed here. No close dating."
1085,100,400,,,medium (4 - 8 ha),complex,Yes,,1,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Watching brief and limited excavation within the Roman roadside settlement at Braintree revealed fragmentary Roman remains, including a metalled surface with parts of a possible timber structure, a large 3rd-4th century pit, a further part of a previously excavated large mid-2nd century pit, along with a few smaller Roman features. Altogether, these features provide further evidence of gravelled surfaces and pits dating to the 2nd to 4th centuries, and representing yard areas 20m or more back from the frontage onto the former Roman road."
1086,100,300,,,large (9+ ha),complex,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Evaluation on the northern edge of the Roman roadside settlement revealed four Roman pits and areas of gravel, some of which may represent the main north-south road within the town. Pottery dates primarily to 2nd-3rd C AD."
1087,250,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,Yes,No,No,Yes,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"Archaeological Watching Brief c 3.5km south of Harlow temple and settlement revealed rectangular structure extending out from the baulk (6.6x2m exposed) constructed of Roman tile and brick, with four internal walls. Roman pottery, CBM, animal bone and burnt flint  retrieved from the wall make-up and inside the structure. Linear tile-lined drain associated with the building. Thought to have been a tile kiln, or more likely part of a bathhouse. Only late Roman pottery recovered."
1088,1,400,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,Yes,plateau or plain,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Areas of archaeological evaluation, part of the larger Colchester Garrison Project, just south of the Roman town, which  also revealed a circus and large numbers of burials. A SE-NW droveway appears to divide the area of burials/circus from an agricultural zone c 400m S of the town walls. Features comprise co-axial field boundaries belonging to Roman farmland. Also enclosure with a possible Roman building, 1km S of the town - a possible farmstead? LIA origins suggested for the fieldsystem."
1089,50,150,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Evaluation as part of the Colchester Garrison Project, 2.5km S of the Roman town walls, revealed Roman fieldsystem, which shares the broad NW/SE  alignment of the Roman landscape revealed by previous evaluations. A principal component of the farming landscape was a gravel trackway which shared the alignment of the other Roman field ditches. Wheel ruts cut the surface of gravel trackway, and a number of postholes are probably associated either with the trackway or the surrounding farmland. All datable pottery 1st-2nd C AD."
1090,50,200,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"An 84 trench evaluation over 6.8ha revealed  a rectilinear and co-axial Roman fieldsystem, laid out in reference to Neolithic monuments, with the ring-ditch and possible mortuary enclosure deliberately partitioned off from the other areas of activity.  A possible Roman agricultural structure lay within one of the paddocks/fields. No evidence for domestic occupation. Limited pottery suggests early Roman emphasis,"
1091,50,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,coastal,uncertain,No,No,No,"fieldwalking and 18 evaluation trenches revealed three areas of Roman activity on the Blackwater estuary, one of which was confirmed as a Red Hill site, involved in salt manufacture. Red hill c 80m diameter. Also six clay-lined settling tanks cutting the red earth of the red hills. No indication of chronology."
1092,-100,200,70,120,small (<1 - 3 ha),complex,Yes,1,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,mixed,Yes,Yes,No,"A large area excavation, 5.3km SW of Colchester and beyond the dyke system revealed a farmstead originating in the MIA. 1st phase (MIA - later 1st C AD) comprises irregular enclosures, droveways and a roundhouse. In later 1st AD features replaced by two square ditched enclosures and other features. Also a human head buried within a ditch, a cremation, and the debris from the remains of pyres and feasting activities. From early 2nd C, features replaced by two new rectangular ditched enclosures - a large enclosure to the north (containing formal entrances, internal divisions, stone surfaces and other features) and a smaller enclosure to the south. No structural remains in any Roman phase, but lots of domestic material and evidence for metalworking and textile production. Appears to have been abandoned by end of 2nd C AD."
1093,-100,400,100,,small (<1 - 3 ha),complex,Yes,,2,No,Yes,No,No,No,Yes,river valley,mixed,No,Yes,Yes,"Extensive excavations on the western slopes of the Blackwater valley revealed settlement originating in the MIA with two small enclosures and series of linear posthole alignments (and Storage Jar oven/hearth). During LIA/ER a large sub-circular enclosure was dug and modified. Inside a barn/pen was constructed then demolished. A crop-processing area noted, lasting until the late Roman period. The mid and late Roman phases saw modifications to layout of the enclosures, although major boundaries remained in place. Smaller more regular fields and the construction of a structure with cobble foundations and a possible threshing floor suggest an increase in crop processing. An increase in the number of good quality artefacts and imported pottery along with a number of cremation burials perhaps suggests a rise in the status / wealth. Early Saxon SFBs."
1094,1,350,100,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,river valley,mixed,No,No,Yes,"Evaluation and excavation on the gentle, south-facing slope north of the River Chelmer revealed a complex network of ditches and gullies extending over some 0.4 hectares. The rectilinear pattern of ditches is likely to date from LIA through to the later 4th C AD, and is most likely to represent the fringes of a farmstead (villa estate?) assumed to lie immediately north (probably dating later 1st/2nd-4th C). A large buried wooden structure (dated to 2nd C) - possibly a cistern with a wooden pipe leading into a timber lined culvert - is likely to have been originally constructed during the Roman period and was subsequently modified as a simple well in the early Saxon period."
1095,100,300,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"Seven evaluation trenches over an area of cropmarks revealed stratified sequence of ditches, gullies, pits and layers indicating occupation activity which principally dates to the mid-late Roman and perhaps early/mid Saxon periods. It probably represents the periphery of a small farmstead, with outlying remains of ditches representing an associated fieldsystem."
1096,50,400,120,,uncertain,complex,Yes,2,2,Yes,No,No,No,No,Yes,coastal,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Huge area excavation on the north-east bank of Mucking Creek, revealing two areas of Roman salt extraction. Key evidence included channels dug to catch salt water, clay briquetage coarsely formed into trays, containers and supports, evaporation hearths over which the briquetage vessels were placed, and traces of low mounds or 'red hills'. Also early Roman timber 'boathouse' and roundhouse and gravel track, associated with saltworking and metalworking. Possible 2nd C hiatus. Salt extraction in the late Roman period was organised differently, with a large hearth within rectangular building  built from two courses of tile, perhaps supporting lead tanks. Late Roman area included unusual building with a circular clay floor surrounded by a shallow gully. Also fish processing and meat salting in LR period. Likely to have been limited occupation on site."
1097,1,100,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,arable,No,No,No,"Twenty trench evaluation on a gentle south facing slope overlooking the River Colne, 1.3km north of Roman Colchester, revealed a LIA and early Roman fieldsystem on two different alignments. No direct evidence for occupation but plant remains were indicative of proximity to settlement and general domestic activities."
1098,50,400,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,1,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,Yes,"Excavations near the end of a low ridge revealed the peripheral area of a farmstead dating from the mid 1st century to the early 5th century. Early Roman phases were characterised by rubbish pits and a boundary ditch, with clay extraction beginning late 2nd C AD. One clay pit later functioned as a pond/waterhole. Array of postholes and small pits probably represent timber fences - together with ditches, may have been part of animal stockades. Only structural evidence from late Roman phase - beam slots of a 3.5-4m wide structure. Early Saxon activity."
1099,50,400,,,large (9+ ha),complex,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,coastal,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Test pitting and small excavation on the lowest gravel terrace of the river Chelmer (200m to the south) revealed pits, ditches and apparent build-up deposits containing large quantities of domestic rubbish of Roman date - possible middens on the fringes of the settlement. These were a southwards continuation of the important settlement excavated at Elms Farm and demonstrates that  activity (if not occupation?) extended down to the saltmarsh alongside the river. Activity extends from mid 1st to end of 4th/5th C AD, with significant LIA residual material."
1100,50,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,Yes,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Small 6 trench evaluation over 0.8ha on a gentle slope leading to the broad valley floor of the River Pant revealed a Roman building with a mortared flint foundation, along with an adjacent spread of high status Roman demolition material - possibly the lowered area of a hypocaust base. Also possible timber building, wall lines and surrounding compound ditches. All possibly part of a villa estate - perhaps part of a bathhouse?"
1101,50,100,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Large evaluation covering 15ha on the floodplain and terrace of the river Chelmer revealed a single early Roman cremation burial on the highest part of the site, and one Roman ditch, along the break of slope with the floodplain. The burial lay on a gently sloping plateau which was situated between two steep slopes. No other Roman features were encountered and it is likely that any associated occupation lay on higher ground to the north."
1102,-100,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,Yes,"Evaluation over 20ha, 5km north of the Thames estuary, revealed a landscape parcelled up in the Iron Age by the creation of a ditched system of rectilinear fields/enclosures, which continued in use and was adapted in the Roman period. The site was also occupied in the early Anglo-Saxon period, possibly using the existing Roman fieldsystem. No buildings were found, but the finds suggest domestic occupation here throughout the Iron Age, Roman and Anglo-Saxon periods."
1103,75,400,,,large (9+ ha),complex,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,Yes,No,No,Small excavation in Great Dunmow Roman roadside settlement revealed a series of pits containing domestic waste material at the southern end of the excavated area. These were backfilled during the 2nd century and one contained disturbed cremations. Also a 4th C N-S ditch. It would appear that from the 1st century AD the excavated area comprised the rear plot of a moderate to high-status domestic building likely to have faced onto Stane Street to the south.
1104,1,100,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,mixed,Yes,No,No,"Small area excavation (as part of a larger pipeline investigation) on the valley slopes, 385m south of the river Brain, revealed part of a trackway, linked to a doubled ditched rectangular enclosure as revealed by aerial photographs. Also further north were two U-shaped gullies with cereal remains  interpreted as being earth-cut flues or informal crop dryers used for parching wheat prior to de-husking. Features are dated to the LIA-early Roman period."
1105,-50,60,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"A series of excavations 0.25km west of Gryme's Dyke, 1.5km west of Gosbecks and c 4km SW of Colchester revealed a high status LIA-early Roman cemetery comprising 5 large mortuary enclosures. The earliest was the core of an IA farmstead which had been abandoned by the mid 1st C BC and the latest c AD 40-60. Very rich grave good goods in many of the graves."
1106,-50,250,43,100,medium (4 - 8 ha),complex,No,,,Yes,No,Yes,No,No,Yes,plateau or plain,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"A probable high status LIA farmstead within oppidum of Camulodunum (royal seat?), succeeded by a short lived Claudian fort and a religious complex, comprising a Romano-Celtic temple within a series of enclosures, along with a grand theatre and possible bathhouse. Theatre thought to be early 2nd C date and no clear dating for temple.  The theatre was abandoned by mid-3rd century at latest, and demolished."
1107,1,400,100,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unenclosed,Yes,5,1,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,No,river valley,mixed,Yes,No,No,"Road scheme excavations revealed parts of a LIA settlement in the Roding Valley. Features comprised the remains of at least five roundhouses, a four post structure and possible rectangular structure along with further posthole groups, a quarry, two larger curvilinear enclosures, and conjoined rectangular fields (an open settlement?). In early/mid Roman period, boundary ditches crossed both excavated areas indicating an extensive system of rectilinear fields and trackways along with a waterhole. Unlikely to be occupation at this time. Continuation of activity into late Roman period, with hollow-way, quarries and fields."
1108,75,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Road scheme excavation in a broad, shallow valley revealed early-mid Roman rectilinear enclosures and other boundaries, along with large quarry pits (for clay extraction) and six cremation burials. No indication of domestic activity on site. Activity continued into the later Roman period, with further ditches and quarry pits. Early Saxon pottery found but no evidence for features."
1109,-50,400,50,,large (9+ ha),complex,Yes,,,Yes,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,coastal,mixed,Yes,Yes,Yes,"Huge area excavation of LIA-Romano-British settlement on the Chelmer estuary alongside a main N-S Roman road, represented by a spread of circular and rectangular timber buildings, metalled trackways/roads and extensive surfaces, enclosure plots, pits and a substantial central shrine area with structured deposits, which much of the settlement was built around. Most of the road and property plot patterns appear to have been established around the conquest period, with continued expansion and zonation of activities. Very much an agricultural economy. Occupation in decline from later 2nd C AD, with flooding a serious problem, though continued into the 4th C. By this time the shrine was possibly abandoned. Cremation and inhumation burials also recovered. Extensive metalworking on site as well as five pottery kilns. Evidence for Saxon finds and structures. No publication and minimal draft so incomplete dataset."
1110,250,400,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Excavation in the Upper Crouch Valley revealed parts of a late Roman farmstead within a ditched enclosure, c 105m wide. Features comprised enclosure ditches (with an entranceway), fencelines, pits, gullies and 'settings' for a substantial timber building."
1111,75,400,190,,large (9+ ha),complex,Yes,,2,Yes,No,Yes,No,No,No,river valley,mixed,Yes,No,No,"Excavation within the Roman roadside settlement of Braintree adjacent to the main Braughing-Colchester road revealed roadside ditches and clay pits of 1st-2nd C AD date, followed by occupation from late 2nd C onwards. Features  of this phase comprised a multi-roomed timber building containing a hearth, fenced plot boundaries, gravel surfaces and clay-lined pits. In the late 3rd C, the building was destroyed and another larger one built, within an enclosed yard, with a trackway running behind it. Intensive iron smithing was taking place at this time. Activity continued until at least c AD 370, perhaps longer."
1112,1,300,100,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,3,Yes,Yes,No,Yes,No,Yes,plateau or plain,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Small evaluation and subsequent Watching Brief over 2ha, 1.8km south of the Roman town of Colchester revealed part of a settlement originating in the late Iron Age. Earliest features comprised ditches and pits of pre-conquest date, and then in the 2nd C there is evidence for timber buildings, ovens and a masonry building with a hypocaust - possibly part of a villa complex. Immediately to the south lies a cropmark complex of trackways, enclosures and fieldsystems. No specialist reports."
1113,-100,50,1,,medium (4 - 8 ha),enclosed,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"Various small excavations on the SE side of a ridge between the Lea and Roding Valleys revealed part of a still upstanding roughly ovate univallate enclosure 4.7ha in size. Earliest activity probably early Iron Age and re-built middle Iron Age and a re-cutting of the ditch may represent a re-occupation in the pre-Conquest years of the 1st C AD. Includes sections of unmortared masonry gateways. No later occupation. Interpreted here as a nucleated settlement - possibly an 'enclosed oppida' in the late Iron Age, though far from certain."
1114,50,120,,,large (9+ ha),complex,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Small scale excavations on the southern periphery of the roadside settlement (and close to main road) revealed part of a substantial early Roman cremation cemetery. The eastern and southern edges of the cemetery were well defined and possibly the western edge also. Burials distributed around three foci. Other features excavated comprised for ditches/gullies (possibly marking out different parts of cemetery) and 25 pits/postholes, maybe used for depositing pyre debris. Cemetery goes out of use in early 2nd C, perhaps due to expansion or reorganisation of the town."
1115,150,300,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Evaluation and limited subsequent excavation revealed the periphery of a Roman settlement on a chalk ridge overlooking the River Cam to the south-west, c 500m NE of Great Chesterford town. Ditches of a Roman road were observed (probably Icknield Way Southern Route to the town), along with two large pit clusters, lesser trackways, a well and a single burial. No evidence of roadside buildings was seen, and it is thought that the features related to a farmstead centred just off the major road. Pottery dates activity from mid 2nd to 3rd century AD."
1116,1,200,50,,uncertain,complex,Yes,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"An 8-trench evaluation on a gentle east facing  valley slope near to a tributary of the River Pant revealed evidence for late Iron Age activity in one part of the site (up slope) and more extensive evidence for early Roman settlement further north, near to the river. The late Iron Age features comprised ditches, containing ceramics (interpreted here as the periphery of a farmstead). The early Roman features comprise 1-2 trackways, other ditches, beamslots of structures and pits. One pit contained unusual quantities of worked and unworked stone, including querns and a millstone. The ceramics indicate no activity in the excavated area beyond the mid/later 2nd C AD. The nature of the Roman settlement is unclear, but previous discoveries in the area have led to the suggestion that it may have been a roadside settlement, at the junction of three major roads, and a river crossing point. Although very tentative, it is this interpretation, of a roadside settlement, that is suggested here."
1117,150,350,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,1,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"A small scale excavation on a sand and gravel terrace just above the floodplain on the south side of the River Blackwater revealed elements of a Romano-British farmstead of late 2nd-3rd/4th C AD date. Features comprised a linear ditch (suggested as part of an enclosure ditch), and a curving gully, interpreted as a potential roundhouse gully (c 12m dia.). Within this gully lay a single pit."
2001,-100,450,300,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,No,Yes,Yes,"Site on chalk knoll 200m west of river Granta, c 100m south of Icknield Way. MIA structure, human & animal inhumations indicate significant ritual aspect to the hilltop, which was continued in LIA with shrine/mortuary structure and at least 27 inhumation and cremation burials, surrounded by enclosure, recut on a number of occasions. Burials stopped during 2nd C AD. No mid Roman activity, but LR period saw substantial C-shaped corndrier c 60m SE of LIA activity, possibly used for malting. Use of the structure may have continued into the 5th C. No immediate associated settlement. Three early to mid Saxon SFBs."
2002,-100,325,120,,uncertain,complex,Yes,,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,river valley,mixed,Yes,Yes,No,"Extensive quarry excavations  near Great river Ouse revealed a number of settlement foci. In the later Iron Age, the site was characterised by enclosures, including livestock enclosures in a ditched compound and a large 'defended' enclosure, possibly used for gatherings. Continued into LPRIA-ER period with further enclosures, and droveways, up until c AD 120 when abandoned. Mid/late 2nd C  further rectangular enclosures to south (probably also livestock). Late 3rd C replaced with small ditched fields or market garden plots. Uncertain if occupation in later Roman phase. Two early 4th C pits may mark 'closure' deposits (complete pottery vessels, coins and metalwork)."
2003,200,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,hill,mixed,No,No,Yes,Main Roman features date from 3rd-4th C AD and comprise various pits and ditches and two possible ditched enclosures. No traces of buildings but finds and plant remains may suggest occupation. Three human burials probably contemporary. No indications of continuity with the Saxon activity on site (late early Saxon).
2004,150,350,250,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,fen,mixed,No,No,No,"Peripheral part of a modest later 2nd to 4th C AD farmstead on River Nene gravels, 150m SW of Car Dyke and the fen edge. Two phases of enclosures (2nd/3rd & 3rd/4th C), the latter comprising fewer and larger enclosures. Reasonable amounts of occupation debris suggest habitation, but no structural evidence. Enclosures thought to have surrounded or been adjacent to mass-walled buildings. Alternatively, they could have been stock pens. Probably part of development of area west of Car Dyke from 2nd C +. See also record 2078 for excavations 30m to the west."
2005,150,325,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,fen,mixed,Yes,No,No,"Small excavation on heavy clay just west of fenlands near to Ermine St revealing occupation from mid 2nd to early 4th C AD. Evidence comprised elements of ditched enclosures and fieldsystems. Occupation suggested by nature and quantity of finds, but no structures revealed."
2006,1,350,25,50,medium (4 - 8 ha),complex,Yes,4,2,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,fen,mixed,Yes,No,No,"Two areas of excavation c100m apart on E & W of Ermin St revealed long-lived sequence of activity. Late Iron Age fieldsystems on the W site were incorporated into farming settlement enclosures in early 1st C AD, with 4 circular & potentially 2 rectangular timber buildings. Buildings & ditches levelled c mid 1st AD, probably connected with road construction.  Further activity on W site in later 1st C, associated with postulated small roadside settlement, with at least 3 pottery kilns and associated ditches. Evidence for occupation on E site in mid 2nd C AD with enclosures - perhaps plots for buildings fronting onto the road? Possible high status buildings in area. Pottery kilns replaced by series of rectilinear enclosures mid 2nd C which fall out of use c AD200.  W site used as cemetery in LR period, but little evidence for activity after mid 4th C."
2007,-50,80,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,3,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,river valley,mixed,No,No,No,"Pipeline excavation on terrace of river Cam revealing part of a LIA-ER farmstead. In LIA (phase 2) 2-3 roundhouses were apparently unenclosed, then rectilinear  and penannular enclosure ditches cut through roundhouse gullies - probably stock enclosures, so possible end of domestic activity in immediate area. In LIA-ER period, much larger enclosure dug, mostly outside area of excavation. Probably backfilled deliberately c AD 80."
2008,50,400,120,250,small (<1 - 3 ha),complex,Yes,,1,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,No,river valley,mixed,No,Yes,No,"Pipeline excavation on terrace of river Cam, with evidence for four circular structures of unknown date (possibly BA or EIA). Earliest dated features (mid 1st C AD) comprised regular system of fields aligned E-W at right angles to local stream. An elaborate structure, probably a corndrier (structure 6), also of this phase. Likely that all fell into disuse by AD120. Limited evidence for 2nd/3rd C activity, but in later 3rd C a cemetery (2 phases) established in area of corndrier. 4th C most active period, with system of rectangular fields and enclosures, one of them around rectangular post-built, structure (7x4.5m). All possibly associated with known Roman occupation to west of stream. Cemetery continued in use.  Some activity continued into 5th C."
2009,100,250,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,1,,No,No,No,No,No,No,hill,mixed,Yes,Yes,No,"Road scheme excavation site along the northern boulder clay ridge of the Bourn Valley, revealing early Roman trackway overlain by substantial enclosed farmstead (0.21ha), occupied by early 2nd to mid 3rd C AD. Elaborate entrance structure into enclosure which contained at least one roundhouse. On E side of enclosure was substantial trackway/droveway on same alignment as previous trackway. Group of pits N of roundhouse contained pottery including a complete decorated samian cup."
2010,-100,400,200,300,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,hill,mixed,Yes,No,No,"Road scheme excavation site along the northern boulder clay ridge of the Bourn Valley, revealing an irregular LIA enclosure (non-domestic) and a 1st-2nd C AD droveway/trackway and two substantial enclosures, all probably used for stock.  Out of use by start of 3rd C AD, but at end of 3rd C two enclosures (probably part of ladder system), with evidence for permanent occupation fronting onto the main Ridgeway route along the northern Bourn valley (immediately N of site). Redesigned in mid 4th C with new tightly ordered enclosures. Coin hoard and cremation burial found. The excavated features probably form the outer periphery of a farmstead, the main form of which remains unknown."
2011,150,400,300,,small (<1 - 3 ha),complex,Yes,,2,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,hill,mixed,Yes,No,No,"Road scheme excavation site along the northern boulder clay ridge of the Bourn Valley, revealing a farmstead established in latter half of 2nd C, 500m N of minor Roman road. Settlement comprised a ladder system of enclosures and trackways, constantly modified. No initial evidence for structures, but occupation indicated either on site or nearby, perhaps within southern enclosure. Pottery wasters also suggest ceramic production. Grave in northern corner. Ladder system remained in use throughout 3rd C with new enclosures, trackways, a pond and possible beamslot building. Quarry pit, possibly to extract marl for fertilizer. At start of 4th C whole farmstead renovated with settlement core now in excavated area. At least one new building, new pits, new ponds, enclosures, oven and coin hoard. Two inhumations. Possible occupation into 5th C."
2012,-50,150,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,3,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,river valley,mixed,No,No,No,"LIA-ER farmstead on the third gravel terrace of the river Nene, comprising initially two separate enclosures, soon linked by a larger enclosure which contained three roundhouses. Northern enclosures possibly for stock. A well also revealed. Major alterations to enclosures in later 1st C AD, and roundhouses go out of use. Little evidence for occupation after mid 2nd C AD, though some ditches incorporated into later Roman fieldsystems. Small inhumation cemetery established on site at some point in the mid to late Roman period, perhaps related to a villa site, 800m to the north."
2013,50,500,175,225,medium (4 - 8 ha),complex,Yes,,7,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,river valley,mixed,Yes,No,Yes,"Excavations on the clay and gravel 3rd terrace of the river Nene revealed a site with long sequence of activity. In mid 1st to late 2nd C AD, site lay on periphery of main occupation and comprised developing field and enclosure system. In c AD175 a new enclosure with two barns laid out & in early/mid 3rd C one barn had large hall house built adjacent & another barn built on southern side of yard. Evidence for large scale brewing. Further buildings added in early 4th C (including possible mill house). End 4th C some buildings reduced ins scale but activity (inc. brewing ) continued throughout 5th C. A total of five corndriers situated within three of the barns."
2014,1,325,50,200,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,1,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,river valley,mixed,Yes,No,No,"Excavations in Lower Welland Valley immediately south of the river revealed LIA enclosure and roundhouse, replaced mid 1st C AD with further enclosures and a trackway. This phase ends early 2nd C AD, with an apparent hiatus. Renewed activity occured in the 3rd to early 4th C, with enclosure and trackway ditches, a corndrier, oven and a single inhumation grave near to the corndrier. The morphology of this phase remains unclassfied but was probably complex."
2015,175,400,250,,medium (4 - 8 ha),complex,Yes,,2,No,Yes,Yes,No,Yes,Yes,river valley,mixed,Yes,No,No,"Excavations in Lower Welland Valley revealed mid to late Roman farm. During late 2nd to mid 3rd C was series of ditches and pits & inhumation grave dug into ditch. Mid  to late 3rd C, huge aisled building constructed (40m long, 10m wide) along with road ditch. Replaced by shorter building (32.5m) in late 3rd/4th C, with evidence for stone founded outer walls.  Partition wall within building. Site produced considerable evidence for metalworking including series of hearths at west end of first building. At east end of later building two corndriers. Cropmark evidence indicates aisled buildings set within extensive arrangement of rectangular enclosures and trackways."
2016,1,75,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,fen,uncertain,No,No,No,"LIA-ER fieldsystems on gravel island at the fen edge. Outside of the area of any intensive settlement, but a focus for agricultural activity, possibly secondary processing or storage. The location of the fen edge may indicate a collection point of sorts."
2017,1,70,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,fen,mixed,No,No,No,"Part of a LIA-ER settlement on the fen edge, comprising rectangular enclosures and ditches. No indications of structures but a substantial pottery assemblage indicates occupation, which ceases c AD 70."
2018,150,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Two nearby excavations  north of Cambridge on the third river gravel terrace, one of them adjacent to Akeman St, revealing ditches, pits and occupation debris including building material, suggesting a structure of some pretension in the vicinity. Peak in activity later 3rd-4th C."
2019,1,50,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,2,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,river valley,mixed,No,No,No,"Short-lived LIA settlement on base of shallow valley by the Dam Brook comprising a substantial enclosure (60x80m) within which were at least two roundhouses, along with pits and gullies. Enclosure sub-divided into at least two parts (probably more) and two main phases of reorganisation recognised."
2020,1,125,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,1,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,fen,mixed,No,Yes,No,"Excavation in the lower Great Ouse Valley near the fen edge revealed LIA/ER ditches, postholes and pits suggesting the existence of a farmstead (lasting until later 1st C AD) lying mainly beyond the excavated area. One group of postholes (40) probably formed a structure (7m sq). Also deep pit of late 1st/early 2nd C AD containing burials of a goose and a dog."
2021,100,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,Yes,No,Yes,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Four large and three smaller burial mounds within an enclosing linear earthwork and associated settlement. Situated on a ridge within  valley of the river Granta. Barrows investigated in the 19th C and contained rich grave goods - dated late 1st & 2nd C AD. Also cremations near the river Granta dating to the mid-late 2nd C AD. Enclosures and settlement dates 3rd-4th C AD. Supposed villa within 50m of the mounds. Bathhouse located near the river Granta, close to the mounds."
2022,25,60,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,fen,uncertain,No,No,No,"Excavations on edge of fens at junction of 1st and 2nd gravel terrace. One or two pottery kilns and much kiln debris, together with fragmentary ditch systems and enclosure boundaries, reflecting the fringes of a settlement, the main part of which probably lies on the higher gravels to the south. Kilns had very narrow date range about the mid 1st C AD. Also cremation burial near to the kilns"
2023,50,400,125,250,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,fen,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Salt-making site on either side of an extant channel  on a fenland island 3km from Stonea in middle of extensive cropmark evidence of fieldsystems, enclosures and droveways. Many other salting making sites in vicinity. Two phases of salt-making proposed (mid/late 1st-early 2nd & mid/late 3rd-4th C), with possible alluviation between. Dense spread of Briquetage probably represent smashed ovens/hearths. Features including clay-lined pits for brine storage and ovens/hearths (min of 9 ovens)."
2024,1,150,75,,medium (4 - 8 ha),complex,Yes,4,,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,mixed,Yes,Yes,No,"Excavations in the south of Cambridge (c 4km S of Roman town) in the plain at northern foot of the downlands. Intense occupation during LIA and ER period. Core of LIA settlement comprised series of curvilinear ditched enclosures, replaced by rectangular enclosures of the conquest period, though on same alignment. Main enclosures divided into series of smaller compounds. 11 pottery kilns on margins & small cemetery immediately to E. Further ditches coming from enclosures probably represent wider fields. Roadway to S. 2-4 small roundhouses present, plus 4 U-shaped gullies possibly indicating further structures. A large 'pond-well' within main enclosure. Settlement replaced by two-phased Roman fieldsystem on different alignment in later 1st C AD. All activity largely ceases after mid 2nd C AD. Further watching brief excavation in 2013 by OA East 0.5km to the south revealed parts of an early Roman fieldsystem and a small early Roman pottery kiln. Other features comprise a possible well, a possible hayrick and at least seven cultivation beds/lazybeds (separated by 3-4m), possibly used for horticulture."
2025,,,,,medium (4 - 8 ha),complex,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Excavations between 1975 and 1980 immediately north of the river Granta within a dense cropmark complex of rectilinear enclosures and trackways (post-Roman features shown in black on plan). Excavations revealed ditches, pits and postholes, with enough material evidence to suggest occupation. Only material from 1975 excavations analysed. No specific dating mentioned other than late Iron Age-Roman."
2026,-100,150,75,,medium (4 - 8 ha),complex,Yes,40,2,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,No,fen,mixed,No,No,No,"M/LIA settlement on gravel terrace island within the fens with dense concentration of 35 roundhouses in two distinct foci (c 50m apart), along with pits, postholes and a series of intercutting irregular enclosures. Settlement eventually (probably later 1st C AD) incorporated into system of early RB fields and enclosures with two possible settlement foci relating to the previous IA sites. Interpreted here as part of a nucleated village type settlement. Further potential structures including  5 circular/sub-square and 2 rectangular post-built. Little dating evidence after mid 2nd C, but excavations too limited to be certain of chronology."
2027,-100,250,100,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,1,1,No,Yes,No,No,Yes,No,fen,mixed,Yes,Yes,No,"A small area of M-LIA settlement (pits, gullies, possible roundhouse and 4-post structure) on the clay fen hinterland near to the Flag Fen gravel terraces, which continued uninterrupted into the RB period. In ER period, curvilinear enclosure established, replaced in early 2nd C with more substantial regular enclosed settlement, lying within extensive fieldsystem of regular fairly narrow strips (horticulture?) and two large trackways. The level of contemporary internal division within the main settlement enclosure remains uncertain.  The fieldsystem contained small cremation cemetery. Possible structured deposits in enclosure ditch.  Also rectangular timber structure (possibly aisled building) and substantial 2nd-3rd C corndrier used for roasting malt. Site abandoned in 3rd C, after which is evidence for woodland regeneration. 7th-9th C Saxon occupation attested."
2028,50,400,100,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,2,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,fen,pastoral,Yes,Yes,No,"Roman settlement and saltmaking site on the edge of a roddon (raised former streams marked by sand and silt) in the fens. Settlement begins 1st C and continues into 4th C, but was perhaps several shorter-lived phases. Earliest phase comprised enclosure and succession of roundhouses. Two related cremation burials. In 2nd C, a more open settlement and trackway and in 3rd-4th C indications of salt production."
2029,1,370,100,275,small (<1 - 3 ha),complex,Yes,1,3,Yes,Yes,No,No,Yes,No,river valley,mixed,Yes,Yes,No,"Long-lived rural settlement adjacent to Ermine St (though established before it was constructed) on valley slope. Established in the early 1st C AD as a ditched enclosure, along with features (gullies, pits, postholes) and finds suggesting domestic occupation. Settlement expanded mid 1st C and pottery kiln established. Roundhouse identified. Roundhouse and kiln out of use by end of 1st C & site completely reorganised, associated with specialisation in animal husbandry. At least two aisled barns and water cisterns built, along with enclosures and a trackway leading to Ermine St. Interpreted as working farmyard within wider estate (Haddon villa close by; ID 2080) with minimal occupation. Further re-ordering of fieldsystems in later 3rd C, along with construction of small post-built structure with hearth, malting oven and ritual pit. Whole site abandoned AD 360-370. Occasional Saxon pottery from site."
2030,1,100,50,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Excavations on first gravel terrace of the Welland Valley revealed part of a LIA-ER metalworking and possible occupation site, along with a series of small enclosures, trackway and wider fieldsystem.  One LIA rectangular enclosure (20x23m) located within Neolithic henge contained parts of lining for iron smelting furnace and crucibles connected with copper smelting. Limited post-conquest activity."
2031,-100,75,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,6,,No,No,No,No,No,No,fen,mixed,No,No,No,"Excavations of a M-LIA ringwork on a prominent spur dominating a former marsh embayment on the isle of Ely in the fens. Developed from an enclosed farmstead to a bivallate ringwork, falling into disuse in the late 1st C AD. A series of structures revealed by circular or polygonal gullies in interior, some of which still in use into early Roman period."
2032,-100,400,200,,medium (4 - 8 ha),complex,Yes,6,2,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,mixed,Yes,Yes,No,"Extensive and long-lived settlement on the clay uplands between the crest of a ridge and a stream. Originating in the M-LIA as a series of conjoined enclosures within an outer rectangular enclosure with associated trackways, pits, c 5 roundhouses (at least one built before enclosures) and a 4-post structure. Completely remodelled in later 2nd/early 3rd C AD, with new arrangement of rectilinear enclosures, though main trackway retained. Continuously developed into the 4th C, with new enclosures added. Includes additional roundhouse and two possible rectangular buildings, 4-post structure, inhumation burial, large free standing post (ritual?) and 3 'special deposits'. Possible continued occupation into early 5th C with a few Saxon sherds from later pits."
2033,1,75,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,3,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,mixed,Yes,No,No,"A LIA-ER settlement on a gentle slope in the clay uplands near to a stream, comprising an enclosure ditch, field ditches, trackway, pits and possibly 3 roundhouse gullies (max 2 contemporary at one time). No evidence of activity beyond the start of the early Roman period."
2034,200,400,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,mixed,Yes,No,No,"A mid to late Roman agricultural settlement on the clay uplands (on a slope with a watercourse and marshy areas on the lower ground), comprising a rectangular enclosure, with field and trackway boundaries extending to the NW. A clear phase of remodelling was encountered, which included digging a large waterhole/pond (16x7m). No structures identified but reasonable amounts of pottery, fired clay and animal bone suggest occupation. Also large quantities of grain processing waste found in a number of features."
2035,-100,400,50,200,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,6,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,mixed,No,Yes,No,"A small enclosed farmstead originating in the M-LIA on the clay uplands between the Great Ouse and Bourn Brook. Possibly started as unenclosed roundhouses, soon replaced by roundhouses, pits and gullies within an enclosure (0.2ha). Unlikely to have survived much into the Roman period, and next activity c AD 200, when sub-rectangular enclosure established. Pit contained partial cow skeleton. Also 2 inhumations just outside NW corner of enclosure. Uncertain end of occupation."
2036,-100,400,150,,small (<1 - 3 ha),complex,Yes,,2,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,mixed,Yes,No,No,"Excavations on the clay uplands, on the NW side of a stream valley, with LIA and RB occupation. Earliest activity comprised LIA-ER D-shaped enclosure and linear ditch boundaries along with two ponds/waterholes and a possible droveway. Possible ER hiatus with renewed activity in mid 2nd C AD, centred on a sub-divided rectilinear enclosure (110x70m) and associated fields/pens and droveways. Two possible rectilinear buildings defined by shallow hollows. Main activity later 3rd/4th C. 4 inhumations."
2037,-100,50,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,mixed,No,No,No,"A LIA settlement on the clay uplands on east side of a spur between two streams. Comprises three separate enclosures and a small number of isolated hearths, pits/postholes and two ditches. Possible structures hinted at by daub. No evidence for post-conquest activity."
2038,-100,50,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),complex,Yes,3,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,mixed,No,Yes,No,"M-LIA settlement on clay uplands towards head of shallow valley. Comprised D-shaped enclosure of 2-3 phases (many internal sub-divisions and conjoined outer enclosures), along with 3 roundhouses, a 4-post structure, associated fields and small enclosures. No evidence for RB activity. Possible ritual pit: a mostly complete cattle skull placed upside down in the centre of the top of the pit & two pot rims placed on base of the pit."
2039,100,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Excavations on the clay uplands revealed two regular grid systems of fields or animal pens (superimposed and on slightly different alignments) of broad mid to late Roman date, along with a possible droveway. Very different to other Cambourne sites. No occupation."
2040,100,300,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,2,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,mixed,No,No,No,"A 1st/2nd to 3rd C Roman settlement on the clay uplands on edge of a broad stream valley. Main feature was a  trapezoidal enclosure (0.35ha) containing at least 2 roundhouses, other postholes and pits. A field ditch ran off to the north. Early Saxon pottery in upper fills but no features of this date."
2041,-100,60,40,,medium (4 - 8 ha),enclosed,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,fen,uncertain,No,No,No,"LIA earthworks on the fen island enclosing 6.9ha and having at least 4 main phases of development. Uncertain function as no evidence for occupation until a possible short-lived phase c AD 40-60, possibly associated with the military. Suggested as having a possible ritual/ceremonial significance. Human remains found in ditch fills. Excavated in 1980-1 (1 trench) and 1991-2 (30 trenches)."
2042,125,500,220,,large (9+ ha),complex,Yes,,6,Yes,No,Yes,No,Yes,Yes,fen,pastoral,Yes,Yes,Yes,"Nucleated settlement established early/mid 2nd C on a fen island, 350m north of Stonea Camp (ID 2041). Set up as an important administrative centre with substantial masonry buildings, including a large complex with a major tower-like (or possibly aisled) building, and a regular street grid, with a major road running east-west on the northern margins of the excavated area. A Romano-Celtic temple lay just to the north. Main admin buildings and temple went of use c AD 220 (associated with series of special 'closure deposits' in pits), whereupon settlement continued in an agricultural capacity (especially sheep farming) into 5th-6th C. Possible elements of Roman luxury (window glass, mosaics etc.) in 4th C. NOTE: An alternative explanation that the major Stonea building is a Romano-Celtic temple at the heart of a religious complex has also been put forward."
2043,100,400,350,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,Yes,"Excavations on north bank of Alconbury Brook, c50m west of confluence with the Great Ouse revealed mid Roman enclosure (uncertain if associated occupation?) succeeded by a substantial late Roman cemetery and contemporary fieldsystem. Known 3rd-4th C Roman villa (Whitehills) lies 200m to the east and site lies 1km north of Roman town at Godmanchester near to Ermine St. other burials known from the area, including 2nd C cremations."
2044,50,200,,,uncertain,enclosed,No,,3,No,No,No,No,No,Yes,hill,uncertain,Yes,No,Yes,"A Roman ritual site on a chalk hill near the fen edge, linked by a trackway to a Roman villa, 1km to the NW at Reach (SAM Camb 87). Originally comprising a large rectangular enclosure  defined by a palisade with an inner enclosure and possible building. Then replaced by a smaller double ditched enclosure surrounding a circular feature and associated square masonry building. A third enclosure added to the SW contained a small masonry shrine/mausoleum, containing an adult burial. Few finds and overall interpretation is likely to be temple/mausoleum. Main period of use 1st-early/mid 2nd C, with all activity ending by end of 2nd C. Saxon burials also recovered."
2045,200,350,,,uncertain,complex,Yes,,4,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,Yes,plateau or plain,mixed,Yes,Yes,No,"Excavations in 2000 and 2006-7 on a plateau near the fen edge revealed peripheral parts of a later Roman settlement. Four phases of Roman activity were identified, with earliest remains comprising two stone buildings (one 11.5x5.75m with foundations of unworked chalk or clunch blocks), along with a smaller wooden structure. These are suggested as agricultural buildings. Subsequently the site was divided into ditched enclosures, within which lay a malting oven/corn drier and a second, smaller oven. The boundaries on site were later reorganised with several new enclosures being established, including a large rectangular field/paddock with a small ?timber building (beam slots) in its centre. An industrial feature has been tentatively associated with brewing. During the 4th C AD, land use on the site changed, with several large chalk quarry pits and numerous scattered rubbish pits. The finds from the site suggest that it lay adjacent to areas of occupation during all four phases, and it is suggested that Bottisham was the site of a Roman villa complex. Here it is interpreted as the periphery of a complex type farm. A cattle bone from the site was radiocarbon dated to the 4th C AD (cal AD 301-391), corroborating the overall ceramic and finds evidence."
2046,75,400,200,,small (<1 - 3 ha),complex,No,,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,river valley,mixed,Yes,No,Yes,"Peripheral part of a Roman farmstead on a gravel terrace in the Great Ouse Valley, 1.2km from the river. Earliest activity of later 1st/2nd C date comprised rectangular enclosure and gully arcs (wind breaks?) associated with ironworking and crop processing. In later 2nd-3rd C, field boundaries and enclosures re-established on a much larger scale - massive re-working of the landscape (also seen in excavations by Foundations Arch immediately to the south). Perhaps greater reliance on larger scale pastoral economy. Also large waterhole and droveway. Continued activity, though at a reduced intensity, into the 4th C AD. Early Saxon SFBs found on southern excavated area."
2047,-100,400,200,,uncertain,complex,Yes,,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,fen,mixed,No,Yes,No,Peripheral part of a rural settlement near the fen edge originating in the middle Iron Age and continuing into the later part of the 4th C AD. MIA enclosure continued into the ER period and Roman enclosures and fieldsystems covered much of excavation area by 2nd C AD. From 3rd C AD - a series of rectilinear enclosures and a D-shaped enclosure in the 4th C. Increase in cereal production from mid 3rd C AD. Also two ovens. Main settlement focus on higher ground to N and NW.  To SW was small mixed cemetery dated 2nd to 4th C AD.
2048,250,350,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,1,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"A salvage excavation in the 1980s just to the NE of Little Paxton settlement (ID 2002), 0.5km west of the River Great Ouse, revealing a probable shrine amongst other cropmarks covering the west bank of the river. Located just south and west of BA ring ditches. Defined by rectangular  ditched enclosure (63x51m) with eastern entrance. In side were a central pit and a circular foundation trench (15m dia) to the south. Date uncertain, though only late Roman coins found."
2049,100,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Small excavation 200m west of the river Cam, on opposite bank to the Horningsea pottery kilns. Roman features included ditches, cobbled surfaces, clay and gravel floors (probably representing structures) and a two chambered pottery kiln. Activity from 2nd century, with most intense period in mid to late 4th C. Many querns and millstones suggest milling on a considerable scale."
2050,-100,125,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,hill,pastoral,Yes,Yes,Yes,"Long-lived rural settlement on a chalk hill in the watershed of the river Cam, originating in the E-MIA and intensifying in the LIA-ER period, with construction of ditched and fenced boundaries defining droveways and stock enclosures. Economy from this period seem geared towards livestock management. Structured deposits observed. No definite structures found, but ceramics and bone indicates domestic occupation. Little evidence for activity beyond the early 2nd C AD. Early Saxon graves found on the hill."
2051,1,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,1,,No,No,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,No,No,No,"Small pipeline excavation, together with fieldwalking and geophysical survey, revealed a LIA/RB settlement on the brow of a low hill on the edge of west Cambridgeshire claylands. The site comprised enclosure ditches, pits and a circular structure. Chronology uncertain but pottery and coins date from 1st to 4th C. Very limited publication."
2052,180,400,,,large (9+ ha),complex,Yes,,,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,Yes,No,Yes,"Excavations revealed a small  and largely peripheral part of a roadside settlement along Ermine St (and junction of Akeman St towards Cambridge), stretching for over 1km. A series of substantial ditches formed regular enclosures interpreted as paddocks, garden plots and small domestic units. Also cobbled yard surface. Large quantities of pottery and animal bone, but no definite structures. 6th C Saxon grave."
2053,300,375,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,2,No,Yes,Yes,Yes,No,Yes,river valley,mixed,No,No,No,"Excavations on the gentle slopes of the south side of the Kym Valley revealed a 4th century corridor villa and associated bathhouse. Both buildings of winged corridor type. Buildings probably constructed early 4th C AD and out of use by later 4th C AD, but one of the buildings may have originated earlier, perhaps in the 2nd C AD. Undated burials over the villa."
2054,70,400,250,,medium (4 - 8 ha),complex,Yes,,,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,Yes,fen,pastoral,Yes,No,No,"A series of small excavations between 1958 and 1964 on a large nucleated Roman settlement on the fen island of March. Fen causeway (major route through fens) runs through site. Initial occupation c AD 65-75, with a wealth of pre-Flavian material - interpreted as possibly military in character. Towards end of 1st C AD, substantial timber buildings constructed, lying within building plots with irregular network of gravelled streets. Major economy based on sheep farming. Evidence for hiatus in occupation during mid 3rd C, probably due to persistent flooding. Soon reoccupied, with masonry footed buildings, some of high status. Occupation at least up until end of 4th C."
2055,-100,50,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,6,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,fen,mixed,No,No,No,"Excavations on the Delphs terraces, SE of the junction of the river Great Ouse and the peat fens, revealed 4 M-LIA enclosures, with the most intense activity in a riverside compound (HAD V) with excellent preservation. Initial open settlement comprised two roundhouses and another possible structure. Subsequently enclosed and further successive larger roundhouses constructed. Out of use early 1st C AD with evidence of alluviation."
2056,100,350,250,300,uncertain,unclassified,No,1,2,No,No,No,No,No,Yes,fen,uncertain,No,Yes,No,"A Romano-British shrine excavated on the Delphs terraces, SE of the junction of the river Great Ouse (170m from the river) and the peat fens. Originating in the 2nd C AD as an octagonal masonry footed shrine and associated building on the flank of an earlier Bronze Age barrow set within large ditched enclosure. Dismantled during the 3rd C, it was re-established in the early 4th C as a square post-built shrine on the crown of the barrow, enclosed within post-built enclosure. Abandoned and partially dismantled mid 4th C due to flooding. Associated with huge collection of animal bone."
2057,50,350,125,275,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,2,Yes,No,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,hill,uncertain,No,No,No,"Excavations on a gentle chalk slope above the fen revealed  a large stone villa with a preceding timber phase. Earliest activity comprised a series of ditches, gullies, postholes, ovens and pits, dating to the 1st and 2nd centuries AD. Early to mid 2nd C, replaced by a substantial timber aisled building (31x6m) with painted plaster. Late 3rd C rebuilt as multi-roomed masonry villa, on same alignment. Bath suite construction in NW. Rebuilding phase in later 3rd/4th C., with heated room. Probable destruction by fire in mid 4th C."
2058,100,425,350,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,5,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,river valley,mixed,Yes,No,Yes,"Excavations in the 1960s and between 1988 and 1995 on the gravel terrace, 250m SE of river Great Ouse and 800m NE of Roman Godmanchester revealed an extensive Romano-British farmstead, focused adjacent  to a Bronze Age trapezoidal enclosure. The farm complex developed in three identifiable phases. The earliest occupation dated to the 2nd century and consisted of an aisled building with masonry foundations, associated with minor structures and a pond, as well as long ditched enclosures/paddocks.  One of the latter was sub-divided to delimit a cemetery of a few inhumations, followed by 55 urned cremations. Changes occurred in the 3rd C AD when new buildings were erected and the earlier aisled structure was reused for crop-processing activities. The buildings lay within an area defined by ditches on the west and north sides, a trackway to the east and a metalled road leading to Godmanchester to the south.  The pond was moved to accommodate the new layout and environmental remains from its fills suggest the presence of plant and tree species reminiscent of a Mediterranean style garden. A substantial timber-framed building lay within a developing fieldsystem to the south, while a granary lay in its own enclosure closer to the main buildings. The primary aisled building was now paired with a new aisled building in the northern part of the site, the corners of the two buildings being linked by a fence. These buildings saw several phases of use and were used to house numerous crop-drying ovens.  The easternmost building was joined by a corridor to a third building ? a long hall with impressive stone-built footings, which may have been residential: the revisions suggest that the emphasis of the site had shifted closer to the road.  This is reflected by the position of the latest building in the sequence, also placed close to the road and overlooking the cemetery enclosure, which comprised a high status rectangular hall-type structure of mid to late 4th-century date, with underfloor heating, painted wall plaster, tesserae and a large column base (on this basis it is interpreted as a cottage villa type house). At its rear were three substantial wells. Environmental evidence suggests that this building was associated with a formal courtyard garden.  By the early 5th century, the buildings were derelict, but occupation may have continued on a small scale. Early Saxon activity took the form of a wattle-lined well, a single burial and various pits"
2059,300,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Excavations 800m west of the Great river Ouse revealed three inhumation burials, two in stone coffins, which had been disturbed in antiquity. Spread of Roman building material in immediately vicinity."
2060,45,70,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Excavations 4.5km east of Cambridge and less than 2km from the river Cam revealed evidence for IA settlement (not part of this entry) and 11 pre-Flavian kilns, re-using one of the LIA enclosures. Contemporary with the kilns were smaller enclosures and pits but no obvious structures. Includes unusual sunken single-chambered, twin-flued type kiln. All kilns had large quantities of pottery wasters associated with their backfill. All kilns employed portable furniture in the form of firebars, oven plates and pedestals."
2061,1,350,125,225,large (9+ ha),complex,Yes,1,1,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,fen,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"A series of test pits, evaluation trenches and small excavations over a 10ha fen island (8km S of Stonea) revealed complex multi-period archaeology, including significant but dispersed areas of LIA and Roman settlement. Roman settlement included a substantial (26x14m) and well appointed multi-roomed masonry building, with tiled roof, mortared floors, painted plaster and possible hypocaust (villa building?). This dated from early/mid 2nd to early 3rd C, after which settlement shifted higher up the ridge. Other timber structures (including a roundhouse) in vicinity. Also evidence for field/enclosure systems either side of a central trackway. Overall chronological evidence suggests activity from LIA to the late Roman period, with perhaps greater intensity in the mid Roman period. Site function remains uncertain - part of Imperial estate? Continuation of native elite farm? Interpreted here as a rural 'village' settlement with associated villa."
2062,-100,400,120,,medium (4 - 8 ha),complex,Yes,7,52,Yes,Yes,Yes,No,Yes,No,fen,mixed,Yes,Yes,No,"Excavations on the fen edge revealed extensive and long-lived settlement, from MIA to 5th C AD. M-LIA activity centred around two enclosure complexes with at least 6 unenclosed roundhouses and a potential square shrine. Little evidence that  IA site directly influenced arrangement of  ensuing Roman settlement, possibly due to ER military presence. Roman settlement (established c AD 120) organised around central road/trackway, with series of structures and compounds on eastern side, including a granary and huge (16.5x39m) rectangular structure. Jupiter sculptural panel found in ditch of one compound, perhaps related to a central shrine/altar. Many buildings, 11-15 of which were probably residential. All of timber construction. Includes 8 aisled buildings and an SFB. Interpreted as a possible fenland trading port."
2063,1,200,,,medium (4 - 8 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,fen,pastoral,Yes,No,No,"A series of 14 small excavation trenches dug in the 1980s near the fen edge, SE of Earith. Trenches dug in large cropmark complex comprising inter-connecting droveways, field boundaries and enclosures. Possible that earliest feature was double ditched rectangular enclosures of LIA date superimposed by RB enclosure/fieldsystem. No distinct settlement found, but quantity of material culture and animal bone from ditches suggests possibly quite intensive occupation."
2064,50,250,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Excavations on the floodplain immediately east of the river Great Ouse revealed an agricultural landscape with a major north-south droveway aligned with the river (and following line of earlier pit alignment), with associated east-west droveways running off eastwards to a small settlement known from cropmarks. Also associated enclosures, pits and fieldsystems. Uncertain activity beyond the mid 3rd C AD."
2065,-100,200,50,100,small (<1 - 3 ha),complex,Yes,12,2,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,fen,mixed,Yes,No,No,"Excavations on the first gravel terrace of the River Nene revealed almost complete extensive IA and RB settlement. Originating in the MIA with series of roundhouses and conjoined rectilinear enclosures. In LIA, northern and southern edges of settlement defined by droveways. Possible hiatus in 1st C AD, with 2nd C enclosures and trackways following similar alignments. No certain structures of RB date, but wells/waterholes present, along with domestic debris. All features capped with flood deposits of early-mid 3rd C date."
2066,1,250,50,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,No,fen,pastoral,No,No,No,"Pipeline excavations revealed an area of late Iron Age and Roman activity on a fen island - enclosures and other boundary ditches in a landscape used primarily for the keeping of livestock. IA enclosures went out of use in 1st C AD, and massive expansion of activity, including two large sub rectangular enclosures. Two small structures probably animal shelters. Artefacts recovered suggest that domestic activities such as weaving and grinding/ milling were taking place in the vicinity, although there is no direct evidence for domestic occupation itself."
2067,-50,100,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,hill,mixed,No,No,No,"Evaluation over an area of approximately 218ha spanning the 1st/2nd Terrace Gravels of the Ouse and Middle Jurassic Oxford Clay of the hills, revealed an area of diffuse mid-late Iron Age/early Roman activity on the ridge of the hill. Features include a probable enclosure and areas of charcoal and burnt stone. The economy of the site seems to have comprised a mixed arable and pastoral regime."
2068,100,350,175,300,medium (4 - 8 ha),unclassified,Yes,,1,Yes,Yes,No,No,Yes,No,fen,pastoral,Yes,Yes,No,"Series of evaluations and excavations just west of Roman Akeman St (built late 2nd C) on the edge of the fens between the River Great Ouse to the north, the River Cam to the east with the Car Dyke located between the two rivers to the south. Investigations revealed Roman settlement activity,  which included a droveway, metalled surfaces, quarry pits, an aisled building (10x7.5m), pits, and rich middens with associated enclosure ditches that were potentially related to livestock management. Also late Romano-Celtic temple revealed from cropmarks and finds in vicinity, now destroyed. Roman cremation cemetery excavated adjacent to the site of the destroyed temple. Earliest occupation predates  the earliest phase of Akeman Street; possibly instead associated with the first construction of The Car Dyke. Later road construction probably same time as temple, and a re-alignment of enclosure systems. Middens probably formed late 3rd/early 4th C."
2069,200,400,,,medium (4 - 8 ha),unclassified,Yes,,2,Yes,No,Yes,Yes,No,Yes,hill,mixed,No,No,No,"Time Team evaluation trenches in ironstone hills 14km west of Peterborough revealed parts of a courtyard villa with associated ironworking complex (including iron ore-roasting floor), covering 4.3ha. The building ranges investigated were interpreted as possible kitchen and grain store, while a separate bathhouse was located. Evidence of iron ore extraction. Most of the associated pottery was 3rd-4th C AD in date."
2070,100,350,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,fen,mixed,No,No,No,"Excavations near the fen edge revealed and early-mid Iron Age Iron Age farmstead (not included here) and a co-axial Roman fieldsystem abutting the eastern side of the earlier farmstead, dating from early 2nd to later 3rd/4th C. The entire  area was crossed by a series of palaeochannels, most of which were overlain by elements of the Roman fieldsystem although one channel course was flanked by the ditches, possibly showing that it was contemporary with the Roman landuse."
2071,-100,400,100,200,small (<1 - 3 ha),complex,Yes,6,4,Yes,Yes,No,No,Yes,No,fen,mixed,No,Yes,No,"Excavations by Northamptonshire Archaeology in 2005 and OA East in 2010 on ground overlooking fenland to the south and east revealed parts of a late Iron Age through to late Roman farming settlement. Late Iron Age occupation was focused on the 2005 excavation area (and the SE part of the OA site) and comprised a series of enclosures, boundaries and timber roundhouses, along with parts of a fieldsystem. Within a square enclosure to the east was a smaller C-shaped enclosure (4m dia), possibly a small shelter used for metalworking (slag & hammerscale). Early to mid Roman activity is largely restricted to the area of the Northamptonshire Archaeology excavations, while the late Roman activity expanded across a wider area. Two late Roman phases were identified, the earlier a rectangular field/enclosure system in a NE-SE alignment, associated with a rectangular 'tank' with parallel beamslots, interpreted as having held water (for malting?). In the later phase the earlier fields/enclosures were partially abandoned, with a more open site plan. A beamslot structure cut across the earlier ditches, while other buildings comprised another beamslot structure, and an aisled building (defined by postholes, 4.2m wide x 8m+ length). Other features comprised waterholes, burials, chalk quarry pit, a structured pit deposit of querns and pottery, and a pottery kiln."
2072,50,300,200,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,2,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,fen,mixed,No,No,No,"Excavations on the gravel terrace of the lower Welland Valley near the fen edge revealed a Roman settlement, originating as a small enclosed farmstead with a pastoral economy in the 1st C AD. In the later 2nd/3rd C, a more complex system of land division imposed, reflecting a change to a more arable based economy. Main phase of activity in 3rd C, with construction gullies for buildings, stone-lined well, series of ponds/quarries and a large midden. Settlement morphology of this phase remains uncertain. Little activity beyond end of 3rd C. AD."
2073,150,400,250,,medium (4 - 8 ha),unclassified,Yes,,11,Yes,No,Yes,Yes,No,Yes,river valley,uncertain,No,No,Yes,"Separate small evaluations (and a watching brief) on the site of a monumental Roman building complex, 750m north of the river Nene on the first gravel terrace, opposite town of Durobrivae on other side of the river. Roman buildings covered an area of 3.77 ha, with evidence for tessellated floors and mosaics, at least two bathhouses and  hypocausts. Two main phases postulated - earlier smaller building dates from the (mid?)2nd century, but that major palatial building dates to mid 3rd C and continues into the late Roman period ? possibly an administrative complex taking over from Stonea, 35km to the east. Also possible temple."
2074,100,300,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,fen,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Excavations on a gravel terrace near the fen edge revealed extensive Roman fieldsystem (on different alignments probably associated with two different settlements) and trackway, along with a series of enclosures (predating fields?) probably representing the fringes of a farmstead. These were associated with small scale 'industrial' type activity, possibly connected with salt production? Within one field was evidence for horticulture in the form of 'lazy bed' trenches. Earlier Bronze Age fieldsystems and cremations on site."
2075,1,350,50,150,medium (4 - 8 ha),unclassified,Yes,3,4,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,No,Yes,river valley,uncertain,No,No,Yes,"Evaluation and subsequent excavation on the River Nene gravel terrace revealed evidence for high status Roman villa building, preceded by a LIA settlement. The LIA settlement comprised three roundhouses, pits, hearths and a possible hayrick, contained within a substantial (0.3ha) rectilinear ditched enclosure. During the mid/later 1st C AD, the enclosure ditch was re-cut and outer boundaries noted. New structures comprised a high status timber building (demolished late 2nd C AD) and adjacent barn, with 3 ovens in the courtyard. Western and eastern arms of the ditch were backfilled in mid 2nd C and tile kiln constructed. Within the area of the enclosure ditch the timber buildings were replaced by what was probably originally a two-storey stone- and timber-framed courtyard villa of exceptionally high status, containing mosaic floors, painted plaster walls and a bath house. Two wings of this structure were visible in the excavation area. Also a stone-lined well in the courtyard and another small masonry building of uncertain function. Abandonment of the complex occurred in the (?mid) 4th century AD. Many human burials were found on site, mostly neonates. A single early Saxon burial is attested."
2076,-100,300,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,river valley,pastoral,Yes,No,No,Evaluation and excavation 400m south of the river Nene and 1.6km east of Durobrivae revealed agricultural field and enclosure systems and trackways associated with IA and Roman settlements immediately north and north-west of the site. Enclosures probably associated with stock management. All abandoned before end of 3rd C.
2077,150,500,250,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,3,5,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,No,fen,mixed,Yes,No,No,"Excavations in the Lower Wellend Valley on the edge of the fen 'island' of Maxey, just south of the river and to the east of excavations at Plant's Farm (ID 2014), revealed a Roman farmstead originating in the mid 2nd C AD. Features comprised main east-west trackway with enclosures and fields aligned off this. Other features include gullies, pits, a timber lined well, a rectangular posthole structure (10x5m) and probable roundhouses.  Most intense activity mid 3rd to 4th C AD, with a major E-W droveway, further structures and a burial. Limited activity continued into the 5th to 6th centuries."
2078,1,400,175,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,fen,mixed,Yes,No,No,"Excavations near the fen edge and south of the Roman Car Dyke revealed LIA farmstead and mid to late Roman settlement. LIA activity limited to a single enclosure and possible trackway. Further activity in late 2nd C with outer boundary ditch of settlement revealed in earlier excavations (see entry 2004 for excavations 30m to the east). Occupation continues into 3rd/4th C along with adjacent site, with western boundary of settlement revealed. Sufficient building debris to suggest late Roman building of some distinction in immediate vicinity, but not identified."
2079,150,250,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Excavation 1.2km north of the river Nene and near to the fen edge revealed ephemeral Roman activity dating from mid 2nd to 3rd C AD. Up to five possible structures were located defined by irregular posthole groupings, along with pits and drainage ditches. Uncertain function and form, but unlikely to be domestic - probably on periphery of villa/village settlement (see record 2081, 400m to the north). One large pit contained significant quantities of pottery and other domestic debris - midden? Flood deposits cover all features. Note: this site and record 2081 could be part of the wider but ill understood 'village' type settlement at Westwood, mostly investigated in the 19th century."
2080,300,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,1,Yes,No,Yes,No,No,Yes,plateau or plain,uncertain,Yes,No,Yes,"Late Roman two-roomed bathhouse (6x3m), thought to have been part of a villa complex, 3.7km SE of Durobrivae (see also record 2029 c700m to the north). In c AD380, the east wall acted an a short axis wall for E-W timber building with at least two rooms. Probably an agricultural function, as later corndrier inserted and millstone fragments found. Another masonry building to west. Very late 4th/5th C, a levelling deposit seals the buildings. Early Saxon re-occupation of the bathhouse noted."
2081,175,300,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,1,No,No,Yes,No,No,Yes,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Two of the nine evaluation trenches 1.5km north of the river Nene revealed Roman features, comprising at least one high status building, possibly a villa with possible hypocaust, painted plaster walls, mortared floors and window glass. Minimal dating evidence suggests late 2nd to the end of the 3rd C AD. No evidence for 4th C occupation.  Note: this site and records 2078/2004 could be part of the wider but ill understood 'village' type settlement at Westwood, mostly investigated in the 19th century, though as yet there is little to substantiate this."
2082,1,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,fen,uncertain,No,No,No,"Evaluation (24 trenches) north of the River Great Ouse, near the margins of the fens, revealed a possible late Iron Age farmstead which continued and expanded through to the late Roman period. The exact nature of any settlement remains unclear."
2083,100,300,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,Yes,"An Early/Middle Roman period (2nd to 3rd centuries AD) settlement was found within three evaluation trenches over a 400m area, on higher ground overlooking a valley. The features consisted of postholes, pits and ditches. Overlaying this settlement in one trench was an Early Saxon to Late Saxon settlement."
2084,1,400,100,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,mixed,No,No,No,"Twenty six evaluation trenches 0.5km west of the river Cam revealed LIA settlement and land boundaries, continuing into the Roman period when activity intensified and spread north (probably in 2nd C when Car Dyke and Akeman St built). Suggested as mixed (complex?) farm cultivating wheat and barley and raising horses and cattle. Also 2nd C cremation burial. Fieldwalking immediately east and south of the site found additional coins and pottery in considerable quantities indicating settlement potentially spread over wide area."
2085,-100,150,50,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,mixed,No,No,No,"Eight evaluation trenches c 4km north of Cambridge revealed a number of ditches spanning at least two phases of activity. The first identified phase dated to the Late Iron Age to 1st century AD which comprised mostly large field boundaries. The second phase, dating mid 1st century to  mid 2nd century AD, sees the re-establishment of these earlier ditches together with a greater density of ditches at the southern end of the site. These ditches contained a large quantity of locally produced sandy courseware storage and cooking vessels which may indicate close proximity to settlement."
2086,50,250,175,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,arable,No,No,No,Three evaluation trenches 1km south-east of the fen edge revealed concentration of Roman pits and ditches with at least two phases of activity that were interrupted by an episode of flooding during the 2nd C AD. Pottery suggests occupation and abundant deposits of charred seeds and other plant remains suggest arable farming and associated primary crop processing were taking place on the site. It likely represents the southern settlement periphery (enclosures identified to the north) before giving way to fields.
2087,1,150,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,1,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,river valley,mixed,No,No,No,"Excavation 500m west of the River Cam and 7km SW of Cambridge revealed part of a LIA to early Roman settlement. Several features uncovered including an enclosure and a possible domestic building (posthole structure, 9x3m). Potential villa c 1km north of the site."
2088,50,400,,,medium (4 - 8 ha),unclassified,Yes,,1,Yes,No,Yes,Yes,No,Yes,plateau or plain,mixed,No,No,No,"Ten trenches and eleven test pits revealed part of a Roman villa with a cemetery 350m to the SE. Little can be said of the villa structure, though some painted wall plaster was recovered, as well as significant quantities of ceramic building material, including box flue tiles from a hypocaust, and the remains of some (monochrome) tessellated pavements, which survive in situ. Previous evaluation nearby identified a sequence of compacted chalk barn floors with substantial amounts of Romano-British material including tile, tesserae and wall plaster. Antiquarian investigations of the site revealed a huge, 30-roomed Roman villa, complete with elaborate mosaics and painted wall plaster. Only very broad Roman dating."
2089,150,400,,,medium (4 - 8 ha),complex,Yes,,,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,No,fen,uncertain,No,No,No,"Time Team evaluation on a raised area of land surrounded by fenland, 7.8km SE of Durobrivae, revealed a Roman pottery kiln, a tile kiln and another kiln-like structure which appeared to form part of wider ladder settlement along a Roman road branching off Ermine Street. Evidence of a possible wharf, sealed by layers of alluvium, shows the effect of the changes in sea level and how such natural events could have forced the abandonment of the site."
2090,100,200,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"A two trench evaluation in the Upper Cam Valley, on a slight N/S ridge between two watercourses and 9km NE of Baldock, revealed pits, postholes, ditches and curvilinear features representing enclosures. Dating uncertain, but mainly 2nd century pottery."
2091,-25,125,70,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,1,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Evaluation on area of cropmarks on gravel terrace 3.5km south of Cambridge, revealed a multi-phase  enclosure system with associated settlement features. Features include possible eaves gully, a well, postholes and metalled surfaces - one part of a much larger Iron Age and Romano-British landscape. Originating in the later 1st C BC, many of the enclosures were levelled in later 1st C AD. A new fieldsystem was placed over the former enclosures and this lasted until the first half of the 2nd century AD."
2092,,,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"Pipeline excavation on lower chalk near to an area of springs, revealed a Romano-British timber beam slot building/enclosure and associated enclosures, including a substantial outer ditch with entrance structure. Interpreted as Romano-Celtic temple, but little basis for this. Dating very poor - general Roman date."
2093,1,200,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,fen,mixed,Yes,No,No,"A 13 trench evaluation on the northern edge of the March fen island revealed a regionally important early Roman salt making area as well as associated domestic occupation (enclosure ditches, posthole and possible slot structures, wells, pits and other features) dating to the 1st and 2nd centuries AD.  Salt making area comprised structural evidence (postholes) and industrial features including a kiln. There was a N-S trackway, large water channels, pits including some possible quarry pits for clay as well as levelling layers. A mass of briquetage was backfilled into features of all phases."
2094,50,350,120,325,small (<1 - 3 ha),complex,Yes,5,12,Yes,Yes,No,No,Yes,No,fen,mixed,Yes,Yes,No,"Major excavations (both in 1970s and 1999) on the River Great Ouse gravel terrace near Fen edge revealed long-lived settlement covering 2.8ha, originating in mid 1st C AD as a 'ladder' enclosure system, within which was single rectangular and 1-3 circular structures. In early 2nd C, 3 large rectangular enclosures arranged on either side of a NE-SW road. Includes 11 timber structures (with 3 aisled buildings), 3 4-post structures (thought to be mills) and 5 round buildings. Surrounded by trackways, fieldsystems and occasional agricultural buildings. Decline from mid 3rd C and major reorganisation in early 4th C as main trackway goes out of use, and scale of activity further reduced. 1 certain and 6 possible timber buildings within more irregular system of enclosures. The settlement very much engaged in production, including small scale ironworking, hide processing and large scale crop processing with mills and threshing circles. Associated with the Camp Ground port (ID 2062), it may have comprised 2-3 farming/ household units, with possible state involvement. Overall, little evidence for later 4th century activity."
2095,50,300,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,No,,1,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,fen,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Major excavations on the River Great Ouse gravel terrace near the Fen edge revealed peripheral part of a settlement which probably lay immediately to the west as indicated by cropmarks of a trackway and rectilinear enclosure. Site comprised  the edges of the possible trackway/settlement boundary (dating from mid 1st C AD) and two rectangular enclosures, an inhumation grave and pits, dating 2nd-3rd/4th C AD. Also posthole and beamslot agricultural building (see also ID 2062, 2094 and 2096)."
2096,100,350,,,large (9+ ha),complex,Yes,,12,Yes,Yes,No,No,Yes,Yes,fen,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Intermittent excavations up to the 1970s on the western edge of the southern fenland, south of Langdale Hale (ID 2094) and Camp Ground (ID 2062), revealed part of an extensive nucleated settlement, supposedly spread over 20ha, aligned upon an east-west road running down to the fen edge. Most of the central part of the settlement destroyed without record, and only interim accounts remain, with little finds analysis. Supposed 3rd C shrine and many burials. Also obvious evidence of industry, with ovens, pottery kilns and metalworking debris recovered."
2097,60,400,180,,small (<1 - 3 ha),complex,Yes,1,4,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,No,fen,mixed,Yes,No,No,"Excavations on the fen edge, 1.1km north of the Colne Fen settlements (see ID 2062, 2094) and within a dense spread of cropmarks, revealed a complex of rectilinear enclosures and field boundaries - peripheral southern elements of a farmstead with possible LIA origins, but formally laid out around a trackway, c AD 60-80. Emphasis on crop production with corndriers and raised timber granaries. Also a single possible roundhouse. Early Roman cremation cemetery on other side of the domestic area. Occupation (if any) in excavated area was minimal and appears to have ended by end of 2nd C AD, but it was used for three later Roman inhumation cemeteries, so presumably settlement still continued to the north."
2098,-100,120,1,70,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,1,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"Evaluation across a 20ha site 2km west of Cambridge Roman town (and just SW of Vicar's farm RB settlement; ID 2110) revealed two separate settlement areas; an early Roman site was found in the north-west field (c AD 70- 120), and a Middle to later Iron Age site (c 300 - 1 BC) was uncovered in the south field. The early Roman enclosure gullies and possible eaves-gullies have all been heavily truncated, and the lack of finds and charred remains confirms this was probably a fairly short-lived settlement, perhaps shifting to the Vicar's farm settlement."
2099,1,350,100,,uncertain,complex,Yes,,1,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,river valley,mixed,Yes,Yes,Yes,"Excavations on the first/second gravel terrace just above the floodplain and immediately east of the river Cam, revealed a rich LIA cremation cemetery and subsequent Roman enclosure complexes. The southern complex consisted of sub-divided fields/ paddocks to either side of a broad droveway, dating to the late 1st - 2nd century AD. Subsequent alterations included further divisions within the system, with areas intensively pitted and probably taken out of agricultural usage. Occupation debris was abundant though only one 'sunken' posthole/beamslot building revealed, interpreted as a gatehouse. Also wood-lined well.  Decline in activity from mid 3rd C AD. The fieldsystems may represent provisioning areas for the Roman fort and town at Great Chesterford to the south. Early Saxon settlement attested."
2100,300,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Excavations on the edge of the alluvial terraces of the River Great Ouse just west of the point where the river empties into the Fen, revealed an intricate Roman system of ditches or trenches  laid out in parallel and interlocking groups (lazybeds?). The system is argued to relate to a  probable late Roman villa to the west and may be horticultural in origin, possibly for the cultivation of vines or fruit trees, though probably too damp for vines. Dating is very uncertain."
2101,1,250,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,mixed,No,No,No,"Extensive evaluation over 55ha 1.5km north of Cambridge Roman town revealed two distinct areas of LIA-Roman occupation  together with evidence for an inter-joining fieldsystem. Both of these sites provided evidence for occupation in the form of domestic waste and to a lesser degree, structural remains. Dating indicates emphasis on 2nd/early 3rd-century AD occupation."
2102,1,400,100,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,river valley,mixed,No,No,No,"Excavation and evaluations on the south side of the Great Ouse valley, on the junction of the clay hills and gravel terraces and 700m west of Godmanchester, revealed a system of enclosures (covering 0.6ha) originating in the later Iron Age and continuing into the Roman period. It is not thought that domestic occupation occurred until c AD100, which then reached its peak in the 2nd and early 3rd C, before less activity in the later Roman period. No structural remains, but just long and narrow enclosures. Uncertain relationship to known later Roman villa at Cow Lane, 700m to the north - perhaps subsumed into this estate?"
2103,-100,400,75,175,medium (4 - 8 ha),complex,Yes,11,3,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,plateau or plain,mixed,Yes,Yes,No,"Excavations and evaluations over an 8.5ha site on high ground north of Alconbury Brook overlooking the Ouse Valley, Ermine St, and 3km NW of Godmanchester revealed settlement related activity spanning the middle Iron Age to the 4th century AD. During the late Iron Age a series of enclosures and roundhouses were incorporated into an existing field pattern, perhaps operating a specialised agricultural regime dominated by cattle breeding. The moderately wealthy farmstead continued in use (with evidence for conquest military presence) until the mid/later 1st C AD when a more formalised settlement enclosure was integrated into the stock enclosures and an aisled building was constructed. Also 1st C AD pottery kiln. A small cemetery was laid out within the main enclosure opposite the aisled building. During the 2nd C two timber-framed buildings constructed, one during the later 2nd C with a stone built front porch, hypocaust system, probable tessellated pavements and plastered walls - presumably a villa. Evidence for significant iron production."
2104,1,200,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,fen,uncertain,No,No,No,"Excavations on a clay plateau on a fen island, 3km west of the Great Ouse river, revealed the fringes of a LIA farmstead which continued into the later 2nd C AD, and possibly later. The Iron Age occupation consisted of two pits, cut by a large boundary ditch which seems to have demarcated the northern extent of the settlement. External to this settlement, beyond the boundary ditch to the north there were very few features, but these included a possible mortuary enclosure with a LPRIA cremation and two 2nd century inhumations."
2105,100,200,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,fen,uncertain,Yes,No,No,Evaluation along a pipeline revealed elements of a Roman fieldsystem near the fen edge along with an isolated 2nd century cremation burial (Site 14). The burial lay just to the south of a Romano-British settlement and trackway as revealed by cropmarks.
2106,200,400,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,fen,mixed,No,No,No,"Excavations along a spur of land jutting out into the Ouse Valley by the fen edge revealed part of a Roman farmstead, the remainder of which was revealed by cropmarks immediately to the north (probable complex farm). Features included two boundary ditches and a portion of a circular  palisade ditched enclosure with associated postholes and linear features. Burnt features suggest possible industrial activity, while artefactual and environmental evidence suggests domestic activity."
2107,1,325,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,fen,uncertain,No,No,Yes,"Extensive evaluation (119 trenches) near the fen edge, 6.5km SE of Durobrivae, revealed zones of dense Iron Age and Roman occupation, possibly representing up to three separate settlements. The major settlement (Area C) had a distinct industrial focus with kiln furniture and wasters indicating substantial pottery manufacture. Occupation appears continuous from the late Iron Age through into the Roman period, but uncertain if continuous until early 4th C. Saxon SFB revealed."
2108,75,300,100,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,1,,No,No,No,No,No,No,fen,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Excavations near the southern fen edge, on the 2nd gravel terrace of the river Cam (3km to the east), revealed a Romano-British settlement originating in the later 1st C AD as a roundhouse and hearth, with extensive changes from the 2nd century with enclosure ditches, a droveway and a boundary ditch adjacent to an inhumation - probably the periphery of a settlement. Occupation continued to the later 3rd/early 4th C."
2109,100,400,,,medium (4 - 8 ha),unclassified,Yes,,3,Yes,No,Yes,Yes,No,Yes,river valley,mixed,No,No,No,"Pipeline excavations 50m from the river Cam and 2km NW of the Bartlow Hills burial mounds (ID 2021) revealed part of an extensive villa complex, the main part of which lay 50m further west. Features included a range of Roman buildings, associated ditches and yard surfaces. Earlier LIA features also observed."
2110,50,400,80,270,medium (4 - 8 ha),complex,Yes,3,5,Yes,No,No,No,Yes,No,plateau or plain,mixed,Yes,Yes,No,"Excavations of a substantial Roman settlement (core excavated area 1.4 ha) lying 1km west of Roman Cambridge. Earliest activity comprised conquest period enclosure, with first indications of settlement being a cremation cemetery and possible circular timber post shrine, c AD 80, contemporary with or slightly pre-dating a farmstead characterised by a formal rectilinear ditch system, trackways, roundhouse, an aisled timber hall (17x8m) and various other enclosures. Continued expansion with new structures and sub enclosures until reaching peak c AD 270-300. Late Roman inhumation cemetery. The site  was a locus for the storage and processing of locally grown cereals, particularly spelt wheat, and appears to have been abandoned in the early decades of the 5th century."
2111,150,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,mixed,Yes,No,No,"Excavations on an alluvial sand and gravel terrace, overlooking a bend in the river Granta revealed part of a mid to late Roman settlement, including a surfaced trackway, boundary ditches, pits and possible structural evidence in the form of postholes and beamslots. Large quantity of pottery which looks to have been redeposited, possibly by middening."
2112,100,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,1,No,No,Yes,Yes,No,Yes,plateau or plain,mixed,No,Yes,No,"Pipeline excavation revealed part of what is interpreted as a villa complex (though with little basis) 10km west of Cambridge and near the fen edge, including a two-room rectangular masonry building. A circular pit located 13m to the south of the building cut into a square, rammed chalk platform, and contained an intact Roman altar and column base. Pottery dates the site to 2nd-4th C AD, with the altar and column buried later 4th C. Large numbers of coins and other small finds suggests this could be a shrine?"
2113,1,400,100,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,8,7,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"A series of excavations and evaluations 3.5km north of Cambridge on the 3rd gravel terrace of the River Cam revealed parts of a settlement originating in the LIA and continuing to the 4th C AD. LIA remains consisted of roundhouses, fieldsystems, 4-post structures and enclosures. Also evidence for LIA 'lazybed' trenches - an early horticultural plot? Possible hiatus until Roman occupation end of 1st C AD, which comprised field ditches and timber agricultural structures, one possibly used as a smithy, along with a corndrier and a small cemetery and barrow."
2114,-100,200,80,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,river valley,mixed,No,No,No,"Excavations upon a low ridge between the valleys of the River Kym and Diddington Brook revealed a farmstead originating in the middle/late Iron Age and continuing until the end 2nd century AD. Uncertain if occupation on site until late 1st C AD, when a palisade enclosure was established and smaller enclosures served ancillary agricultural practises nearby. No evidence for structures."
2115,150,350,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,No,,1,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,mixed,No,No,No,"Small excavation on the 3rd gravel terrace of the River Ouse revealed periphery of mid to late Roman farmstead. Earliest features comprise field ditches, pits, waterholes and postholes. In mid 3rd C a group of pits and gullies/beamslots may represent a timber building."
2116,-50,100,50,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,1,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,fen,uncertain,Yes,Yes,No,"Excavations on sloping ground, falling away to the east towards Sawtry Fen revealed a MIA settlement, abandoned in the 2nd C BC. Following abandonment a small strip fieldsystem was initiated in the mid 1st C BC to the mid 1st C AD, and soon superseded by drove-way ditches and the reuse of MIA ditched enclosure as a stock corral. A beam-slot building was erected within the corral and probably served as an animal shelter. No indications of activity beyond early 2nd C and whole area covered by alluvium from flooding. Possible structured deposit in ditch comprising two brooches and complete pot."
2117,-100,400,200,,small (<1 - 3 ha),complex,Yes,3,2,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,No,river valley,mixed,Yes,No,No,"Extensive excavations in a wide valley south of Cambridge  revealed multi-period occupation in six discrete areas (A-F) including Middle to Late Iron enclosures, roundhouses, waterholes, hay-ricks and fieldsystems and two high status cremation burials, enclosed in the early Roman period ('cemetery garden'). Other early Roman activity comprised regular fields (including one with cultivation strips/lazybeds), trackways, paddocks, wells and a pottery kiln (not used?) in two concentrations (Areas C/D and E). At least 3 structures including a roundhouse and 2 rectangular timber structures. Most areas abandoned by end of 2nd C AD. Late Roman activity comprised  a double ditched sub-circular enclosure in Area F, possibly with funerary associations. Site lies 1km west of Addenbrooks sites (ID 2024)"
2118,1,400,75,,medium (4 - 8 ha),complex,Yes,15,2,Yes,Yes,No,No,Yes,No,plateau or plain,mixed,Yes,Yes,No,"Large scale geophysical survey, fieldwalking, evaluation and excavations over 60ha between 2005 and 2008 on the claylands 2km east of the river Ouse revealed extensive areas of settlement. The first period of occupation dates to the late Iron Age (possibly 2-3+ farmsteads), with evidence for paddocks, fields (two with bedding trenches/lazybeds), 4-post structures, roundhouses, burials and a potential rectilinear ceremonial enclosure (replaced by circular enclosure in early Roman period) on a ridge overlooking the main agricultural focus. The main settlement features were bounded to the south by a major east to west aligned routeway. There was little evidence for disruption around the conquest period, though military objects were found and no roundhouses were in use beyond earliest Roman period. It seems that settlement nucleation occurred in the early Roman period, with two main farmsteads discerned; a newly founded farm continued through into the 5th C, while another which developed from one of the Iron Age farms was abandoned later 4th C. Two rectangular buildings, potential aisled barns/houses, were revealed, along with possible late Roman smithy. Many examples of structured deposits. Overall, it seems best to interprete this 'site' as an extensive 'village' type settlement within which were a number of different settlement nuclei."
2119,1,400,175,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Substantial evaluation north of Great Shelford revealed area of LIA and Roman settlement including a LIA cremation burial, IA and Roman fieldsystems, trackways and occupation areas, as indicated by finds concentrations. There appears to have been a gap in activity as Roman phase starts late 2nd C"
2120,-100,150,75,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,No,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,Yes,Yes,No,"Extensive series of excavations near Great Chesterford just to the north of Icknield Way Roman Road and east of the river Cam revealed M-LIA to early Roman activity with trackways, enclosures and field boundaries. A major ditched boundary in the east of the site originated in the IA and continued through the Roman period and beyond. To the west of this was a substantial mortuary enclosure. A pit further south contained a ritual deposit of a dog, chicken feet and two eggs. In the early Roman period, IA trackway and enclosure abandoned and new trackways and enclosures/field ditches laid out, along with a possible timber shrine. Uncertain about actual levels of occupation on site."
2121,70,250,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,mixed,Yes,No,No,"Small scale excavations on relatively high ground near the southern fen edge revealed evidence for a settlement founded at or soon after the Roman conquest, though it was not until the 2nd C that there are signs of more intense activity. The excavated remains included ditches, pits and postholes along with a series of flues and a later corndrier. The site is dated ceramically from the later 1st to mid/later 3rd C AD. Another excavation c 100m NE of the present site revealed buildings and enclosures of the 2nd-4th centuries AD (ID 2045)."
2122,-100,400,1,200,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,fen,mixed,Yes,No,No,"Evaluation and small excavation on 1st/2nd gravel terrace of the River Great Ouse (250m south) and near the fen edge revealed elements of a trackway and fieldsystem. On the western part of the site was a series of long-lived boundaries along the edge of a palaeochannel originating as EIA pit alignments and formalised in LIA/ER period by ditches, west of which were a series of enclosures and pits and a midden - periphery of a settlement, revealed in earlier excavations 100m to SW. Substantial ditches along the channel dug in late 2nd/early 3rd C possibly as a result of increased flooding - uncertain if occupation by this time"
2123,50,250,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,Yes,"Excavations  on the floodplain of the River Granta revealed a series of large sub-rectangular fields and riverside droves established in the LPRIA or very early Roman period. Their large size, low-lying location and lack of evidence for manuring suggests they were used for pasture, and seem to have grown organically. Previous evaluation revealed postholes, ditches and pottery 100m to the west which is probably the associated settlement. Early Saxon settlement on higher gravel terrace."
2124,350,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,fen,uncertain,No,No,No,"Evaluation near the fen edge revealed what appears to be a high status very late Roman settlement, founded in the 2nd half of the 4th C AD. Considerable density of pottery, animal bone and tile and a flue-like structure built into ditch. Also possible beam slot structure. The site has been interpreted as that of a possible villa, though no buildings were revealed. Iron smelting slag suggests industrial activity, possibly connected with the flue structure."
2125,1,300,50,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unenclosed,Yes,3,,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,No,fen,mixed,No,No,No,"Small excavation on the east-facing slope of a river channel partly on the alluvial floodplain near the fen edge revealed a small LIA settlement comprising roundhouses (probably one main house and ancillary structures), pits, a fence line and rectangular enclosures (probably an open settlement). During the early Roman period settlement goes out of use (or shifts location) and a system of regular field boundaries emerge."
2126,50,350,150,,uncertain,complex,Yes,1,1,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,No,fen,mixed,Yes,No,No,"Excavations close to the northern edge of Whittlesey Island,  one of a string of small islands which had extended eastwards from the mainland into the Fen, revealed part of the Roman Fen Causeway (two flanking ditches and a metalled surface) which linked the islands. Also found were a pottery kiln and buildings/workshops  (1st/2nd C AD) and paddocks and enclosures (along with wells, quarries and kilns/furnaces), which infringed upon the road (mid 2nd-mid 3rd C AD - probably main period of occupation). In later 3rd C there was a narrowing of the road along with a further imposition of paddocks and fields (narrow strip fields in the west). Over time the road became less important with a gradual accumulation of debris over its surface."
2127,150,350,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unenclosed,Yes,1,,No,No,No,No,No,No,fen,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Large scale excavations on the western margins of Whittlesey island in the Fens revealed a large spread of gravel quarries (used for roads), succeeded by a well constructed Roman road with flanking ditches and a metalled agger. The road ran parallel to the Stonald Field fen causeway,  500m to the west (ID 2126), and may have succeeded it as the main thoroughfare. Also field ditches and the edges of small possible settlement south of the road, including enclosures and at least one roundhouse."
2128,50,350,100,250,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,2,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,No,river valley,mixed,Yes,No,No,"Excavation on the lower valley slopes and gravel terrace of the river Granta, 150m east of the river, revealed burials, boundary/trackway ditches, enclosures, a well, pits and a possible rectangular beamslot building (7x13m) originating in early post-conquest period. Occupation on site ceased by end of 1st C AD, when focus shifted to the west with a series of rectilinear enclosures and small associated structures (sheds/shelters) divided up the  valley floor - possibly paddocks and stables for horses? Also more extensive quarrying. Limited activity in later 3rd - 4th C included a timber building and enclosure. Seasonal flooding likely at this time."
2129,100,300,250,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Excavations on a slight rise on the very edge of the shallow Granta valley revealed a cemetery, possibly associated with a nearby settlement (see ID 2128). Earliest burial was a singular urned cremation of late 1st/early 2nd C AD in a possible barrow, and this was followed by 6 satellite cremations of late 2nd-mid 3rd C date along with several infant burials. This was followed by a later 3rd C inhumation cemetery positioned in a restricted space around the earlier cremations with much intercutting. Probably confined by hedges and aligned on probable Roman road 50m to NW"
2130,50,350,150,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,2,,No,No,No,No,No,No,hill,mixed,Yes,No,No,"Pipeline excavation revealed part of a sizable Roman settlement along an east-west clay ridge, originating in the 1st C AD and with most activity in mid 2nd to 3rd C. The settlement comprised enclosures, field ditches, trackways, pits, potential buildings (ring gullies) and middens, and incorporated a range of activities including livestock farming and small scale industry."
2131,50,200,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),complex,Yes,,1,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,arable,Yes,No,No,"One area (within a huge evaluation/ excavation zone covering 140ha to the NW of Cambridge) comprising 17 trenches on the junction of the gravel and clay revealing an early Roman settlement, which flanked a major NE-SW road. Features mostly comprise pits and ditches, though beam slots and postholes indicate a timber building (18x7m), possibly associated with metalworking. Preliminary results from subsequent 2012/13 excavation revealed a ditched enclosure system (gradually built up) either side of a trackway, along with wells,  clay lined pits, timber fencelines, a T-shaped corndrier and a small cremation cemetery. Dating  from ceramics indicates occupation from mid 1st to mid/later 2nd C AD, with little evidence for substantial change in that period. A relict well within the settlement does continue in use to the late 3rd C AD. It is suggested, given the presence of a corndrier and large quantities of quern, that the site was primarily arable focused."
2132,1,350,100,200,medium (4 - 8 ha),complex,Yes,,5,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,Yes,plateau or plain,mixed,Yes,No,No,"Excavations in 2012/13 as part of a huge development zone covering 140ha to the NW of Cambridge on the western side of a gravel ridge revealed elements of a sprawling complex Roman settlement, adjacent to a major Roman road leaving Cambridge and heading towards Godmanchester.  Four sub-sites were identified (RB2A-D) interpreted as inter-related elements eventually forming  a single complex covering over 5.3ha. The earliest part of the settlement comprised a small group of conjoined curvilnear enclosures (RB2B) covering 1.2ha dating to the very late Iron Age. From the mid 1st C AD to the early 2nd C AD the enclosure group expanded but now appears to be related to agriculture, with the focus of occupation shifting to the north (RB2D) and NE (RB2A) in a series of rectilinear enclosures almost certainly fronting onto the main Roman road to the north; there was also evidence for 1st C AD cremation burials in two other places. This can readily now be described as a roadside settlement.  In the mid 2nd C AD there were major modifications to the enclosure systems, with further areas enclosed (RB2C), leading to an almost continuous L-shaped settlement with flanking enclosures. A number of wells (stone & timber lined) and clay-lined pits were found along with evidence for two timber beamslot buildings (largest 10.3x8.5m), one beamslot & posthole building (9.6x5.2m) & 2 other possible timber buildings. Occupation soon ceased in RB2B and this heralded a gradual contraction of the settlement during the 3rd C AD. Archaeologically discernible activity ceases by mid 4th C AD, although the main trackway continued in use."
2133,1,70,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,One area (within a huge evaluation zone covering 140ha to the NW of Cambridge) comprising 11 trenches on claylands dominated by a small river valley created by the Washpit brook revealing fringes of a LIA-early Roman settlement. Features include enclosure ditches and two pits. Little evidence for activity much beyond the mid 1st C AD.
2134,200,325,,,medium (4 - 8 ha),unclassified,No,,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,mixed,No,No,No,"One area within a huge evaluation zone covering 140ha to the NW of Cambridge comprising 14 trenches revealing fringes of a mid to late Roman settlement. This comprised up to 9 enclosures on a grid pattern running NE-SW and was probably just agricultural in nature used for crop processing. Principal focus lay further east, with quantity and quality of building material clustered in nearby ditches indicating high status occupation, perhaps a villa? Little evidence of much activity into the 4th C."
2135,50,400,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,mixed,No,No,No,"Road scheme evaluation on the Brampton terrace revealed a Romano-British settlement, possibly originating in the LIA. Features comprised rectilinear enclosures, pit clusters, and a series of 2nd-4th century linear ditches, which appear to have overlaid or extended the 1st-2nd century enclosures. Also corn-drying kiln. An inhumation grave located just beyond the northern limit of settlement."
2136,150,400,,,medium (4 - 8 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,mixed,No,No,No,"Road scheme evaluation revealed part of a  Roman settlement 700m east of the Great river Ouse, originating in the mid 2nd C and peaking in the 3rd-4th C. Features comprised an intensive arrangement of ditches and gullies along with charcoal rich features and slag indicating industrial activity. Indications of flooding on the site towards the end of the Roman period."
2137,150,300,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,mixed,No,No,No,"Road scheme evaluation revealed part of a  Roman settlement north-west of Cambridge. Features included a series of enclosure ditches, associated fieldsystems and artefact rich deposits in dark earth suggesting Romano-British settlement and agricultural activity. No direct evidence for structures."
2138,100,250,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,1,,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,No,river valley,mixed,Yes,No,No,"Excavations east of Cambridge on the 4th terrace of the river Cam revealed peripheral part of a mid Roman settlement, comprising enclosures, boundaries, beamslot buildings, a possible roundhouse and pits, alongside fence lines and ditches defining plots of land and access trackways. These features reflect the agricultural/industrial use of the area during the 2nd to mid 3rd centuries. Two malting kilns or ovens also date to this period."
2139,50,100,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Evaluation 2.5km north of Cambridge revealed one or possibly two early Roman cremation burials along the line of Akeman St Roman road - possibly part of a larger roadside cemetery. The main cremation was dated mid 1st C AD, with the other possible cremation later 1st/2nd C."
2140,100,400,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,1,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Small scale excavations near the fen edge north of Cambridge revealed a section of the Roman road of Akeman Street and the adjacent remnants of a Romano-British farmstead along with fieldsystems and droveways. Little of the road agger survived although the roadside ditches were still evident. The work revealed the presence of an earlier trackway, the ditches of which had been backfilled and left for a period before the construction of Akeman Street. The settlement comprised a possible enclosed roundhouse, metalled trackways and enclosures. The road and settlement are thought to date from the 2nd C AD."
2141,150,350,,,medium (4 - 8 ha),unclassified,Yes,1,1,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,fen,mixed,Yes,Yes,No,"Excavations on the fen edge site off Littleport island revealed eight phases of Romano-British activity spanning the mid 2nd to mid 4th centuries and include ditch systems, a roundhouse (covered with white plaster), rectangular beam-slot structure, industrial features (possibly associated with salt-making) and droveways. The site was part of a much larger settlement and may have lain adjacent to a villa estate or mansio. The ceramic assemblage includes several near-complete vessels, perhaps including an element of ritual deposition."
2142,-100,250,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,2,No,No,No,No,No,No,fen,mixed,Yes,No,No,"Excavation on southern edge of March, 1km from the fen edge, revealed a part of a rural settlement occupied from about the MIA until it was abandoned in the mid 3rd C AD. The settlement, which comprised enclosures, pits, a cobbled trackway and 2 rectangular posthole buildings (8.5x4.5m & 6x4m), may have extended some distance to the north. The site operated a self-sufficient mixed farming economy, alongside secondary evidence for salt production and pottery manufacture."
2143,-50,350,100,300,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,2,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,fen,pastoral,Yes,Yes,No,"Excavation on the fen edge in the Welland Valley revealed a late Iron Age and Romano-British farmstead. Originating in the 1st C BC as a rectilinear enclosure (c 68m sq) contained a large central roundhouse and another circular building, along with hearths, gullies and pits. In the early Roman period, roundhouses go out of use, but a series of gullies/beamslots, postholes and pits probably represent continued occupation. Earthwork enclosure further eroded into 2nd C, when it no longer appears to have been occupied, instead being suggested as used for over-wintering of stock. Probable period of disuse in 3rd C, then in 4th C the mostly eroded earthwork partially incorporated into a rectangular enclosure system and possible trackway. Possible occupation resumed at this time."
2144,175,250,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,fen,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Small excavation through detailed cropmarks close to the Roman coastline on silt land, reclaimed during the 1st century AD, revealed a short-lived Roman settlement defined by rectilinear, ditched enclosures facing a trackway, which was flanked by substantial ditches. No structural evidence and few finds except pottery. Abandonment appears to have been due to flooding."
2145,175,400,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,fen,uncertain,Yes,No,Yes,"Small excavations along a pipeline revealed two sites at Farcet Rd and Horsey Hill. The Farcet road site was occupied from late 2nd to 4th C (with earlier IA settlement) and comprised a system of enclosures and trackways. The Horsey Hill site was occupied 3rd-4th C and comprised a trackway, pits, postholes and part of a ditched and fenced enclosure containing high status building material. Uncertain levels of occupation on either of the sites. Early Saxon features and pottery recorded."
2146,300,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,2,No,No,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,No,No,No,"Evaluation and small excavation 4.5km east of Cambridge revealed the edge of a Romano-British settlement centred on the crest of a low hill. Evidence was recovered for at least two timber beamslot structures, a chalk platform and for a number of ditches dating from at least three phases of activity. Many of the features contained Roman pottery of a mid to late 4th C date."
2147,150,350,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,1,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Two small excavations on the Car Dyke confirmed its function (at least in Cambridgeshire) as that of a canal linking the River Cam, Old West and the Ouse. The evidence indicates a Hadrianic/Antonine construction date. Very large amounts of pottery and preserved organic material (wood and leather) were found within the basal fills of the canal. In addition, the excavations discovered a complete Horningsea style pottery kiln on the bank at the canal's entrance (2 other kilns nearby)and a substantial timber building (warehouse?) immediately to the south of the monument at its junction with the River Cam at Clayhithe. Activity reached height in 3rd C, when canal re-cut, but faded into 4th C, being allowed to silt up from mid 4th C."
2148,150,350,,,medium (4 - 8 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Evaluation over 100ha within a concentration of cropmarks south of the Car Dyke revealed a dense ribbon of Roman settlement lying in a narrow strip along the western side of the River Cam, probably developing after construction of Car Dyke. These remains consisted of a series of farmstead enclosures (ladder settlement) with associated fieldsystems, at least two inhumation cemeteries and a Horningsea style pottery production area (2 kilns) to the north of the site. Anglo-Saxon settlement attested."
2149,1,400,100,300,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,2,1,No,No,No,No,Yes,No,river valley,mixed,No,Yes,No,"Excavations 2.5km north of the river Nene and 1km NW of a substantial but ill-known settlement at Westwood, revealed later Iron Age and Roman settlement. The Late Iron Age activity was characterised by at least two roundhouses and small ditches, while early Roman activity comprised two enclosure ditches. Apparent abandonment of settlement by end of 1st C AD, and a rectilinear fieldsystem developed across the site. A later 3rd to 4th C aisled barn (21x8.5m) truncated this fieldsystem. Near to the barn was a late-Roman rectangular well (construction cut 6.5x3.5m, 2.5m deep) lined with 36 re-used limestone blocks from a monumental building, containing a large finds assemblage, probably of ritual origin. It is likely that infilling took place in the late 4th C AD. Four postholes surrounding well may represent a covering structure."
2150,100,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,fen,pastoral,No,Yes,No,"Excavations on the fen island at Haddenham revealed intercutting ditches and a few pits containing a large quantity of Roman pottery and animal bone, including a ditch which contained the carefully arranged remains of over I8 cattle and horses, of varying ages, most of them arranged nose-to-tail over a length of 15m, radiocarbon dated to 40 to 230 cal AD. It is likely that the site was used for rearing stock, most likely cattle."
2151,100,400,,,medium (4 - 8 ha),complex,Yes,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,mixed,Yes,No,No,"One identified site revealed within a major archaeological survey spread over 574ha. Evaluation trenches revealed a substantial nucleated Roman 'village' settlement extending over 8ha. Dating from the 2nd to 4th C (with greatest activity in 3rd-4th), though with possible earlier IA origins, it comprised a complex of enclosures and trackways along with inhumation burials a possible shrine and a possible tile kiln. Surrounded by trackways and fields and only 5-600m from an even larger major nucleated settlement (ID 2152)."
2152,100,400,,,large (9+ ha),complex,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,Yes,river valley,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"One identified site revealed within a major archaeological survey spread over 574ha. Partially defined by both geophysics and aerial plots, but also  revealed in a small number of evaluation trenches was a huge settlement area, potentially covering up to 24ha and divided into different zones, with distinct 'ladder-like' arrangement of enclosures/paddocks, trackways, and masonry buildings. Mostly dating 2nd to 3rd/4th C AD. Interpreted as a large village type settlement."
2153,150,400,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),complex,Yes,,,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,No,river valley,mixed,No,No,Yes,"One identified site revealed within a major archaeological survey spread over 574ha. Substantial Romano-British farmstead identified, corresponding with major concentrations of cropmarks, comprising two fairly discrete groups of enclosures and paddocks along with pits, structural gullies and postholes, wells and a corndrier. Evidence for areas of metalworking. Dispersed Anglo-Saxon activity was identified."
2154,-100,150,50,,small (<1 - 3 ha),complex,Yes,,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,mixed,No,No,No,One identified site revealed within a major archaeological survey spread over 574ha. A few evaluation trenches within a dense cropmark site revealed a later Iron Age to Roman settlement. The first phase consisted of an extensive enclosure system dating to the later Iron Age. This was subsequently overlain by an Early Romano-British system of rectilinear enclosures and fields. Little evidence for activity after the 2nd century AD
2155,50,400,200,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Small Watching Brief just SW of Roman Cambridge on the 2nd gravel terrace of the river Cam revealed substantial earlier Romano-British ditches, possibly representing several phases of an enclosure dateable by two distinct phases of pottery 1st-2nd C and late 2nd-4th C AD. This probably represents a new phase of use or re-organisation c AD 200."
2156,75,200,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"Evaluation over 50ha on the south-west side of Ermine St revealed Roman rectangular enclosure, large waterhole and associated fieldsystem ditches - probably the peripheral elements of a farmstead which lay to the west. Nearly all dating evidence is later 1st-2nd C AD."
2157,-100,400,200,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"By-pass excavation along a narrow valley near Ermine St Roman road revealed substantial LIA to early Roman fieldsystem along with unusual curvilinear ditches, perhaps used for corralling of livestock. Finds concentrations suggest associated settlement lay just to the north. Only a few ditches and a pit attest to later Roman activity."
2158,150,325,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,fen,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Limited evaluations in 2001 and 2012 on a peninsular surrounded by low lying water areas near the fen edge revealed parts of a Romano-British settlement dating from the 2nd to 4th C, with a number of phases. Features comprised pits, ditches and gullies along with a cobbled surface overlying an early 2nd C ditch. There is also possible evidence for timber beamslot buildings; the settlement likely to continue beyond the confines of the development areas. A villa lies c 1km to the east."
2159,100,300,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,fen,uncertain,No,Yes,No,"Small excavations on the low-lying first gravel terrace near a tributary of river Great Ouse on the fen edge revealed part of a rectangular Roman enclosure system, along with many pits, one of which contained the partial remains of a human along with a pig jaw. Few finds indicative of occupation - probably peripheral to main settlement which lay north of the current village."
2160,-100,400,100,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,fen,uncertain,No,No,No,"Excavations on the north-western edge of the fen island of Ely revealed part of an extensive M-LIA settlement mainly comprising ditched enclosures with sparser numbers of pits, possible roundhouse gullies and other features. Abandoned in the 1st C AD, with just a diffuse scatter of non-domestic Roman activity dating 2nd-4th C AD, including gullies, ditches and a large quarry pit. A small cremation pit likely to be of Roman date. The Iron Age settlement is likely to be related to that excavated nearby (ID 2162), and the later Roman features were probably outlying parts of this settlement."
2161,200,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,1,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,fen,uncertain,No,No,No,"Small excavations some 3-400m inland from the previous area of fen edge revealed fringes of a potentially quite substantial late Roman settlement, comprising an enclosure (within which was an inhumation) and associated pits and a well, along with a furnace pit and a post-built structure (10x4m)interpreted as a granary. Large assemblage of material from the well, which revealed tiled buildings close by."
2162,-100,400,70,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,No,,4,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,No,fen,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Excavations near to the fen edge on the fen island of Ely revealed an Iron Age settlement that appears to decline in the LIA, with reorganisation in the early Roman period (mid-late 1st C AD), comprising a system of rectilinear enclosures, field ditches and a trackway defining part of a settlement. Within this complex was a penannular enclosure containing a single adult male inhumation. Slight intensification of activity in later 3rd and 4th centuries, with two small posthole structures, with 1-2 further beamslot structures identified. The mid-late Iron Age settlement is probably related to that found in excavations nearby (see ID 2160)."
2163,100,300,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,Yes,hill,uncertain,No,No,No,"Excavations on a low chalk hilltop 3.5km north of Great Chesterford and near a Roman road revealed a 'high status' masonry building (11x5m), mostly robbed but with some foundations remaining. A substantial Roman ditch and fenceline on the same alignment lay to the south. Four Roman coins of 2nd-3rd C AD date were recovered. Religious interpretation suggested."
2164,100,300,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Small evaluation over 1ha  on 1st and 2nd Terrace river gravels of the Great Ouse revealed the remains of Romano-British fieldsystems in the form of probable enclosure, boundary and droveway ditches and a pond or stock watering hole dating from the 2nd-3rd centuries AD. Roman settlement known to south of the site."
2165,-50,75,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,No,No,No,"Small excavation through Iron Age enclosure at War Ditches, 4km SE of Cambridge. Monument constructed end of 5th C BC and abandoned 4th C BC. Reoccupied middle of 1st C BC and final infilling of upper part of ditch in later 1st C AD. Includes a small urned LIA cremation, domestic material and kiln debris. Further burials and a kiln were found in earlier excavations. Later field ditches of 2nd-4th C date cut through the earthwork."
2166,-100,100,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"Evaluation over 5ha, 200m east of Ermine Street, revealed a number of ditches and shallow gullies, some of which may be indicative of structures or of field boundaries, dating from the middle Iron Age to the early Roman period (start 2nd C AD). The density of features and amount of pottery recovered indicates that activity on the site was associated with occupation rather than merely agricultural activity."
2167,1,150,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,Small excavation 2km north of the river Nene revealed late Iron Age/early Roman ditches which appear to represent enclosures peripheral to settlement lying to the north. One large pit contained a clay 'brick' which is probably pottery kiln lining.
2168,-100,300,100,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Small two trench evaluation revealed Roman fieldsystems and possible pond (2nd-3rd C AD) along with the part remains of at least two individuals, discovered at the edge of a former river channel and radiocarbon dated to the LIA (2nd-1st C BC). A rising water table caused abandonment of the area, probably in the later Roman period."
2169,50,125,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,No,Yes,Yes,Small evaluation over 1.2ha on the northern edge of the Cherry Hinton peninsular overlooking the wide valley of the Little Wilbraham River revealed an early Romano-British rectangular funerary enclosure (20x13m) containing inhumations and/or cremations near the crest of the hill. An early Roman fieldsystem extending to the north of the enclosure and a large pit or well to the east suggest the area lay at the edge of an early Roman settlement. Early Anglo-Saxon inhumation cemetery also revealed.
2170,200,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,1,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,fen,mixed,Yes,No,No,"Small nine trench evaluation over 1.9ha on 1st/2nd terrace river gravels near fen edge revealed a concentration of Roman features, most part of a late Romano-British droveway with associated enclosure ditches - probably the fringes of a larger settlement. A potential round house was identified in one trench. All dating evidence 3rd-4th C."
2171,50,300,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,hill,mixed,No,No,No,"Evaluation and excavation on the eastern edge of a steeply sloping field revealed a series of boundary ditches representing the eastern extent of a small Romano-British farmstead as well as the remains of two Roman clunch quarries. Possible circular timber structures, as represented by curvilinear gullies and post-trenches, have been identified within both the excavation and evaluation phases. A series of 'offshoot' ditches extending westwards indicated that the settlement core lay immediately to the west of the excavation area on the lower ground. Strip pattern fieldsystems (80m wide plots)  extend across the floodplain to the south."
2172,-100,50,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,fen,uncertain,No,No,No,"Evaluation and excavation on the northern edge of the former fenland 'island' revealed dense cluster of pits, postholes, ditches and gullies of LIA date on the higher ground of the southern part of the site. Features probably represent fieldsystems or agricultural enclosures. These features provide the first clear evidence for human activity on the edge of the fen island of Littleport during the late Iron Age."
2173,50,125,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,fen,mixed,No,Yes,No,Evaluation over 4.53ha on a terrace of the March Gravels on the fen island revealed a right angled Romano-British field-system  with a substantial axial drainage/boundary ditch that ran parallel to the Fen Causeway. Also part of a complex of horticultural trenches that were oriented perpendicular to the main axis One ditch contained a horse skeleton dating to the Roman period.
2174,100,140,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Small excavation on the western side of the river Cam, 800m from the river, revealed a Romano-British pottery production site (two kilns) dating to the early 2nd century AD - part of the Horningsea pottery industry. There appears to have been no domestic occupation within the excavated area, though imported pottery and an animal bone assemblage  suggests that such activity may have occurred nearby. Suggested as very short (25 year) time frame, but constant re-modelling of site layout."
2175,-100,50,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,fen,uncertain,No,No,No,"Small excavations on a slight ridge to the south of the River Nene on the fen edge revealed a sequence of Iron Age fieldsystems and a LIA small sub-rectangular enclosure. A coffined human burial radiocarbon dated to the LIA-ER cur through one of the enclosure ditches, possibly marking the end of activity on site."
2176,1,425,75,300,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,1,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,fen,mixed,No,No,No,"Small scale excavation on  a low peninsula extending into the former fen revealed elements of late Iron Age and Roman settlement. The earliest remains were of late Iron Age to early Roman date, comprising  a ditched enclosure associated with rubbish pits and possible structural features (inc. beamslots of small rectangular building, c 4.5 x 3m internally); imported Gallo- Belgic pottery suggested high status occupation. It is suggested that the overall character of activity in this phase is perhaps more in keeping with a (craft/ industrial?) area on the edge of a high-status settlement site rather than the settlement core. Activity appears to have shifted away from the site between the late 1st and late 3rd  C AD, after which ditches, gullies, pits and surface layers containing pottery were found,  attesting to a further period of high-status occupation in the 4th and possibly early 5th centuries."
2177,150,325,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,Yes,fen,uncertain,No,Yes,Yes,"Excavation on a low gravel ridge on the northeast edge of Maxey Island ( on fen edge within the low lying floodplain of the river Welland), revealed a ditched enclosure, originally cut in the early Iron Age and re-cut in the Roman period (mid 2nd C?) and continuing in use into the 4th C AD. Probably the fringes of a farmstead. A group of five burials, recorded within the SW corner of the enclosure, is thought to be of Roman date. A number of post hole groups are also thought to date to the Roman period. Early Saxon activity is attested."
2178,-100,375,50,300,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,,,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,No,river valley,pastoral,No,No,No,"Excavation on the south-western side of a small, shallow valley revealed part of a middle/late Iron Age and Romano-British  settlement, with continuous occupation extending into the 4th C AD. Iron Age occupation comprised enclosure ditches, gullies and pits (enclosed by a large ditch) and in the early Roman period a regular boundary system with sub-enclosures was established over the earlier settlement. Also group of postholes, possibly a structure. Enclosures thought to be associated with livestock, with a pastoral emphasis to economy. In the late Roman period the boundary/enclosure system was replaced by a single large enclosure, but no evidence for activity beyond 4th C."
2179,100,400,250,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,2,Yes,No,Yes,No,No,Yes,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Excavation on the gravel terrace of the Nene Valley, 900m south of the river and 5km west of Durobrivae, revealed part of what is possibly a Roman villa estate. The earliest features on site comprised two pits and three furnaces, of unknown function, dating to the early 2nd C AD. In the mid 3rd C, a large rectangular masonry 'strip' building (40x13m) was constructed on the same site, and appears to have been at least partly for domestic use, with painted plaster walls, and tessellated floors in part of it. At some point in the 4th C, the building was demolished and a three-roomed bathhouse built in its place. Stone floors indicate other buildings on site. Excavators interpreted site as part of an industrial complex, though no evidence for this, except furnaces."
2180,175,350,250,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,fen,uncertain,No,No,No,"Small excavations on a sandy gravel and clay terrace of the River Nene near the fen edge revealed four pottery kilns (in two pairs) along with a ditch and gully/clay extraction pits. Kilns in use from later 2nd to early/mid 3rd C AD. Also traces of a slot for a timber building, and a small group of late Roman inhumation burials nearby."
2181,150,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"Pipeline excavation revealed the fringes of a Romano-British occupation site on the Boulder Clay plateau over 12km west of Godmanchester. Features comprised a system of ditches, possibly part of enclosures or drainage ditches that were used to dump domestic material (animal bone, pottery and structural material) though there is evidence for differential discard policy (i.e. main dumps of animal bone and pottery in different areas). The pottery generally dated c mid 2nd to mid 3rd C AD, though coins indicate activity into the 4th C."
2182,200,400,,,medium (4 - 8 ha),complex,Yes,,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,river valley,mixed,Yes,No,No,"Excavations in advance of gravel extraction in a meander of the river Nene, c 2km east of Durobrivae, revealed part of a large Romano-British farmstead and adjoining cemetery. Main part of farmstead revealed by aerial photographs to be a large complex and rectilinear enclosures and trackways. Occupation indicated throughout the 3rd and at least the first half of the 4th century AD, probably later by the coin evidence."
2183,70,400,225,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,fen,uncertain,Yes,No,Yes,"A Romano-British settlement in the silt fens, thought to have been a village (at centre of network of local trackways), but not borne out by the limited excavation and so interpreted here as a farm. The only part to be excavated revealed a small ditched enclosure constructed c AD 70 and subsequently covered over by a refuse-tip in the 2nd C. Previous investigations revealed timber clay floored structures. It is thought that occupation persisted until the early/mid 3rd C, though much late Roman pottery also found. Also saltern debris. Saxon occupation noted."
2184,-100,400,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),complex,Yes,,2,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Large scale excavations in advance of housing development, c 1.4km NW of Roman Cambridge, revealed two Roman settlements, 0.5km apart and linked by a trackway (Note they are grouped here as a single record). The south-western settlement originated in the early Iron Age and during the Roman period comprised two groups of conjoined rectangular enclosures either side of the trackway, over an area exceeding 1ha. Features comprised at least one post-built building along with four waterholes and a timber-lined well. A total of 71 inhumation burials were recorded, mostly within three enclosed cemeteries. The NE settlement comprised a 'ladder-style' enclosure system (enclosures c 40m sq), c 1ha in extent, established along an early Iron Age boundary (though no evidence for later Iron Age activity here). The absence of many features except waterholes suggests most of these enclosures were used for stock, though one did contained a post-built building. A small number of inhumation burials lay to the rear of these enclosures. A double ditched rectangular enclosure lay to the rear of the ladder enclosure system, in the centre of a large open space. The outer ditches were 30x27m across and inner were 19x16m, with an off centre entrance in the SE of the outer enclosure. No internal features but a small amount of later Roman pottery and 3 late Roman coins. Its purpose it unknown though a similar double ditched enclosure 7km to the north (not excavated) was associated with religious material and interpreted as a shrine. No specialist reports as yet except some further details on the burials."
2185,50,100,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,Yes,Yes,No,"Excavations 290m west of the River Cam revealed an early Roman pottery production site. Six pottery kilns were identified, associated with large quantities of pottery and kiln plates. The kilns were located in an area of agricultural infield (field/enclosure ditches), suggested as  been mainly used as damp grazing for cattle, on the periphery of an unidentified settlement, probably to the west. A large (quarry?) pit contained a human skull and vertebrae in one of its fills. This site if one of a number of early Roman pottery production sites in the region, and appears to have specialised in flagons.  No activity beyond the end of the 1st C AD, except a trackway dating to the 3rd C AD, perhaps a branch route off the nearby Icknield Way."
2186,50,200,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,hill,mixed,No,No,No,"Excavations on a steep south facing slope north of a brook in the clay uplands west of Cambridge revealed the periphery of an early Roman settlement, concentrated in the eastern part of the excavated area. Feature comprised ditches, pits (quarrying?) and postholes, though no structures could be recognised. Most ditches were aligned southwards towards the brook, though one ran obliquely indicating some form of land division. The quantity of domestic debris indicates occupation in the near vicinity. Pottery evidence indicates that the settlement was clearly abandoned at some point in the 2nd C AD."
2187,-100,200,50,100,medium (4 - 8 ha),enclosed,Yes,3,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,mixed,No,Yes,Yes,"Geophysical survey, evaluation and excavation along a N-S ridge parallel with  the Lee Brook revealed a settlement, dating from the middle Iron Age to the 2nd C AD.  The unenclosed middle Iron Age settlement spread over 300m along the ridge (c 4.5ha) with roundhouses and storage pits. Activity continued into the late Iron Age, with the settlement now partly enclosed (still classified here as unenclosed). Three ring ditches (roundhouses) lay 50m apart and 70 pits dated to this period (one contained what was interpreted as a placed deposit). A number of sand/gravel quarries lay to the west, and there is some evidence for iron and copper alloy working within a separate enclosure. The settlement was fully enclosed by the mid to late 1st C AD, with two main areas of occupation, 100m apart, one with three closely associated roundhouses, all placed within ditched sub-enclosures (complex farmstead). A further five features had placed deposits. During the 2nd C AD there was a lessening (of shifting) of activity, which was now concentrated in a central area within two large linked enclosures. It is suggested that this part of the site became a single unit enclosed farmstead with evidence for stock breeding. The site was abandoned during the later 2nd C AD. A single early Saxon sunken-featured building was found on site."
2188,50,100,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,mixed,No,No,No,"A small excavation on the western periphery of the fens revealed evidence of part of a Roman settlement dating at least to the mid to late 1st C AD. Four phases of activity have been identified, though no clear dating evidence was found in the earliest (a pit) and latest (a ditch) phase. The settlement was defined by ditches and pits, with the most significant feature being a demolished pottery kiln, associated with a large assemblage of pottery dating to c AD 70. It is suggested the site was part of a later 1st C AD mixed farmstead. The site is contemporary with the Roman fort at Longthorpe some 7km to the north."
2189,-100,150,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,mixed,No,No,No,"A 15-trench evaluation in 2009 over 40ha revealed the remains of a settlement possibly starting in the middle or late Iron Age, and continuing into the middle Roman period. Features comprised a number of ditches, many intercutting representing different stratigraphic phases, along with pits and a cobbled surface. The ditches were up to 2.7m wide. Pottery from these features was mostly later Iron Age and early Roman. A further 34-trench evaluation in 2013, 350 to the NE, revealed six fairly narrow, shallow ditches which continued across the site in a number of trenches. Orientated mostly NW-SE and NE-SW, these ditches are thought to be part of a fieldsystem associated with the farmstead."
2190,50,200,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Excavations on the northern edge of the Cherry Hinton peninsular overlooking the wide valley of the Little Wilbraham River revealed elements of a Romano-British agricultural landscape, with a settlement no doubt somewhere in the near vicinity. The features comprise a series of shallow ditches and gullies, possibly field boundaries and potential trackways. One of the ditches contained a poorly preserved human skeleton radiocarbon dated to the late 3rd-early 5th C AD (260-420 cal AD), in the partially silted fill. In all the pottery from the ditches suggests agricultural activity concentrating in the early Roman period, with a burial being inserted into a relict ditch during the later Roman period."
2191,20,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,5,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Excavations from 2002 to 2012 in advance of quarrying revealed large sections of a hollowed trackway on chalk grassland. This was part of a 24km long route identified as Avenell Way, linking two major route intersections at Odsey near Baldock, and Cambridge. The excavations revealed up to three successive trackways though the earliest was very tentative and dated by a single small late Iron Age pottery sherd. The earlier of the two main trackways appears to have originated in the late Iron Age or early Roman period, with and the latter superseding it in the later Roman period. The trackways were of modest size (the earliest 4-10m wide and the latest 2-4m wide), with extensive areas of rutting observed. The deeply rutted earlier hollow way was likely to be the reason why this trackway was abandoned and a new one was located.  Four small beam slot buildings (3.8-5.6x3.3-4.8m) were revealed adjacent to the main two trackways on their southern side, over a distance of 300m. They seemed to be deliberately positioned at areas where there had been most rutting and have been suggested as barns where carts stopped to load and/or unload goods or else were perhaps temporary shelters for travelling herdsmen. A fifth building was identified 120m south of the tracks.  The latest trackway went out of use by the Early Saxon period within the excavation area."
2192,-50,150,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,No,No,No,"Excavations in advance of a water mains pipeline revealed elements of a late Iron Age to early Romano-British settlement upon level ground at the top of a ridge on the north side of Alconbury Hill. Features comprised a large enclosure ditch, with a possible return or internal division to the south, several smaller ditches and gullies, and four small pits. Possibly part of a larger enclosure complex as seen by cropmarks. The site lies near to Ermine Street Roman road."
2193,-100,200,50,,medium (4 - 8 ha),complex,Yes,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,fen,mixed,No,No,No,"A 152-trench evaluation over 72ha on the northern peninsula of the isle of Ely on the edge of the fens revealed three discrete settlements or areas of activity where there was a high density of archaeological features, all of which had been identified by geophysical survey. All sites are presented in this one record. The largest settlement covered 5ha, originating in the middle Iron Age and continuing in use until the early Roman period, with little evidence of activity after the 2nd century AD. It was characterised by a series of ditched enclosures and outer field boundaries. Lying c 500m to the north, was a much smaller area of activity (c 1ha), consisting of a large pond feature set amongst several small ditched fields. Domestic debris was sparse here although there was a significant amount of Roman roof tile, suggesting an agricultural building. In addition, a vast quantity of crop processing waste lay within the pond feature, and this area may have been an agricultural working zone. A third area, c 300m SE of the largest settlement, was seemingly part of another early Roman settlement. A cremation burial to the south of this settlement was also dated to the early Roman period, while a seemingly isolated inhumation burial lay further to the north."
2194,-100,200,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,8,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,mixed,No,No,No,"Excavations in 2014 as part of a huge development zone covering over 140ha to the NW of Cambridge on the western side of a gravel ridge revealed elements of a settlement occupied from the middle Iron Age to mid/late Roman period. The middle/late Iron Age phase comprised a number of apparently unenclosed roundhouse gullies, along with a few frequently recut ditched enclosures, two having roundhouses within their interiors. Two of these enclosures (E1-2) were of sub-circular form and of middle Iron Age date, while the third (E3), suggested as late Iron Age in date, was much larger and of sub-rectangular plan. This may represent a development from an 'open' middle Iron Age settlement to an 'enclosed' settlement by the late Iron Age. The site clearly saw continuity of settlement into the early Roman period, with a series of rectangular compounds established during the second half of the 1st C AD (though exact morphology difficult to determine at this time). The system was linked up with another farmstead c 200m to the west (ID 2131; RB 1), with the intervening space marked with rectilinear fields. Also associated with this early Roman phase was a dense quarry-field, thought perhaps to relate to a south-lying roadway. Wells/waterholes were found in later Iron Age and early Roman phases. During the later second century AD many of the site's 'early'-phase features were backfilled with finds-rich midden deposits, and extending along its south central edge were two sub-rectangular rounded-corner ditch-lines. These are suggested as part of a 3rd C AD compound, most of which lay unexcavated to the south. It is thought that this final phase was related more to water-supply rather than settlement."
3001,75,400,150,350,medium (4 - 8 ha),unclassified,No,1,6,Yes,No,Yes,Yes,No,Yes,river valley,mixed,No,Yes,No,"Excavations near the west bank of the river Gade overlooking a wide floodplain (and in foothills of the Chilterns) revealed an extensive courtyard villa complex. Original timber building and detached bathhouse dated c AD 75. Mid 2nd C a masonry winged corridor building constructed, and enlarged in later 2nd/early 3rd C AD. Major alterations early 4th C including large bathing pool. Votive deposits from wet ground north of the pool. Mid 4th C baths and villa deliberately demolished and stockades built over. Occupation continued in ancillary buildings until late 4th/early 5th C. More recent excavations in 2000 found a timber roundhouse and a possible earlier bathing pool."
3002,1,400,100,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,1,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,hill,mixed,Yes,No,No,"Road scheme excavation and watching brief over 6km (75ha) to the east of the LIA-Roman settlement at Baldock in the Chiltern hills revealed a series of boundary ditches, roads (built in 2nd C), enclosures and burials, but little evidence of domestic occupation except one LIA-early Roman roundhouse and associated pits. It is likely  that most represent arable and pasture fields associated with the Baldock settlement, with an area to the north (by a Bronze Age barrow cemetery) reserved for burial activity."
3003,50,400,,,medium (4 - 8 ha),complex,Yes,,2,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Evaluations, excavations and watching brief to the north of the river Lea and near to Ermine St Roman road revealed ditches, pits, probable timber structures. Also a number of burials. Probably part of the 'back plots' to the houses and workshops fronting onto Ermine St, 35-40m to the west, where further excavation revealed a timber building, well and a pond - part of a linear roadside settlement. Activity continues into late 4th C."
3004,100,400,,,large (9+ ha),complex,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"Small excavation in the late Iron Age-Roman roadside settlement revealed ditches, pits, wells and posthole lines, dated from the late 1st/2nd C to late 4th/5th C AD. An adult human skeleton was found in one well."
3005,50,200,150,,large (9+ ha),complex,Yes,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"Small 6 trench evaluation over a 0.4ha area on the NW edge of the LIA-Roman roadside settlement of Baldock revealed ditches, pits and postholes dating from late 1st C AD to late 2nd C. It appears that there is little evidence for domestic occupation prior to the mid 2nd C when the settlement expanded."
3006,50,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,Watching brief to the SE of Baldock Roman town revealed the remains of one Romano-British cremation. The site is situated close to an area of known inhumations and cremations on the outskirts of the Roman town.
3007,75,150,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,No,No,No,"Small evaluation on a hilltop on the west side of Watling Street in an area of known tile production. Extensive Roman deposits were revealed, including kiln furniture, pottery wasters, brick and tile, probably representing debris from kilns which were in production during the latter 1st century and early 2nd century AD, part of the Verulamium industry. It is thought quite likely that the tile industry included pottery production."
3008,-50,200,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Small excavation on a plateau 500m east of the line of the Roman road, Ermine Street, revealed elements of a Romano-British farmstead dating late 1st C BC to end of 2nd C AD. Features include ditches and a series of gullies and postholes representing a structure built at the start of the 2nd C AD. A series of intercutting pits lay c.20m to the south of the structure and appear to be contemporary with it."
3009,1,400,100,300,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,No,,1,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Road scheme excavation on the Chiltern plateau revealed Romano-British activity comprising part of a six-posted rectangular building, quarry pits and a metalled trackway of LIA/early RB date (most post-conquest).  Uncertain if occupation. Later Roman activity is represented by an isolated 4th century decapitated burial. The trackway may have run eastwards towards Akeman Street Roman road and the Cow Roast settlement."
3010,1,200,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"Small road scheme excavation on the Chiltern plateau revealed part of a LIA-Roman settlement. The principal LIA feature was a large pit, while Roman features include a cobbled surface adjacent to three or more four-post structures, a section of ditch (1st or early 2nd century AD) and another large pit (late 2nd or early 3rd century)."
3011,1,450,200,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,No,hill,mixed,Yes,No,No,"Pipeline excavation revealed parts of a LIA-Romano-British settlement on a hillside. Earliest features comprised LIA ditches and gullies, and by the late  1st or early 2nd C the settlement had spread further north to cover a wider area. Major changes occur in the development of the settlement in the late 2nd C, with widespread alluvial deposits indicating a rise in the water level of the nearby stream. A substantial ditch was probably dug for flood defence and settlement expanded to the south up the hillside. Evidence for beam slot buildings. Also revealed was a cobbled road surface dating to late 2nd C along with another road probably originating earlier. Occupation continued in the late 3rd-4th C, though very little activity into late 4th C. However, post-Roman activity confirmed by an occupation surface and a pit containing sub-Roman pottery."
3012,-100,550,250,,large (9+ ha),complex,Yes,3,8,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,Yes,plateau or plain,mixed,Yes,Yes,No,"Various excavations and watching briefs over many years have built up a picture of a substantial and important late Iron Age and Roman roadside settlement. Possibly part of a LIA oppidum it included pit alignments and enclosures, along with a number of often quite rich burials. Earliest post-conquest developments comprised a formalisation of road system and continued expansion. Most settlement evidence comprised pits and enclosure ditches, though stone buildings have been found, along with roundhouses, wells and ovens. At its greatest extend in 2nd C, it covered an area of 80ha (albeit quite dispersed) and includes a possible mansio. Surrounded by cemeteries. Evidence for structured deposits, a RC temple, and circular shrine. In 3rd/4th C, area of occupation reduced, though this continued into the 5th and possibly 6th C, with burials and buildings of this date, though no early Saxon evidence."
3013,-50,300,,,large (9+ ha),complex,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"Salvage excavation of an almost complete LIA-Roman cemetery at the top of a slight ridge on the eastern fringes of the Baldock settlement - one of 22 cemeteries around Baldock (see ID 3012). Earliest burials date to latter half 1st C BC, part of a 'burial zone' separate from the settlement by a timber post alignment. Unlike contemporary enclosed cremation cemeteries, this site at first contained unenclosed inhumations, but cremation burials followed (see under burials). No evidence for activity after final burials in early 4th C AD."
3014,20,350,100,200,medium (4 - 8 ha),enclosed,Yes,7,20,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,hill,mixed,Yes,No,No,"Extensive excavations on a narrow spur of the south Chilterns, 1km NW of Verulamium and overlooking the river Ver, revealed a major Roman villa complex. Originating in the LRPIA as a sequence of two rectangular enclosures with entrance gates, and a huge dyke dug to the east. 12 buildings identified within the enclosures including rectangular and circular timber buildings (some interpreted as granaries and one as a 'proto-villa') and an aisled barn. No major changes until c AD 100 when site saw major reconstruction in masonry with a corridor villa, tower granary and bathhouse built, though basic enclosure arrangement stayed. Further alterations late 2nd/3rd C including new larger villa with bath suite, new separate bathhouse and other buildings interpreted as workshops/barns. Possible partial decline in early 3rd C before renewed occupation mid 3rd C, with corndriers added and an SFB. General decline later 3rd/4th C and abandonment by mid 4th C."
3015,1,350,75,300,medium (4 - 8 ha),unclassified,Yes,1,5,Yes,No,Yes,Yes,No,Yes,river valley,mixed,No,No,No,"Excavations on gravel terrace west of the river Ver and Watling St which led towards Verulamium 3.5km to the north, revealed a villa complex. This comprised the main villa building, separate bathhouse, at least two further masonry buildings (one with hypocaust), timber structures, a probable jetty by the river Ver and part of a wooden aqueduct leading from the river. To the north of the villa were two wealthy late Roman inhumation burials. Earliest occupation revealed by LPRIA pottery, coins and at least one roundhouse under the later villa. With little apparent interruption, the first simple masonry 'cottage' villa (with cellar) dated to the later 1st C AD. Greatly enlarged mid 2nd C AD and separate bathhouse built. Some evidence for decline in 3rd C before extensive re-furbishment of villa and bathhouse c AD 300. Apparent abandonment by AD350."
3016,1,120,70,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"Small evaluation through the ditch of a previously known enclosure of 1st C AD date on the edge of a flat plateau overlooking the Lea Valley. The curvilinear enclosure (c 75x50m) was probably doubled ditched and had little evidence for internal features. A mass of pottery was recovered from the excavated sections of the outer ditch, probably dumped in the late 1st/early 2nd C AD, though occupation may have ceased before this (c AD 70). Two cremations burials of early 2nd C date lay just to the north of the enclosure."
3017,-100,200,60,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,mixed,No,No,No,"Evaluation and excavation on the edge of a chalk plateau adjacent to the River Glade Valley revealed M-LIA settlement comprising enclosures, pits, ovens and a structure interpreted as a LIA stone-lined corn drier (though contained Roman CBM). In early Roman period (c AD 60), a larger rectangular enclosure was dug, along with two waterholes and pits. Activity continued into at least end of 2nd C AD (with later pottery in top fills of features), though less intense activity in Roman period - uncertain if occupation on site."
3018,100,200,,,large (9+ ha),complex,Yes,,1,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,mixed,No,No,No,"Small excavation near the southern edge of the Roman roadside settlement at Welwyn in the Mimram Valley revealed pits, postholes, a ditch and a clay layer of 2nd C date. The ditch may have been a rear plot boundary of a property fronting the main road. A four trench evaluation in same area revealed a well, ditch, pit, beam slot for timber building and associated chalk floor surface. All dated to first half of the 2nd C."
3019,175,350,,,large (9+ ha),unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"Small excavation just north-west of the Roman roadside settlement at Baldock revealed vertical sided pits filled with refuse and part of a ditch. Domestic rubbish from the pits included bone, shell and pottery, dating from later 2nd to 4th C."
3020,1,70,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,Evaluation of a known sub-rectangular enclosure on a prominent site on the edge of a plateau overlooking the valley of the River Mimram. The ditched enclosure (c60x60m) may have been sited in relation to an earlier fieldsystem and was occupied during the first half of the 1st C AD. It was evidently of some pretension to judge from the size of its ditches (1.5m deep) and the incidence of imported pottery. A short possible period of abandonment was followed by levelling in AD70. No certain evidence of internal features. The field boundaries seemed to have continued in use.
3021,1,400,,,large (9+ ha),unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,Yes,plateau or plain,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Small 6 trench evaluation in the north-western periphery of the Roman roadside settlement of Baldock revealed a buried Romano-British land surface, along with a robbed out wall foundation at least 14m in length - possibly an important building at the junction of major roads (Icknield Way and another road to Godmanchester). Also a series of  ditches, running N-S across the eastern side of the plot dating from the LPRIA to 4th C AD."
3022,75,250,,,large (9+ ha),unclassified,Yes,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Small 4 trench evaluation over 0.35ha c 80m east of the river Mimram within the LIA-Roman roadside settlement of Welwyn revealed Romano-British occupation dating from the 1st to 3rd centuries. The evidence comprised pits, postholes, construction slots and a possible well."
3023,-20,400,45,100,large (9+ ha),unclassified,Yes,,5,Yes,No,Yes,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Excavations c 500m south of the core area of LIA-Roman settlement at Braughing in the Rib Valley, on the line of Ermine St Roman road. Earliest features dating to the later 1st C BC comprise trackway ditches and pits. Ermine St constructed shortly after conquest, and in mid-later 1st C AD evidence for enclosure and 1-2 cremation burials, though little if any occupation. Main occupation from 2nd C with fencelines, pits, wells and timber structures on both sides of the road - suburb of Roman town. Some possible metalworking (bronze) and boneworking workshops. Dense 3rd C occupation with buildings encroaching onto Ermine St, including multi-roomed timber structure - possibly shop front, domestic and working quarters. Continued focus on metalworking. Activity continued into end of 4th/early 5th C, though few structural features of this date."
3024,-15,400,45,90,large (9+ ha),complex,Yes,,15,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,mixed,Yes,No,No,"Excavations c 450m SW of the core area of LIA-Roman settlement at Braughing (and 250m NW of ID 3023) in the Rib Valley, west of Ermine St Roman road. Earliest activity is later 1st C BC, comprising ditches, pits, palisade, a well and 8 timber buildings. Most covered by flood silts mid 1st C AD. Further timber buildings (7) and metalled trackways built c AD 43-65, after which the site was cleared and remained derelict for some time. Towards end of 1st C AD a small enclosed cemetery laid out, which expanded in the 2nd C.  Later, five 4th C inhumations."
3025,-30,-15,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"Small excavation in 1956 on glacial gravel towards edge of a plateau with extensive views of the Lea Valley revealed rich LIA cremation grave measuring 2.6x2m. Three other LIA-ER cremations grave in vicinity but not excavated, so probably part of a small cemetery."
3026,50,400,100,200,medium (4 - 8 ha),complex,Yes,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,Yes,river valley,mixed,Yes,Yes,No,"Small excavations across Ermine St Roman road in the periphery of the roadside settlement of Ware in the Lea valley floodplain. Road first constructed mid 1st C AD and repaired in 2nd C when domestic debris in pits and layers built up against the road verges. In late 2nd/3rd C, timber buildings with clay floors and hearths erected, though little evidence for function - perhaps workshops associated with iron smithing and horn-working. Also probable masonry building. Possible ritual deposits found in silty layers by roadside - redeposited from a shrine along the roadside? Also infant skeleton in roadside silts. Activity continued in late Roman period with substantial posthole building. Though silting and 'abandonment layers' point to reduced activity."
3027,50,400,300,,medium (4 - 8 ha),complex,Yes,,2,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,mixed,Yes,No,No,"Excavation with the Romano-British roadside settlement of Ware, on the Lea floodplain immediately south of the river revealed part of Ermine Street road (built post-conquest) along with two successive timber sill beam roadside buildings (8x3.5m & 10m sq)  built on a chalk raft over the silted roadside ditch, in c AD 300 and AD 350 respectively. Occupation until end of 4th/5th C and all covered with alluvium from flooding."
3028,400,600,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Small excavation in the Hitchin Gap to the east of the River Hiz revealed six east-west burials radiocarbon dated to the 4th to 6th C, though possibly all post-Roman. Other mid to late Roman remains known in Hitchin, but the burials cannot be explicitly related to settlement."
3029,1,400,100,300,medium (4 - 8 ha),unclassified,Yes,2,7,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,No,Yes,plateau or plain,mixed,Yes,No,No,"Road scheme excavation, evaluation and watching brief on a broad ridge of chalky boulder clay which slopes gently towards wide dry valleys to the south and east, revealed a substantial Romano-British farmstead thought to spread over 2-4ha, originating in this LPRIA as a series of ditches, a metalled surface and a cremation burial. Farmstead continued throughout 1st C AD, with a metalled road and yard surfaces, and in early 2nd C, a well appointed multi-room masonry footed building (14.5x6.7m) constructed, which could be interpreted as a 'cottage style' villa. A further masonry building and two clay floored timber buildings (one with tessellated floor) are indicated and further structures hinted at. Major changes mid 2nd C with large walled enclosure stretching 34m SE of the main building.  Also possible circular building (6.1m dia) defined by postholes. Three corndriers (two within a probable building) also built c 80m to the NE. A well NW of the main building contained a dis-articulated human skeleton and a largely articulated dog. Occupation of main building ceases late 3rd/early 4th C, though further stone buildings constructed, possibly used for agricultural purposes. Subsequent cable trench excavations c 40m to the north revealed an additional substantial circular and well appointed rectangular masonry building along with ovens, pit and yard surfaces, dated 1st-3rd C AD."
3030,1,200,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,1,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"Evaluation and Watching brief over 0.45ha on the plateau approximately midway between the rivers Ver and Gade, revealed elements of a LIA-Romano-British settlement. These comprised a LIA pit, two early Roman boundary ditches (late 1st-2nd C), one of which contained occupation and building debris, and an alignment of post pads, probably representing the foundations for a wall of a timber building cutting into the silted up ditch. Date of building uncertain and thought to be late Roman, though no material of this date found."
3031,100,300,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,No,,5,Yes,No,Yes,No,No,Yes,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"A series of excavations on a plateau between the rivers Wade and Ver revealed a massive Romano-Celtic temple-Mausoleum containing a sunken chamber set within a large walled temenos with two other masonry buildings in the enclosure (smaller mausoleum/shrine and bathhouse) and two immediately west in another enclosure (interpreted as possible store house and a schola associated with religious cult). A further enclosure was noted to the NE. Other features comprised a substantial post pit, massive rectangular pit filled with charcoal and four 'bread ovens' within the main enclosure. Dating poor, but believed to be primarily 2nd-3rd C AD, after which the abandoned enclosures are thought to have been used in stock control."
3032,1,450,1,100,small (<1 - 3 ha),unenclosed,Yes,2,4,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,No,river valley,mixed,Yes,Yes,No,"Excavations (Areas 1 &2) on the slopes of the Lea Valley overlooking the wide river plain revealed a multi-period site including LIA complex comprising a large trapezoidal ditched enclosure (140x75m) with internal division, pits and an oven, though the only probable building was a sub-rectangular structure further south. Possible abandonment by end 1st C BC and Romano-British occupation  dates 2nd-4th C AD, with Ermine St running 800m to the east. Features comprised field ditches, a number of burials, a trackway and rectangular and circular buildings (some probably agricultural). Possibly unenclosed. Industrial activity in 4th C, with ovens, furnaces and evidence for bronze and ironworking. Also five late Roman corndriers and a ritual pit. Occupation likely to have continued into 5th C, but unlikely to be continuity with middle Saxon occupation."
3033,200,350,300,,small (<1 - 3 ha),complex,Yes,,4,Yes,No,Yes,Yes,No,Yes,river valley,mixed,No,No,No,"Excavations on the flood plain of the river Mimram, 0.5km west of the settlement at Welwyn and 250m south of the villa at Lockleys, revealed elements of a villa complex covering c 1.2ha. It comprised four  masonry buildings, the western two (both 27x13.5m)  containing a bath suite and heated room respectively and linked by a boundary wall. Between these lay a small (6m sq) building and east of this was part of another larger building incorporating a bathhouse. A water system led from the river through an opening in the walled enclosure into the middle of the complex. A corndrier was discovered during by-pass construction nearby. Dating evidence suggests establishment at the start of the 3rd C, refurbishment late 3rd/early 4th C and possible demolition mid 4th C, though some occupation may have continued."
3034,1,375,65,320,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,1,1,No,No,Yes,Yes,No,Yes,hill,mixed,No,No,No,"Excavations on the SW hill slope overlooking the river Mimram, west of the settlement at Welwyn and 250m north of the villa at Lockleys, revealed a substantial masonry villa. Evidence for LPRIA occupation in the form of a possible roundhouse and debris, with the first masonry building constructed c AD 60-70 with 5 rooms and timber veranda. Expanded mid 2nd C with projecting wings. Evidence for possible enclosure ditch to the south. Destroyed by fire early in the 4th C and new building constructed, only partially discernible and of an inferior build. Lack of evidence for activity into the final quarter of the 4th C."
3035,1,250,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,3,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,pastoral,No,Yes,No,"Large scale excavations on edge of the East Anglian Heights plateau overlooking the river Beane 2.75km to the east, revealed a farmstead originating in the LPRIA as a sub-rectangular enclosure (c 48m sq) with a few internal postholes. In the mid-late 1st C the enclosure doubled in size (90x48m) and was continually modified, with a variety of internal features including pits, a pond, postholes and roundhouse gullies. All activity ceased by mid 3rd C. Suggested as being mainly engaged in pastoral farming."
3036,1,370,175,300,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,4,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,mixed,Yes,Yes,No,"Excavations within a cropmark complex on the SE side of the East Anglian Plateau overlooking the valley of the river Beane (flows 2km to the east) revealed a settlement originating in the LPRIA with a well and possible trackway. In the later 1st C AD a sub-rectangular enclosure and cremation cemetery developed, which extended greatly in the 2nd C AD, with water supply from a series of ponds. Domestic activity diminishes in the later 2nd C AD and cemetery goes out of use. In 3rd C only activity was a large coin hoard dated to c AD261, while in late 3rd/4th C renewed activity in the form of penannular gullies and a corndrier. Continued development until mid/later 4th C when features destroyed and levelled, though coin evidence suggests some activity continued. Material culture suggests a wealthy settlement."
3037,-50,60,,,large (9+ ha),complex,Yes,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Three small linear excavations  just north of the river Lea and the Wheathamstead oppidum earthworks revealed elements of a complex ditch system dated to the LIA undoubtedly connected with the oppidum. Features included gullies, postholes, ditches, pits and possible timber slots, all indicating occupation. Part of a much larger cropmark complex. Dating suggests continued activity into the early post-conquest period."
3038,25,300,,,large (9+ ha),complex,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Small pipeline excavation within the LIA-Roman settlement at Braughing between the old river course and the Roman road, revealing LIA ditches by the river, filled with industrial rubbish including crucibles and coin moulds. Towards the road were more complex LIA and Roman features in including pits, ovens and a possible roadside ditch, which contained much metalling presumably from the road surface. No 4th C material."
3039,1,400,,,medium (4 - 8 ha),complex,Yes,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,Yes,hill,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Three separate unpublished excavations and a Watching Brief revealed elements of a Roman roadside settlement along Akeman St in a gap in the Chiltern hills. Possibly originating in the LIA, there is evidence for fairly intensive occupation throughout the Roman period. Features include ditches, 14 wells, timber buildings and at least one masonry building, and 2nd-3rd century ovens. Watching Brief revealed two pits and a clay floor surface dated 1st-2nd C AD. Evidence for extensive 1st-3rd C iron smelting in the vicinity using iron ore which occurs naturally in the clay of the valley floor."
3040,1,65,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,mixed,No,No,No,"Small excavation south of Wickham hill and the Roman settlement at Braughing revealed LIA occupation comprising a large ditch traced for c 75m, which contained a substantial amount of domestic debris and human remains, pits and two cremation burials. Probably part of the widely spread LIA settlement. No evidence for activity beyond the early post-conquest period."
3041,-25,75,,,large (9+ ha),complex,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Small excavation adjacent to river Rib just east of the main Roman settlement at Braughing revealed elements of a LIA occupation area, part of the wider spread of LIA settlement in the valley. Features comprised ditches, cobble spreads, pits and postholes. Evidence for coin production. Apparent continuation of occupation in the Roman period, but few features of this date."
3042,1,400,,,large (9+ ha),complex,Yes,,2,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"A series of three small excavations in the Roman roadside settlement of Ware near to the River Lea. One excavation (A: Ware Lock) near where Ermine St crosses the river found timber structures on a chalk raft, along with  industrial debris and part of a slave chain. A possible late Roman timber building was found further east at Ware Library (C), along with early Saxon pottery. In excavations at White Swan Yard (D) further east was a 25m length of LIA ditch with some pottery and animal bone, but probably not within an area of domestic occupation."
3043,1,200,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,Yes,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"Large 212 trench evaluation over 20ha on boulder clay plateau overlooking river Stort Valley to the south at Harlow revealed 3 areas of LIA settlement (here treated as one site) within an extensive fieldsystem, along with 2 cremation burials. All continued into the Roman period, with at least one new settlement created in the east, with possible masonry buildings. All settlements either abandoned or greatly reduced activity prior to the late Roman period."
3044,50,300,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"A 19 trench evaluation over 99.6ha revealed Romano-British settlement within 3 trenches lying on a plateau overlooking the river Lea, 500m m to the west.  Features comprised ditches, pits and postholes. The pottery recovered suggests a date of between the 1st and 3rd centuries AD."
3045,50,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Fieldwalking over a 1km sq area at the head of a shallow valley, with a known Roman road running through and previous excavations of 1st to 4th C pottery and tile kilns (Hadham Industry). Fieldwalking retrieved large quantities of pottery, mainly Hadham wares. Likely to be settlement associated with industrial production."
3046,1,350,150,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,4,Yes,No,No,No,No,Yes,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"Excavation on clay capped chalk plateau revealed Roman farmstead, with possible LIA origins judging by pottery and two pits of this date. Possibly enclosed by ditches, the Roman settlement comprised the corner of a well appointed masonry building with a mass walled building just to the north, along with two rectangular basemented structures, one lined with mortared flint walls (3x8m), cobbled surfaces, pits, postholes and a well. Most features appear to have been demolished and robbed mid 2nd C AD, though further features including pits, ditches, hearths and wells indicate continuing activity into the 4th century. Many fragments of coin moulds indicate possible production."
3047,1,100,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"A large 171 trench evaluation on a clay hilltop plateau revealed occupation and industrial areas of LIA and Roman date, along with three urned cremation burials. Features comprised postholes, ditches and pits. One area revealed large sub rectangular feature and circular pit associated with substantial quantities of metalworking debris, indicating iron smelting. A pottery kiln also found near the site in earlier excavation. All dating evidence suggests LIA-early Roman."
3048,50,400,,,medium (4 - 8 ha),unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,mixed,No,No,No,"Small scale evaluation and excavation on the western fringes of the nucleated Roman roadside settlement at Bishops Stortford, on the floodplain of the River Stort, revealed elements of an early Roman cemetery along with later pit digging (quarrying?) and refuse disposal. Ditches (part of fieldsystem and/or cemetery enclosure) and pits but no structures and uncertain if ever occupation on this site."
3049,100,400,,,large (9+ ha),complex,Yes,,1,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,mixed,No,No,No,"Excavation and evaluation within the Roman roadside settlement of Baldock revealed two parallel ditches, a rectangular post-built structure, several wells, cess and storage pits, several slots or gullies and a scatter of shallow post-holes. Earliest activity dated 2nd C AD, and continued until later 4th/5th C. Indications of the presence of an iron smithy on or adjacent to the site."
3050,1,400,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"A 13 trench evaluation on an area of high ground on the north-eastern fringe of the Chiltern Hills revealed elements of a LIA and Romano-British settlement in the form of pits, postholes and ditches, along with a possible metalled trackway."
3051,1,350,,,large (9+ ha),complex,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Excavation on the northern periphery of the LIA-Roman roadside settlement at Baldock revealed ditches, which align with the projected route of both the lcknield Way and of the trackway which leads off of it, postholes, and a group of five inhumation grave cuts together with a possible cremation. Features date from the LIA to 3rd/4th C AD."
3052,100,400,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,mixed,No,No,No,"Large evaluation of 59ha on the upper slopes of the Stort Valley revealed one area of Roman settlement comprising pits, ditches, postholes, a metalled surface and inhumations. Large quantities of animal bone and pottery were observed and there is also evidence of small-scale industrial activity. Pottery suggests 2nd-4th C AD."
3053,50,300,,,medium (4 - 8 ha),complex,Yes,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Excavation of the eastern side of the Stort Valley, 500m from the river, revealed a section of the Roman road Stane Street with possible roadside ditches, along with pits and adjacent enclosure ditches. Structures were indicated by postholes and beam slots. Probably on fringes of a wider roadside settlement. An isolated inhumation cut one of the ditches which was parallel to the road. Activity dates from mid 1st C to mid/later 3rd C AD. Evidence for metal-working/industrial activity in vicinity."
3054,1,350,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,2,,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,No,river valley,mixed,Yes,No,No,"Road scheme excavation revealed Romano-British settlement on the northern upper slope of the shallow valley of the River Ver. Features comprised elements of enclosures, possible roundhouses, beam slots, postholes, oven/kiln, well, trackways and associated boundary ditches  that appears to have been in continuous use from LIA/early Roman period through to at least the later 3rd C AD and probably the early 4th C. An isolated cremation burial also revealed."
3055,1,400,150,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"A 53 trench evaluation on high ground 1.3km west of the river Rib revealed a concentration of late Iron Age to later Roman activity including an early Roman kiln and a number of ditches, gullies, pits and postholes dating mid 2nd to 3rd/4th C. Geophysical survey of this area revealed high concentration of features and overall it seems to represent a farmstead engaged in pottery production."
3056,250,400,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"Extensive 180 trench evaluation over 61ha on a gently undulating plateau revealed an area of Roman activity comprising large clay extraction pits and adjacent areas of hardstanding, associated with finds of tile, pottery, animal bone and tesserae. Possible tile production site, though no kilns or wasters. Although some early Roman material, mostly dated to mid 3rd-4th C AD."
3057,25,400,150,,large (9+ ha),complex,Yes,,2,No,No,Yes,No,No,Yes,river valley,mixed,Yes,No,No,"Series of 3 small excavations within the LIA-Roman nucleated settlement at Braughing. Features revealed included a bathhouse by the river Rib (established later 1st C and abandoned mid 2nd C), a substantial masonry building (36x18m) in the heart of the settlement fronting the main street, and on the southern fringes a section of Ermine St road along with  a well, ditch and clay floor with a hearth, dating to the 1st-2nd centuries AD."
3058,50,350,,,large (9+ ha),unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Excavations in 1972 of two cremation cemeteries to the west of the Roman settlement at Braughing, near to Skeleton Green. Only limited parts of cemetery A (1st-2nd C) were revealed (five graves), along with an associated ditch, while 104 burials were revealed in cemetery B (2nd-4th C). Further cremation burials in this area revealed in 1969 evaluation. More recent excavations by Pre-Construct Archaeology in the vicinity have revealed many further burials, inhumation, and cremation. There is as yet limited information on these burials."
3059,50,75,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,Yes,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Small excavation overlooking the river Colne to the west of its confluence with the river Ver, revealed a 1st C AD pottery kiln surrounded by ditches. Lying c 60m further SW, further ditches and gullies were excavated and appear to be contemporary. Uncertain if any occupation."
3060,50,370,100,,medium (4 - 8 ha),unclassified,Yes,,1,Yes,No,Yes,Yes,No,Yes,river valley,mixed,No,Yes,No,"Small excavations in the Bulbourne Valley within the Chiltern Hills on the north bank of the river and near to Akeman St road, revealed an extensive masonry corridor villa. Occupation began mid 1st C AD with a possible timber building with the villa first constructed early 2nd C AD. Enlarged mid 2nd C it may then have been abandoned in the late 2nd C before renewed activity in mid 3rd C. Further enlarged early/mid 4th C (with bath suite), and coins suggest unlikely to have lasted long past mid 4th C, though pottery continues to late 4th C. Timber-lined well lay just outside villa and a water leat radiocarbon dated to 2nd C AD probably provided water."
3061,75,350,120,200,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,2,No,No,Yes,Yes,No,Yes,river valley,mixed,No,No,No,"Small excavation in a narrow N-S valley on the south side of the River Bulbourne within the Chiltern Hills revealed a Romano-British villa. The earliest building was of timber construction (21x13m) with five rooms, dated c late 1st C. Burnt down early 2nd C and replaced with masonry villa with 13 rooms. Almost complete reconstruction early 3rd C and reduced in size late 3rd C (7 then 5 rooms). Villa building appears to have been abandoned by mid 4th C, though activity of some sort on site may have continued. No evidence for integrated bath suite. Part of a cemetery revealed to the west of the villa."
3062,75,350,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,1,No,No,Yes,No,No,Yes,river valley,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Small excavations in the Bulbourne Valley, close to the river, in the Chiltern hills, revealed part of a substantial masonry building (at least 30m long) along with a well. Possible trackway to the north of the building. The building has been very tentatively interpreted as remains of a villa in the report, originating in later 1st C AD. Here, it is designated as a more general farmstead."
3063,-50,50,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Small scale excavations on the northern slope of the Bulbourne Valley in the Chiltern hills revealed a LIA industrial site comprising the remains of four furnaces involved with iron smelting. Also four LIA burials, three lengths of ditch and four pits. Nothing to indicate occupation."
3064,50,225,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,Yes,river valley,mixed,No,No,No,"Small excavation on the floodplain of the river Colne revealed a Romano-British settlement dating from around the time of the conquest to the early 3rd C AD. Features comprised postholes, ditches and occupation/refuse spreads of material, including structural stone indicating a building. Exact size and nature of settlement remains uncertain."
3065,60,200,,,large (9+ ha),unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,Small excavation on the fringes of the Roman roadside settlement at Welwyn in the Mimram Valley revealed a cremation cemetery comprising 95 graves. Dating from mid 1st to end of 2nd C AD.
3066,300,325,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"Small excavation 2km south of Verulamium revealed a Romano-British tile kiln supposedly of early 4th C date. Tile wasters found and other kilns likely in the area, which lies on boulder clay."
3067,50,400,175,,large (9+ ha),complex,Yes,,1,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"Small excavation on the periphery of the Roman roadside settlement at Baldock revealed early Roman pits, a well, postholes, beamslots and ditches, succeeded by a small 2nd C chalk quarry and a possible cellared building, with associated postholes. Occupation in this site appears to have ceased in later 2nd C. Fifteen mid-late Roman inhumation graves also recorded."
3068,1,150,60,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,mixed,No,No,No,"Small excavations on the north edge of the plateau between the valleys of the Lea and Mimram revealed parts of a large enclosure ditch dated c AD 1-60. Internal features limited to an oven and two possible hearths. To the north lay a cremation burial. A 2nd C kiln cut through the LIA enclosure ditch, though its purpose is uncertain as no associated wasters. Thought to be associated with pottery production."
3069,75,150,,,large (9+ ha),complex,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,mixed,No,No,No,"Small excavation in the southern fringes of the LIA-Roman roadside settlement at Welwyn, within the Mimram Valley, revealed pits, postholes and a ditch relating to occupation."
3070,200,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,Yes,No,No,A 28-trench evaluation over 7ha on Boulder clay revealed a probable trackway which was dated to the later Roman period. Other ditches are thought to be part of a Roman system.
3071,100,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Small excavation next to the River Lea revealed a Romano-British cremation, plough marks, pits, gullies and a sub circular ditched enclosure, along with an area of flint cobbling and alignments of postholes representing fencelines. On the Roman river channel, eight substantial timbers set into the bank were interpreted as part of a quay, or supports for a bridge. Probably represents periphery of riverside settlement."
3072,1,200,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"A 13-trench evaluation over 12.9ha revealed the periphery of a Roman settlement on a flat plateau in the NW corner of the site. Features comprised pit, and ditches thought to represent field boundaries and enclosures. Also cremation burials surrounded by enclosure. Dated LIA-end of 2nd C AD."
3073,100,400,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,No,,,Yes,No,Yes,No,No,Yes,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Small targeted 4-trench evaluation in the Ver Valley, c 60m east of the river and c 400m east of Watling Street revealed a Romano-British religious complex. Buildings comprised two conjoined SE facing Romano-Celtic temples (both c 12m sq) along with a masonry circular structure (11m dia) with tessellated floor to one side and a centrally placed smaller masonry rectangular building to the front. Wall alignments may indicate defined pathway to complex from the river and a curvilinear ditch seen on aerial photographs may represent the temenos boundary. In addition a triple ditch arrangement  lay to the rear of the temples. Dated 2nd to 4th C AD."
3074,250,400,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,mixed,No,No,No,"A small 4-trench evaluation on the western side of the Stort Valley, 400m from the river, and 2.2km south of the roadside settlement, revealed series of ditches, pits and gullies suggestive of a Roman-British settlement. Reasonably high density of finds, dating datable material indicating emphasis on late Roman period."
3075,-100,100,,,large (9+ ha),complex,Yes,,,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,mixed,No,No,No,"Evaluation over 6.7ha on the south-eastern fringes of the LIA-Roman roadside settlement at Baldock revealed part of a known IA pit/post alignment, LIA-early Roman enclosures (interpreted as for livestock) and storage pit, boundary ditches, a post-built structure and a single inhumation burial, probably an outlying part of the Wallington Road cemetery to the NW."
3076,50,200,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,No,river valley,mixed,No,No,No,"Large 97 trench evaluation and geophysical survey over 53ha on the Boulder clay slopes of the Stort Valley, c 550m west of the river, revealed extensive remains of an early Romano-British farmstead and associated agricultural activity, possibly a vineyard, if the regular linear bedding trenches were vine trenches. The farmstead comprised substantial rectilinear enclosures and possible structures. A number of cremations were also observed across the site and an a Roman inhumation burial was inserted in a Bronze Age barrow."
3077,75,150,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"A site found by fieldwalking with limited excavation, 4.5km north of Verulamium, revealing a Romano-British cremation cemetery. Dated late 1st/early 2nd C. No associated occupation site identified so far."
3078,-50,100,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,mixed,No,No,No,"Road scheme excavations above the floodplain of the river Rib revealed a small LIA-early Roman enclosed settlement. Features include a large D-shaped enclosure with up to two extensions, pits, gullies and postholes. Dated from mid 1st C BC to later 1st C AD."
3079,-50,200,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,mixed,Yes,No,No,"Road scheme excavation revealed part of a LIA-Romano-British farmstead on the plateau of the Chilterns dip slope. Features comprise a central oval enclosure with associated outlying enclosures, field boundaries, pits, fencelines, ovens, trackways and beamslot buildings. Two LIA cremation burials were within two of the enclosures. Also a 2nd C T-shaped corn drying oven and quarry pit. Very few features dated after end of 2nd C - a few pits and quarries."
3080,-100,100,50,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,mixed,Yes,No,No,"Road scheme excavations on a large flat gravel terrace revealed LIA-early Roman fields and trackway along with 1-2 mid 1st C AD pottery kilns, pits and wells/waterholes including one with wattle revetment surviving. Poorly defined activity continued into the 2nd C."
3081,100,450,250,350,large (9+ ha),complex,No,,1,No,No,Yes,No,No,Yes,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,Excavations on the western side of the Mimram valley overlooking its floodplain revealed the northern periphery of the Welwyn Roman roadside settlement. Earliest features comprised 2nd C field ditches and mid 3rd C saw construction of a substantial and richly-decorated masonry building interpreted as a temple mausoleum (12.6x10.8m) and possible ditched enclosure on an elevated position overlooking the river Mimram and the settlement. Building in decline then robbed out in early 4th C and site reverted to agricultural use. Final phase of use in late 4th/early 5th C saw limited metalworking and a small inhumation cemetery. Mausoleum thought to be connected with nearby Dicket Mead villa.
3082,-100,50,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,No,1,,No,No,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,No,Yes,No,"Excavation on the slope of a chalk ridge revealed an Iron Age settlement dating from the 2nd C BC to the early post-conquest years. Features comprise a horseshoe shaped ditch enclosing c 13m, probably a roundhouse, with c 100 carefully dug circular pits located immediately in front, most not intercutting. All pits had been deliberately filled, with fills varying from chalk rubble to 'domestic' debris, but also including a dog skeleton and other articulated remains, including an infant. Function is suggested as grain storage. Also a four-post structure. A second excavation nearer the top of the hill revealed a further 31 pits of similar character but more articulated animal remains. Tentatively interpreted here as a shrine."
3083,25,225,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,1,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,Yes,Yes,No,"A series of small excavations took place on the find spot of a hoard of Roman temple treasure, north of Baldock, near springs which are the source of the river Cam. Geophysical survey and fieldwalking revealed a late Iron Age-Roman settlement extending along the banks of a stream for at least 500m, though apparently in two distinct phases. Late Iron Age sub-circular enclosures lay to the south, while rectangular enclosures, either side of a trackway, lay further north. The hoard was found on the edge of a polygonal enclosure (c 14m across) between the two. Earliest phase comprised a gravel surface laid out early 1st C AD and in the early Roman period enclosure developed with sequence of centrally placed clay hearths around a clay-built platform (with pits) containing feasting debris and ritual deposits. Also small (2.1x1.4m) structure and large volumes of finds. Latest activity possibly extends into 3rd C AD, though temple treasure deposited later 3rd/4th C. No full report as yet."
4001,1,350,75,250,small (<1 - 3 ha),complex,Yes,3,4,Yes,Yes,No,No,Yes,No,river valley,mixed,Yes,Yes,Yes,"A number of different excavations over a 18ha site west of the river Thet/Little Ouse revealed a long-lived LIA-Roman settlement. Initially defined by boundary and enclosure ditches along with pits and a 4-post structure, a more extensive system was laid out in later 1st C AD with two rectangular timber structures. This intensified in 2nd C with a trackway, many enclosures and a large aisled building. In 3rd-4th C, ditch system changed radically and buildings replaced by 3 circular structures, one of which interpreted as metallurgical workshop. A late Roman pit contained  a rare wooden double acting force pump. Also 3 inhumation graves. Domestic occupation probably declined or ceased in 4th C, and small Saxon settlement in 6th C. Although not suggested in the report it remains possible that the features excavated here are part of (or connected with) an expansive roadside roadside at Thetford."
4002,75,400,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),complex,Yes,1,11,Yes,Yes,Yes,No,Yes,No,river valley,mixed,No,No,Yes,"Two separate excavations on a low sandy terrace ridge above the river Thet, which lay just to the west, revealed parts of a Roman settlement probably covering c 2ha. Occupation from late 1st/2nd C, comprising timber framed buildings, enclosures, and possible circular building. More concentrated activity in later 3rd/4th C, with aisled building and eight other structures, ovens and middens.  In late 4th C there was an enclosed cemetery on the periphery. Early Saxon occupation in 5th C. Although not suggested in the report it remains possible that the features excavated here are part of (or connected with) an expansive roadside roadside at Thetford."
4003,250,350,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),complex,Yes,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,mixed,No,No,No,"Small excavation on gently sloping ground west of the River Thet and on the line of a main Roman road revealed part of a Roman settlement comprising enclosure ditches, postholes (two possible timber structures), pits and two corndriers. A child burial found on the edge of the settlement. All dated by a significant sized assmblage of late Roman pottery, considering the scale of the excavation.  It remain quite possible that the features exposed in this excavation are part of a much wider roadside settlement at Thetford, which in turn developed from an important late Iron Age settlement."
4004,-50,50,,,uncertain,enclosed,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"Excavations on a gravel spur between the valley of the rivers Yare and Tas, and c 800m NW of the Roman town of Caistor, revealed a series of six rectangular enclosures on a N-S alignment, following a line of earlier Bronze Age round barrows. Nothing to suggest they were used for occupation or agriculture and interpreted as possible mortuary enclosures, although only a single isolated cremation found near to one enclosure. Possible LIA-early Roman shrines? One enclosure had a surrounding post in trench wall. Very few finds."
4005,1,250,150,,uncertain,enclosed,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"Large scale excavation atop a gravel plateau forming the eastern edge of the Yare-Tas Valley revealed two small rectangular enclosures of probable LIA date, interpreted as ceremonial in nature, though evidence and dating are very ambiguous. A small Roman iron smelting furnace c 120m m further west was in use from mid 2nd to mid 3rd C AD"
4006,75,425,100,300,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,2,2,Yes,Yes,No,No,Yes,No,river valley,pastoral,Yes,No,Yes,"Excavations just south of the Little Ouse River revealed a Roman farmstead dating from the later 1st C AD into the early 5th C. The initial phase comprised a fieldsystem and circular livestock enclosures along with possible roundhouses. In 2nd/3rd C, shift to rectangular fieldsystems, along with aisled barns (interpreted as non-domestic), trackways, pits, wells and middens. Barns and fieldsystems abandoned in 4th C in favour of enclosures. Suggested as having a pastoral emphasis.  Early Saxon occupation attested by SFBs and other structures. Although not suggested in the report it remains possible that the features excavated here are part of (or connected with) an expansive roadside roadside at Thetford."
4007,50,200,,,medium (4 - 8 ha),complex,Yes,3,,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,No,river valley,mixed,Yes,No,No,"Road scheme excavation in the broad shallow valley of the river Ingol near to the Wash revealed part of an extensive Roman-British settlement (mostly revealed by cropmarks) dating from the mid 1st to later 2nd C AD and potentially stretching well over 1 km. Earliest features comprised roundhouse, enclosure and outer boundary or field ditches, along with a hearth and a pit filled with industrial waste from iron smithing and bronze working. Increase in activity later 1st/2nd C, with ironworking in a large enclosure, further roundhouse, pits, a timber-lined well and ditched and fenced enclosures. Ditched trackways ran across site in 2nd C, with a series of small enclosures between them. Another possible roundhouse of this phase, along with wells, a corndrier and crop processing areas. Abandoned late 2nd C, though trackways may have continued in use along with one enclosure and a single grave. Altough much of the site remains unexcavated, the scale and intensity of occupation suggests a 'village' type settlement."
4008,1,400,60,100,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,mixed,Yes,No,Yes,"Excavation on a ridge overlooking the river Blackwater, 300m to the south, revealed part of a late Iron Age settlement, comprising enclosures and pits, which was remodelled in mid/later 1st C AD with trackways and enclosures along with a pottery kiln. In the 2nd C, a new larger farmyard enclosure was constructed and stayed in use until the end of the 4th C AD. No domestic buildings discerned but 4-post structures found. Early Saxon settlement and cemetery."
4009,50,100,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,No,1,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,Yes,Yes,"Excavations c 100m south of the Little Ouse river on the edge of the floodplain revealed outlying part of an early Roman settlement, comprising a post built circular structure, just 3m diameter internally, and a number of pits and ditches forming rectangular enclosures.  Uncertain if occupation on site and probably outlying western edge of nearby settlement (see ID 4015 and 4003). 6th century Saxon settlement attested."
4010,1,75,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,5,1,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,No,fen,uncertain,No,No,No,"Excavation on the SW edge of the Down Market Ridge north of the Great Ouse-Wissey confluence, revealed parts of a LIA/early Roman settlement. Features comprised roundhouses, one possible rectangular structure and a series of ditched boundaries. Overall morphology of settlement remains uncertain, though it seems likely to have been part of a developed and well maintained system of enclosures."
4011,50,100,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"Small excavation on the southern edge of Mousehold Heath overlooking the Yare Valley and close to a Roman Road revealed the outlying part of an early Roman settlement. Features comprised shallow enclosure gullies, pits, a possible grave and two ovens. Uncertain if occupation within excavation area, though finds indicate relatively high status activity."
4012,-100,50,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,mixed,No,Yes,No,"Excavation on the southern floodplain of the River Wissey revealed a mid-late Iron Age settlement (pits, 4-post structures and ditches) which ceased to be occupied at the end of the LIA or very early Roman period. At this time, a pit was dug which contained butchered rabbit bones - the earliest evidence for rabbit in Britain. A later Roman field boundary crossed the site."
4013,275,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,1,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,coastal,uncertain,No,No,No,"Small excavation above and to the west of the river Waveney and associated marshlands and c 250m north of the Saxon Shore Fort revealed late Roman enclosure/field ditches, pits, an oven and a posthole building. Probably an agricultural area associated with the fort and no evidence of domestic occupation."
4014,150,320,,,medium (4 - 8 ha),unclassified,Yes,,2,Yes,No,Yes,Yes,No,Yes,river valley,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Early 19th C excavation and 1980s fieldwalking of a Roman villa close to the Icknield Way Road. Divided into two blocks, with the south block on a slightly different alignment. Includes mosaics and bathhouses. Further buildings and a probable enclosure revealed by aerial photos. Dated later 2nd-early 4th C, with strong emphasis on 3rd C.  Part of a group of 10 villas along the northern stretch of Icknield Way, spaced c 2 km apart."
4015,50,70,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,10,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,Yes,"Substantial excavation 100m south of the Little Ouse river revealed Romano-British settlement comprising pits and about 10 circular posthole buildings, some quite small (4.5m dia) and probably not domestic. Very few finds and nature of activity uncertain. Unlikely to have been long period of occupation. Outlying parts of this settlement were probably found to the west (see ID 4010). Early Saxon settlement activity including SFBs. The excavated area is likely to have been abandoned by the time that a main Roman road was constructed c 300m to the east and a postulated roadside settlement was established (see ID 4003)."
4016,-100,70,40,,medium (4 - 8 ha),enclosed,Yes,10,1,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,No,No,No,"Large scale excavations on Gallows Hill, a pronounced and relatively isolated flat topped elevation to the north of the river Thet and Little Ouse confluence, revealed a huge multi-phased enclosure system that is likely to have functioned in some of religious capacity. Earliest features comprised M-LIA enclosures (one around a possible grave), pit groups, and a circular building, with some potential limited domestic activity, along with more substantial evidence for textile and metalworking. In c AD 40, substantial double ditched enclosure (1.1ha) with central circular building, gatehouse and surrounding enclosures, inhumation burials and ring-ditches. Evidence for coin production. Soon greatly elaborated and expanded (3.2ha) with multiple 'fence' slots, elaborate entrance and three internal circular buildings. Abandoned and dismantled c AD 70, though evidence for much later activity in 3rd-4th C, including the Thetford treasure found just to the south."
4017,300,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,2,No,No,Yes,Yes,No,Yes,fen,uncertain,No,No,No,"Small excavation on a band of skirtland at the foot of the chalk slope near the fen edge revealed a simple corridor villa and separate bathhouse, c 10m to the south. Main range of five rooms, with corridor possibly a later addition. All dating suggests 4th C, but a complete early 5th C Germanic-type sword came from the bathhouse."
4018,100,400,,,large (9+ ha),complex,Yes,1,,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,Yes,river valley,uncertain,No,Yes,No,"Small excavations on a narrow strip of skirtland c 200m north of the River Little Ouse revealed part of a much larger Romano-British roadside settlement (ID 4071) spread over 7km. Features excavated comprised a circular chalk floor (which overlay earlier filled in pit) cut by a pit containing priestly regalia (shrine?) and associated with many finds. This was dated 3rd-4th C, but overall occupation began 2nd C.  Another chalk floored structure excavated nearby, along with an inhumation burial. Other known parts of the settlement comprise timber and masonry buildings and cropmark-defined rectangular enclosures. Also three pewter hoards."
4019,75,300,200,,small (<1 - 3 ha),complex,Yes,1,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,fen,uncertain,No,No,No,"Excavation at the fen edge revealed part of the Roman fen causeway, constructed in the 1st C AD, and an associated area of salt-production dated to the 3rd C, comprising ditches, postholes, hearths and layers of burnt clay. One circular gully but unlikely to be domestic roundhouse. Probably limited occupation in area excavated, though generally interpreted as site of a nucleated roadside settlement, with a number of more substantial buildings."
4020,175,250,,,large (9+ ha),unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Six trench evaluation over 0.69ha on the southern bank of the Blackwater river revealed elements of a Romano-British settlement dating from the late 2nd to mid 3rd C AD. This is probably part of the wider roadside settlement of Saham Toney. Features comprised small pits and ditches, with evidence for periodic flooding. The finds indicate the possible close proximity of a substantial structure, which included a hypocaust or bathhouse."
4021,50,200,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,coastal,uncertain,No,No,Yes,"Excavation on a chalk ridge overlooking the North Sea revealed a substantial rectangular ditched enclosure enclosing 0.4ha, dated to the mid 1st C AD, with later activity into the 2nd C AD. Uncertain as to function or if occupation as few finds. Interpreted here very loosely as a farmstead, though possibly of a military nature. Only internal features comprised hearths and areas of chalk cobbling. Site later used for Anglo-Saxon cemetery."
4022,1,200,40,70,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Excavations in the valley of the river Stiffkey, just north of a Roman road, revealed a rectangular ditched enclosure (0.25ha) dating to the late Iron Age. Abandoned prior to the conquest but renewed activity of some kind c AD 70-200, including hearths. Uncertain nature of activity but occupation presumed, even if on a temporary basis."
4023,100,400,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,No,1,2,Yes,No,Yes,No,No,Yes,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"A series of 3 small excavations revealed a Romano-Celtic temple within a substantial walled precinct (2.5ha), 700m NE of the walled town of Caistor on the southern slopes of the Tas valley and clearly visible from the northern approach roads to the town. Temple (18x17m) had tessellated cella floor with possible internal altars. Other features comprises a monumental west-facing entrance to the temenos and a substantial multi-roomed masonry building NE of the temple. Also possible circular building. Dating limited but suggested as 2nd-4th C AD"
4024,150,400,,,large (9+ ha),complex,Yes,,4,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,No,coastal,mixed,Yes,No,No,"Excavations on a slight elevation overlooking the saltmarshes revealed an extensive settlement (over 23ha) which pre-dated the late Roman fort, lying just to the west. Evidence for systems of regular  domestic enclosures/settlement plots, timber buildings, pits, hearths, kiln/oven and trackways/streets, dating from the later 2nd C AD to the 4th C, though activity greatly reduced in the 4th C during the period of the fort.  Suggested that an earlier military establishment lay under the later fort. Later two-trench evaluation revealed elements (ditches, postholes and gullies) of the settlement west of the fort, dating 2nd-4th C. Included significant dumps of animal remains and oyster shell."
4025,50,400,350,,medium (4 - 8 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,mixed,No,No,No,"Excavation on a southern chalk slope in the Stiffkey Valley, c 200m east of the river, revealed sections of a substantial oval enclosure covering 8.75ha. Earliest phase of enclosure (and pits) dated c mid/later 1st C AD, with inhumation and cremation burials and hearths all sealed beneath the later main enclosure bank, which is tentatively dated to the mid to late 4th C. No internal features encountered, though scatters of building material hint at structures. Interpreted here as farm/rural settlement but it may have been extensive and more 'village' like."
4026,50,200,,,medium (4 - 8 ha),enclosed,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,No,Yes,No,"Small excavations of part of a substantial rectangular enclosure (5ha) on a peninsula of high land bounded to west and north by river Wissey and south by a tributary stream. The concentric doubled ditched enclosure was dated from mid 1st to at least late 2nd C AD and contained three timber lined shafts discovered in the 19th C, containing structured deposits including animal remains (including red deer antler), pottery (at least 50 complete vessels in one shaft), shoes and other objects. Other internal features comprised robbed building foundations (possibly 2nd C) and cobbling. Overall interpreted as a religious site."
4027,100,400,,,large (9+ ha),complex,Yes,,3,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,mixed,No,No,No,"Small excavations c 230m west of the ditched defences of the Roman roadside settlement at Brampton revealed part of an industrial suburb along a section of road. An updraught pottery kin of late 1st/early 2nd C date was revealed, along with timber buildings and ironworking in the later 2nd/3rd C, when activity became more intense. Occupation continued until the late 4th C, with a third timber building identified within the late Roman phase."
4028,70,400,200,,large (9+ ha),complex,Yes,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,Yes,plateau or plain,uncertain,Yes,Yes,No,"Various excavations have revealed elements of a large Roman settlement at a crossroads of Roman roads and near a river crossing. The settlement covers c 30ha, with a ditched defensive enclosure dating later 2nd C surrounding 6ha. Large scale pottery manufacture (141 kilns) and metalworking (iron smelting), especially concentrated in suburb to SW (see ID 4027), but also in town. Network of roads and trackway within and around the town, and a wharf/jetty noted by the river front. Timber buildings and a bathhouse within the defences."
4029,200,300,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Excavation on the flat top of a low hill, 3.5km from the coast revealed a pottery kiln, possibly dated to the 3rd C AD. Other Roman finds and features in the area, but no specific settlement identified."
4030,70,300,,,medium (4 - 8 ha),complex,Yes,,1,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,mixed,Yes,No,No,"Small excavation and later evaluation within the Romano-British roadside settlement to the north of the river Waveney. Earliest occupation was Flavian and significant reduction in activity after later 3rd C. Activity mostly domestic but also included iron smelting. Only structural evidence comprised chalk floor (12.5x6.5m) and other features included two timber lined wells, hearths, cess and rubbish pits, gravel surfaces/side roads, postholes, and ditches, probably property boundaries. Other buildings and hearths found in the area."
4031,100,300,,,large (9+ ha),complex,Yes,,4,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,Yes,river valley,uncertain,No,No,Yes,"Road scheme excavation on the southern periphery of the Roman nucleated settlement, just south of the River Waveney, revealed a metalled road and series of roadside plots, 4 wells, 2 masonry-footed buildings, and probable timber buildings. Probable presence of iron smithy. Dark earth dating to the later 3rd C indicates possible abandonment of this area and an early Saxon timber causeway was located. A subsequent watching brief along the road north of the river revealed 2nd-3rd C field boundaries, along with a shrine (possible small variant of Romano-Celtic form with post built cella and masonry ambulatory, 7.5m sq in total). Two parallel ditches to N and S of the shrine contained large quantities of cremated animal bone and cremation urns, together with several votive objects. Also large (12x9m) clay floored structure, along with various postholes, gullies and pits. 100m further west was a furnace and clay mould, associated with metalworking."
4032,-100,400,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,1,1,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,mixed,No,No,Yes,"A 71 trench evaluation on 11.3ha of boulder clay plateau revealed elements of a M-LIA settlement comprising ditches, pits and postholes, including a possible roundhouse. The Romano-British period is represented by linear ditches and pits and a probable timber-built structure. No precise dating and lack of finds suggests an agricultural function. Possible early Saxon SFB."
4033,200,400,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,1,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Small 5 trench evaluation 350m NE of Caistor Roman town and 360m SW of the river Tas revealed pits and ditches, along with a wheel-rutted roadway and evidence of a Sunken-featured building. All dated to the later Roman period. A large number of finds were recovered from the fill of the SFB. It seems likely to have been part of a small rural settlement close to the city walls rather than part of the suburbs."
4034,75,300,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,Yes,"A 27 trench evaluation over 18.2ha on an area of elevated ground between the River Ouse to the west and the Nar River to the north, revealed a large curvilinear ditch enclosing an area of higher ground and probably representing the western boundary of a settlement or stock enclosure. Associated with this ditch were a number of gullies, pits and ditches, some representing fieldsystems. Possible early Saxon activity."
4035,100,400,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"Excavations on a low chalk ridge overlooking a crossing point of the River Wissey revealed peripheral parts of a Romano-British settlement. Features comprised a large boundary ditch and three small Roman pits, one containing a significant assemblage of late Roman pottery."
4036,175,400,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,1,Yes,No,No,No,No,Yes,river valley,mixed,No,No,No,"Excavation 1km to the east of the Fen edge at the head of a small valley revealed part of a Romano-British settlement, possibly part of the Glebe Farm villa estate (late Roman villa and bathhouse excavated, c 1km to ENE in 1960s; see ID 4017). The earliest activity on the site (?late 2nd C) was the construction of a large boundary ditch, with other ditches, pits and an oven flue possibly contemporary. A rectilinear fieldsystem developed in the 3rd C and subsequently re-modelled. Possible structures represented by beam slots and postholes. First evidence for the presence of a substantial structure was a chalk footed rectangular building, dating to the early 4th C but mostly outside area of excavation. Activity continued until later 4th C with a short length of mortared flint wall belonging to this period. A small evaluation 150m to the south revealed Roman field ditches possibly associated with this and/or the villa site."
4037,1,200,,,uncertain,enclosed,Yes,,1,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Excavation on the eastern side of a low hilltop, 1.2km west of the Roman town at Caistor St Edmund, revealed early-mid Roman fieldsystems, a possible trackway, pits, an enclosure ditch and a timber building (possibly a barn). Also two ditches and pit dating to the late Iron Age. Uncertain if occupation."
4038,1,230,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,mixed,Yes,No,Yes,"Pipeline excavation on a plateau to the north-east of the valley of the River Wensum revealed an Iron Age and Roman settlement. Late Iron Age features were very limited, comprising postholes and a possible midden, along with a penannular feature thought to have a foundation trench or eaves drip gully of a roundhouse (though this is not well dated and quite possibly early Iron Age). In the Roman period, a cruciform corn drying oven was set within a system of ditches, which may have formed a series of enclosures. A trackway and group of pits were also associated with this drying oven. The presence of a relatively substantial  pottery assemblage including wasters, suggests the kiln/oven may also have been used in drying pots. Archaeomagnetic dating indicated last firing of the kiln occurred in c AD 170-230. Early Saxon features found."
4039,1,100,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"Pipeline excavation on the upper reaches and crest of a very gentle, south-west facing slope revealed an occupation site, just below the crest of the hill, dated to LIA/early Roman period. Features comprised a ditch, a scatter of pits (one used for cooking) and a possible well. Most LIA-early Roman pottery lay residual in later features."
4040,1,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"Small six trench evaluation revealed a dense concentration of pits and ditches, representing part of a late Iron Age and Romano-British settlement. Exact nature of site uncertain, but metal detecting revealed coins of 2nd to 4th C, whereas pottery from the evaluations was mainly LIA to early Roman. The site lies on a major Roman road and may well be part of a roadside settlement but data is too meagre to be certain"
4041,50,350,150,,medium (4 - 8 ha),complex,Yes,,,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,No,river valley,mixed,Yes,No,No,"Small 3-trench evaluation, geophysical survey and a subsequent series of small excavation trenches over 10.5ha, on the northern edge of the broad shallow Ingol Valley (less than 1km east of Park Farm villa), revealed part of a Romano-British settlement dating from the mid 1st C to the early/mid 4th C. Features comprised ditched field boundaries and enclosures, a substantial metalled road (up to 4m wide) and adjacent chalk path (both established mid 2nd C AD), clay and flint-lined wells, metalworking hearth (possibly for roasting iron ore prior to smelting) and two early to mid Roman pottery kilns. Four other kilns noted during later Watching Brief. Also possible structures and extensive Roman quarry pits used to extract ironstone within the natural sand. Extent of settlement uncertain,  but potentially quite extensive and interpreted here as a roadside settlement. Road maintenance ceased early 4th C, though continued activity at a reduced scale suggested by inhumation burial and possible 4th C timber structure. Site lies just west of location of Snettisham metalwork hoard."
4042,250,400,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Excavation on the northern slopes of the Nar Valley immediately adjacent to a zone of marine silts, revealed a saltern mound of briquetage and pottery, 0.18ha in size and 0.6m high, indicating large scale production. The mound was encircled by an intermittent ditch, which was fed with seawater by two feeder channels. In the centre of the mound was a clay-lined hearth and settling tank, with further hearths and tanks relating to later phases of use. All pottery suggests use in the later 3rd and 4th C AD, before site overwhelmed by estuarine waters."
4043,1,200,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,mixed,Yes,No,No,"Excavation on Boulder clay plateau revealed a system of N-S and E-W orientated enclosure ditches, trackways, pits, postholes and a possible corndrier - the periphery of a late Iron Age- Romano-British farmstead. The ditches defined an enclosure to the west of the main trackway, which was flanked by another trackway to the south. The enclosure was sub-divided into at least two areas but uncertain how extensive it was to the west."
4044,175,350,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),complex,Yes,,3,Yes,No,Yes,No,Yes,Yes,river valley,pastoral,Yes,Yes,No,"Excavation in seven stages from 2003 to 2009 on a gentle upward slope in the Nar valley revealed a Romano-British farmstead along with associated trackways, sub-enclosures and fieldsystems. Earliest activity dated from later 2nd C, comprising the main trackway/droveway, large rectangular enclosure (with many sub-divisions), stone-lined well and an aisled timber building (17.3x11.5m). Thought to be specialised pastoral site, while tap slag also indicates iron smelting at this time. In early-mid 3rd C, there is evidence for pottery production, with four kilns, a drying oven, a masonry workshop with a heated room for drying, and a second related timber building (20x6.6m). Pottery production ceases in late 3rd C, though iron production intensifies into the 4th C. A possible small timber shrine is attested with a complete pot placed in a central posthole."
4045,50,100,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"Small two trench evaluation revealed pottery kiln dating to the mid-late 1st C AD, along with three truncated ditches. The kiln consisted of a vertically sided circular hole in the ground which had been lined with clay. Large amounts of pottery were recovered from the fill, particularly from just above the oven floor."
4046,300,400,,,large (9+ ha),complex,No,,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,Yes,No,Yes,"Excavations on the terrace above the valley of the river Nar to the west  revealed an arrangement of Romano-British fieldsystems/enclosures, along with five pits and a posthole. Two large well preserved clay-lined kilns were recorded but not excavated (uncertain if pottery production?). The pottery evidence indicates a 4th century, probably late 4th, date for the Roman features. To the north-east is a large Roman settlement and a Roman road, and this site is probably an outlying part of this roadside settlement (see ID 4052). Early Saxon cremation cemetery previously found on site."
4047,50,200,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,No,,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,mixed,No,No,No,"Evaluation and small excavation revealed outlying western periphery of a Romano-British settlement, comprising a rectangular field/enclosure system, possible quarry pit (for clay), a posthole and a corn-drying oven. Dating is sparse but indicates mainly early-mid Roman activity."
4048,100,300,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"Small single trench evaluation and test pits revealed ditches and pits of Roman date. Probably peripheral part of a high status (villa?) settlement immediately adjacent where previous investigations found pilae stacks (from hypocaust), other CBM, mortar, pottery, oyster shell and coins. Dating very limited but suggests 2nd-3rd C."
4049,150,250,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Small excavation on boulder clay, c 100m to the north of a tributary of the Waveney River, revealed the periphery of a Romano-British settlement, comprising ditches, pits and an oven. The range of pottery types, as well as brick and tile (including flue tile), and a few pieces of glass suggest that a fairly high-status activity dating to the late 2nd and early-mid 3rd centuries AD."
4050,75,200,,,medium (4 - 8 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,Yes,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"Small two-trench evaluation within what is thought to be a dispersed Romano-British roadside settlement overlooking the steeply scarped valley of the River Waveney. Features revealed comprised a ditch, gully and two postholes, dating mid-late 2nd C AD. Further pottery recovered from fieldwalking and another small excavation suggests 1st-2nd C occupation (including possible flint wall foundations)."
4051,100,400,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"Fieldwalking and a small two trench evaluation on the northern side of a slight east-to-west orientated ridge revealed elements of a Romano-British settlement dating 2nd to 4th C AD. Features comprised ditches, gullies, pits and postholes and appeared to be at a high density."
4052,60,425,,,medium (4 - 8 ha),complex,Yes,,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,river valley,mixed,Yes,Yes,Yes,"Major excavations on the lower slopes of the Wensum valley along a major east-west Roman road (and river crossing) revealed the southern periphery of a major Romano-British roadside settlement. Features include a major trackway and rectangular enclosures/fieldsystems, along with part of a substantial late Roman inhumation cemetery. Also early Roman 'votive' pit near to the river. No obvious structural remains. Evidence for pottery production in vicinity. The general artefact assemblage suggests Limited activity in the early Roman period probably peaking in the 3rd century and decreasing in the late 4th century, but continuing into early 5th. Evidence for early Saxon settlement, but unsure if continuity from late Roman."
4053,50,400,,,medium (4 - 8 ha),complex,Yes,,,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Small excavations in the 1930s and geophysical survey in 2000 revealed an extensive Romano-British settlement on a gentle slope adjacent to the River Thet. Supposedly on the line of a major Roman road (though this was not picked up in the excavations), the site comprised a series of grid -like enclosures, along with large pits and possible small-scale industrial activity. Dating uncertain, but thought to have had possible Iron Age origins."
4054,1,75,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Two areas of evaluation covering 17.9ha revealed evidence for a settlement and associated field ditches. An enclosed LIA-early Roman settlement lay on a low hill overlooking the confluence of two small streams that form the headwaters of the River Thet to the east. It comprised three successive enclosures and a droveway that led over the hill from east to west. The enclosures were associated with a number of other ditches and gullies, which probably formed partitions, and several pits including two large quarry pits. Lying 0.6km to the west there was a possible droveway and several small ditches and gullies, probably associated with the agricultural use of the land, dating to the 1st century AD."
4055,100,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,Yes,No,No,No,Yes,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,Yes,"Watching Brief on a pipeline revealed an area of dense Romano-British activity (pits and ditches) on the boulder clay plateau, in the vicinity of a possible villa. The potential villa building was attested by finds concentrations as well as flint wall foundations, tessellated floors and refuse pits. Dating is generally 2nd to 4th C with a concentration in the later Roman period. Early Saxon activity also revealed. A aisled building recently discovered in the area (NHER 11008)."
4056,100,300,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Twenty two trenches, as part of a larger road scheme evaluation scheme, revealed the likely core of a Romano-British farmstead with mainly period of occupation dating 2nd-3rd C AD. Features comprised pits, ditches, gullies, beam slots and postholes. Outer field ditches noted in other evaluation trenches."
4057,150,400,200,,medium (4 - 8 ha),complex,No,,1,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,coastal,mixed,No,No,No,"Excavations on the east Norfolk coastline, c 200m SE of the Roman shore fort (built early 3rd C AD) revealed peripheral parts of a Romano-British settlement. Established prior to the fort in mid to late 2nd C (as a farmstead/settlement), the main phase of activity spanned the 3rd to late 4th centuries, making it part of the vicus contemporary with the known lifespan of the fort. Features included a series of rectilinear enclosures, a probable building (11x7.5m), possibly used as a barn, and a number of ovens or kilns. Low quantity of artefacts suggests no domestic occupation within excavation area."
4058,100,300,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Small evaluation over 0.6ha, equidistant between the River Nar and the River Wissey, revealed peripheral parts of a potential Roman roadside settlement (on main Roman road to the Fens), comprising postholes and pits. Extent of settlement uncertain. A relatively high density of finds for the small area excavated. Most finds dated to mid Roman period."
4059,270,400,,,medium (4 - 8 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,coastal,mixed,No,No,No,"Evaluation over 1.38ha, c 300m SE of the shore fort at Burgh Castle revealed large numbers of ditches, gullies, pits and postholes relating to periphery of a settlement, contemporary with the occupation of the Roman fort (late 3rd/4th C AD)."
4060,100,150,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Small salvage excavation on the northern slopes of the Nar Valley overlooking the river and near the fen edge revealed an 2nd C AD pottery kiln, apparently isolated."
4061,100,200,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Small excavations on a Boulder Clay valley slope revealed a Romano-British ironworking (smelting) site. Features comprised a trackway, ditches, hearths, shaft furnaces, pits and spreads of iron slag. Iron ore found within Lower Greensand of the local area. Dated to the 2nd C AD."
4062,100,150,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,coastal,uncertain,No,No,No,"Excavation, c 1km inland from the north Norfolk coast revealed a Roman updraught pottery kiln dated to the early 2nd C AD. No other features were revealed."
4063,160,225,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Keyhole excavation in the Waveney Valley, 425m north of the river, revealed a well preserved mortaria kiln. Dated to the later 2nd C AD. Subsequent excavation 10m to the south revealed a further mortaria kiln, perhaps operating slightly later.  Large numbers of mortaria incorporated into the structure of both kilns."
4064,75,400,300,,large (9+ ha),complex,Yes,,1,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,Yes,river valley,mixed,Yes,Yes,No,"Small excavation on the edge of the Little Ouse Valley near the fen edge revealed the outlying parts of a Romano-British settlement, perhaps part of the extensive but dispersed 'roadside settlement' observed along the valley (see ID 4018 and 4071). Earliest activity dates to the late 1st/2nd-3rd C AD, comprising pits, ditches, a trackway, hearths/ovens (probably used in grain processing/malting) and a timber-lined well. Interpreted as part of a agricultural yard. Construction of a rectangular flint building (22.7x10.9m) in the 4th C suggests settlement was expanding - this is interpreted as an agricultural barn. Hoards of bronze and pewter vessels found to west and south."
4065,100,170,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Excavation on a spur of relatively high ground overlooking the river Yare 1km to the south revealed three pottery kilns dating to the 2nd C. Some large pits close to two of kilns may be related to them, and a series of ditches may have formed contemporary land boundaries."
4066,275,400,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,Yes,Small excavation on the east bank of the Little Ouse River revealed at least three late Roman pottery kilns as well as pits and postholes. Evidence for extensive early Saxon settlement.
4067,50,350,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Two series of excavations on the north side of the Yare Valley revealed a small cemetery to the south of a Roman road, probably related to a settlement north of the road as indicated by surface scatters of pottery and tile. The cemetery comprised early Roman cremation burials and a smaller number of late Roman inhumation burials."
4068,60,70,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,Small excavation c 500m north of the confluence of the River Wensum and Yare revealed two richly furnished cremation burials dating to the AD 60s.
4069,75,125,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Excavation in the Wensum Valley, 500m east of the river revealed a cremation burial dated to the late 1st-early 2nd C AD. Other Roman finds in vicinity but no certain evidence of settlement. Slight evidence of a Romano-British fieldsystem found nearby."
4070,100,250,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,fen,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Small linear excavation in the Fens revealed part of the Fen Causeway road along with field enclosure ditches and adjacent canal. Although no firm date for the construction of the road could be established (possibly later 1st AD?), 2nd-3rd C pottery was recovered from the canal and road repairs. The first road came before the canal. Likely that canal and field ditches had fallen out of use from early-mid 3rd C."
4071,150,250,,,large (9+ ha),complex,Yes,,,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,No,river valley,mixed,Yes,Yes,No,"Excavations within an area of cropmarks in the Little Ouse Valley near the fen edge revealed parts of an extensive but probably dispersed Roman settlement spread along a road over c 7km (and including shrine at Leylands Farm ID 4018). Features comprised metalled and unmetalled trackways, rectangular enclosures, pits and timber structures. There is some evidence of Late Iron Age activity, but the main period of settlement seems to start from the mid 2nd C AD, with abandonment by the early-mid 3rd C due to flooding."
4072,200,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,Yes,No,An excavation c 1km west of the town of Caistor revealed a circular enclosure ditch encompassing seven Roman inhumation graves and a sheep skeleton. No report.
4073,150,350,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,fen,uncertain,No,Yes,No,"Small excavation at the southern end of a fenland island revealed outlying part of a Romano-British settlement. Features comprise ditches and pits, and one large pit contained a well preserved articulated dog burial along with a toilet set and pottery. Most finds indicate mid-to-late Roman period activity."
4074,100,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,Yes,"Large scale excavations on a NE facing slope revealed  a very heavily truncated possible pottery kiln of Roman date (part of its fired clay base and possibly part of the flue survived), along with two pits. An early Saxon sunken-featured building also excavated."
4075,150,300,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,2,No,No,No,No,No,Yes,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"Excavation 5.5km south of the North Norfolk coastline revealed part of a Roman settlement comprising ditches, pits, a kiln/oven, a fenceline and two possible buildings, one composed of sill beams and postholes (c.25m long), and one smaller, but with chalk floors, chalk and flint walls, a possible flue and evidence of burning and perhaps industrial activity."
4076,75,300,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"Evaluation and excavation on a gentle west-facing slope 4.6km from the north Norfolk coast revealed part of a 1st-3rd C industrial iron smelting works that probably extended at least 120m to the SE and 400m to the SW. Slag recovered from ditches and pits, though no furnaces recovered. Possibly an associated settlement nearby. Probable this location was chosen for iron smelting due to the proximity to bog iron pan in the marsh deposits."
4077,75,425,275,,small (<1 - 3 ha),complex,Yes,,,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,mixed,No,Yes,No,"Excavation on a Boulder Clay plateau revealed part of a Romano-British farmstead. The earliest phase (1st-early 3rd C AD) is represented by am enclosed farmyard with pond and possible stock enclosures, a major enclosure ditch and a cache of Samian pottery; the second phase (later 3rd-5th C) contains a large, well-preserved enclosed corndrier, and a well within a system of rectangular enclosures. Very late Roman and early Saxon finds suggest continuity of occupation."
4078,1,50,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,coastal,uncertain,No,Yes,No,"Small 4-trench evaluation on the north-east facing side of a gently sloping hill by the coast revealed a late Iron Age pit containing fifteen sherds of pottery (from single vessel), a semi-complete rotary quern, fragments of salt-making briquetage and worked flint. Possibly a structured deposits and undoubtedly part of a wider settlement."
4079,100,200,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,coastal,uncertain,No,No,No,"Small excavation 300m east of the Roman Shore Fort and north of a settlement/vicus revealed a pit and curvilinear ditch containing large amounts of unworn grey mortaria pottery, suggesting the presence of kiln nearby. Dated 2nd C AD, prior to established of the fort."
4080,100,400,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Extensive 66 trench evaluation over 18ha on a high point in the eastern side of the Little Ouse valley revealed ditches, pits, postholes and a corn-drying kiln representing the fringes of a farmstead and associated fieldsystem. All ditches orientated N-S or E-W suggesting regular rectilinear fieldsystem. Dating suggests 2nd to late 4th/early 5th C AD. Uncertain if actual occupation within the areas excavated. Situated near to the religious site at Fison Way, though not contemporaneous."
4081,50,400,100,,large (9+ ha),complex,Yes,2,12,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,No,river valley,mixed,Yes,Yes,No,"Large scale excavations in the Waveney Valley, adjacent to the river revealed major parts of the western area of Roman nucleated roadside settlement. Earliest  settlement dates c mid-late 1st C AD, comprising rectilinear enclosures and at least two roundhouses, along with drainage ditches/flood defences. Fundamental reorganisation c AD 100 around an E-W road, with a succession of ditched property boundaries interpreted as for domestic, commercial and industrial activities.  Settlement really developed in 2nd-3rd C AD, with max extent in later 2nd/3rd C. Buildings comprised clay floored timber beam slot structures and lanes ran between buildings and the main road. Evidence for iron, lead, silver and copper alloy production/working, much of it in a 2nd-4th C industrial 'complex'. Also a number of burials, structured deposits, gravel quarry, corndrier and a series of wells. Occupation continued into 4th C but in decline, with increased evidence for flooding."
4082,1,450,50,,large (9+ ha),unclassified,Yes,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,Yes,"A poorly understood Romano-British roadside settlement lying on both sides of a river. Thought to have been a Claudian military fort overlying later Iron Age occupation on high ground overlooking the river; there is also cropmark evidence for a fort thought to date to the AD 60s. Thereafter settlement developed north of the river and continued until the 5th C AD, with some evidence of continuity into the Anglo-Saxon period."
4083,1,400,70,100,large (9+ ha),unclassified,Yes,,1,Yes,No,No,No,No,Yes,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"The site of a substantial masonry Romano-Celtic temple south of the River Yare, partially excavated in 1959 and subsequently investigated by fieldwalking and metal detecting surveys. Thought to have had a large associated settlement on the main Roman road network, 15km west of Caistor, and generally interpreted as a small town. Dating uncertain but finds indicate 2nd-4th C for the temple, though earlier late Iron Age origins for the town. Roman coins suggest the town was properly 'established' in AD 70s. No publication or specialist reports."
4084,100,400,,,large (9+ ha),complex,Yes,,1,Yes,No,No,No,No,Yes,river valley,uncertain,Yes,No,Yes,"Very limited excavation and various surveys (including metal detecting and fieldwalking) have revealed an extensive nucleated roadside settlement immediately south of where the a Roman road crosses the River Stiffkey potentially spread over 50ha. Included the remains of a bathhouse, a possible shrine and a late Roman enclosure (at the northern end of the settlement). Objects predominantly date to the 2nd to 4th century. Early Saxon cemetery located near site. No report."
4085,-100,225,-50,175,uncertain,unenclosed,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Excavations in a dry tributary valley of the River Yare revealed an open middle to late Iron Age farmstead comprising two roundhouses, pits and possible elements of a co-axial fieldsystem, all focused upon an earlier Bronze Age burial mound. Settlement likely to have gone out of use mid-late 1st C BC, and the only later activity comprised a substantial assemblage of Roman pottery (late 2nd-early 3rd C) from a colluvial deposit, along with a few possible postholes and pits. The pottery included waste products indicating manufacture in the vicinity."
4086,-50,100,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"Small excavation on boulder clay peninsula bordered to the west and north by the River Wissey, 250m north of a Roman road and 800m east of a shrine at Ashill, revealed a late Iron Age-early Roman industrial site, specialising in non-ferrous metalworking, as well as some iron smithing. Features comprised ditches, gullies and pits, and limited occupation attested. Previously a number of bronze terret rings and other material found on site by metal detecting."
4087,50,150,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"Small test pits were excavated on a boulder clay plateau to reveal the context of a group of metal detected finds of brooches and brooch moulds. No features were revealed, the site must have been used for brooch manufacture, possibly for a very short time period, as a place used by itinerant craftsmen. A probable Roman settlement and road lie within 1 km."
4088,100,450,250,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,3,Yes,No,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"A programme of fieldwalking, metal detecting, geophysical survey and limited trenching, c 1.5km south of (and overlooking) the Roman town at Caistor St Edmund (exact grid reference not given), revealed a complex of masonry buildings, comprising a corridor villa (23m long, 6+rooms), two substantial aisled buildings (not investigated) and a highly unusual winged building (150m S of villa). The two splayed wings were 13.5m long, converging on a rectangular room, 18.5m long, with other rooms behind (the final one apsed). Foundations fairly insubstantial compared to villa, and interpretation uncertain - temple or summer triclinium? Date of building uncertain (2nd-3rd C?), but cut by substantial (33m long) aisled building, used for high status occupation and possibly limited metalworking. The villa dated later 3rd to 4th/5th C AD and in latest phase was used for blacksmithing."
4089,-50,380,80,250,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,hill,mixed,No,Yes,Yes,"A series of excavations between 1996 and 2007 in and around the valley of the River Heacham revealed elements of a complex multi-phased landscape. Features dating to the late Iron Age comprised an enclosed farmstead on the chalk downland to the south of the valley, and a possible shrine a little further to the south on the northern edge of a hilltop plateau. The farmstead is defined by a concentric curvilinear enclosure, only partially revealed, with a 1.5m entrance within the inner enclosure. Not internal features noted. The potential shrine was previously the site where a gold torc was found. Excavation revealed a palisade trench and a large pit with evidence for burning. A large assemblage of LIA pottery was associated, including probable 'ritually deposited vessels' and worked flint. Iron Age and Roman metalwork (including coins) found during fieldwalking in immediate vicinity. Another probable late Iron Age shrine lay to the north by the river (see ID 4090). It is suggested that there was a period of abandonment between the end of the Iron Age farm (?mid 1st C AD) and establishment of a new farm in the later 1st C AD, c 120m to the SE. The new farmstead probably comprised a systems of rectangular enclosures (though excavation was insufficiently extensive to be sure of this), dated by pottery from the late 1st at least the mid 3rd C AD. The landscape appears to have been re-organised in the later 3rd C AD with a new alignment of large co-axial ditches. Parts of a cobbled yard surface were also revealed. It is suggested that this may have been associated with the establishment of a late Roman villa estate nearby (one of a N-S line of villas in west Norfolk). The ditches were further modified in the 4th C AD, and a corn-drying oven of uncertain form would seem to belong to this phase. This was subsequently re-built (into a complex form) and next to it was a large 4-post structure (granary). The agricultural/processing activity appears to have ceased by the mid 4th C AD, though in its last firing it was used to cremate a human skeleton (radiocarbon dated cal AD 225-383). The volume of early Saxon finds and probable burials indicates early Saxon settlement."
4090,-50,60,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,Yes,No,"Excavations in 2003 as part of a wider programme of archaeological investigation in and around the Heacham Valley revealed a probable late Iron Age shrine next to the river. The site was discovered by metal-detecting, which revealed part of a late Iron Age Gallo-Belgic coin hoard placed inside the broken knee end of a cow's upper right front leg bone. Other coins subsequently found in immediate vicinity. They had been placed in a small pit, with a complete cow's pelvis placed on top, above a layer of fill; other features comprised gullies and further pits. Wider exploration of the site revealed further gullies and pits of late Iron Age date; One of the gullies may have formed a circular enclosure around the hoard pit. A further seven structured deposits were found in these nearby features: 1) partially complete vessel and further fragments from a gully; 2-4) partially complete Gallo-Belgic vessels from pits; 5) complete horse burial in a pit associated with LIA pottery; 6) complete horse skull; 7)a horse limb buried upright. All of these features lay within a larger site enclosed by ditches and banks."
4091,50,200,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"A pipeline excavation revealed an area of Roman occupation and agricultural activity on a slight spur projecting from the south facing slope of a dry valley leading down to the River Nar. Two distinct zones were noted, with pits, postholes and linear features to the south, possibly relating to domestic activities taking place within a large enclosure defined by a rectilinear ditch. Further to the west were ditches suggested as flanking a contemporary droveway, perhaps allowing controlled access to meadows in the floodplain of the River Nar. Very limited evidence for activity beyond the end of the 2nd C AD."
4092,-50,90,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"A pipeline excavation revealed part of a late Iron Age/early Roman iron smelting site. A bowl-shaped scoop could well have been part of a basic furnace, and a row of postholes and a beam slot, 10m to the west, probably relate to an associated structure. As well as evidence for iron smelting, hammerscale indicates iron smithing on site. It is dated purely by a radiocarbon date from charcoal (50 cal BC to 90 cal AD)."
5001,75,425,,,large (9+ ha),complex,Yes,,7,Yes,No,Yes,No,No,Yes,river valley,uncertain,Yes,Yes,No,"Pipeline excavation on the eastern side of the river Stour and on the route of two main Roman roads revealed part of an extensive nucleated Roman roadside settlement (at junction of two main Roman roads) established in the mid to late 1st C AD, continuing until the early 5th C AD. Most activity from 2nd C onwards with increase into the 3rd/4th C. Town divided into areas of different use including industrial working. Features uncovered included roads, pits, cobbled courtyards, ovens, 4th C town boundary ditch and at least 7 posthole and/or beam slot structures. Placed deposits in many pits."
5002,1,75,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"Excavations on a level spur overlooking the Gipping Valley revealed LIA settlement which continued into the early Roman period before being abandoned and replaced by fieldsystems (possibly associated with development of roadside settlement nearby at Coddenham). The features comprised scattered pits and postholes, with two curvilinear ditches possibly forming smaller enclosures within a larger enclosure. No evidence of structures."
5003,75,150,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,Keyhole excavation revealed late 1st to mid 2nd C pottery kiln. Other finds from the locality suggest a wider settlement but no excavated evidence.
5004,75,150,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,coastal,uncertain,No,No,No,"Evaluation and monitoring of topsoil stripping 2km north of the river Orwell estuary revealed undated ditches, probably part of Roman (or earlier) fieldsystems, and three Roman cremation burials, deposited between 9.5m and 28m apart. The burials are presumably associated with a nearby but as yet undiscovered Roman settlement."
5005,1,300,100,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,fen,mixed,Yes,No,No,"Excavations and Watching Briefs near the eastern edge of the fens revealed a Late Iron Age-early Roman trackway and an associated network of enclosure ditches and pits, along with a possible building. Overall quantity of finds suggests low level of domestic occupation, especially during the 2nd-3rd C AD. Possibly associated with the nearby settlement, c 1km to the north (see 5027). Further archaeological monitoring of topsoil stripping 275m to the NE revealed four ditches and one pit of mid-late Roman date. This helps to demonstrate the presence of a continuous band of Iron Age/Roman settlement and track and fieldsystems, extending for c 1km along the fen edge."
5006,1,425,,,medium (4 - 8 ha),complex,Yes,,,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,No,river valley,mixed,Yes,No,Yes,"Excavation  on a gentle slope, c 260m east of the river Gipping, revealed part of a Romano-British settlement of unknown extent, though potentially quite significant. Features comprised a complex series of ditches, gullies/beam slots, pits, a sunken track, leading to a timber-lined well, a crescent-shaped oven, a pottery kiln (mid 2nd-mid 3rd C AD) and a rectilinear enclosure delimited by large postholes. No certain buildings, but likely to be masonry and timber buildings on site. In one area of the site, the ditches included large quantities of metalworking slag. Earliest activity at the end of the LIA and continuous into the early 5th C. Early Saxon settlement on site with SFBs. Interpreted here as a village type settlement."
5007,25,400,150,250,small (<1 - 3 ha),complex,Yes,,2,No,Yes,No,No,Yes,No,fen,mixed,No,No,No,"Excavation (1.7ha) by the fen edge revealed part of an extensive Romano-British farmstead covering  c 3ha. Earliest occupation in the Iron Age, but main floruit of activity starts early/mid 1st C AD (unsure if pre- or post-conquest) as series of enclosures and field boundaries. In mid 2nd century a large aisled timber building (24x10m) built, which is suggested as a malthouse. This burnt down, was re-built (30x10m) then burnt down again in the mid 3rd C. Possible corndrier/malting oven within building. Occupation in the area of excavation appears to have significantly declined by later 3rd C, but four evaluations immediately to the south revealed outlying Roman ditched fieldsystems together with occasional pits and surfaces with a stronger late Roman emphasis."
5008,50,350,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,mixed,No,No,Yes,"Small excavation on a slight rise, overlooking the Waveney valley to the north, revealed part of a Romano-British settlement. Features comprised a series of ditches, a possible palisade or fenceline and a substantial rubbish pit. An Early Saxon burial is then the last real indication of activity on the site."
5009,1,400,,,large (9+ ha),complex,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,mixed,No,Yes,No,"Small evaluation over 0.84ha within the western margins of a substantial late Iron Age and Roman roadside settlement in the Stour Valley (which includes large masonry buildings) revealed substantial refuse pits interspersed with occasional gullies and ditches. Also a single 2nd century coffined inhumation burial. Finds indicate an origin for the settlement in the first half of the 1st CAD, with the main focus of activity appearing to occur during the 2nd and 3rd C, and in decline by the late 3rd and 4th centuries, though continuing in some form until end of 4th C."
5010,250,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,mixed,No,No,No,Small evaluation and SMS excavation over 0.5ha in a river valley revealed part of a late Romano-British settlement. Features comprised several ditches and a small number of pits and postholes. A layer of Roman tile with chalk was partially exposed. Quantity and type of building material suggests high status structures in vicinity. High density of pottery and coins.
5011,100,300,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Small evaluation over 0.177ha on gently sloping land south of the River Blythe,  2.25km east of the estuary, revealed part of a Romano-British settlement. Features included at least three ditches (one with a palisade slot) and a number of scattered pit and postholes."
5012,1,400,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,mixed,No,No,No,"Small three trench evaluation on a south facing  boulder clay slope of an east-west valley, revealed part of a small LIA-Romano-British settlement. Features comprised ditches, pits, postholes and a possible beam-slot indicating structures."
5013,1,300,100,,medium (4 - 8 ha),unclassified,Yes,1,,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,No,fen,uncertain,Yes,Yes,No,"Excavations and evaluations near the fen edge revealed evidence of  Iron Age and Roman settlement, potentially spread over 4-6ha. Excavated features comprise pits and ditches, forming possible rectilinear field/enclosure systems, trackways and potentially one or more roundhouses. The most substantial level of activity appears to have occurred in the 2nd ? 3rd century AD, when a new sequence of land division and settlement occurred, on a new orientation. This phase includes an unusual rectangular posthole building (6.5x10m) with partial horse pit burial within. Also mixed rite cemetery and other burials."
5014,70,350,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"A 12 trench evaluation over 7.4ha on the eastern side of the River Brett valley  revealed the fringes of an enclosed Romano-British settlement, most of which lay to the west adjacent to the river as shown by a large rectangular enclosure in aerial photos. The function of the enclosure is not certain although suggested as an agricultural complex, perhaps associated with a Roman water mill. Subsequent excavation did not impinge on Roman site. Previous excavation on site (HAD015) revealed a corn-drying oven."
5015,100,350,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,fen,mixed,No,No,No,"Excavations and evaluation on the Fen margin revealed part of a Romano-British settlement. Features comprised a series of ditches, pits (including quarry pits), surface layers and postholes, all dating to between the 2nd to late 3rd or 4th century. Just to the south a further small excavation (MNL 193) revealed Roman chalk quarry pits, infilled with refuse in the 3rd/4th C. Possible villa 500m to the north (MNL 064)."
5016,1,350,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,No,,3,No,No,No,No,Yes,No,river valley,mixed,No,No,Yes,"Extensive excavations on a gravel ridge on the south side of the Waveney Valley revealed part of a LIA-Romano-British settlement comprising a rectilinear fieldsystem with two aisled buildings. Two other more enigmatic structures were also revealed, the first a palisaded posthole circle (27m dia.; 88 discrete slots and postholes, dated LIA-ER) and the second, a rectangular post-holed structure (12x14m) of indeterminate function (140m SSW of the circle) and probable LIA-ER date. The functions of the circle and the rectangular building remain uncertain, though they were clearly apart from the main domestic focus, and a very tentative religious interpretation has been at least suggested as a possibility. Two pottery kilns of 2nd-3rd C date were also recorded in excavations areas to the south of the circle. Overall, the small finds were suggestive of a relatively high status site with possible military connections. The chronological data suggests most intense activity from LIA to 2nd C AD. Early Saxon settlement and cemetery."
5017,1,150,50,70,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,,3,No,No,No,No,No,No,coastal,mixed,No,No,No,"Excavation on a spur of land overlooking the Orwell estuary revealed part of a Late Iron Age and Roman-British settlement, comprising ditches and two twin-flued pottery kilns, in use between AD 50 and 70. After the kilns went out of use a substantial ditched enclosure was dug, containing 2nd C pottery, with a gated entrance to the east. Three possible posthole structures, a clay-lined pit and charcoal filled pits lay within the enclosure."
5018,100,300,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,No,1,2,No,No,No,No,No,No,coastal,uncertain,Yes,No,Yes,"Large scale excavation on the northern extent of the Sandlings of Suffolk (band of sand forming coastal zone) revealed a substantial east-west trackway with an associated enclosed settlement and fieldsystems, established in the early 2nd C AD. Within the enclosure system was a subsidiary trackway along with pits, three  timber structures (two rectangular buildings (18x12m & 9x6m) and  a circular structure (14m dia)) and middens.  Two cremation burials. Out of use in mid to late 3rd C, then large early Saxon settlement and cemetery. Most Roman material found in Saxon features."
5019,1,370,75,,large (9+ ha),complex,Yes,2,7,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,No,river valley,mixed,Yes,No,No,"Excavations on the north side of the River Deben revealed part of a large LIA to Romano-British settlement thought to cover 30ha. Originating in the early 1st C AD as a series of roundhouses enclosed by ditches and a palisade, it was transformed in the later 1st C AD by a metalled road and insubstantial rectangular timber buildings erected alongside it along with a few wells and ovens. This layout continued throughout the Roman period, with a droveway and fieldsystem to the south. Also 1st-3rd C pottery kilns and an area of iron smithing. Marked drop in activity in the 4th C and abandoned by 370."
5020,100,250,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,Yes,"Excavation on a spur overlooking the Deben Valley and c 150m NW of a large Romano-British roadside settlement revealed part of a Roman cremation cemetery, undoubtedly relating to the settlement. Early Saxon SFBs on site."
5021,1,50,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,No,No,No,"Excavation  of a double ditched rectangular enclosure (covering 1ha) on top of a spur on the northern edge of the Breckland Plateau, previously revealed by aerial photographs. The two large enclosure ditches were each c 7.2m wide and 2.8m deep and dated (by radiocarbon and pottery) to the Late Iron Age. Limited excavation of the interior revealed clay-lined pit and surfaces. A human leg was found in a pit in the corner of the enclosure. Uncertain interpretation - high status defended farmstead or religious site?"
5022,-100,150,60,80,large (9+ ha),complex,Yes,3,2,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,mixed,No,No,Yes,"Excavation on the north bank of the River Lark, on a sandy knoll above the floodplain and near to Icknield Way Roman Road, revealed a settlement originating in the middle to late Iron Age and continuing into the Roman period. Iron Age features became more dense in 1st C AD and comprised enclosures, many pits and three roundhouses. Possible period of abandonment in c AD 60 before renewed activity in c AD 80, perhaps associated with a newly founded roadside settlement (see ID 5024 for western periphery), with five pottery kilns, at least 84 pits and two possible rectangular timber buildings. Other kilns found on the site previously. Substantial Saxon settlement."
5023,-50,400,25,60,medium (4 - 8 ha),enclosed,Yes,,2,Yes,No,Yes,Yes,No,Yes,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Series of excavations on the edge of a terrace overlooking the floodplain of the River Lark, 150m to the west, revealed parts of a substantial double ditched defensive enclosure (7ha) known from aerial photos. Thought to have been constructed in the 1st C BC, it was demolished early 1st C AD and new enclosure built in the NW corner (1ha), associated with much pottery and containing pits, postholes and gullies. New earthwork at least partially levelled c AD 60, and in 2nd C, evidence for Roman settlement covering c 2ha and comprising rectangular tiled roof timber and masonry founded buildings. Features such as an in situ hypocaust, tessellated floors, window glass and wall plaster indicate presence of a villa building, though there are few specific details. Activity continued to end of 4th C."
5024,100,400,350,,large (9+ ha),complex,No,,2,Yes,No,No,No,No,Yes,river valley,uncertain,No,Yes,No,"Excavation on the fringes of a substantial Roman (roadside?) settlement on gently sloping land immediately north of the floodplain of the River Lark, revealed a late Roman cemetery. Prior to the cemetery was a 2nd-4th C occupation layer and pits, one of which contained 6 skulls, decorated roof tiles and a limestone pillar, sealed by a chalk layer. A more substantial chalk layer then covered much of the site, followed by the inhumation cemetery (AD 350+) and three masonry buildings, at least one of which (7.4x4.6m) was contemporary with the burials, possibly a mausoleum. Part of another rectangular building to the west and a small apsidal building to the east (1.7x1.6m), probably part of a larger building. A lead tank previously found near this building."
5025,1,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,coastal,uncertain,No,No,No,"Small excavations within an extensive cropmark site covering 25ha near the coast revealed ditched enclosures, pits and postholes. Size and nature of settlement uncertain, but pottery ranges from 1st to 4th C AD, with evidence for LIA origins."
5026,50,300,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),complex,Yes,,,Yes,Yes,No,No,Yes,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"A 44 trench evaluation and subsequent excavation on the eastern gravel terrace of the river Gipping revealed an early-mid Romano-British settlement. Farmstead lay within a substantial (0.7ha) rectilinear enclosure system, with internal ditched divisions and an aisled building. Other features included a 3rd C pottery kiln and clay extraction/quarry pits, cutting into the eastern boundary of the enclosure."
5027,1,400,,,large (9+ ha),complex,Yes,2,2,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,No,fen,mixed,Yes,Yes,Yes,"A number of excavations and evaluations on the edge of the Brecklands on a piece of land which projects into the fens revealed parts of a 1st to 4th C Romano-British settlement spread over c 20ha, with possible late Iron Age origins. Excavated features comprised a network of plot boundary ditches, trackways, pits, postholes, wells and two possible roundhouses (late 1st-2nd C date). Rectangular buildings indicated by posthole group and a rammed chalk floor (4x7m) with internal hearths.  Plough lines in the northern extremity of the settlement indicate cultivation immediately adjacent. Also three burials within an enclosure.  Ceramic dating indicated a high level of activity in the late 1st-mid 2nd C, a low level in the late 2nd and 3rd C before an increase again in the later 3rd and 4th C. The settlement is interpreted here as a village type settlement. Evidence for early Anglo-Saxon settlement activity."
5028,360,370,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,fen,uncertain,No,Yes,No,"A hoard of 34 silver objects (tableware) of 4th C AD date deposited in the later 4th C near the fen edge, within 15m of a late Roman building (not excavated). The objects were of extremely high status and have both Christian and pagan symbolism. Nature of site uncertain, but deposit interpreted here a ritual in nature. Included here due to presence of, and probable association with, the building."
5029,50,400,,,large (9+ ha),unclassified,Yes,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,Yes,coastal,uncertain,Yes,Yes,Yes,"A series of small scale excavations, evaluations (FEX088 detailed here) and finds discoveries on the coast between the estuaries of the Rivers Orwell and Debent indicates the presence of a substantial Roman port (over c 30-40ha), possibly associated with a Saxon shore fort at Walton Castle. Discoveries include a cemetery on the northern edge of town, elements of a road/street system, masonry footed buildings and a ritual shaft. Also, 700m south (and probably outside the town) at Foxgrove Gardens, was evidence for a substantial Roman building with mosaics, painted plaster, window glass and a hypocaust. Evidence for early Saxon occupation. Specific evidence from evaluation FEX088 comprised ditches, postholes and large quantities of tile, dating 2nd-4th C AD."
5030,130,240,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Excavations in the former channel of the River Waveney revealed a total of 30 upright timber posts in three rows, yielding a radiocarbon date of cal AD 130-240. All show signs of woodworking and there is evidence they came from coppiced woodland. Full extent unknown but they lead towards a possible gravel island. Interpretations vary from causeway, fish trap, revetment/jetty to waterfront structure. No other finds. Similar feature dated c 75BC found at Beccles, c 3km to east."
5031,100,400,175,275,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,3,Yes,No,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,hill,uncertain,No,No,No,"A small Time Team evaluation sought to re-establish form and chronology of a villa building first investigated in the mid 19th C immediately below the south facing crest of a hill. The earliest phase of the building appeared to have been a post-built structure with some flint footings added. This was completely reconstructed (though still as a single range) in the late 2nd C AD. A bath house, aisled building and an industrial building (possibly for corn drying) were identified south of the villa, mostly dating later 3rd-4th C. A Roman inhumation cemetery found c 400m to the east and thought to have been part of the villa estate."
5032,100,400,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Pipeline excavation revealed elements of a Romano-British settlement and fieldsystem in the Valley of the Little Ouse, c 300m south of the river, on the edge of the flood plain. Features comprise ditches and a possible midden and are dated 2nd-4th C AD."
5033,50,70,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Small keyhole excavation of a Romano-British pottery kiln on a SW facing slope of the Gipping Valley, 400m from the river and nearer a small tributary. The kiln was of normal updraught type and is dated to the mid 1st C AD. No other features revealed."
5034,50,200,,,large (9+ ha),complex,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Excavation on the southern periphery of the Roman nucleated roadside settlement in the Sour Valley revealed a section of the major metalled road along with roadside ditches, an oven, a well and an infant burial. Little activity beyond the end of the 2nd C AD."
5035,-25,50,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Excavations in the valley of the River Box (tributary of the Stour), 500m east of the river, revealed two LIA-early Roman cremation cemeteries 480m apart. No indications of contemporary settlement."
5036,275,325,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,Excavations just 200m east of the River Waveney revealed a Romano-British pottery kiln dating to the later 3rd-early 4th C AD. No other indications of settlement.
5037,200,400,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,1,No,No,Yes,No,No,Yes,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Excavation on the southern Boulder Clay slope of a small valley, 150m from the lower stream, revealed a small two-roomed detached bathhouse (c 7x5m). Earliest building was apsidal but later remodelled. Included two small adjacent plunge baths, with tile, then lead pipe drains leading off towards the stream. Includes a possible cistern for water storage. Bathhouse bounded in southern and western sides by a ditch which contained much structural and domestic debris. Assumed to be part of a villa estate, though this remains uncertain."
5038,100,300,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Various small excavations in advance of quarrying adjacent to the Black Bourn River revealed a number (5-6) of Romano-British pottery kilns of different types, including two making colour-coated wares. Most date to the 3rd C, but one small kiln making flagons dates to the early 2nd C."
5039,50,400,,,large (9+ ha),complex,Yes,,2,Yes,No,Yes,No,No,Yes,river valley,mixed,Yes,No,No,"Various small excavations and find spots up to the 1950s revealed the extent of a substantial roadside settlement adjacent to the River Stour, covering 20-30ha. Most activity on the western side of the road nearest the river. Features include masonry buildings with tessellated floors (possibly including a bathhouse; LMD017), pits, enclosures, ditches and an inhumation grave. Finds date from 1st C to 4th C, though with emphasis on 2nd C, after which occupation dwindled. Small evaluation (LMD086) in 1986, 25m west of the masonry building on Liston Lane revealed an extensive ditch which probably marked the western boundary of the settlement and helped with flood defence from the nearby river."
5040,50,400,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,2,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,fen,uncertain,No,No,No,"Small excavations near the fen edge and c 2km north of the settlement at Caudle Head (ID 5027) revealed a small Romano-British settlement comprising ditches, pits, hearths, postholes and chalk floor surfaces indicating at least two buildings. Dating suggests 1st to 4th C occupation, with an emphasis on later Roman activity."
5041,75,400,,,large (9+ ha),unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,Small Watching Brief in the Black Bourn Valley on the fringes of the nucleated Roman roadside settlement centred to the SW revealed a probable 2nd century Roman ditch and two small pits beneath a Roman occupation soil.
5042,50,350,,,large (9+ ha),complex,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,Small evaluation with the Roman nucleated roadside settlement in the Stour Valley just east of the main Roman road revealed a pit with 1st C AD pottery and three late 3rd/4th C Roman inhumation burials.
5043,1,350,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Excavation on the gently sloping west side of a small valley revealed the outer fringes of a Romano-British farmstead, the main part of which probably lies to the north. Features comprised a series of boundary ditches, representing enclosures and/or fieldsystems. No evidence for any structures located within the excavated area. Two distinct phases noted, an early phase, dated c 1st C AD, and a later phase dated to late 2nd/early 3rd C AD."
5044,75,250,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Evaluation and subsequent excavation on a gentle west-east slope overlooking the Gipping Valley and near the line of a major Roman road revealed elements of a Romano-British settlement. Features included a complex of four ovens, a series of pits and a ditch which contained an inhumation burial. Most features date 2nd/early 3rd C AD."
5045,1,400,275,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Small Time Team evaluation at the head of a small tributary to the larger valley of the River Brett revealed parts of a Late Iron Age-Romano-British settlement. Features comprised a complex series of ditches, pits, postholes, shallow gullies/slots, a metalled surface, possibly associated with a building, and a hearth or oven. Occupation from at least the early 1st C AD through into the 4th C, with evidence for re-organisation of the landscape in the late 3rd C."
5046,50,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Pipeline excavation on an east facing slope overlooking the Chad Brook, 150m from the site of a probable Roman villa, revealed postholes and ditches that formed part of a rectangular enclosure - probably part of the villa estate. Roman material dating from the 1st to 4th centuries AD was recovered (though emphasis on 1st-2nd C AD), with large amounts of tile, other building material, oyster shell and charcoal."
5047,100,200,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Small two trench evaluation towards the base of a relatively steep, south-western facing, hill, adjacent to an old watercourse, revealed elements of a Romano-British settlement. Features comprised ditches and pits, along with two well preserved wooden objects - a possible small boat (or trough) and carved paddle, recovered from waterlogged peat. Sparse finds and occupation uncertain in excavated area."
5048,-100,400,50,200,small (<1 - 3 ha),unenclosed,Yes,1,,No,No,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,No,No,No,"Substantial excavation on the northern side of a wide crest forming the watershed between valleys occupied by the River Gipping (to the SW) and a small tributary stream (to the NE). Main features revealed included a dispersed Iron Age settlement (pit and hearth features and a possible roundhouse), which does not continue into the Roman period. In the 3rd C AD a fieldsystem was established, probably associated with the small town of Combretovium (Coddenham), c 700m to the SW. An early/mid Saxon cemetery (7th C) also revealed."
5049,75,300,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"A 25 trench evaluation on a plateau above the Waveney valley revealed part of a Romano-British settlement dating late 1st to late 3rd/early 4th C AD. Features include pits, ditches and postholes."
5050,50,400,,,large (9+ ha),unclassified,Yes,,2,No,No,No,No,No,Yes,river valley,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"A pipeline Watching Brief within the Roman nucleated roadside settlement in the Blackbourn Valley (c 180m south of river) revealed elements of a metalled road, elements of two masonry buildings and a possible clay floor. No pottery recorded so a general Roman date is provided."
5051,50,300,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,1,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,No,river valley,mixed,No,No,No,"Two areas of excavation on Boulder Clay at the head of a small south facing valley which drains towards the River Orwell revealed a small farmstead occupied from the 1st to 3rd 3rd/early 4th C AD. Only limited structural remains of buildings were identified (including a posthole building, 4x8.7m), although the entrance to a substantial enclosed area (0.5ha) was recorded, along with some internal sub-division and a surrounding contemporary fieldsystem."
5052,1,200,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Excavation on a north facing slope in a small valley, 50m from a stream, revealed a small Romano-British settlement. Features comprised an oven/kiln (possibly a pottery kiln), pits, field ditches and a possible trackway. Finds suggest settlement originated in the later Iron Age, continuing into the Roman period, but with ditches backfilled by the end of the 2nd C AD."
5053,250,425,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unenclosed,Yes,,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,river valley,mixed,Yes,No,Yes,"Excavation on the edge of an area defined as 'Rolling Valley Claylands' revealed part of a late Roman farmstead. In the later 3rd C, a series of enclosures/fields were laid out, comprising of a series of parallel ditches connecting to a single perpendicular ditch. These were then amalgamated into one large enclosure. Uncertain if occupation on site at this time, but subsequent habitation suggested by cobbled surfaces, sizable groups of pits, and a scatter of hearth pits and a clay-built oven (possibly unenclosed at this time). Activity continues to early 5th C. Early Saxon occupation revealed in excavation just to the south."
5054,50,200,,,large (9+ ha),unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Watching Brief on a slight north-east slope overlooking the River Blackbourne on the north-west edge of the Roman nucleated roadside settlement revealed ditches and pits, dated 1st to 2nd/3rd C AD. The features lay on the line of the western edge of a probable early Roman fort and may represent a group of small re-cut ditches forming a boundary extending from the fort enclosure, which continued in use as part of the Roman town after the fort went out of use in the later 1st century AD."
5055,1,50,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,mixed,Yes,No,No,"Evaluation and excavation on sandy heathland revealed a late Iron Age-early Roman settlement. Features comprised a ditched enclosure system with a range of linear ditches and pits indicating a broad spread of agricultural fields, enclosures and trackways. The settlement focus appears to have ceased or shifted after the mid 1st C AD, perhaps to an area of 2nd-4th C occupation in the fields to the south."
5056,50,125,,,large (9+ ha),complex,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,mixed,Yes,No,No,Watching Brief on eastern periphery of nucleated roadside settlement in the Stour Valley revealed a group of 10 pits along with postholes indicating a structure or fenceline. Pits contained cess material and were capped with gravel and clay. All dating was mid 1st to early 2nd C AD.
5057,50,200,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,1,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"Excavation on the transition zone between the central Suffolk clay uplands and the glacial and river terrace gravels of coastal Suffolk revealed a simple post-built building (8x5m) and other structures dating to the 1st?2nd C AD situated within a contemporary fieldsystem. Structures interpreted as agricultural buildings, with little evidence for occupation. It was potentially part of the estate of the villa at nearby Windmill Hill in Capel St. Mary."
5058,1,200,,,large (9+ ha),complex,Yes,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,mixed,No,Yes,No,"An evaluation, excavation and watching brief, prior to development of a playing field, within the eastern part of the nucleated Roman roadside settlement in the Stour Valley revealed a small number of pits, aligned ditches, postholes and a structural beam slot. A cremation grave and three inhumation graves were also observed within the excavated area, along with a partial horse burial within a circular pit, partially cutting one of the inhumation graves. Pottery dating from the late Iron Age to later 2nd C was recovered, but the most intense phase of activity on the site is from the mid to later 1st century."
5059,50,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Excavation revealed Romano-British trackway and fieldsystem incorporating a group of four similarly aligned parallel (7-10m apart), square sectioned trenches which were interpreted as possible planting/bedding trenches (horticulture/vines). Part of a rectilinear enclosure is probably also contemporary with this fieldsystem. A later Roman ditch cut across the trackway and planting trenches. Most features could only be assigned a broad 'Roman' date."
5060,50,250,,,large (9+ ha),complex,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Watching Brief within the eastern part of the Roman nucleated roadside settlement in the Stour Valley revealed a series of large Roman pits of early Roman date, together with an intact 3rd century inhumation burial. By the mid 3rd century significant activity in the area appears to have ceased, the presence of the burial indicating the site was no longer an area of occupation."
5061,50,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Five trench evaluation toward the base of a boulder clay slope revealed the raised, linear gravel spread of a Roman road, along with a series of adjacent postholes, of uncertain function. Dating is general 'Roman', but a notable find was a complete crossbow brooch of 4th century date from the road surface."
5062,1,250,,,large (9+ ha),complex,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,mixed,No,No,No,"Three trench evaluation and Watching Brief in the western fringes of the nucleated roadside settlement in the Stour Valley revealed a series of large pits of early Roman date. The finds assemblage from the pits indicates domestic activity in the Late Iron Age-early/mid Roman period, but the mid 3rd C most activity in the area ceased with features being sealed by a late Roman soil layer."
5063,-100,400,150,270,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,No,river valley,mixed,No,Yes,Yes,"Ten areas of excavation over 4.3ha on the floodplain of the River Lark to the south and higher dry ground to the north revealed parts of a later Iron Age and Roman settlement. Earliest activity on the higher ground comprised an extensive middle Iron Age settlement within rectangular double-ditched enclosure. Decline in activity during later Iron Age, but dominated by huge enclosure ditch in eastern edge of the excavation area, along with postholes, palisade gully, ovens and burials. In Roman period, domestic activity on higher ground (small enclosure ditches, pits and postholes - including 4-post structure - plus burials and two drying ovens) and agricultural activity on floodplain (rectilinear field or stock enclosures, pits, postholes). Two main periods of activity, c AD 70-150 and late 3rd-4th C. Probable hiatus due to flooding in intervening period. Early Saxon activity attested."
5064,1,100,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"Two adjacent evaluations over 6.75ha on a north-facing slope leading down towards the valley of an east to west flowing stream (a tributary of the River Gipping) revealed a concentration of late Iron Age-early Roman features that may represent part of a small settlement. Features comprised pits, ditches (on a variety of alignments) and postholes (mostly undated)."
5065,100,300,,,large (9+ ha),unclassified,Yes,,3,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"A small excavation c 6km west of the coastline on the eastern periphery of a suspected Roman nucleated settlement (on cropmark and finds evidence), revealed  a sequence of ditches and posthole defined timber buildings. Earliest phase, comprising a ditch and building (3.25x6.9m) dated late 1st/early 2nd C AD. In the 2nd/3rd C, building replaced by another, at least partially bounded by ditched enclosure, while another beam slot building (5.5x11.4m) located to the south. At some stage the site was re-organized, with the major features such as ditches and buildings being oriented on a more E-W alignment than in previous phases. However, this is not confirmed as Roman and could be Saxon. The site has been interpreted here as part of the postulated nucleated Roman 'village' settlement, though this is far from certain."
5066,1,350,,,large (9+ ha),complex,Yes,2,1,No,No,No,No,No,Yes,river valley,uncertain,Yes,No,Yes,"The site of a Roman roadside settlement by the River Gipping (and a Roman road crossing) which has only had minimal excavation, although extensive fieldwalking and metal detecting surveys. Thought to be spread over 60ha and to have had late Iron Age origins, it is also the site of two probable early Roman military forts. Features include 1st century roundhouses and later rectangular buildings, as well as 2nd C pottery kilns and wells. An early Roman cremation cemetery revealed along with other burials. Dating suggests 1st to 4th C occupation, though with reduced activity in the 4th C. Early Saxon pottery and metalwork found (and inhumation burial) and settlement known to north-east."
5067,75,300,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,Yes,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"Intermittent older excavations and finds collections indicate a probable villa site 6km from the coast, although this remains uncertain. Masonry building foundations, tiles, painted plaster and tesserae recovered, along with many finds. Also the remains of a kiln (possibly a glass kiln) recovered, along with a wooden water channel and a burial. Dating very insecure, but 1st-2nd C pottery recovered along with a 2nd and 3rd C coin."
5068,100,350,200,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"Excavations in the 1930s on gently rising ground revealed evidence of an extensive Romano-British pottery making site with 7 kilns revealed, along with gravel surfaces and dumps of waster pottery. Dating evidence suggest main period of pottery production was the 2nd C, with only limited activity into the later Roman period."
5069,100,400,150,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,2,No,No,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,river valley,uncertain,No,No,Yes,"Excavations in the 1930s near a tributary of the River Black Bourn revealed part of a substantial Roman villa complex of probably courtyard form. Earliest buildings comprised a timber aisled or corridor building in the early 2nd C AD, which was then extended and rebuilt with stone footings and expanded over mid 2nd-4th C AD. Included two bathhouses (of (later?)2nd and 4th C date). Occupied until end of 4th C and early Saxon activity attested, possibly associated with ironworking."
5070,300,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,Yes,"A pipeline excavation revealed a group of inhumation burials on a sand and gravel terrace in the Thet Valley. The eight inhumations were split into two groups and are tentatively dated late Roman on the basis of finds in the graves, though could potentially be later. No obvious associated settlement though early Saxon structures are known in the vicinity."
5071,1,100,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,1,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Pipeline excavation revealed elements of what may have been a single extensive Romano-British farmstead in the Stour Valley. Two zones of features were excavated, 150m apart, with 35 features/ structures identified, comprising pits, ditches and postholes. There was at least one coherent posthole structure, 14m in length. The settlement appears to have started in the late Iron Age date and none of the features date later than the end of the 1st C AD, though later Roman coins found in the topsoil point to some later activity."
5072,1,100,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,1,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,Yes,No,"Pipeline excavation revealed parts of a late Iron Age - early Roman settlement on a NW facing slope overlooking a brook flowing to the River Stour, 1km to the SW. The settlement was found over a 75m distance of pipeline towards the bottom of the slope, suggesting it may have been a linear settlement running roughly parallel to the brook but well above the flood plain. The major feature was a large sub-rectangular enclosure, exposed in part, probably 75m in length with a 3m wide entrance; pottery from the ditches dated to the immediate post-conquest period. Just four early Roman pits were found in the enclosure, containing much domestic debris. Other features elsewhere comprised pits and ditches, while a curving gully exiting the trench may represent part of a roundhouse structure. One ditch terminal contained few partial ceramic vessels including a LIA/ER pot with a post firing hole drilled in base. Two other complete vessels found in other parts of the ditch."
5073,75,250,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"A pipeline excavation and previous evaluation revealed the fringes of an early-mid Roman settlement on the gravel terrace of the River Stour, which lay 100m to the west. The main features comprised enclosure ditches and a cobbled surface, possibly a trackway, with the main domestic zone not lying within the excavation area. The settlement is dated ceramically to the early-mid Roman period, after which all features were covered by a colluvial/alluvial layer, potentially in the later Roman period."
5074,1,375,50,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,2,,Yes,Yes,No,No,Yes,No,plateau or plain,mixed,Yes,Yes,No,"Roadscheme excavations revealed late Iron Age and Roman settlement activity in the Breckland heath area. Although only interim details are available, it appears that two small settlements of late Iron Age date were revealed within the road corridor, each comprising 1-2 roundhouses, along with pits and waterholes. A group of pits with 'deliberately placed deposits' was also observed. The farms were set in a landscape of fields and tracks. During the early Roman period the landscape was transformed by new systems of rectilinear ditched boundaries and trackways, though old alignments were also maintained. A main 'domestic zone' of a farmstead was identified, which developed into the late Roman period, with evidence for numerous ancillary buildings, pits, ovens and several burials. It is thought that the main domestic dwelling was still to be located, though a flint nodule quarry may have been related to its construction. It is suggested that there was a shift in emphasis from pastoral to arable from the LIA to the later Roman period. There were six well built corn-drying ovens (at least one of P-shaped form), along with a substantial post-built granary and an aisled building.  The latest coins indicated occupation into the later 4th C AD. A late Roman structured deposit in a pit comprised 14 coins, glass and jet beads, and articulated animal remains."
5075,100,300,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Geophysical survey and a 13-trench evaluation over 11ha on the SE periphery of the fens revealed evidence for a possible 2nd-3rd C AD enclosure system, aligned perpendicular to a putative Roman road. Domestic debris in the enclosure ditches suggested occupation though no structures noted. Sections of the metalled surface of the road were surviving in places."
5076,1,100,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,1,,No,No,No,No,No,No,hill,mixed,No,Yes,No,"Small scale excavations on relatively high ground overlooking the River Stour (0.7km away) revealed parts of a late Iron Age to early Roman settlement (continuing to at least the mid/late 1st century AD). Three phases of activity were identified. Part of an undated (probable) roundhouse (defined by a ring gully) was either earlier or later than an adjacent enclosure, which went out of use in the 1st C BC/AD. The Early Roman activity comprises two ditches which were seen over a c 20m distance, each aligned slightly differently. The large quantity of artefacts and ecofacts from one of these ditches suggests that domestic Roman occupation had been nearby/adjacent to it. Six pottery vessels, some partly complete, were found in the two slots through the ditch, as well as part of a cattle lower limb, three oyster shells and a single charred spelt grain (structured deposit?)."
5077,50,150,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,mixed,No,No,Yes,"A 53-trench evaluation in the Gipping Valley revealed areas of Roman occupation. A large double-posted structure with central hearth was dated to the very early Roman period. Further Roman material was located within two other zones. An intact pottery kiln lay in one area, tentatively dated to the mid 1st to early 2nd C AD. Adjacent to it was a group of postholes, presumably forming an associated structure. A second area of Roman material was located at the northern end of the site, comprising ditches, pits, postholes and a waterhole or well. All Roman pottery suggested 1st-early/mid 2nd C AD activity. One large, shallow pit-like feature was perhaps a sunken-featured building (SFB) of early Saxon date, while early Saxon burials were also located."
6001,1,325,75,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,3,,No,Yes,No,No,No,Yes,river valley,mixed,No,No,No,"Road scheme excavation on a clay ridge within a shallow valley, which leads into the Great Ouse Valley, revealed the margins of a late Iron Age and Romano-British farmstead. LIA features comprised pits, roundhouses, a pond and ditched boundaries. In later 1st C, a series of rectilinear enclosures established, on the same orientation as previously. In the late 2nd C, a stone-founded roundhouse was built and enclosures continued. All activity continued into the 4th C."
6002,-100,200,40,100,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,8,,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,No,river valley,mixed,No,Yes,No,"Road scheme excavation in a shallow valley revealed part of a small settlement dating from the Middle Iron Age to the mid Roman period. Mid to Late Iron Age settlement comprised roundhouses (max 3 at any one time), pits, and postholes, possibly an unenclosed settlement. In early/mid 1st C AD were four updraught pottery kilns, further roundhouses and linear ditched boundaries, dividing area into rectilinear enclosures. Also a single neonatal inhumation burial. Activity continues into the 2nd C (though pottery production ceases), with the addition of a well or stone lined pit. Final phase of activity in later 2nd C AD, comprised three stone alignments of uncertain function."
6003,275,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,1,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,mixed,No,No,No,"Small excavation in the Great Ouse river Valley revealed part of what is presumed to be a villa estate including the remains of at a timber building,  a stone-lined drain, cobbled surfaces, and a probable corndrier. Also, to the east of the settlement area was part of a fieldsystem and an inhumation cemetery. Overall dating evidence for the 'villa' estate is scarce but suggests late 3rd-4th C, with the cemetery dated late 4th C AD."
6004,-50,200,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,1,4,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,No,hill,mixed,Yes,No,No,"Excavation on the edge of a chalk escarpment reaching out from the main range of the Chiltern Hills overlooking the Ousel Valley revealed an early Iron Age settlement used in the late Iron Age as a cremation cemetery, also with evidence for occupation in the form of ditches and a possible posthole structure dating to early/mid 1st c AD. Occupation continued through the conquest and construction of Watling St through the site, until the 2nd C AD, with timber structures, pits, 'corndriers' and enclosures revealed. Later Roman activity revealed by possible trackway (defined by wheel ruts) linking Watling St with Icknield Way."
6005,1,100,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,No,No,No,"Pipeline excavation on the west-facing slope of the Greensand Ridge revealed a small Late Iron Age-early Roman cremation cemetery, along with a single ditch of the same date, probably a field boundary."
6006,75,250,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,mixed,No,No,No,"Pipeline excavation on the edge of the Ivel valley revealed three north-south complexes of intercutting ditches and gullies, 12-15m apart, along with pits and postholes. Activity commenced in the mid/late 1st C AD, continuing until late 2nd C/early 3rd. Much reduced activity seen after this.  All probably represent long-lived boundaries connected with settlement indicated by cropmarks immediately to the north."
6007,1,400,75,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,2,,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,mixed,No,Yes,No,"Excavation on the southern edge of the Marston Vale bordered by the Greensand Ridge to the south revealed a farmstead originating in the late Iron Age, with two distinct foci containing structural remains, and a boundary ditch. In the later 1st C AD, a series of rectangular ditched enclosures was created (incorporating earlier boundary), with pits, postholes and a roundhouse. In the later Roman period, all features replaced by a single new enclosure on a different alignment, with limited evidence for occupation, but including a 'special' deposit relating to sheep sacrifice. Suggested as having  more of a religious focus at this time."
6008,1,200,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),complex,Yes,,3,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,hill,pastoral,Yes,No,Yes,"Excavations just below the top of a hill within the Marston Vale revealed the remains of a modest late Iron Age to early Roman enclosed farmstead, thought to have operated on a primarily pastoral basis. Features comprised three sub-divided enclosures (covering 0.75ha), pits, trackway and waterholes. Beams slots attest to probable rectangular structures. Also three cremation burials. Very little evidence for later Roman activity, though some waterholes may still have been in use, and evidence for early and mid Saxon activity."
6009,1,150,,,large (9+ ha),complex,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"Small excavation on a chalk plateau in the Chiltern Hills revealed a mixed rite Roman cemetery dating to the 1st-2nd C AD (uncertain if begin pre-conquest or not). No subsequent activity noted. The site lay c 140m east of Watling St, 40m SW of an early Roman agricultural enclosure revealed in earlier excavations (ID 6023). Part of the much wider roadside settlement of Durocobrivis."
6010,1,400,150,300,medium (4 - 8 ha),unclassified,Yes,1,3,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,river valley,mixed,Yes,No,No,"A series of evaluations and excavations over 1.7ha on the north-facing slope of a low ridge between the River Flit and a tributary revealed a late Iron Age-Roman settlement, thought to cover over c 3ha. Established just prior to the conquest as a large ditched enclosure with pits, ovens and a possible roundhouse. In the 2nd C AD a substantial aisled building (12.5x18.5m) along with two other rectangular timber buildings was constructed. Aisled building later re-built in same location, and one end contained a suite of rooms with hypocausts. This, along with tesserae, painted plaster and window glass suggests a villa type building. Buildings linked by cobbled yards and paths. Trackway/ droveway led through settlement to the river Flit floodplain. Other features comprised an area of quarry pits, and a cemetery, which may have been replaced by a walled enclosure. Two other masonry buildings also noted in antiquarian reports. Most activity ceases late 3rd C AD, though a new enclosure established on approximately the same alignment. No obvious internal structures but there were three areas of pits and gullies."
6011,50,350,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,mixed,Yes,No,No,"Excavations on a low-lying ridge between the rivers Hiz and Ivel revealed the fringes of a Roman-British farmstead including part of a ditched enclosure, trackway, gullies, pits and postholes. Several small late Roman intercutting pits surrounded a spring, and contained evidence for bone-working and iron smithing. Main part of farmstead probably lies on higher ground immediately to the east. Most features not maintained after mid 4th C AD."
6012,1,200,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,2,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,No,hill,mixed,Yes,No,No,"Evaluation and excavation on the Greensand Ridge revealed the periphery of a late Iron Age-early Roman farmstead, comprising pits, a post-built structure, trackway and boundary ditch. The settlement expands in the later 1st/2nd C AD, with establishment of a large enclosure or fieldsystem with three zones of activity - an area of pits, timber buildings and corndrier. Few features were dated beyond end of the 2nd C, but late Roman pottery from colluvial layers suggests settlement continued on higher ground to the south. Also evidence for increased intensity of stock rearing in the later Roman period."
6013,1,50,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"Watching Brief over a 2ha development within the Vale of Marston revealed a small late Iron Age settlement comprising ditches, pits, 'structural cuts' and a cremation burial. The evidence suggests the settlement was at least partially enclosed."
6014,100,300,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,mixed,Yes,No,Yes,"Evaluation and excavation on the Greensand Ridge in the Flit Valley revealed a Romano-British farmstead established in the 2nd C AD on the site of an earlier middle Iron Age settlement. Features comprised a trackway, field ditches and at least two enclosures, within which were pits, waterholes, a hearth, a large pond or quarry, gravel surfaces and postholes. Limited early to mid Saxon settlement attested."
6015,50,100,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Small keyhole excavation revealed part of an early Roman settlement, comprising a substantial ditch and pits, containing a very high density of pottery, probably deposited in a single event."
6016,50,425,175,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Many small excavations over c 2ha on the western side of the River Ouse (800m distant) revealed a number of pottery kilns and clay extraction pits, in addition to a probable tile kiln. Pottery manufacture was long-lived, from mid 1st to 4th/5th C, while the tile kiln operated from the late 2nd C AD."
6017,-50,50,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"Excavation on a chalk plateau in the Chiltern Hills revealed a series of ditches, gullies, a hearth and postholes forming part of a late Iron Age farmstead. Finds data mostly only recorded for one large expanse of ditch. The site was part of a zone of settlement spread along the ridge from Puddlehill."
6018,250,400,350,,medium (4 - 8 ha),unclassified,Yes,,1,Yes,No,Yes,Yes,No,Yes,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,Yes,"Excavations towards the foot of the Dunstable Downs revealed parts of a courtyard villa dating to the late Roman period, though possibly with earlier phases. Mosaics and hypocausts revealed, along with an eastern facing gateway. At some point in the mid/late 4th C profound changes occurred, with the hypocausts dismantled and the north range of rooms converted to agricultural use and new buildings erected by the gateway. Early Saxon activity revealed above the then ruinous villa buildings."
6019,1,50,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,1,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Excavations along the edge of the floodplain of the River Great Ouse, which lay 140m to the south, revealed a late Iron Age settlement comprising small rectangular ditched enclosures, pits and a post-built roundhouse. The silting up of the enclosure ditches occurred mid 1st c AD, accompanied by large dumps of pottery."
6020,75,150,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Small excavations on gently sloping ground on the north side of a dry valley revealed part of an early Roman cremation cemetery, along with a substantial boundary ditch just the west. Probable associated settlement just to the south."
6021,50,150,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Excavations between a loop of the River Great Ouse and a tributary revealed fragmentary evidence of a Romano-British settlement, comprising a rectangular enclosure (perhaps around a structure?) and a series of ditches forming a field boundary, all dated to the 1st-2nd C AD. A cremation burial also revealed of similar date."
6022,1,400,40,250,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,No,No,No,"Small excavation on the crest of a hill spur revealed late Iron Age and Roman activity. The late Iron Age activity comprised a substantial ditch, which was infilled prior to the Roman conquest. Subsequent Roman activity dated tentatively to the 3rd-4th C AD comprised a smaller ditch on the same alignment as the Iron Age ditch, a metalled surface and two inhumation burials in the top fill of the Iron Age ditch. Nature of site is uncertain and no finds reports."
6023,50,100,,,large (9+ ha),complex,No,,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"Excavation on the fringes of the Roman roadside settlement of Durocobrivis, 300m north of road crossing of Watling St and Icknield Way, revealed enclosure ditches and pits dating to the later 1st C AD. Suggested as an outlying agricultural area of the settlement, though possibly used to dump domestic refuse. Lies c 40m NE of an early Roman cemetery (ID 6009). After abandonment at start of 2nd C AD, no further activity on site."
6024,50,400,,,large (9+ ha),complex,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"Excavation on the south-western periphery of the Roman roadside settlement of Durobrivae at the foot of the Chiltern Ridge revealed 1st-2nd C AD pits, in addition to further elements of a substantial late Roman cemetery, previously excavated in this area (ID 6029). Part of the cemetery ditch also revealed. The latest burials were dated to the latter part of the 4th C AD."
6025,-100,200,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,river valley,pastoral,Yes,No,No,"Evaluation and limited excavation over a 23ha cropmark site overlooking the floodplain of the River Great Ouse revealed an enclosed farmstead dating from the middle Iron Age to the early Roman period. Features comprised a densely interwoven pattern of enclosures, trackways and field/boundary ditches, and a mobile pastoral emphasis is suggested. Main Roman focus is to the west of the excavated area."
6026,75,150,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,No,No,No,"Small evaluation and salvage excavations on the south-east facing slope of Sheepwick Hill (a remnant of the Greensand Ridge), revealed a small early Romano-British cremation cemetery confined within an area less than 15m across. Other elements of the cemetery were recovered from the spoil heaps. No contemporary settlement noted."
6027,1,300,150,,small (<1 - 3 ha),complex,Yes,3,3,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,No,river valley,mixed,Yes,Yes,No,"Excavation in the Marston Vale, within the upper reaches of the Elstow Brook, tributary of the River Great Ouse, revealed a long-lived farmstead. Features of initial late Iron Age-early Roman farmstead comprised a central substantial enclosure containing a rectangular timber building (defined by a gully) interpreted as a 'shrine' (on the basis of morphology alone), along with domestic focus to the NW (2-3 roundhouses, ovens, pits, waterholes and postholes), bounded on one side by a ditch. Small cremation cemetery revealed 20m to the east. Major transformation in mid 2nd C AD, with old ditches incorporated into new rectangular enclosure system along a trackway, two of which contained rectangular buildings, pits, postholes and a stone-lined well. Others were stock enclosures and fields. Possible structured deposits. Uncertain when settlement abandoned, but unlikely to persist far into the 4th C AD. Overall, one of a series of farmsteads, c 400m apart, revealed by large scale excavation and evaluation over 59ha."
6028,1,400,150,300,small (<1 - 3 ha),complex,Yes,,,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,No,river valley,mixed,Yes,Yes,No,"Excavation in the Marston Vale, within the upper reaches of the Elstow Brook, tributary of the River Great Ouse, revealed a farmstead dating from the late Iron Age to the late Roman period extending over 1.5ha, c 400m SW of another farm (ID 6027). It initially comprised two ditched enclosures, both containing pits but no structures, with probable domestic activity (pits, postholes and waterholes) between them. New enclosure and trackway system developed mid 2nd C covering 2ha and including at least 18 enclosures/fields. Other features comprised quarry pits, a few burials, 'special' deposits, and areas with high concentrations of domestic material, but no obvious structures. In late 3rd/4th C, complete transformation, comprising a single domestic enclosure with large fields and trackway to the north. Evidence for box hedges."
6029,100,400,,,large (9+ ha),complex,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,Yes,No,"Excavation on the south-western periphery of the Roman roadside settlement of Durobrivae, 200m west of Watling St, revealed part of an inhumation cemetery bounded by a ditch enclosing c 0.27ha. Boundary ditch also used for human burials in the later 4th C, along with four horses and a dog. Earlier use of the site for domestic use indicated by six wells, which contained human skeletons in upper fills. Four kilns/ovens post-dated the enclosure, though some burials cut the kilns. Further elements of the cemetery excavated at a later date (ID 6024)."
6030,1,350,75,,small (<1 - 3 ha),complex,No,5,3,No,Yes,Yes,No,No,Yes,river valley,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Excavations on extensive cropmarks in the Great Ouse Upper Valley revealed a extensive late Iron Age and Roman farmstead. Initial late Iron Age settlement comprised enclosure systems, two roundhouses, pits (including quarries), hearths, wells and waterholes along with extensive droveways. Also two cremation cemeteries outside domestic zone. Towards end of 1st C AD domestic area shifted slightly and a there was a sequence of circular and rectangular timber buildings, culminating in rectangular multi-roomed farmstead (28x14m). This was eventually abandoned by mid 4th C AD. Also stone-lined wells, corndrier, metalled yard and extensive outer fieldsystem. No specialist reports available."
6031,1,400,100,,medium (4 - 8 ha),complex,Yes,2,8,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,No,river valley,mixed,Yes,Yes,No,"Major excavations on either side of the Elstow Brook (tributary of the River Great Ouse) revealed two settlements, both of which possibly originated in the late Iron Age. South of the brook was a farmstead extending over 1.2ha comprising large enclosures, trackways and cremation burials, along with evidence for iron smelting. North of the brook (by-pass excavation area 2.8ha) was a more extensive settlement spread over 4ha and established during later 1st C AD (see also ID 6055). It comprised 15 rectilinear enclosures and outer boundaries, interpreted as a planned village, with post-built rectangular and round buildings (though main Roman road indicated less than 0.5km to the north). Also a crop-dryer and a number of deep waterholes. Previously a watching brief on this site revealed an early Roman updraught pottery kiln and other kilns found in by-pass excavations. Also extensive evidence for iron smithing, a few burials and possible structured deposits. Main period of occupation in 2nd-3rd C AD."
6032,125,175,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Small excavation as part of a Watching Brief near a cropmark complex on the gravel terraces of the Great Ouse Valley revealed a stone-built lime kiln, dating to the mid 2nd C AD. Kiln is a 'flare' type designed to produce white lime suitable for plaster, stucco and mortar."
6033,1,300,100,,small (<1 - 3 ha),complex,Yes,,,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,No,river valley,mixed,Yes,No,No,"Extensive excavations within a large meander of the River Great Ouse on the edge of the floodplain revealed a farmstead originating in the late Iron Age /early Roman period as a rectangular enclosure, within which were pits, postholes, post pads, a waterhole/well and 2/3 pottery kilns. Also two small cremation groups. Significant changes in the 2nd C, with new rectangular enclosure system and integrated trackways, extending over 2ha. A small number of pits were the only internal feature in excavation area, except for a single inhumation burial. One of a number of farmsteads and associated fieldsystems and trackways within the Biddenham loop revealed by evaluation, fieldwalking and geophysics."
6034,1,325,150,,small (<1 - 3 ha),complex,Yes,2,,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,No,river valley,mixed,Yes,No,No,"Extensive excavations within a large meander of the River Great Ouse on the edge of the floodplain revealed a farmstead originating in the late Iron Age /early Roman period as two enclosures, one containing pits and a roundhouse. Subsequently a rectangular system of enclosures/fields established centred on this focus. A cremation cemetery lay to the west on the edge of the floodplain and a posthole structure (4m sq) surrounded by ditch to the east was interpreted as a 'shrine'. In 2nd C, trackways laid out and new enclosures established, one containing a roundhouse, and in 2nd half of 2nd C, whole new system of rectangular enclosures and trackways established, covering 1.5ha. Pits, well and possible structures identified. One of a number of farmsteads and associated fieldsystems and trackways within the Biddenham loop revealed by evaluation, fieldwalking and geophysics."
6035,1,225,75,150,small (<1 - 3 ha),complex,Yes,1,,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,No,river valley,mixed,No,No,No,"Road scheme excavation immediately south of a cropmark complex on the junction of Boulder clay and Great Ouse river terrace gravels revealed a settlement probably originating in the late Iron Age as two small posthole structures and an enclosure further south. The main period of occupation dates from the later 1st C AD as a system of rectangular enclosures, with a major reorganisation in later 2nd C AD, including a roundhouse. Occupation came to an end by the early 3rd C AD."
6036,-100,50,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),complex,Yes,1,,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,mixed,No,No,No,"Road scheme excavation revealed an Iron Age settlement on the Boulder Clay plateau above the Great Ouse Valley. Originating in the middle Iron Age, it was transformed in the late Iron Age with the construction of a large (c 260m across) oval enclosure within which were many smaller compounds with at least one roundhouse, pits and two inhumation burials. No evidence for Roman activity."
6037,-100,350,75,200,small (<1 - 3 ha),complex,Yes,1,1,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,mixed,Yes,No,No,"Road scheme excavation on the boulder clay plateau near a small stream valley leading to the Great Ouse Valley revealed a settlement originating in the middle Iron Age and increasing in scale during the late Iron Age with an extensive network of ditches and enclosures. Features included a cremation burial, roundhouse and rectangular structure (10x4.2m). During early Roman period, settlement transformed into ladder arrangement of ditched enclosures along the eastern side of a trackway. Small cremation cemetery located adjacent to trackway. Occupation ceased by late 2nd C AD, but small late 3rd or 4th C inhumation cemetery indicates continued settlement in area."
6038,1,400,150,,small (<1 - 3 ha),complex,Yes,7,,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,No,river valley,mixed,Yes,No,No,"Road scheme excavation on gentle Boulder Clay valley slope leading towards the river Great Ouse revealed a complex settlement originating in the late Iron Age as a curvilinear enclosure  with two and four-post structures, ovens and cremation burials. Succeeded by substantial settlement (c 3ha) in mid 2nd C AD comprising system of rectangular enclosures around junction of two trackways. Associated features comprise roundhouses, probable rectangular buildings, four pottery kilns, a corndrier and cemeteries. Enclosure system re-aligned and reduced in scale in late Roman period and further pottery kiln established."
6039,1,200,100,,small (<1 - 3 ha),complex,Yes,,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,river valley,mixed,Yes,No,Yes,"An evaluation and excavation within the Great Ouse Valley and bordered by tributary streams revealed a settlement established in the late Iron Age/early Roman period as a system of enclosures covering 1ha, at least some of which enclosed domestic activity. These continued in use into the mid Roman period, being respected by a trackway, though occupation may have ceased in the excavated area. One of the earlier enclosures was used for crop processing as a corndrier and sunken stone-lined structure were built. Evidence for early-middle Saxon occupation in the form of an Sunken-featured building."
6040,1,350,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,No,river valley,mixed,Yes,No,No,"Evaluation over 31ha adjacent to the floodplain of the River Great Ouse revealed a series of late Iron Age-early Roman enclosure ditches, along with a droveway, further enclosures, a possible beamslot building and waterholes, indicating greater levels of activity in the 2nd C AD. Enclosures probably paddocks, with animals grazing on the lower floodplain. Still in use into the late Roman period, albeit with reduced intensity."
6041,1,350,,,large (9+ ha),complex,Yes,,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,river valley,mixed,Yes,No,No,"Evaluation and subsequent salvage excavation within the floodplain and lower gravel terraces of the River Great Ouse revealed northern fringes of a Roman nucleated roadside settlement, which comprised a regular system of enclosures and trackways spread over 20ha (see ID 6073). Features comprised an enclosure system, well, pits and possible kiln dating to the early Roman period.  Enclosures were modified but continued in use into the late Roman period, when a cemetery established in southern enclosure. Arrangements of postholes were observed in the cemetery area. Also a dump of domestic material over a former river channel. Late Iron Age pottery suggests pre-conquest origin for the settlement."
6042,1,200,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,1,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,mixed,Yes,No,No,"Small excavation on a clay plateau east of the Nene Valley revealed part of a small  low status settlement comprising a series of linear field/boundary ditches, an enclosure, trackway, pits, postholes and a possible roundhouse. An inhumation burial also revealed, cut into a silted up ditch. Dating generally from late Iron Age to later 2nd/early 3rd C AD."
6043,1,200,,,large (9+ ha),unclassified,Yes,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Ten trench evaluation over 2.2ha within the floodplain of the river Great Ouse revealed ditches, pits, postholes and a hearth, possibly the southern extension of a nucleated roadside settlement to the north (ID 6073). Dated to the late Iron Age and early Roman period."
6044,1,125,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,1,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Twenty three trench evaluation over 308ha on the southern fringes of the Great Ouse Valley revealed evidence of a late Iron Age to early Roman settlement. Features comprised two enclosures, other ditches, a possible rectangular structure, many pits, and a probable trackway. The settlement appears to have been abandoned in the 2nd C AD."
6045,-50,40,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,mixed,No,No,No,"Pipeline excavation on the upper boulder clay slopes of the Great Valley, 1km NE of the river, revealed part of a late Iron Age farmstead. Features comprised a curvilinear 5m wide ditch, probably part of a boundary or enclosure, with a concentration of smaller ditches, pits and gullies to the south of it. All dating evidence suggests abandonment prior to the Roman conquest."
6046,70,300,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,mixed,No,No,No,"Pipeline excavation in the Bedfordshire claylands, 75m west of a stream, revealed part of a 1st to 3rd C AD farmstead. Features comprised a cluster of gullies and pits flanked by two larger ditches, 23m apart. To the north-east were a series of 13 closely set NW-SE aligned U-shaped ditches, interpreted as gravel quarries, but possibly horticultural in nature."
6047,1,350,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,river valley,mixed,Yes,No,No,"Evaluation of c 16ha of land on the south bank of the River Great Ouse, revealed the northern extent of a late Iron Age/Romano-British settlement on the higher gravel terrace. Cropmarks indicated presence of sub-rectangular enclosures, field ditches and trackways."
6048,100,400,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),complex,Yes,,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,river valley,mixed,Yes,No,Yes,"Excavation on the north-eastern part of the Biddenham Loop, just west of the river Great Ouse, revealed an extensive Roman farmstead characterised by rectangular enclosures aligned around trackways. Cremation burials also revealed. An early Saxon settlement extended over 6ha in the vicinity of this farmstead."
6049,1,400,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),complex,Yes,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"By-pass excavation in the southern part of the Biddenham Loop, near to the River Great Ouse, revealed a small part of a larger farmstead, possibly originating in the late Iron Age/early Roman period. Characterised by rectangular enclosures and trackways, while previous discoveries of roof tile, flue tile and brick suggests more sophisticated buildings. Moderate sized inhumation cemetery revealed on western periphery of settlement. No full report as yet."
6050,150,350,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,1,,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,mixed,Yes,No,No,"Excavation in the Bedfordshire claylands revealed a possible trackway and pits dating to the later 1st C AD, which preceded a Romano-British farmstead, with main occupation dating from the later 2nd to 4th C AD. This comprised numerous enclosure and boundary ditches respecting a central roundhouse structure with internal hearth and possibly another circular structure.  Pits and spreads contained much domestic and industrial waste (slag and burnt clay), possibly indicative of metalworking. The roundhouse was refurbished with internal partitions in later 3rd C and occupation ceases at some point in the 4th C AD. No specialist reports available."
6051,150,400,,,large (9+ ha),complex,No,,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Watching Brief and subsequent adjacent evaluation to the south of Roman roadside settlement of Sandy just above the floodplain of the River Ivel revealed elements of a ribbon development (pits and ditches, probably not domestic) alongside the main road to the town, along with part of a late Roman roadside inhumation cemetery."
6052,-50,300,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,Yes,"Evaluation and excavation within the valley of the River Ivel revealed a small farmstead dating to the late Iron Age and early/mid Roman period. Features comprised a series of agricultural (stock?) enclosures, along with pits, outer field ditches and cremation burials. Focus of domestic activity uncertain. Peat and alluvium sealing features suggest the site was abandoned as water levels rose into the later Roman period. Three early Saxon SFBs revealed. The site lies c 1.5km south of the roadside settlement of Sandy and may well be associated in some way."
6053,100,300,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,No,No,No,"Pipeline excavation on the NW-facing edge of the Chiltern chalk escarpment (next to a watercourse) revealed elements of a mid Roman farmstead, comprising probable boundary ditches, a gully and a pit. Spreads of occupation material indicate domestic activity, including a possible substantial building."
6054,75,150,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Excavation on the sides of a valley sloping towards a small central stream revealed evidence of extensive Roman plantation agriculture, possibly a vineyard. Numerous parallel cultivation rows were laid out within larger outer ditched boundaries, probably for growing soft fruit, grapes or hops. Evidence for manuring. The plantation probably failed within the first half of the 2nd century. Associated settlement uncertain."
6055,1,350,100,250,large (9+ ha),complex,Yes,,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,river valley,mixed,Yes,No,Yes,"Excavation on terrace gravels between the River Great Ouse and the Elstow Brook revealed the northern edge of an extensive Romano-British strip settlement (see also ID 6031). This part of the settlement was occupied throughout the Roman period (possibly originating in the late Iron Age), though the main period of activity is undoubtedly the 2nd and earlier part of the 3rd C AD. Features comprised a possible droveway, which defined the northern settlement limits, along with a number of gullies and ditches forming rectangular enclosures within the settlement. There was no evidence for any structures, indicating that this was a 'backyard' area, containing pits and a well. Evidence for pottery manufacture in form of kiln bars. Beyond northern boundary were waterholes, a stone-lined well, possible quarry pits and inhumation burials. Interpreted here as a village settlement, though may well represent the southern fringes of a roadside settlement associated with a major road from Sandy lying less than 0.5km to the north.  Dispersed early Saxon settlement."
6056,1,120,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Excavation on a north-facing spur of the Chiltern hills revealed late iron Age-early Roman field ditches, a trackway and a single rich cremation burial dated late 1st-early 2nd C AD."
6057,-50,300,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),complex,Yes,,,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,No,river valley,mixed,Yes,No,No,"Excavation in the Ivel valley just to the west of the river (and 1km south of the Roman roadside settlement at Sandy) revealed elements of a late Iron Age-Roman riverside settlement comprising a system of conjoined  domestic enclosures, surrounded by larger fieldsystems and probable trackways. Also an early to mid 2nd C AD Roman pottery kiln and cremation burials."
6058,1,200,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,,,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Evaluation and subsequent excavation over 16.5ha in the Bedfordshire claylands revealed a Late Iron Age-early Roman enclosed settlement (which developed from a middle to later Iron Age unenclosed farmstead settlement) with some associated pits, postholes and waterholes. Other features comprised field boundaries, possible trackways and parallel cultivation/bedding trenches (dating to 1st-2nd C AD), possibly for horticulture. Two cremation burials were found, one situated within a large ditched enclosure. Few features dated to the 3rd-4th C AD, and likely that settlement had been abandoned or shifted location by this point."
6059,-100,400,250,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,2,1,Yes,No,Yes,Yes,No,Yes,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"Time team evaluation on a Boulder clay plateau revealed parts of a Roman villa building that had been badly truncated. Earliest activity comprised 1-2 middle to late Iron Age roundhouses, possibly within a sub-rectangular enclosure. Continuity with subsequent villa not demonstrated and construction date of villa remains uncertain, though most intense activity in 3rd and 4th C AD. Possible timber buildings also revealed."
6060,-50,425,50,,large (9+ ha),complex,Yes,1,4,Yes,No,No,No,No,Yes,river valley,mixed,Yes,No,No,"Excavation and evaluations on higher ground on the east side of the River Ivel revealed part of a Roman nucleated roadside settlement, which probably stretched along the main road over 10ha. Originating in the late 1st C BC with pits, ditches and a possible roundhouse, it expanded  post-conquest, including the establishment of local metalled road flanked by early buildings. Continued occupation with many timber framed and a few masonry buildings throughout 2nd-4th C AD. Includes late Roman burials."
6061,-100,300,50,100,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,4,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,Yes,No,Yes,"A 41 trench evaluation and subsequent excavation within the Marston Vale either side of the Elstow Brook revealed mid/late Iron Age-Roman settlement. The earliest settlement comprised a M-LIA ditched enclosure containing 3-4 roundhouses. Expanded in LIA to comprise two concentric boundary enclosure ditches. 'Ladder' enclosure system established during the LIA/early Roman period and new settlement established south of Elstow Brook. After this the settlement appears to have contracted to a sub-divided oval enclosure. Settlement went out of use by later Roman period, though trackways and fieldsystems remained. Burials were found associated with the late Iron Age and Romano-British settlements. Saxon activity comprised  sunken-featured buildings and post-built structures."
6062,100,300,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Evaluation on the eastern side of the Ivel valley revealed extensive Roman activity including pits, ditches and a variety of surfaces including both cobbling and fine metalling - probably trackways and/or yard surfaces. Interpreted as part of a small farmstead."
6063,50,200,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"Small three trench evaluation on gently sloping ground revealed part of a Roman settlement dating from the 1st-2nd C AD, comprising gullies, pits and ditches. This included evidence for late 1st-early 2nd century industrial pottery production in the form of wasters, fragments of kiln structure and large quantities of pottery."
6064,-50,400,1,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,1,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Excavation on a gravel island at the western end of the Greensand Ridge revealed four late Iron Age cremation burials to the north of a middle iron Age settlement and probably related to occupation further north. Roman period activity is indicated by a rectangular beam slot building, probably of agricultural function. Dating for Roman activity is quite vague."
6065,-50,50,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,Yes,No,No,Evaluation on the western side of a low north-south ridge identified ditches belonging to a series of rectangular enclosures revealed by cropmarks. All dating to the late Iron Age/very early Roman period. Also a trackway to the west and possible field ditches.
6066,1,100,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,2,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,Yes,"Excavation of a cropmark complex on the gravel terrace of the River Great Ouse revealed a late Iron Age to early Romano-British farmstead. Features comprised a series of pits, roundhouses and a rectilinear enclosure. Possible Saxon sunken-featured building. See also ID 6086, possible another part of the complex 700m to the SW."
6067,150,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"Small excavation of a rectangular enclosure revealed by aerial photographs on top of a slight rise of the Lower Greensand Ridge. The enclosure (40m sq) dated from 2nd to 4th C AD, and contained a stone built corn-drying oven and surrounding timber structure, dated to the mid 2nd C AD. Likely to be part of a wider agricultural estate and not thought to be domestic occupation on site."
6068,-50,300,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,2,,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,No,river valley,mixed,No,No,No,"Excavation on the gravel terrace of the River Great Ouse revealed a small late Iron Age settlement comprising roundhouses, pits and ditches. This continued into the Roman period and by the end of the 2nd C AD, a larger settlement established around a smaller enclosed area. Features included a corn-drying oven. Also evidence for pottery production in form of wasters and kiln furniture. No evidence for occupation beyond the end of the 3rd C AD. Much of the site previously destroyed by gravel quarrying."
6069,50,325,250,,small (<1 - 3 ha),complex,Yes,,1,Yes,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,river valley,mixed,No,No,No,"Excavations on gravel terrace of the River Great Ouse revealed a ditched enclosure and inhumation burials of mid 1st C AD date, along with elements of a late Roman farmstead, dating later 3rd to early 4th C AD. The farmstead comprised a complex of rectangular ditched enclosures along with part of a substantial timber beamslot building. Two late Roman cremation burials lay close to the building. Also an iron smelting area."
6070,1,160,,,uncertain,complex,Yes,,,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,No,river valley,mixed,Yes,Yes,Yes,"Early excavations on the gravel terrace of the River Great Ouse revealed six early Roman updraught pottery kilns, along with enclosure ditches and possible structures. Earliest kiln activity dated to around the conquest period, with a second phase dating to mid 2nd C AD. Recent excavations in 2011 to the east revealed a series of conjoined LIA-early Roman enclosures interpreted as stock enclosures with some domestic activity (gullies, pits, hearths, postholes), quarry pits and a few cremation burials. Redefinition of enclosures in the early Roman period, with possible droveway. Also 3 early Saxon sunken-featured buildings."
6071,1,400,250,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,7,,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,No,river valley,mixed,Yes,No,No,"Pipeline excavation on a gently sloping hill north of the River Flit revealed elements of a late Iron Age-Romano-British settlement and associated cemetery. Late Iron Age settlement comprised pits, ditches and a possible roundhouse gully, along with three cremation burials. Occupation continued throughout the early Roman period, increasing in intensity, and with further roundhouses, probable posthole structures and mixed rite burials. Interpreted as a series of enclosures on a linear alignment. Main cemetery developed in 3rd C, at same time as shift in focus of domestic settlement away from excavated area. In later Roman period the site was clearly on the periphery of the main settlement, with crop processing and industrial activity (iron smithing and possibly smelting along with bronze working) occurring. Also expansion of cemetery."
6072,100,325,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,1,No,No,Yes,Yes,No,Yes,hill,uncertain,No,No,No,"Small excavation on a pipeline scheme on a gentle south facing slope between the boulder clay and chalk revealed a part of a masonry Roman building, the full extent of which is uncertain. Possibly a corridor villa building though not certain. Geophysical survey revealed extensive surrounding fieldsystem."
6073,75,400,,,large (9+ ha),complex,Yes,1,13,Yes,Yes,Yes,No,No,Yes,river valley,mixed,Yes,No,Yes,"Pipeline excavations on a low gravel island adjacent to the River Great Ouse revealed major parts of a nucleated roadside settlement dating from the late 1st C AD (though with possible LIA origins) to the end of the 4th/early 5th C AD. Settlement characterised by a system of trackways (some metalled) and grid-like enclosures, one of which contained three timber and part-stone buildings. Many other enclosures contained pits, postholes and wells suggesting habitation. Four enclosures also contained burials. Evidence for potential samian repair workshop, dating late 2nd/early 3rd C AD. Settlement expanded mid 3rd C, including stone buildings and other structures, a 'storage cellar' and 1-2 corn-drying ovens. A polygonal masonry building within an enclosure interpreted as possible shrine. Also a formal cemetery laid out. Settlement contracted in 4th C, though new structures were built including a stone built roundhouse. Sharper decline from mid 4th C, with masonry buildings replaced with timber. Agricultural bedding trenches found to the west of the main settlement (vineyards or horticulture). Evidence for early Saxon occupation."
6074,1,125,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"Excavation revealed a small cremation cemetery in use from the early 1st C AD to the early 2nd C AD. A contemporary boundary ditch system respected location of the cemetery, but a definite domestic focus was not defined. No full report."
6075,-50,300,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Evaluation over 16ha and geophysical survey revealed a late iron Age and Roman settlement on the north bank of the Clipstone Brook, comprising a complex of enclosures forming a ladder type system surrounded by larger field ditches. Most intense activity in latest Iron Age and early/mid Roman period."
6076,1,300,100,,small (<1 - 3 ha),complex,Yes,1,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,hill,mixed,Yes,Yes,No,"Evaluation and subsequent large scale excavation on a south facing hill slope on the edge of the Marston Vale revealed two chronologically distinct complexes of ditched enclosures, 200m apart. The northern complex on the upper slopes dating to the late Iron Age-early Roman period comprised  a roundhouse situated centrally within a rectangular enclosure along with other enclosures, pits (one with structured deposit), quarries and a trackway. Occupation ceased by end of 1st C AD and a complex of conjoined enclosures was established further south down the slope in the 2nd C AD. These are assumed to be entirely agricultural and industrial in character, with no evidence for domestic occupation. They contained two corn-drying ovens. Enclosures re-cut in mid 3rd C."
6077,1,100,50,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,river valley,mixed,No,Yes,No,"Excavation within the Marston Vale revealed the south-western part of an extensive enclosure that was identified by  geophysical survey. Originating in the late Iron Age there was a complete reorganisation of the boundaries in the early Roman period, and a triangular annex containing a small cremation cemetery was added to the western side of the main complex."
6078,-50,50,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,2,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Excavation in the Marston Vale revealed part of a late Iron Age farmstead comprised two probable roundhouse gullies, postholes and pits. No evidence for outer enclosures. Later 1st/early 2nd C field ditches cut across the site."
6079,150,300,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),complex,Yes,2,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,river valley,mixed,No,Yes,No,"Excavation in the Marston Vale parallel to the adjacent Elstow Brook revealed a complex of rectilinear enclosures and pits established during the third quarter of the 2nd C AD. Two possible roundhouse enclosures noted, along with clay quarries. The north-eastern end of the complex of enclosures was extended and altered in the early 3rd C AD to create a large, rectilinear enclosure. During the later 3rd/4th C three large waterholes dug through the earlier enclosures and three inhumation burials interred. Possible structured deposit (cattle skull and mandible and necked jar) in base of one waterhole."
6080,100,200,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,river valley,mixed,No,No,No,"Excavation adjacent to the River Great Ouse revealed peripheral parts of a Roman settlement and associated fieldsystem. Features comprised a posthole alignment, pits, ditches (forming enclosures) and gullies. The pottery from the site is predominantly of the 2nd C AD. Earlier excavations to the north revealed a series of ditches and later Roman corn-drying kilns. It is probably part of the same settlement."
6081,100,300,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"A strip and map investigation to the south of the Greensand Ridge revealed the truncated remains of the peripheral parts of a mid Roman farmstead. Features comprised boundary ditches, small gullies and pits."
6082,1,350,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,Yes,No,Yes,"Excavation in the Marston Vale between the valley of the Great Ouse and the Greensand Ridge revealed the remains of a low status late Iron Age to late Roman farmstead, which contained linked enclosures, drove-ways, pits, ponds/waterholes, structural features and cremations. Evidence for early Saxon settlement."
6083,50,250,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,Yes,"Evaluation over 7.2ha in the valley of the River Ousel, which flows 450m to the east of the site, revealed a concentration of pits, ditches and postholes dated 1st-3rd C AD, and representing part of a small farmstead and associated fieldsystem. Evidence for iron smelting on site. Early to mid Saxon occupation was also present."
6084,1,100,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,3,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Ten trenches within a 57 trench evaluation on a NW facing slope of a ridge within the Great Ouse Valley revealed parts of a late Iron Age-early Roman farmstead defined by geophysical survey as an enclosure, 0.43ha in size. There were three entrances, one of which led out into a trackway and at least three roundhouses lay within. Additional smaller enclosures were oriented on the main enclosure, possibly used as animal corrals. No apparent break in occupation into the early Roman period, though main enclosure goes out of use by end of 1st C AD and foci of activity appears to shift northwards."
6085,1,400,100,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,Yes,No,"Six trenches within a 57 trench evaluation on a NW facing slope of a ridge within the Great Ouse Valley revealed parts of Romano-British farmstead, defined by geophysics as a rectangular enclosure (0.69ha) with a central ditched division. Thought to have previously been an 'open' late Iron Age-early Roman farmstead, the enclosure dates to the start of the 2nd C. The northern part of the enclosure appears to have been non-domestic, while the southern part contained postholes, pits, a gully and a horse burial. A possible further domestic foci lay outside the enclosure. End of occupation uncertain as pottery dating is just 'Roman'."
6086,1,400,100,,small (<1 - 3 ha),complex,Yes,,1,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,river valley,mixed,Yes,No,No,"By-pass excavation south of the Elstow Brook (tributary of the River Great Ouse) revealed part of a Romano-British farmstead established as part of a single system in the later 1st/early 2nd C AD (though with late Iron enclosures on site prior to this - peripheral to main occupation area). Settlement comprised a rectilinear system of enclosures and trackways spread over 3ha. Occupation continued into the later Roman period, albeit with significant modifications at this time. See also ID 6066"
6087,1,400,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,Yes,"Evaluation just south of the Elstow Brook revealed late Iron Age and Roman settlement (comprising a series of enclosures), along with a 1st century AD cremation cemetery. Includes possible posthole structures and corndriers. Built close to two late Neolithic/Bronze Age burial mounds. Early Saxon settlement also established. No specialist reports and no precise dating."
6088,-50,400,250,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,Yes,No,Yes,Yes,No,Yes,river valley,uncertain,No,Yes,No,"Geophysical survey (over 0.3ha) and limited piecemeal excavation revealed a parts of a potential villa complex, c 500m east of the Great river Ouse on a south-facing Boulder Clay slope. Occupation on the site potentially began in the 1st C BC, with ceramic and coin evidence suggesting that the construction of the main villa complex dates to the later 3rd C AD. The building(s) had painted walls, glazed windows and at least one room which featured a hypocaust. The walls were of pitched limestone (0.8m foundations) and the main villa building appears to be c 38m by 12m in size. Patches of metalling thought to be external yard surfaces also revealed. The pottery fabrics indicate possible continued activity into the late 4th or early 5th C AD, though the nature of this is uncertain. A bathhouse has been postulated but not proven. Possible structured deposit of a near complete Nene Valley Colour coat beaker, goose bone and waterlogged wood (all beneath flat limestone slabs) from a spring near the villa."
6089,1,400,50,200,small (<1 - 3 ha),complex,Yes,1,2,No,Yes,No,No,No,Yes,river valley,mixed,Yes,No,Yes,"Excavations on a south-facing boulder clay slope adjacent to the Renhold Brook in the Ouse Valley revealed a system of rectilinear enclosures as well as a smaller ditched enclosure located to the north-west dating from the late Iron Age-early Roman period. During the early Roman period a more extensive enclosure system was established which contained a central domestic focus with a roundhouse (south of the roundhouse was an area of quarrying  separated by a trackway, which continued into later Roman period). This was replaced in the mid-late Roman period by a new rectilinear enclosure system. A rectangular timber building (9x4m) was defined by stakeholes and postholes. A later stone building (8x3m) overlay the northern part of the timber building. Limited evidence for Saxon activity in the form of a sunken-featured building and associated activity."
6090,1,200,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Two evaluations within the Great Ouse valley, adjacent to the river, revealed evidence for a possible late Iron Age/early Roman settlement area. Features comprised ditched enclosures, which produced large quantities of pottery, and a number of postholes and pits. No evidence for later Roman activity."
6091,-100,200,,,,unclassified,Yes,6,1,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,hill,,No,No,No,"A 104-trench evaluation over 38.5ha in the Bedfordshire claylands revealed two foci of late Iron Age and Roman activity. An area of mid-late Iron Age activity was seen on low ground in the SE of the site, comprising a large boundary ditch enclosing a number of smaller ditches and pits. Drip gullies of three potential roundhouses were observed along with a potential oven. This is interpreted as an enclosed farmstead, and it may have continued into the early Roman period. A beamslot building (with associated postholes) of late Iron Age date lay just NW of the enclosed farm.  A more extensive though dispersed area of activity was seen running just below the crest of a hill in the middle of the site. Here were several substantial ditches of LIA and early Roman date, along with smaller enclosure gullies, ovens and pits. Three roundhouses were revealed just off the crest of the hill. The form of this more extensive settlement remains uncertain. No evidence for any activity beyond the 2nd C AD."
7001,250,350,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unenclosed,No,,2,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"Located in a low-lying area of Wealden Clay, close to a spring lying at the junction of the clay and adjacent Lower Greensand, the site of a mid/late Roman pottery production site was unearthed in 1995. The site is also located close to a junction of the London to Lewes Roman road. This is the first site of its type to have been excavated in central or eastern Sussex.  Two pottery kilns were excavated, one of which had its floor surface well preserved and its final kiln-load left in-situ. The site also consisted of a number of associated features, such as ditches and quarry pits. Two structures on site were interpreted as being workshops.  There are similarities between the pottery which was produced here at Wickham Barn to that produced by the New Forest kilns and, it is argued, that pottery recovered from other regional sites with New Forest wares perhaps require reappraisal."
7002,75,300,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,No,,1,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,No,No,Yes,"Overlooking an east-facing spur within a wooded area of largely shallow soils overlying chalk bedrock, excavation revealed the remains of a Romano-British settlement including a seemingly substantial timber building. Grog-tempered pottery suggests that early activity possibly began in the later 1stC AD, though contexts relating to the timber building  dated c.AD150-220.  Although only one side of the building was revealed in excavation it was argued to have been square in shape, and thus, the excavators suggest, possibly functioned as a shrine. Gilkes notes that little corroborating evidence is available to support this theory  in terms of finds and the limited nature of the excavated part of the building, apart from the 'possibly fortuitous positioning of a Saxon cemetery in Period 2 and the place-name evidence.' Its function thus remains open. Elsewhere, a possible hut floor suggests the presence of further buildings, whilst a nearby pit included oyster shell, animal bone and pottery dating to the early 3rdC AD. Coin evidence (plus a sherd of New Forest ware) pushes the latest Roman period of activity to the late 3rdC AD."
7003,200,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"A late Roman cremation group recovered during building work; whether the find was an isolated group, part of a cemetery or a rural settlement is unknown."
7004,300,400,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unenclosed,No,,1,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Located close to the west bank of the River Cuckmere on a gentle slope, the site of a 4thC AD pottery kiln, a possible workshop, and scatters of wasters was investigated in advance of the construction of a reservoir.  Field finds of Samian ware and a brooch on land north of the site, as well as shallow features with domestic waste, suggest early Roman settlement probably also lay in the vicinity."
7005,50,200,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,No,No,No,"An iron bloomery furnace site was found situated on a slope adjacent to the Millbrook Valley. The site was in view of other bloomery sites in the vicinity, due to its elevated position. However, the area is now cleared woodland on open heath, and is likely to have been more covered during the Roman period.  At least three bloomery furnaces were excavated, along with associated hearths and a working floor. The furnaces were clay-lined and founded of sandstone, whilst an overlying soil of blackened dust, charcoal and slag is indicative of the activities carried out at the furnaces. Probable anvils were also identified.  Iron ore is thought to have been available in the sand, whilst water and clay were available at the valley bottom.  The site was dated by both pottery and archaeomagnetic dating."
7006,-100,250,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,No,,1,Yes,No,Yes,No,No,Yes,hill,uncertain,No,No,No,"Located on a chalk ridge of the South Downs overlooking the English Channel to the south, a Romano-Celtic temple of classic cella design was discovered and first excavated in the 19thC AD. Later excavations in 1980 increased the evidence from the site to include a circular temenos ditch, pit deposits, and a smaller shrine lying adjacent to the temple. Limited 3rd/4thC AD pottery suggests that it was either abandoned or little used by this time, or perhaps earlier.  The shrine included two concentric square features, the latter including four large post pits and is sided by a drip gully, indicating that the shrine probably had a superstructure. The shrine is very likely late Iron Age in origin. The temenos ditch also included postholes, indicating a palisade. An early post-Conquest date for the construction of the masonry temple suggests the shrine was relatively short-lived. The 19thC excavations also reported to have discovered a number of cremation burials, though details surrounding these are scant."
7007,250,350,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,coastal,uncertain,No,No,No,The finding of a richly-furnished female cremation was located just over 1km from the south coast. The burial may have been isolated since redevelopment of the site did not produce any further finds.
7008,75,300,,,medium (4 - 8 ha),unclassified,Yes,,1,Yes,No,Yes,Yes,No,Yes,coastal,uncertain,No,No,No,"Site of a Roman villa located under 2km from the south coast which was discovered by workmen in the mid-19thC. Further works in the area during the 19th and through the 20thC AD have revealed associated pits, a well and dispersed burials.  The site is now covered with blocks of flats, and much of what is known about the site comes from surviving accounts from early excavations, though some materials are surviving in the Brighton Museum.  Dating of the site is tentative but finds suggest that activity ranges from the late 1stC AD to the 3rdC AD."
7009,-50,300,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,No,No,No,"Situated in the south-east corner of the South Downs overlooking the English Channel, remains of extensive Roman landscape use was observed on Bullock Down at Site 16. Excavation and field survey revealed a double lynchet trackway (this had developed in the LBA/EIA but was being used in the Romano-British period), marling pits, and terraced platforms, possibly for dwelling structures as discerned by a number of postholes.  Fieldwalking of the field immediately south of Site 16 produced a number of finds which have also been included here. The higher frequency of 4thC AD coins found by fieldwalking is argued by the author as not necessarily an indication that the period of occupation of the site extended into that century.  Site 16 was linked to the farmstead at Frost Hill (Site ID 7010) by the double lynchet trackway. However, the relationship between the two sites is poorly understood. Quantities of LIA/ERB pottery suggest that settlement activity began in the late Iron Age, though do not continue much past the end of the 3rdC AD."
7010,-50,400,250,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,1,No,No,No,No,No,No,hill,mixed,Yes,No,No,"Situated in the south-east corner of the South Downs overlooking the English Channel, the remains of a probable Roman farmstead were identified in an area of extensive landscape use on Bullock Down. The site is linked to another site situated c.500m ENE by a large double lynchet trackway (see Site 7009).  The settlement at Frost Hill lies just to the north of the trackway next to an entrance gap in the lynchet. Further ditches to the west of the settlement may be land boundaries, perhaps linking the site to field-system. Gullies and fencelines within the same area of the settlement indicate internal divisions.  Two corn-drying ovens of differing shape were present (perhaps not contemporary), one of which was found in association with a slightly sunken rectangular building, which was interpreted as a corn-threshing structure. Large quantities of charred grain was recovered from some of the building's postholes. The pottery from this area included a marked dominance of late Roman wares and four 4thC AD coins. It seems possible that the structure and its associated corn-dryer were exclusively late Roman features of the settlement."
7011,150,300,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,coastal,uncertain,No,No,No,"Discovered by workmen in 1876 in Portslade on the south coast the site of a Romano-British cremation cemetery was recorded by local archaeologist E H Willett. 17 cremations were noted in total and were donated to Brighton Museum.  The size and character of the cemetery is indeterminate. However, it appears that the burials groups themselves may have been quite substantial, noted to have been c.3 feet long by 18 inches wide, each with cinerary urns and accompanying vessels. The close dating of the pottery suggests that the cemetery may have been relatively short-lived."
7012,50,400,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Based towards the foot of Ranscombe Hill with an good view over the River Ouse floodplain, the site of a Romano-British farmstead was part excavated in advance of the construction the A27 east of Lewes.  Features included two shallow ditches, one perhaps part of an enclosure boundary, a corn-dryer and a hearth. Both ditches seem to have silted up by the end of the 2ndC AD, whilst the corn-dryer was in use into the 4thC AD, possibly suggesting some reorganisation of the site."
7013,-100,400,75,200,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,,2,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,hill,mixed,No,No,Yes,"A Romano-British settlement was identified at an important multi-period site located on a south-facing spur on a dip slope of the South Downs. To the west of the site is the Ouse Valley including both the mouth and the lower flood plain of the river.  A uniformly rectangular and internally bisected enclosure was laid out  in the late 1stC AD in the north-east corner of a much larger Iron Age enclosure and was placed in an area of late Iron Age activity suggesting continuity from the previous phase, though the early Iron Age enclosure ditch may well have been infilled by this point. Structural remains were difficult to discern, though a large quantity of daub suggests the types of dwellings that are likely to have been present. A number of large pits appear to represent storage features.  The early Roman enclosure has silted up by the late 2ndC AD; this period, up until the mid-4thC AD represents a hiatus in occupation with little activity occurring until evidence of occupation once again becomes apparent with the imposition of a corndrier, pits and postholes. At least three structures also seem to date to this period, two of which were rectangular or sub-rectangular buildings.  Early Anglo-Saxon settlement was present at the site, though is likely to represent a break in continuity from the Roman settlement activity due to a change in the placement and character and an increase in size of the latter."
7014,75,200,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,3,Yes,No,No,No,No,Yes,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Part of an early Roman villa complex was found positioned c.100m from the west bank of the River Ouse close to its mouth. At least one masonry structure and two beam-slotted timber buildings were apparent, close to a bounding wall of the site and an outer ditch. A number of aligned post-pits indicate internal division within the settlement, though the main areas of dwelling were probably outside the area of excavation.  Finds of water-proof plaster are noted to have been from 'an apsidal plunge bath', whilst roller-stamped box-flues further suggest the presence of a bathhouse."
7015,50,100,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unenclosed,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,No,No,No,"An iron bloomery site was situated on a south-facing hillside once part of Ashdown Forest. A small stream runs at the bottom of the slope from nearby springs. A nearby bathhouse is said to have been excavated nearby, though is noted as unpublished. The Pippingford bloomery site includes a furnace, an adjacent smithy hearth, and a larger hearth also nearby.  Although a radiocarbon date of charcoal came back at c.AD303, the pottery, a brooch, and inter-site comparisons, place the use of the bloomery in the second half of the 1stC AD."
7016,1,100,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,hill,arable,Yes,No,No,Excavation of a double lynchet trackway on the lower slopes of the South Downs cutting through a Bronze Age settlement. Pottery from the site is 1stC AD and possibly represented manuring scatters. Excavations in the 1950s suggested the presence of a Roman settlement nearby.
7017,50,200,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,4,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Lying just south of the River Limden at a geological juncture of underlying sand with Wealden clay to the north, the site of an early Roman iron-working site was first excavated in the 1960s by Henry Cleere. These excavations revealed a large iron slag midden, located close to an industrial area where two timber buildings were discovered, along with other features associated with iron-working. Both of the structures went out of use by c.AD200.  A nearby residential area was also identified with at least two further timber structures. Pottery wasters and tiles with the mark of the Classis Britannia suggest that ceramic production may also have taken place in the area, as well as possible military involvement.  A watching brief in 2008 south of the site revealed a pit containing a high quantity of slag material, a possible Romano-British wall and an associated layer of burning. These finds likely increase the area covered by the settlement."
7018,-100,150,50,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,1,,No,No,No,No,No,No,coastal,pastoral,Yes,No,No,"Lying c.1km from the south coast on the lower slopes of the South Downs, an extensive excavation revealed multi-period activity, including extensive prehistoric occupation and Roman domestic activity.  Mid-late Iron Age activity includes a regionally important enclosure site, a possible round-house and a pit cluster, whilst a droveway existed to the north of the settlement.  The late Iron Age-early Roman period sees a newly established enclosure in the south of the site, indicating a slight shift in the focus of settlement from the middle Iron Age enclosure system. Unfortunately, much of the enclosure was preserved in situ. However, one particular pit contained four complete pottery vessels interred in its upper fills. Three of the vessels contained cremated human bone, whilst the forth appeared to be an accessory vessel. All four vessels dated c.AD40/50-70.  Several new droveways and field boundary ditches that suggests increased exploitation of the agricultural hinterland to the enclosure, and possibly that the site functioned as a convergence of stock routes. Other significant features include a group of early Roman cremations in pottery vessels. However, there is virtually no evidence of activity on the site later than the 1st century AD."
7019,50,300,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Located close to an ancient marine inlet, a probable jetty was excavated comprising horizontally laid timbers in association with a complete Roman pot, sherds of Samian ware, a glass bottle and fragments of floor-tile, suggesting the presence of associated transport links and industrially related buildings in the nearby vicinity. The site may have been associated with a suspect Roman settlement lying to the north of the area. The dating of the site is imprecise without radiocarbon-dating."
7020,50,200,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Located on the north-east facing slope of the Coldean dry valley, a grouping of four postholes was revealed forming a probable square post-built structure. Pottery recovered from the post holes indicated an early Romano-British date, whilst an adjacent gully was also thought to have been contemporary.  It is argued that the site forms a peripheral element to a late Iron Age/early Roman settlement revealed a short distance to the south during 1950s development along Nanson Road and Wolseley Road."
7021,50,250,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Lying just south of a stream close to the London-Lewes road, the site of a iron bloomery was discovered from surface finds of a large quantity of iron bloomery slag, furnace lining, and furnace bottoms. Surface finds in an adjacent field produced quantities of Roman roof, floor and box flue tile, perhaps indicating the presence of a masonry structure. The dating of the site is based on the available pottery."
7022,50,250,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,Situated just south of the River Rother on its flood plain the site of a potentially high-status farmstead close a main Roman road.  Finds of a religious nature (see pottery and small finds data) may suggest that a small shrine could have been present as part of a domestic dwelling.  It is possible that the site was associated with a river port at nearby Bodiam.
7023,-50,75,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,1,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"Lying close to the hillfort at Dyke Camp overlooking the English Channel a late Iron Age settlement was excavated in 1935. Originally interpreted as a 'Celtic village' it seems likely that this was the site of a late Iron Age farmstead. At least nine pits and a roundhouse were identified. Belgic and early post-Conquest wares were recovered as well as late Iron Age coinage, plus the find of a Claudian issue. The site is argued to have been abandoned by the Flavian period."
7024,25,350,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,3,,No,No,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"On one of the higher points of a north-south ridge of the South Downs, the site of a Roman settlement was excavated by exploratory investigation. The settlement is argued to be a 'village' by the excavators though the evidence is slim and may perhaps be a large farmstead. A number of shallow circular depressions rests on the crown of the hill, thought to have been 'hut-floors', and some 'bank-like formations & appear to form a vague roadway'. Well-preserved lynchets completely surround the site. Evidence of Prehistoric activity is demonstrated by the presence of barrows in the area."
7025,-50,325,150,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,1,1,No,No,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,coastal,arable,Yes,No,No,"Lying on the downslope of a south-facing spur overlooking the Sussex coastal plain and the sea, a site with Bronze Age origins was found to have been a small farmstead during the late Iron Age and early Roman period. Evidence of the late Iron Age settlement was demonstrated by a few pits and ditches which indicated domestic occupation, whilst a more complex series of ditches and perhaps trackways developed by the late 1stC AD.  A series of at least 11 corn-drying ovens of slightly varying types were an interesting feature of the site. These were primarily in use during the mid-2nd and 3rdC AD, and no doubt characterised the nature of the site. It appears that by the 3rdC AD a small multi-roomed aisled hall (basilican) villa was constructed and in use at the site. Its architectural embellishments were modest, with opus signinum flooring and tiled roof, but no sign of tessellated flooring or hypocaust. The structure may have gone out of use by the early 4thC AD.  Not far from the villa lay an oval-shaped depression which appeared to form the foundation of a 'hut', perhaps a workshop, which had a metalled floor and included pottery of 2nd-early 4thC AD date."
7026,50,200,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"Lying in the Weald some 5km from the south coast, the site of an early Roman iron bloomery was excavated in Crowhurst Park. The site was dated by metalwork and pottery."
7027,75,250,,,medium (4 - 8 ha),unclassified,Yes,,1,No,No,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,river valley,uncertain,No,Yes,No,"Within a heavily wooded area just to the north of a downslope of a chalk ridge of the South Downs lay an extensive iron-production site, with a 'slag-bank and a large associated bathhouse. The bathhouse lay at the southern end of the iron-working site, partly cut into the steep hill-slope. The site is close to a known spring and a couple of possible navigable stream run through the area.  The site is thought to have been a military establishment, and large quantities of tile marked with the stamp of the Classis Britannia implies an association with the Roman fleet. The authors suggest that the site would have been an important settlement within an Imperial estate.  The authors argue that the site was perhaps 8ha in size. The volume of slag recovered exceeded 100000 tons, implying that a number of furnaces must have been in operation at any one time. Material culture suggests that entire families were present at the site, representing an extensive and permanent population.  A number of different phases of development could be discerned at the bathhouse. It appears that the site collapsed into ruin, rather than being robbed. This would account for the 12.8tons of CBM recovered from the site."
7028,75,150,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,No,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"Lying between an iron-working site and area of extensive iron quarrying, a large tile kiln was excavated along with a workman's hut, identified by a rectangular tile and burnt clay floor, and a probable drying-shed."
7029,-50,350,100,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,No,2,3,Yes,No,Yes,No,No,Yes,hill,uncertain,No,No,No,"The earthwork at Garden Hill, Hartfield, lay unrecognised until 1968 when early Romano-British material was recovered from trial excavation. Five seasons of excavation later ensued (1972-76) by the Garden Hill Excavation Group who attributed a round house and part of what may be another to the late pre-Roman Iron Age. The hill-fort, with stone-revetted and palisaded defences was also built at this time, but soon fell into disuse and was followed by Romano-British occupation. This included a rectangular timber building, roasting- and smelting-furnaces and a forging-hearth of the first century; a rectangular building with two verandas, using timber uprights set on padstones and in post-holes, and a four-post structure on the same alignment, both probably first-century; a timber building set on a stone platform and attached stone bath-building, of the second century; and undated post-hole and timber-slot systems (not fully excavated) representing fences and other timber structures. It is possible that Garden Hill was the base from which local iron-smelting sites were operated in the first and second centuries AD. 3rd and 4thC material was also recovered."
7030,50,350,,,large (9+ ha),complex,Yes,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,Yes,river valley,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Located in the Low Weald close to the crossing of the River Cuckmere and the Roman road from Pevensey to the Ouse valley, limited excavation combined with field walking, metal detecting and more extensive geophysical survey has identified as a potentially large roadside settlement. The quantity of pottery recovered from the excavation certainly suggests that a major settlement existed.  Field survey suggests that masonry buildings may well have been present, whilst excavation (which was focussed on the eastern edge of the main settlement area) identified likely timber structures and a series of potential property plots running along the roadside. The settlement appears to have started in the 1st century AD, but was in decline by the mid-3rd century. 4thC AD pottery was recovered but only in very low quantities, suggesting that activity was at a very limited level and the site perhaps went out of use by the later 4thC AD."
7031,40,300,175,225,medium (4 - 8 ha),enclosed,Yes,3,4,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,river valley,mixed,Yes,Yes,No,"The site of a Roman villa estate was found located close to the tidal River Ouse and oriented so that the inhabitants had views of the river valley and of the South Downs beyond. Geophysical survey revealed evidence of a previously unrecorded road which led from the villa to the Greensand Way which connected to the London-Lewes road.  The earliest settlement evidence could either be late Iron Age or early Roman, and consisted of a ditched enclosure containing at least three timber roundhouses enclosed by a fence. One of these structures had, at least, dated (by archaeomagnetic dating) right up until late 2ndC AD showing continuity in building practice. The early farmstead was built next to a Bronze Age barrow which is very likely to have still been observable by the early Roman period.  The roundhouses were replaced by the late 2ndC AD by a new masonry building of modest means, which seems to have been constructed on alignment with the existing enclosure. This small farmstead was then replaced by a much larger villa complex in the early-mid 3rdC AD. The main building was a winged-corridor house, complete with a large aisled hall, enclosure walls and an external ancillary building of unknown function.  The foundations of the site had been seriously robbed away, though the presence of tesserae attests to some, perhaps elaborate mosaics. The aisled hall had replaced a slightly earlier bathsuite. A new and separate bathsuite was then constructed externally to the villa enclosure.  Two pits adjacent to the villa house, and seemingly contemporary with it, suggest ritual activity, one containing a complete and upright coarseware storage jar and the other with the remains of two dogs.  Evidence suggests that the villa was abandoned by c.AD300 with very few finds indicating 4thC AD settlement. The excavator suggests that the 'real or perceived' threat of Saxon piracy may have caused the abandonment. No evidence for activity is then found until the late Saxon period."
7032,40,425,75,250,medium (4 - 8 ha),enclosed,Yes,1,2,Yes,No,Yes,Yes,No,Yes,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,Yes,"A masonry villa complex situated between the rivers Ouse and Cuckmere. The main villa building was excavated between 1987 and 1992, along with parts of adjacent buildings and the farmyard enclosure. The villa, which was possibly preceded by a 1stC AD roundhouse, was built in the Flavian period and became increasingly complex until its eventual decline in the 4th century. It is suggested that the 'roundhouse' may have been a shrine, later replaced by the 3rdC AD masonry 'shrine'.  At its largest extent the villa house formed a small winged-corridor structure. A bathsuite had begun in construction at the house, but was not finished. Later, a detached bath-house was built to the north-east of the villa. The construction of this building dated to a period of substantial alterations at the villa, during the late 3rdC AD. 5thC AD usage of the shrine and the villa building is noted from pottery."
7033,1,100,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"A small early Romano-British cremation cemetery on the northern edge of the Pevensey Levels. Six vessels, five of which contained cremations, were found close together in a circular area about 3.3 metres across. No other signs of activity were found. The remains were dated to the 1stC AD, probably centring in the middle part of the century. The finds were excavated by workmen in 1953 in the grounds of Herstmonceux Castle."
7034,300,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,arable,No,No,No,"Site excavated in 1953-4 uncovering two large corn-drying ovens, one T-shaped and one H-shaped. NMR records also point to the presence  of nearby associated field-systems and domestic debris. Coin and pottery finds from the corn-dryers demonstrate 4thC AD occupation."
7035,120,230,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"During digging of the foundations for a block of flats in the 1950s, workmen came across a flint-metalled road with Roman pottery found in its southern ditch. Immediately south of the road ditch a group of Romano-British cremations were recovered, likely to have been associated with the routeway, though the location of a possible nearby settlement is unknown. Dating the associated Samian wares suggest a 2ndC/early 3rdC AD date for the burials, though the road likely existed for much longer. The road appears to have gone out of use at least by the Saxon period, since contemporary inhumations were dug into its surface."
7036,100,200,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"Early Roman site involved with iron-production/working, primarily noted from layrs of slag and cinder. Large quantities of pottery suggest domestic occupation was present on or near the site. Further depressions nearby are thought to have been ore pits.  The pottery shows distinct parallels with nearby iron-working sites at Beauport Park and Bardown, though the dating is purely based upon the Samian recovered from the site, though this is tentative."
7037,75,225,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,Yes,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"The finding of a mortared stone wall with large quantities of pottery and iron bloomery slag were found to indicate an iron production settlement in the High Weald. The site also produced window and vessel glass, whilst the pottery included Samian and Nene Valley wares. Similarities to the high-status iron-production site at Garden Hill, Hartfield, are apparent.  It is also important to note that the site sits close to a local area which was later surveyed, with limited evaluation trenches, demonstrating at least 7 other sites with evidence for early-mid Roman iron bloomery activity (see Tebbutt 1981)."
7038,75,250,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"An ironworking site on the Weald, containing tiles and domestic debris, together with a tuyere from an iron smelting furnace. Very large mounds of slag were found at the site. Dating is very tentatively based upon the pottery."
7039,100,300,,,medium (4 - 8 ha),unclassified,Yes,,1,No,No,Yes,Yes,No,Yes,hill,uncertain,No,No,No,"A Romano-British villa discovered on a Downs-scarp slope just to the south of the Roman Greensand Way from its wall foundations being visible in the modern ploughsoil. The plan of the villa was surveyed and recorded and the local site subsequently fieldwalked by a local society. The plan of the building suggests the presence of a winged-corridor villa which was observed to have had local flint and chalk foundations, with pilae and box flue tiles indicating the presence of a hypocaust. Painted wall plaster and roof tiles were also recovered. A reasonable quantity of 2nd-3rdC AD fineware pottery was recovered, though the construction and abandonment dates are unknown. An apparent absence of 4thC AD material suggests decline or abandonment at this time. The lack of excavation precludes evidence for pre-villa occupation or developmental phasing."
7040,-50,50,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,No,No,No,"A late Iron Age settlement lying on a chalk downland ridge, less than 2km from and overlooking the coast at Eastbourne. The site was discovered by workmen who excavated several features (mostly pits), some of which were later recorded by archaeologists. The spoil from the features were later sieved producing quernstones, East Sussex wares, and animal bones."
7041,1,300,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Site of a rock shelter with abundant evidence for Mesolithic activity. At some point during the 1stC AD, probably in the first half of the century, a bowl furnace was constructed and iron ore began to be smelted. The site lay on the slope next to a dry valley. No evidence for local settlement was identified. Dating of the site was based on a combination of pottery and archaeomagnetic analysis."
7042,1,100,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"A small iron-smelting site on the high Weald, consisting of a single, well-preserved domed furnace and a small amount of slag and pottery. It was probably in operation for a short period, around the middle of the 1stC AD. No associated settlement was observed."
7043,-50,100,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"Site of a late Iron Age/early Roman site discovered from the excavation of a ditch section containing substantial quantities of pottery. The site may be a domestic settlement or was possibly an iron-working site. It was argued that the latter was unlikely due to the clay location, though the quantities of slag found in the ditch, along with some vitrified clay and the pottery assemblage suggested to the excavators that pottery production may have been central to the economy of the site."
7044,-50,150,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,3,,No,No,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"A pair of late Iron Age and Romano-British enclosed farmsteads were located and partly excavated on a south-facing spur of the South Downs near Firle Beacon.  The two sites, c.290 metres apart, appeared to be connected by a long trackway, with an extensive 'Celtic' field-system notably adjacent to the southern settlement. The excavations produced evidence for enclosures, circular buildings and domestic and agricultural debris. The southern site was most intensively occupied between c.50BC-AD50, while the northern site ran from c.50BC to AD150, with some evidence for continued land-use or low-level activity through to AD300."
7045,50,400,,,,enclosed,Yes,,1,Yes,No,No,No,No,Yes,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Site of a Romano-British roadside settlement identified predominantly by geophysics and small scale excavations. The site was located on the projected junction of two major Roman roads, which met at a point on the River Ouse where it was still tidal and navigable. A large double-ditched enclosure was, at some point, placed over the central part of the existing settlement. The enclosed area was larger than the mansio areas at Alfoldean and Iping, being closer in size to the enclosed area at Neatham. Excavation also revealed a large timber-post building, with preserved timber. Further survey revealed roads heading to the east and possibly west, with smaller trackways and boundary ditches in the areas surrounding the main settlement. Metal-detecting surveys across the site have produced considerable finds assemblages. Four small trenches were positioned to question the dating of the double-ditch enclosure and the associated settlement evidence. Excavation revealed road surfaces, roadside ditches, a tile-lined pit, deep pits, a possible tile kiln, a small posthole structure. Dating evidence placed the period of occupation between the mid-1stC AD until the late 4thC AD."
8001,250,400,325,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,mixed,Yes,Yes,No,"Thames-side rural site of field boundaries, droveway, and some evidence of local farming and domestic occupation from associated pits and a hearth.  Two main phases of occupation date respectively to c.AD250-300 and AD350-400. The construction of ditches in the early phase of occupation may have been an attempt to drain the site, whilst botanical remains indicate that cereal processing was a particular feature of the site. During a second phase of activity in the late 4th C further hearths were constructed, one of which may have been covered by a superstructure."
8002,50,350,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,1,No,No,No,No,No,Yes,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,Yes,"Probably the site of a villa, though no domestic living structure has so far been identified. The site was first revealed from excavation of a Saxon cemetery at the site which also revealed an early Roman ditch and two pits containing considerable amounts of Roman pottery, stone work and coins (see Tester 1969).  In 1974, further small-scale excavation produced evidence of a hypocausted bathhouse with cobbled 'courtyard' areas surrounding it, though this discovery has so far only been published as a note with preliminary details (see Palmer 1974).  In 1982, a separate ditch section was excavated after recording of an overlying Saxon grubenhaus, producing a quantity of cattle bones, Roman pottery, coins and other material. The cattle remains are dominated by horncores which may suggest that horn-working and/or leather production was taking place nearby. A Romano-British corn-drier is also noted to be very nearby (see Hart 1984).  The overall dating of the site is tenuous and based solely on material from the ditches."
8003,-70,150,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,1,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,mixed,Yes,No,No,"A site based close to a series of palaeochannels as part of the River Lea floodplain. In the northern area of the site, five structures interpreted as fishtraps were excavated alongside a number of linear features, indicating drainage of the adjacent bank and a possible droveway leading to the fishery. The fishtraps were radiocarbon-dated c.170BC-AD10.  At the southern end of the site, a probable roundhouse with associated drip-gully was excavated, laying within a large-ditched enclosure. Postholes within the house and the enclosure may represent internal divisions and/or features such as drying racks.  A series of rectilinear ditches south of the main area of habitation may indicate attempts at flood control and/or irrigation. Flood deposits in the area are quite widespread. To the west of the settlement, faint traces of 'lazy beds', an early form of ridge and furrow were observed (overlaying Bronze Age features) and may be related to IA/RB arable practices.  Two complete cattle skeletons were placed in separate ditches in different areas of the site. These deposits may suggest the importance of cattle to the local community, plus possible seasonal exploitation of local pasture. The layout of the settlement, with its ditches and droveway, hint at livestock control in the area, moving animals to and from the waterway."
8004,1,400,200,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Approximately 40 large oak pile were driven into a peat layer within a former channel of the River Lea. Trimmed with axes in an apparently 'typical Roman fashion', four were dated to the early Roman period centring on the 1st C AD. Recorded over distances of 7m and extending beyond the area of excavation, the piles form broadly parallel lines and were interpreted as being the base of an early Roman bridge across the river.  In the later Roman period, the base of the channel was consolidated with gravel, sand and other hardcore, including late Roman pottery and CBM. The material was dumped over the timbers, indicating the disuse of the bridge, and may have formed a causeway through the marshland area. Two large post-pits were interpreted as the foundations for a large gateway approaching and controlling access through the causeway.  Natural alluvial deposits appear to have covered the site during the post-Roman phase.  The early Roman dating of the site is based upon the radiocarbon results from the riverside timbers, whilst the late Roman phase is dated by associated pottery."
8005,50,350,175,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"The buried remains of an extensive Romano-British pottery manufacturing site. The centre of pottery manufacture originated near the summit of Brockley Hill and developed along both sides of Watling Street.  Small-scale excavations since 1937 have revealed well-preserved remains of kilns and workshops, clay extraction pits, puddling holes, wells, preparation floors and large accumulations of kiln waste. Including more recent excavations in different areas, at least fifteen kilns have been discovered to date, demonstrating a variety of forms and a sequence of activity which began around AD60, reaching a peak in production towards the end of the 1st C AD. At least one kiln was situated next to a spring. The site has been identified as a principal production centre for mortaria.  Production declined from AD120 and finally ceased around AD160. Evidence suggests that activity continued in the area with evidence of residual coins and pottery (not manufactured on the site) dating up to the 4th C AD. The 3rd-4th C AD material may relate to domestic activity in the area after industrial activity had ceased.  The site has previously been argued to lie close to the proposed Roman settlement of Sulloniacae (the estate of the family of Sulonios - noted in the 3rdC AD Antonine Itinerary). This settlement is, as yet, undiscovered but has been suggested to lie south, to the bottom of Brockley Hill, closer to London."
8006,50,400,200,,small (<1 - 3 ha),complex,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,Yes,Yes,No,"Lying to the south of the tilery kiln site, a Romano-British enclosure system was excavated. The site included a number of parallel and right-angled linear features indicating the presence of a number of plots of land probably associated with the adjacent stretch of Watling Street (as such the settlement is recorded here as being of linear form, but this is tentative). The enclosure system was seen to have gone through a period of reorganisation sometime during the 2ndC AD.  The features of the site have been heavily truncated by modern development, though the deeper-lying features include well-preserved evidence of ditches, waterholes, and pits. Each plot seemed to have had its own well, although structural remains may have been previously removed."
8007,-50,450,50,200,large (9+ ha),complex,Yes,,6,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,Yes,No,Yes,"Various small scale excavations between the 1960s and 2001 have revealed evidence of the London-Silchester road, alongside settlement features with pottery dating to the 1st or early 2nd century through to the 4th century.  Canham suggests that the accumulation of evidence for Roman occupation at Brentford points to the settlement being a minor 'relay station' since it is located at a river crossing exactly half way between Staines and London. Such a settlement seems to have allowed for further growth, possibly developing into a linear settlement alongside the road, perhaps stretching up to 800m on both sides of the road. Evidence for activity extends to the riverside as excavations at Syon Reach foreshore (Site 8011 - Canham 1978, 32-4) revealed the preserved timbers of what had been interpreted as a 'Romano-British hut'. This was found to have been similar to previously excavated structures.  Investigations on the east bank have produced evidence for timber buildings, but also a number of associated wells, hearths and pits. Early excavations identified three possible buildings with gravel flooring or beam slots (c.1st/3rdC AD), whilst two early 2ndC AD buildings were identified to the west, from a large number of stake- and post-holes. Further oak timbers at Site 11 (Canham 1978) indicate that the foreshore was probably revetted and designed to accommodate boats with mooring (see plan 8007_5).  A Romano-British enclosure at Northumberland Wharf on the opposite bank of the river is the first evidence for Roman occupation on both banks. The 2001 excavation revealed a large v-shaped ditch aligning the main road on its northern side and was shown to have been dug in the mid-1st C AD (Neronian), whilst previous excavations on the site (Laws 1976) suggest that occupation also extended onto the west bank of the Brent with evidence of enclosure ditches, perhaps for stock-raising or other peripheral activities.  Small ditches running off the main road/ditch in different areas may represent field-systems or inhabited land plots. The road construction seems to have caused a realignment of the land division in the area. A possible 2nd C AD smithy was identified in the eastern part of the site from two hearths, a well, and a pit full of smithing waste. The quantities of pottery in most areas suggest that domestic occupation was widely apparent, though a notable drop in quantities of Samian ware between AD120-140 was highlighted by the excavators (AP and JC 1983), plus evidence for burning in some areas possibly reflecting fire destruction. A late 3rd/4th C AD resurgence in domestic occupation was also noted in different areas.  A sunken-feature building with late 4th/early 5th C AD pottery was identified in early excavations indicating some post-Roman activity (though this is now thought to be later medieval (Cotton pers. Com.). The settlement is generally thought to have contracted after AD400, possibly due to a reduction in traffic, as little to no evidence for occupation was found in most areas of the site.  Unpublished watching brief and evaluation works have noted evidence of additional occupation to the south-west further along London Road and north of London Road at Great West Road in form of late Roman ditches dating to the 3rd/4thC AD. These excavations have been to limited to say much about the nature of the peripheral occupation around the settlement at Brentford, and the data produced are minimal."
8008,125,400,200,375,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,1,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"The site of a multi-period Roman occupation settlement originating in the 2ndC AD. Early features included large quarry pits, whilst later features included timber buildings, pits and probable ditched enclosures.   In the mid-2nd C AD, three large pits were quarried through the gravel to the top of the underlying clay, and then later filled with redeposited clay. It is possible that this quarrying was to extract gravel for nearby road maintenance.  After the quarry infilling, a series of five postholes were dug to form the sides of a timber-built structure in the late 2nd C AD, which, from the pottery, was seemingly domestic in character. This building was relatively short-lived as it was truncated by a late 2nd/early 3rd C AD enclosure ditch, though only three sides could be discerned. This feature included brick, tile and box-flue tile indicating the presence of a substantial building nearby, but possibly also from the earlier timber building, perhaps as part of an, as yet, undiscovered villa complex.  Following the backfilling of the 3rd C AD enclosure ditch, the corner of a second larger, double ditch system was cut slight further south. Material culture was prominent throughout the period of occupation, though was particularly striking from the 4th C AD ditch, including substantial quantities of unabraded CBM which is likely to have come from an important masonry building close by. This material contained 11 complete tegulae of red fabric with iron-rich inclusions, together with similar imbrices, and is of a type previously unrecorded from London, of unknown source.  The siting of the settlement close to a river, road and larger settlement at London was seen as favourable by the excavator and has been interpreted as being a catalyst for continual development of the site from the 2nd C AD.  Further pits and gullies were also excavated outside the enclosure in this final phase, whilst the latest feature was a large ditch cutting across the site at its northern end. This is argued to have been associated with drainage."
8009,75,300,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Evidence for occupation was revealed on the north bank of the Thames on the west side of the Isle of Dogs, and it is suggested that a lowering of the high-tide level during the 1st C AD allowed for settlement to develop. Whilst no structures were uncovered, pits and gullies suggest the presence of an area of habitation, probably a small farm in the immediate vicinity. The site dates from the late 1st C to the 3rd C AD, with a definite focus on the 2nd C AD."
8010,-50,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"An evaluation/excavation focusing on an area of Bronze Age field-systems also touched upon the periphery of a scheduled late Iron Age/Romano-British rural settlement and field-system (S.M. LO61 - see site plan 8010_1). The settlement is known in plan from extensive crop marks, though archaeological evidence for the settlement was only encountered in evaluation trenches 45 and 46 (see site plan 8010_2). This suggested that the settlement did not extend any further south or west from this point.  Excavations in the early 1970s revealed evidence for Iron Age roundhouses and ditches and showed that the settlement continued into the Roman period with local alterations and additions in land use and boundary location. Pottery evidence from the excavated features indicates that the settlement was predominantly occupied during the 1st-2nd centuries AD, with much less intensive activity in the 3rd-4th centuries AD.  Excavated early Roman features include a ditch, pits, and a levelled, cobbled area, whilst numerous fragments of fired clay seem to have belonged to a demolished oven or kiln.  The limited extent of the excavation means that the scheduled settlement, though extensive, is currently difficult to characterise. However, the density of features and material found in the excavated area suggests that intensive occupation would be evident further north and east."
8011,1,500,400,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,Yes,"A limited area of excavation revealed evidence of occupation from the late Iron Age through to the early Saxon period.  Late Iron Age features included a large ditch which was possibly a substantial land boundary, a number of pits, postholes which were suggestive of a timber structure, and a gully. Early Roman activity was demonstrated by an extension to a ditch terminus (c.1st C AD) originally dating to the late Iron Age ditch and cutting along the same alignment as the large Iron Age boundary ditch. This large feature was also recut during the late Roman period (c.AD250), and together the reuse of the Iron Age features suggest continuity of activity at the site.  The Iron Age and Roman features were all sealed by a ploughsoil containing fragments from an early Saxon jar, which likely dates the layer to that period. The land use of the area seemingly shifted to cultivation as Roman sherds were also found in the same layer, indicating that ploughing had disturbed the underlying features. No other datable material was recovered until the 18th C use of the area."
8012,250,400,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,No,No,No,"Roman activity on site was confined to the later Roman period with much of the pottery dating to AD270 or later. The site consisted of two types of features: ditches and large pits interpreted as quarries for the extraction of sand.  The backfills of the quarries were largely sterile beyond a few late Roman items, including a large hone. The pottery from the ditches was largely contemporary with that from other ditches nearby. A large quantity of early Roman CBM had been deposited in the ditches along with fragments of quernstone and charred plant remains. The excavator suggests that material reused in the construction of a corndrier may have been placed in the ditch fill."
8013,150,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"A limited area of excavation by Oxford Archaeology revealed part of the Watling Street Roman road and its eastern roadside ditch at the southern end of Brockley Hill. Both features were dated from the late 2nd to the mid/late 4th centuries AD. It may be that the features were kept clear of refuse until the 2ndC or that the road was widened in this area and new associated feature were constructed. Other local gullies, ditches and trackway surfaces were present, all dating contemporarily with the road.  Excavation by Wessex Archaeology in two areas on the western side of Watling Street confirmed the absence of domestic occupation, though industrial activity was intimated in the northern area of the site. Evidence of several pond-type features was also found, which may have been linked to the industrial activity or perhaps acted as waterholes for passing drovers along the road. Finds of worked wood from the 'ponds' perhaps indicates that these were wells, though their form was difficult to characterise."
8014,50,400,250,,uncertain,complex,Yes,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Site of the main London-Colchester road with associated settlement activity and peripheral burial evidence located c.5km NE of Londinium, just west of the ford crossing of the River Lea. The settlement has been investigated largely piecemeal through a number of small-scale excavations between the 1960s and 2000s, though Roman activity in the vicinity has been known prior to this from isolated finds, principally a number of burials in the wider area (some clearly of high-status). The excavations have mostly focused on the area around Parnell Road on the northern side of the Roman road, though other excavations have taken place within a radius of around 250m. A more detail distribution map of the excavations and other finds spots can be found in the grey literature report GL8059_SLO77759_568A_Roman_Road.  Possible pre-Conquest activity has been identified on slim dating evidence, though the initial phase of construction of the main road likely dates to the mid-1st C AD. Remetalling is also seen in a couple of phases after signs of wear, including wheel-ruts, become observable on the surface. Associated ditches and pits were excavated to the north of the road producing material dating from the 1st to the 4th centuries AD.  It appears that the surrounding land was used for agricultural purposes and for burials until the mid-3rdC AD, by which time evidence for settlement begins to develop. At Lefevre Road, evidence for settlement near to the highway was obtained from a number of ditches and pits as well as from laid pebble yards (Sheldon 1971). The former contained much pottery, animal bone and building tile, as did a seemingly general rubbish scatter extending for about 40 feet south of the road. The pottery and associated coins suggest that most of the occupation features are of 4th century date.  At Moreville Street (McIsaac et al. 1979), c.300m south of the Roman road and main area of settlement, part of an early Roman field system was excavated and found to have been developed and used in the 1st-2ndC AD. At Usher Road (ibid.), ditches also suggest local agricultural activity dating to the 3rd-4thC AD, though material from such features indicate that domestic activity was evident in the area, though activity after the mid-4thC AD appears to be minimal.  At least 14 Roman burials have been found in the vicinity (see Owen et al. 1973). 6 were recovered in the 19th C AD as a result of the cutting for the North London Railway, some of which seem to have been aligned with the main road leading to Old Ford from London. The dispersed nature of the burials may suggest that the settlement at Old Ford was perhaps a small nucleated village."
8015,-50,200,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,2,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"Lying close to the purported Akeman Street Roman road which would have allowed relatively easy access to Londinium, located c.6km to the south-west, the site revealed virgin evidence for late Iron Age and early Roman activity in the Kensington area.  Iron Age features consisted of two linear ditches containing grog-tempered pottery aligned north-south with cut features to the west. These features may lie at the fringe of a nearby settlement.  Successive early Roman clay-and-timber-built structures on the same site demonstrates continued use of the area up to at least the mid/late 2nd C AD. These structures lay to the west of a series of inter cutting ditches, together probably representing a farmstead. Pottery from associated features indicates that these buildings were sites of domestic activity."
8016,75,400,200,350,small (<1 - 3 ha),complex,No,1,3,Yes,No,No,No,No,Yes,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"A multi-phased, multi-function site c.2km east of Londinium. The site was first noted by the discovery of a substantially-built masonry structure, interpreted by excavators from the London and Middlesex Archaeological Society as a Roman military watchtower. However, subsequent reanalysis of the site archive by MoLAS has put this interpretation in serious doubt (see also Site ID 8031).  The earliest evidence of activity at the site includes late 1st/early 2nd C AD brickearth quarrying and cremation burials. The construction of the 'tower' is difficult to date, but may also belong to the earliest phase and was perhaps a focus for the early burials. It is possible that the 'tower' was originally constructed as a cella or a shrine, and is perhaps a mausoleum. The mausoleum remained standing until at least the mid-4th C AD.  The early phase was replaced by a re-organisation in land-use through the construction of a post-built structure and associated gullies in the 3rd C AD. A large boundary was placed just south of the mausoleum and a fenceline was evidently built in front of that. The ditch was also picked up in later excavations to the west and was seen to separate the mausoleum to the north and a bath-house to the south (see Site ID 8031). The two areas now seem likely to form part of a wider roadside/nucleated settlement.  A number of large pits were dug in the eastern area of the site. Cattle remains represented a primary component of some of these pits, particularly from head and foot elements. It is suggested that these represent primary butchery of carcasses, perhaps destined for markets in Londinium, or the waste material from tanning activities.  By the late 3rd C AD, a large timber-built 'barn' (perhaps a workshop of some type), with an associated drain, and a smaller wattle structure were built to the east of the mausoleum. A number of smaller ditches and gullies later truncated the timber building, found to contain cattle remains with a similar signature to the earlier pits. These features dated from the late 3rd/early 4th C AD.  The mid-4th C AD saw a period of intensified industrial use with features which seem to indicate a complete change from the land use and divisions which preceded it. Timber-lined tanks with associated drains and metalled surfaces were constructed in an open area. The drainage gullies suggested that an industrial activity involving liquids, such as tanning, was in use with these features. Leather underwear and the sole from a shoe were found in the backfill of one of the tanks. However, it is now known that the tanks and gullies were probably constructed to supply an adjacent Roman bath-house, coinciding with refurbishments to the latter.  By the late 4th C AD, the large masonry tower had certainly been demolished, though perhaps slightly earlier, and the industrial features seen from the mid-4th C AD had been covered by a layer of masonry rubble which included box-flue, roof tile and opus signinum, indicating that a substantial domestic building had probably lain in the vicinity, perhaps associated with the earlier structures. Late Roman inhumation burials were then found to have been dug into this layer, indicating that the site had returned to being used as a cemetery. A thick dark silt layer then covered this final phase of Roman occupation."
8017,25,175,75,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,No,Yes,No,Yes,No,No,plateau or plain,mixed,No,No,No,"A small area of late Iron Age (c.pre-AD50) activity is superseded, c.AD75, with the beginnings of a regular layout of new field-system features. Three distinct phases could be discerned, all dating between c.AD70-160. No structural evidence for domestic occupation could be discerned i.e. buildings, pits, or gullies, nor were drove or trackways seemingly present, though the material assemblage suggested domestic occupation.  The layout of the field-systems implies their use as stock-pens, whilst charred plant material and quernstones from the site suggests that arable farming was practiced in the vicinity.  The main Roman features were sealed by a layer of brickearth containing quantities of late Roman pottery (c.AD250-400), though no features were identified from this period and this assemblages may have been from manuring activities or spread by later ploughing."
8018,100,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Two phases of activity could be discerned from the limited area and number of features excavated. Two ditches and a pit provided evidence of early/mid-2nd C AD occupation, including the recovery of an almost complete Samian bowl (Drag. 30, c.AD110-125). Late Roman activity was represented by two other ditch sections, further pits and a gravel floor layer. This activity was dated late 3rd/4th C AD. Whether continuous activity between these two phases occurred is obscured by the minimal area investigated, but a small Romano-British farm would be a likely interpretation of the features observed."
8019,50,400,275,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,1,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"The earliest structure at the site was a v-shaped ditch which lay close to a, possibly tile-roofed, building which had been constructed on a sandstone sill. Much of the structural material was found to have been deposited in the ditch fill, a deposit dating to the Flavian period. Further ditches, a cremation burial, and a small circular compacted-gravel floor were also dated to this period.  By the late 3rd C AD, the ditches had undergone a number of remodelling episodes, plus a metalled road surface had been constructed, presumably connected with Ermine Street. Evidence of industrial activity is presumed from the level of pitting between some of the ditches and the 'yard' area at the site, in particular from four large pits with mainly sterile fills, but which had silted up at their bases.  Further watching briefs to the east of the main excavated areas revealed further ditches, a Roman coin hoard, two clay-built ovens and several clay and gravel extraction pits."
8020,1,400,50,250,small (<1 - 3 ha),complex,Yes,7,4,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,river valley,mixed,Yes,No,Yes,"Small quantities of late Iron Age material and at least 4 probable late Iron Age roundhouses were present, though dispersed across the site, indicating some occupation prior to the Roman period.  Later, one area of the site becomes enclosed with a 'defensive' ditch around the time of the Roman Conquest, the lower fills of which contained pottery dating c.AD40-70 and Cunobelin issue, c.AD10-42. The ditch was noted to have steep sides and a flat bottom. The enclosure contained a number of features all dating c.AD50-200, including a well (or waterhole) and at least three roundhouses and four rectilinear timber-built structures. These buildings did not all exist at the same time with two of the latter probably replacing the roundhouses at some point.  In general, the inhabited areas seem to be concentrated in the north of the site, whilst the southern area seems to have been more open. Finds in the south include more dispersed fragments of Roman pottery, perhaps relating to manuring.  The majority of early Roman activity is taken up by the extensive digging of field boundaries and waterholes, probably related to an intensification of local animal husbandry, though at least three of the large pits included timber-lining indicating their use as wells for the human population. A number of post-lines suggest internal divisions existed within the settlement, and a nearby kiln is also suggested to be of Roman date.  During the later Roman period, c.AD250-400, there seems to have been a reorganisation of the earlier field system to a number of smaller, gridded enclosures laid out alongside a trackway, with further wells and waterholes dug in association.  The site produced a small quantity of early Saxon pottery."
8021,-100,400,125,275,small (<1 - 3 ha),complex,Yes,4,2,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,river valley,mixed,Yes,No,Yes,"Evidence of a late Iron Age unenclosed settlement with three roundhouses and a small enclosure, perhaps for livestock, which together may have survived from an earlier Iron Age phase. The evidence is much disturbed by later development at the site.  The Iron Age unenclosed settlement is replaced by a large enclosed settlement. An extensive sub-rectangular enclosure ditch, c.50x50m, was constructed in an area south of the earlier Iron Age roundhouses either just before or after AD43. However, this feature was soon backfilled and a double-ditched enclosure feature was constructed with linear features dug either side of the first ditch, probably sometime during the late 1stC AD. A rectangular gully suggested to the excavator that a small structure had been built within the enclosure at this time. Pottery from the double-ditch feature suggests this enclosure was used until at least c.AD120.  By the early/mid 2ndC AD, the double-ditched enclosure had gone out of use as a new rectilinear system of at least eight fields were superimposed across it. One of the enclosures included a sequence of overlapping curvilinear features, suggestive of successive phases of a roundhouse, plus an associated well and a cluster of early Roman pits. Other fields included waterholes for livestock.  This field system was replaced by a developed farmstead complete with a network of fields laid alongside a droveway, perhaps two, sometime between AD250-300. Within one of the fields was constructed a rectangular building as seen by two parallel beam-slots; and within the building a corn-dryer had been built. The presence of Oxfordshire mortaria, c.AD370-420, suggests the oven and perhaps the building had gone out of use by the late 4thC AD. The site produced a small quantity of early Saxon pottery."
8022,50,400,250,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,Yes,"Very limited evidence for late Iron Age activity is superseded by an early Roman cremation cemetery. Five burials were excavated in total, four of which were in a row aligned north-east/south-west. The largest and best preserved consisted of substantial pieces of burnt human bone in a broken flagon, identified as a young woman. The only other early Roman activity is represented by two pits.  More considerable activity is indicated in the late Roman period by pits, gullies, ditches and a series of large enclosure ditches with V-shaped profiles. Some ditches produced large quantities of slag and burnt clay.  A small quantity of early Saxon pottery was present on site."
8023,-100,200,100,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,river valley,mixed,No,No,No,"Site of a mid/late Iron Age twin enclosure. Within the westernmost enclosure, a probable well and a few pits were observed, though structural evidence may have been truncated by medieval ploughing. Both of the adjoining enclosures were found to have entrances on different sides, and material from the ditches suggested that domestic activity was taking place therein. It is possible that one enclosure represented an area of human habitation, whilst the other was a stock-pen.  This settlement was abandoned around the end of the 1stC AD when the ditches were infilled and a Romano-British field-system was lain across the earlier site. This network underwent a number of modification, including further sub-division, perhaps indicating intensified arable farming. This field system went out of use around AD200 and the site was either abandoned or used in a way that leaves no archaeological trace."
8024,-50,400,200,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,1,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"Lying on the western edge of a plateau which rises gently to the chalk downlands to the south and overlooking the Hogsmill Valley to the west, the site produced a range of features which demonstrate evidence for occupation from the late Iron Age to the late Roman period (there was no evidence for activity between the 4th and 11thC AD).  Late Iron Age activity was denoted by a curvilinear drip-gully, dating from the 1stC BC, perhaps indicated the presence of a roundhouse on site (this is conjectural however). A large early Roman ditch with associated features (c.1st/2ndC AD), including pits, post-holes indicate the presence of further structures which were later filled in with quantities of pottery to suggest domestic activity.  Only two features were dated to the later Roman period (c.3rd/4thC AD) and indicate that activity on site had seemingly diminished or had turned over to agriculture."
8025,50,200,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"A small area of excavation revealed three early Roman ditches of varying size, and an adjacent cremation pit. The largest of the ditches contained a concentration of pottery and animal bone, whilst the smallest ditch contained a smithing hearth bottom indicative of Romano-British metal-working production nearby. The report notes that the site possibly forms part of a large roadside settlement in Croydon, although it lies c.1.5km from the likely route of the London-Lewes road, and probably represents an outlying area of agricultural activity."
8026,-100,400,50,250,small (<1 - 3 ha),complex,Yes,1,7,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,No,river valley,mixed,Yes,Yes,No,"After limited early Iron Age activity in the area, an open settlement of dispersed roundhouses (at least 14 in total), four-post structures and livestock enclosures emerged. These were largely replaced by the more nucleated late Iron Age settlement of enclosures, possible structures and field boundaries.  The settlement was focused primarily in the northern area of the preceding middle Iron Age settlement, whilst a new field system developed to its east. The field system directly overlay a pre-existing Bronze Age system which may have been in use with the middle Iron Age settlement, though was formed on a completely new alignment and seems to represent a significant shift in landscape organisation. The environmental evidence from this phase suggests that cereal production became more important, shifting from a largely pastoral economy of the middle Iron Age, coinciding with the emergence of a new arable landscape.  The late Iron Age settlement complex looks to have developed and modified into the early and middle Roman period. However, the late Iron Age/early Roman settlement seems to have been truncated to a degree which diminished the opportunities for identifying structures; one ring-ditch dating to this period possibly signifies the presence of a roundhouse. Whilst arable production became more important in this period, a considerable number of waterholes suggests that livestock continued to be a significant feature of the site. Some remains in the waterholes suggest that their backfilling may have been structured depositions (see coin data and other finds).  No dramatic reorganisation of the landscape was observed in the early/middle Roman period and it seems that the settlement may have benefitted from wider economic influences, perhaps from the small town at Staines. As the enclosure complex expanded, a network of trackways and at least four rectangular buildings were constructed, though little signs of elevated social status was observed.  The late Roman period saw continuity in the maintenance of the existing enclosures and structures, whilst at the same time new structures and substantial changes to the eastern field system was identified. Where the middle Roman buildings continued into the 3rd and 4th centuries, two further timber-built structures were erected, one of which perhaps extended to two storeys. The field systems became focused around a major north-south droveway and culminated in a 'ladder' settlement. However, no further changes to the animal or agricultural practices of the site were observed, nor any shifts in socio-economic status.  It is notable that throughout the Iron Age and Roman periods the areas to the western and eastern extremities were largely devoid of archaeological features, and settlement was almost exclusively confined to the central area of excavation."
8027,-100,300,150,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,No,,2,No,No,Yes,No,No,Yes,hill,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"A rolling monitor and record operation of gravel extraction works on a scheduled site north-east of Romford revealed evidence of a large early Roman triple-ditched rectangular enclosure, flint foundations of Roman buildings with a contemporary road leading east, as well as an associated late Iron Age/early Roman enclosure-system.  The early Roman enclosure dates c.AD50-150 and was positioned on the edge of a promontory of high land, sloping downwards to the east through which the road ran. The road then turned south, presumably to link the site with the main London to Colchester road running south of the site. The remains of the two flint-based buildings were identified; quantities of roof-tile were recovered nearby, whilst tesserae and box-flue tiles from a hypocaust were also recovered from the plough soil in the area. A metalled courtyard was noted to have served the area between the buildings and the road. Together, these features have been interpreted as a religious complex (a temenos).  To the south of the enclosure, close to an early Bronze Age burial mound, was at least one LIA/ERB cremation burial placed within the associated enclosure-system. These ditches, indicative of a field-system, contained numerous LIA/ERB burials, quantities of imported LIA/ERB pottery, and focused on an early Bronze Age barrow (though, according to the excavator, this is possibly Roman too).  Most of the Roman features are dated to the early and middle Roman period with no continuity visible into the early medieval period visible in the archaeological record."
8028,50,400,200,,uncertain,complex,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,arable,No,No,Yes,"Site originating in the mid-1stC AD which seems to have been involved with intensive crop processing activities during the 1st and 2nd centuries AD. Four gravel quarry pits were dug into the natural horizon including quantities of archaeobotanical remains from the early layers. These pits had been clay lined, indicating some waterproofing, whilst pottery from the upper layers suggested they had gradually silted up from the mid-1stC AD onwards.  Early Roman activities ceased in the 2nd/3rdC AD when new land boundaries were established, whilst 3rd/4thC AD dumping of large quantities of CBM indicated that an earlier building of some stature may have existed in the vicinity.  It has been argued (Bird 1987; 2004) that Croydon was a roadside settlement due to its road and riverside location being only 16km south of Londinium. A large number of unstratified artefacts, including pottery, coins and jewellery, have been recovered north of the Lower Coombe Street site."
8029,-100,50,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,3,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Evaluation in 1991 and excavation in 1996/7 of former government buildings revealed evidence of a late Iron Age site with at least three roundhouses and a range of pits indicating craft activities.  One pit at the northern end of the site, perhaps slightly external to the settlement, had a fill consisting entirely of burnt flints and large pebbles. This feature was interpreted as the base of a hearth. Other pits seemed to be in association with postholes and may have been used as a loom frame; a loom weight was recovered from one of the pits.  It is likely that the settlement had continued into the late Iron Age from the middle Iron Age, whilst some pottery takes occupation of the site up to 25BC-AD50. No evidence for occupation after this period was observed."
8030,50,400,250,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,Yes,No,"Excavation at Skerne Road identified three phases of Roman occupation in an area where Roman finds had been recovered since the 19thC AD. Several pre-Flavian pits and a gully were recorded, whilst two 3rdC AD quarry pits were also identified that had been utilised subsequently for rubbish disposal.  However, certain assemblages recovered were seen as being unusual. High concentrations of both roof and box-flue tiles dating to the mid-1st to 2ndC AD were recovered, deposited with pottery dating to the 3rd century; partially articulated cattle and horse skeletons were also recovered from one of the quarry pits. An alignment of postholes of probable 3rdC AD date was identified, whilst a 4thC AD arable deposit suggested continuity of activity in the area for most of the Roman period.  A straight row of postholes between the two quarry pits may have been a fenceline or for a timber building (if the other side exists beyond the area of excavation)."
8031,50,400,250,,uncertain,complex,No,,6,Yes,No,Yes,No,No,Yes,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Site of an extensive Thames-side bath-house complex, with associated service/accommodation buildings and yard area. The site is very close to the mausoleum previously identified to the east of the site (see Site ID 8016), which seems to lie slightly further up the terracing of the area away from the river bank.  Early activity prior to AD50 was minimal, with the first main sequence of occupation originating c.AD50-230, where the area was quarried for gravel, whilst rubbish pits and surface drainage gullies came into use. Terracing of the escarpment took place at this time so that the area could be developed further, as indicated by the erection of a timber building in the south-west which may have been a barn/granary.  By the mid-3rdC AD substantial alterations occurred with new land divisions put in place and the large stone-built bath-house was constructed adjacent to the river-side. The bath-house contained at least 10 rooms in its primary phase, including two bath-suites each containing tepidaria, caldaria, apodyterium, and frigidarium. A metalled service yard came into use at this time and was bounded to the north by a new 'accommodation' block, with a smaller timber building also built to the west.  Repeated modifications took place to the bath-house and accommodation block between AD275-325, and a further timber building was constructed to the west with ovens for food preparation. Towards the end of this period, however, much of the site becomes silted up, perhaps due to one or a number of flooding episodes which also caused some hillside erosion of the terrace.  Between AD325-375 the bath-house was re-established, modified and extended. A new timber building was built to the north of the yard and substantial reworking of the terrace with new revetments took place.  Occupation continued into the 4thC AD, though the area fell into disuse by or sometime after AD375; the bath-house was stripped of its structural materials. Drainage gullies cut through the foundations of the timber building and a smaller structure was constructed, associated with pits and a well slightly further up the escarpment. This final and short period of use perhaps pertains to a full shift in site use, possibly agricultural/pastoral in nature."
8032,-100,400,200,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,No,river valley,mixed,No,No,No,"Lying just south of the London-Colchester Roman road, due north-east of Old Ford, excavation on the Jubilee Line extension at Stratford revealed evidence for Iron Age and Roman rural settlement.  Activity had continued from the earlier Iron Age into the late Iron Age/early Roman period, albeit on a small scale. The early Roman phase is marked by a number of burials including two crouched inhumations, two horses, and a dog, amongst other feature types. It appears that the animals were very carefully lain.  A number of drainage ditches were present in the trenches and some may have acted as enclosures, though it is possible that roundhouses were present. It seems possible that the area lay on the periphery of a nearby settlement. A contemporary pottery assemblage was relatively abundant with material. One bone from the horse burial was carbon-dated to c.AD128-320.  During the late 2nd/early 3rdC AD, the land seems to have been turned over to agriculture, though a small number of possible structures were recorded, in particular a large timber building. No evidence for activity during the immediate post-Roman phase was noted."
8033,-100,250,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,1,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"Evidence for a settlement probably originating in the early to middle Iron Age, perhaps earlier, but which continues through the late Iron Age into the early Roman period. The site is thought to have gone into disuse by the 2ndC AD.  The primary settlement features were numbers of postholes, ditches and pits, though not all the latter were excavated. Two 'huts', one is argued to be a rectangular timber building, were identified at the site, and at least one was in use during the early Roman period, c.AD60-150, since quantities of Samian ware (along with charcoal, bones, other pottery and the remains of two quern stones). The other was found only yards away, though had been largely destroyed, though was found to be broadly contemporary with the first. Pottery from the nearby ditches also dated to the later 1stC AD."
8034,150,350,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Excavation of trench 58 revealed a group of timber structures associated with water channels, whilst further stretches of Romano-British ditches were recovered in nearby trenches 56 and 59. The wooden structures were interpreted as being revetments associated with management of the various tributaries of the River Lea. The site lie due south-east of the settlement at Old Ford.  The timbers were carbon-dated to c.AD120-340. Within the associated ditch, fragments of daub and late Romano-British pottery including mortaria and amphora, opus signinum and Roman brick and tile, plus a 4thC AD coin. Due to the alluvial nature of the site, it is likely that these remains were washed into the site from nearby, though the wooden structures were excavated in situ.  Very little evidence for Roman domestic occupation was recovered in the entire Olympic Park area which spanned c.246ha (though see Olympic Park trench 9: site ID 8035)."
8035,-100,200,50,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Site of a middle Iron Age multiple-ditched enclosure settlement with evidence of activity continuing into the late Iron Age by the presence of four inhumation burials. Only one of the burials yielded a radiocarbon date, c.110BC-AD60. The grave sizes, orientations, and the position of the bodies varied between each, suggests that they may not have been contemporary with each other, but were buried over a broad time span associated with the settlement.  In the early Roman period, a substantial but irregularly aligned ditch crossed the site, cutting through the middle Iron Age enclosure features, perhaps as part of more wetland/riverine management across the area (see Site ID 8034). Roman pottery was recovered from the feature, though none dated later than AD200."
8036,100,400,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,No,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,Yes,hill,uncertain,No,No,No,"Workers of a mound in Greenwich Park in 1902 discovered the remains of a high-status Roman building, including tesserae and mortar. It was suggested then that a villa was the identity of the structure. Further excavations in the 1920s and 1970s, revealed more of the building indicating that it might be a Romano-Celtic temple rather than a villa.  The 1920s excavations produced remains of three floors, one tessellated and lying three feet higher than the other two, one of which was surfaced with opus signinum, and a six foot stretch of ragstone walling. The finds were also numerous (see other finds), though some are now difficult to trace, whilst the records of the excavations are largely inadequate.  The 1970s excavators of the site argued that the most likely form of building was that of a Romano-Celtic temple, with its entrance to the east. A newly discovered wall and floor were suggested to be the south side of the ambulatory, making the 1902 tesserae patch the flooring of the cella. Also, two of the gullies identified perhaps belonged to a temenos boundary.  Excavations in 1999 by the Museum or London, Birkbeck College and Time Team, exposed further structural evidence on the mound, as well as remains of a further complex of features to the east, both of which appear to substantiate the temple hypothesis. The complex, disturbed nature of the contexts, plus the limitations of a three-day excavation, meant that it was not possible to phase the site, though the evidence indicates that the site was in use, probably continuously, c.AD100 to AD400, and confirms several phases of activity.  The majority of the pottery dates to the later Roman period, c.AD250-400, whilst most of the building materials were found to be of 1st/2ndC AD date. This suggests that the buildings were in use for a long period, with early building material probably re-used in any repairs or rebuilding."
8037,1,100,50,,uncertain,complex,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Site with little activity prior to the Iron Age when evidence suggests the area was cleared of trees and a possible settlement established. The late Iron Age saw the development of a field system or enclosure with pits and a gravelled trackway, which in turn was replaced by another field system on a different alignment. This system probably dates to immediately after the Roman Conquest and seems to have been abandoned by the end of the first century. Two ditches from the early Roman phase contained relatively large quantities of pottery, including 'Belgic' wares, Samian, mortaria and amphorae, as well as a copper alloy bow brooch and much burnt daub and wood, together suggesting domestic occupation at the site. The site lies just north of the Roman road and may have formed a peripheral part of the nucleated village settlement focussed on London Road (Site ID 8007).  No further activity was observed until field boundaries were established in the medieval period. The site has only been published as an interim report so far."
8038,75,225,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,mixed,No,No,No,"Site of uncertain character unveiled by trenching for a water main at Downe between Farnborough and Berry Green. The site consists of three ditches, a large pit (2.2 x1.9m) and two post pits. The quantity and type of finds from the site suggests that occupation existed in the immediate area. The pit included a fine silt, indicating that had been filled with water at some point. When it went out of use it was filled with quantities of pottery, quernstones, charcoal and burnt grain, and building material."
8039,50,300,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Four ditches and four pits were excavated at the site, which perhaps formed part of a farmstead. A north-south aligned ditch produced pottery dated c AD 50-250. The three east-west aligned ditches were dated to the last quarter of the 3rd century and may reflect a later change in field boundaries or systems.  The northern-most ditch contained 20 fragments of bone representing at least two large mammals, one of which was a horse.  In the area enclosed by the northern and the south ditches were the bases of two truncated pits which contained inhumation burials."
8040,250,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,Yes,"Excavation produced considerable evidence for Roman activity, primarily dated to the later 3rd and 4th centuries AD. A substantial N-S ditch running through the site seems to represent a significant land boundary. This feature produced pottery no earlier than AD250.  At least 16 further features were found in association with the ditch, most likely a range of pits and postholes. These had been quite heavily truncated making interpretation of their function difficult. Some may relate to structures, though one or two of the larger features may have been from gravel quarrying. One pit included the disarticulated but mostly complete skeleton of a small dog, again probably dating to the late 3rd to 4th centuries. A second nearby large pit included some burnt and partially vitrified material of possibly industrial origin, though there was no evidence of slag or kiln waste.  The relatively high number of coins and above average proportions of Samian and mortaria suggests, as also indicated by David Bird (2004, 63-6) that Croydon was a nucleated settlement."
8041,50,250,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Located at the entrance to an important gap in the North Downs which formed a natural communications route, the site is likely to lie adjacent to the Roman road running north to London (the present Brighton Road). Croydon is suggested by David Bird (2004, 63-6) to have been a nucleated settlement.  The principal Roman features were two E-W ditches cut into the natural gravel and thus lay at right angles to the line of the postulated Roman road. These may have been field enclosures, though also seemed to have acted as drainage around the road since molluscan evidence indicates that the may have been somewhat marshy or at least was periodically wet. The southernmost ditch opened out at its eastern end into what appears to have been a sump. Both features appear to date to the period AD120-180. Gully-like features and a pit were also present, seemingly pertaining to 2ndC AD activity at the site. A mid-4thC AD coin hoard was deposited in the upper fill of one of the ditches, though was badly disturbed and somewhat dispersed. The site appears to be an area of activity peripheral to the main settlement."
8042,-100,100,,,large (9+ ha),enclosed,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Substantial middle Iron Age defended earthwork enclosure nearly 20ha in size. MIA occupation is evidenced by roundhouses, a rectangular structure, as well as four-poster structures.  A watching brief on the western edge of the site revealed a massive ditch containing early Roman pottery and much late Iron Age type shell-tempered ware. This mixture, indicative of a 1st-century AD date, is found in the upper to middle fills of this large, deep ditch. This ditch is currently interpreted as part of the defences of Uphall Camp, but appears to have been constructed as part of an additional earthwork at the time of the Roman conquest."
8043,50,160,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"A major pottery production centre was discovered by field survey in 1962 from an unusually high quantity of ceramics laying in a final remaining section of 'ancient Middlesex woodland'. Trial trenching in 1966 produced further pottery with a number of wasters which, along with baked clay and fire-bar fragments, suggested the presence of pottery kilns. Soon after, initial excavations revealed five kilns and at least three large pits dug for clay extraction. Domestic waste, including non-local pottery (Samian and mortaria) and charcoal, was mixed with kiln waste into rubbish deposits, though the quantity of material was minimal and, it is argued by the excavator, may have been brought onto site by itinerant potters.  Excavations at the site continued until 1975. A system of ditches serving and surrounding the kiln complex has been uncovered; one of the kilns was set in a ditch section for through-draft, although up-draught types were most common at Highgate Wood. In total, 10 individual kilns have been discovered at the site, along with a number of small hearths (some set in the ditch system), and a range of pits, including the clay quarries. At the north-western end of one of the ditches an off-branch turned into a penannular ditch, which is argued to be a working area. Whilst much of the ditch system was likely used as wind-breaks, some parts may have carried water.  Excavations have shown that pottery was made at the site from c.AD50-160 and it is possible that four phases of production (I-IV) can be defined. Furthermore, three distinct fabric types were identified making use of grass, grog, and sand for tempering. Broadly, grass- and grog-tempered wares were being produced between AD50 and 100, whilst sand-tempered wares were primarily produced from the site between AD100 and 160. The excavators argue that finer wares were being produced in the latter period."
8044,25,175,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,2,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Present today within an area of Kings Wood near Sanderstead, five excavated sections revealed evidence of a D-shaped earthwork enclosure which was accessed by three roads/trackways. The enclosure contained two 'huts', whilst a small cemetery was located outside but adjacent to the settlement.  The earthwork remains visible on the surface as an 'insignificant series of banks', enclosing c.45000 sq. ft. The 'huts', presumably roundhouses, were represented by shallow depressions containing quantities of 1stC AD pottery. Pottery from the enclosure in general dated from the early 1stC to the mid-2ndC AD; Samian sherds dated AD130-160.  The small cremation cemetery was located 20ft west of the enclosure entrance alongside its main access trackway. All the burials were those of babies and young children. Adult burials may have been placed elsewhere, though were not found by the excavation. The burial-ground was situated on the slight incline of the small valley in which the settlement is sited.  An extensive field system was noted (by survey) to have surrounded the settlement. Around 42 'shaft' features were also identified through field survey, one of which located c.200yards south of the main site was partially excavated. The lower infillings of the shaft was found to be broadly contemporary with the settlement. The hole is argued to have eventually penetrated the chalk bedrock and may have been dug for marling, perhaps by the inhabitants of nearby settlement(s)."
8045,50,400,150,250,small (<1 - 3 ha),complex,Yes,,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,river valley,mixed,Yes,No,No,"The site was situated on the sloping south-western side of a gravel promontory close to the confluence of the Rivers Wantz and Beam.  Limited evidence for middle Iron Age occupation was located in the north-western part of the site and may have been industrial in nature, though there seemed to have been a hiatus from this period to renewed activity in the 1stC AD which continued across the Roman period.  In the early Roman phase (c.AD43-130), two primary zones of activity were identified. Domestic occupation was prevalent in the north-western part of the site which focussed on a large enclosure of mid to late 1stC AD date. This feature included a complex sub-divided internal area, with further divisions to the east of the main enclosure. The enclosure ditch terminals produced quantities of pottery with some near complete vessels. Within the enclosure, postholes forming fence lines and structures, with a possible working area to the north of this, was identified, whilst south-east of the enclosure a possible trackway defined the northern limit of a group of pits. Enclosures and a waterhole south-east of the occupation appeared to have been utilised for farming and beyond this, at the edge of the promontory, a cremation cemetery also of 1stC AD date with an associated pyre site was located towards the edge of the Wantz stream. This seems to have been set within an enclosure  After AD150, activity continued in the north-western part of the site, though a slight reorganisation in land division ensued with new enclosure ditches being imposed over the earlier system. In the later 2ndC AD the main enclosure was extended to the north, with further divisions to the south. The western area contained two wells, and the eastern side of a dividing ditch two single-chambered pottery kilns were discovered. A long period of use was suggested by successive layers of ash and debris with evidence of cleaning out, whilst pottery wasters were also recovered. In the far south-eastern part of the enclosure, a circle of postholes may represent a structure associated with this industrial activity.  Between AD250-400 activity had shifted to the south of the earlier enclosure which seems to have gone into disuse; the earlier features had silted up. Two parallel ditches of 3rd-4thC AD date were constructed with the northernmost showing evidence of up to 3 recuts and following the line of a relict palaeochannels. These probably functioned as drainage ditches. A cremation burial had been inserted into the upper fill of this ditch using 1st/2ndC AD pottery, much earlier than that from the ditch fill, suggesting that the pot had been curated. In the far south of the site the earliest ditch defining the promontory had silted up by this period, marking the beginnings of a boundary, the use of which would extend into the post-medieval period."
8046,50,200,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,1,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"Excavations revealed a sequence of remains related to settlement on the Roman road of Watling Street. To the west of the site, an arrangement of postholes and beam slots seem to have represented the remains of a roadside building. This was associated with a number of pits and a possible well. The features produced quantities of early Roman pottery.  This area was dissected by a substantial ditch, the other side of which lay up to six cremation burials cut into natural stratigraphy. A compacted gravel surface may also represent an associated floor/work area. Possible grave cuts were identified in an extension to the main trench further east, though no bone survived precluding the proof of such features."
8047,50,400,150,,medium (4 - 8 ha),unclassified,Yes,,1,No,No,Yes,Yes,No,Yes,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Site of a Roman corridor villa excavated in 1927 and in 1988 dating from c.AD80 to 4th century. Early excavation suggests it overlay an Iron Age hut dwelling and pottery dating to c.100 BC, though later work by Philp did not find evidence to date occupation of the site prior to AD50. The first stage of villa construction is dated to AD140-170, given here as AD150.  Several distinct developments of villa construction take place during the early third century. The pre-villa site was enclosed though it is uncertain whether the villa was as well since part of a large ditch lay north of the villa building so it is possible.  A further site was excavated 200m west of the villa at Station Approach revealing evidence of intense activity consisting of a number of ditch and pit features. The finds suggest that this area likely formed part of the villa's immediate hinterland."
8048,50,200,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Lying c.800m north of the Thames where Waterloo Bridge crosses the river from the Strand, a watching brief over a small area revealed evidence of a series of east-west and north-south aligned gullies pertaining to land divisions in the Roman period which would have aligned Watling Street.  One ditch contained the crushed remains of a pot dating to AD 70-80, though no firm evidence was found to confirm the presence of settlement. However, the pottery assemblage suggests an area of occupation probably lay nearby.  One of the ditches was recut at some time after AD 117, and a gravel surface laid down. This may have been a track parallel to the nearby Watling Street, which ran along the line of High Holborn/Oxford Street, or an external yard surface. All Roman activity on the site dated to the 1st or 2nd century AD."
8049,-100,400,200,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"Lying on the Thames gravel terrace some 4.5km north-east of the river, above and to the north of a small tributary stream of the that feeds Berwick Pond to the south-west. The site presently comprises a large area of arable land with small pockets of woodland/scrub. The site was evaluated prior to the construction of a large reservoir over the area.  Evaluation trenches revealed evidence of archaeological features across parts of the site, dating from the middle and late Iron Age, and a larger number of Romano-British features, probably associated with a farmstead settlement. A paucity of finewares and continental imports in both the earlier and later Roman periods suggest low-status occupation.  The focus of the site may have rested on the crested, north eastern part (possibly beyond the site), and that the run-off of features to the south and west represented field systems associated with the settlement. It is noteworthy that some cropmarks corresponded with the identified archaeological features, especially in the north eastern part of the site, where a number of enclosures were identified. Ditches, pits and postholes were all identified, though the areas of excavation were too restricted for the observation of any possible larger structures.  Iron Age activity was limited and the main focus of domestic occupation seems to centre on the 1st and 2ndC AD. More abundant evidence of later Roman activity was found in the extreme southern area of the site. One trench yielded evidence of possible early Saxon pottery."
8050,50,150,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Located on a shallow slope directly east of the River Beam and c.2km north of the River Thames, an area of early Roman occupation was excavated after evaluation. The site lies c.200m from the farmstead and funerary site at Beam Washlands (site ID 8045); the two sites were perhaps related.  Three phases of Roman activity were identified dating between the mid-1stC AD and mid-2ndC AD. An initial phase included a curvilinear ditch which was later bisected by a linear ditch. The latter feature was associated with pitting and postholes dating from the late 1stC AD. The rough alignment of postholes may indicate the south-eastern limits of a former structure. Significantly one posthole exhibited distinctive signs of in-situ burning. A final phase of activity included numerous intercutting pits which truncated the linear ditch. All features encountered were indicative of settlement.  The site currently lies on the Mardyke Estate, the construction of which in 1963 revealed evidence for a Roman cemetery plus artefacts associated with settlement activity which included quernstone fragments and quantities of pottery, though the details are vague."
8051,200,400,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,Yes,"Situated on a floodplain to the east side of the River Colne, around 10km north of its confluence with the River Thames, a large area had been stripped and mapped after evaluations and watching briefs which revealed a multi-period site.  A small dual-rite Romano-British cemetery was located at the very southern end of the trench dating to the 3rd-4thC AD, and perhaps indicates that a late Roman settlement lay outside the excavated area.  Approximately 30m NW of the cremation burial area, a small pit feature with 'uncleared' cremation debris, including burnt human bone, was argued to have been a pyre site, though it my also have been a separate cremation burial.  An L-shaped ditch may well have been part of an enclosure feature, part surrounding the burial area.  An early Saxon settlement was also discovered slightly further north and was in use during the 5th-6thC AD, after the cemetery had gone into disuse. The Saxon settlement consisted of two post-built halls, seven sunken-feature buildings, a well and a number of pits, all along the higher ground above the river."
8053,-50,400,50,200,small (<1 - 3 ha),complex,Yes,3,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,mixed,Yes,No,No,"Sited in the north of the Middle Thames Valley the site saw the formation of a small late Iron Age enclosure with several external roundhouse structures, forming an unenclosed settlement. Although some middle Iron Age pottery was encountered no evidence for settlement prior to the late Iron Age was found. By the early Roman period the enclosure was extended and developed into further enclosures and plots of land. A road was also constructed in this period passing to the north of the settlement moving ESE-WNW; this trackway may have had its origins in the late Iron Age. This allowed for further development at the site with a linear settlement expanding either side of the road and lasting into the late Roman period.  The Roman settlement included a number of wayside inhumations, cremations and middens, as well as a complex arrangement of internal enclosure divisions, peripheral stock enclosures, timber-lined wells, gravel quarrying pits, pits, and post-holes. The late Iron Age roundhouses may have continued in use into the early Roman period."
8054,1,400,200,,small (<1 - 3 ha),complex,Yes,,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,river valley,mixed,Yes,No,No,"Situated in the north of the Middle Thames Valley on the West London gravels, west of the River Crane, a multi-period site produced evidence of minimal Iron Age and early Roman activity, though a number of features attest to late Roman occupation at the site.  Evidence for late Iron Age activity consists of one pit, a post hole and beam slot structure, suggesting that the focus of any Iron Age occupation lay beyond the site to the north.  Further limited indications of 1st/2ndC AD activity was encountered, but the majority of Roman features form a complex series of enclosure ditches dating to the late Roman period. Much of the earlier Roman pottery seems to have been residual in later Roman features.  Various phases of construction were noted though these all relate broadly to the 3rd/4th centuries AD. The majority of the enclosures appear to have been extensions of a large central sub-rectangular enclosure. Within this large enclosure three wells, a posthole structure, and thirteen pits were encountered. Although there is no evidence for buildings, the finds assemblage may suggest occupation in the vicinity. Structural features may have been affected by truncation on the site.  The Roman activity on the eastern side of the site was severely limited, though a large droveway ran across the site from west to east, providing access to the settlement. The southern ditch of the trackway was seen only in section, though one find included a silver siliqua of Valentinian II."
8056,43,375,200,,large (9+ ha),complex,Yes,,3,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Two sites of continued evidence for roadside settlement at Brentford at the northern edge of Syon Park adjacent to London Road. Successive evaluation and excavations by MoLAS revealed occupation activity south of the London-Silchester Roman road and north of a nearby palaeochannels of the Thames. This work was complemented by an earlier excavation on an adjacent site.  MoLAS' excavations unearthed an almost continuous transect across a Roman-period landscape. Two phases of the London-Silchester Roman road were revealed immediately next to the modern London Road; the earlier road was flanked by a ditch and later by a fence. On the SE side of the road part the linear settlement that has previously been shown by other excavations to have extended into the centre of modern Brentford was identified. This included the remains of two large timber buildings which lasted into the 4th century. These structures were shown to have included wall daub and painted plaster, whilst outside bread ovens, hearths, pits and gravel surfaces were associated. The buildings were probably constructed around the mid-late 3rdC AD, and were seen to have succeeded earlier remains of post-holes and a hearth, possibly relating to a smaller earthen-floored structure.  A broad array of Roman artefacts recovered from the site highly indicative of domestic settlement, including a substantial number of coins, several cosmetic or medical implements, and fragments of brooches.  A series of ditches between the settlement and the channel delineated a number of rectangular fields and an intersecting trackway which ran at right angle from the main road to the palaeochannels. Roughly rectangular in plan and aligned at a right angle to the road and palaeochannels the earliest fields were in use by the latter 1stC AD, and may have been replaced by others in the 2nd or 3rdC AD. Ditches on the north-east side of the track were apparently filled by the 3rd and 4th centuries AD.  The adjacent site excavated by Pre-Construct Archaeology was situated to the north-west of the MoLAS site, closer to Brentford town centre, and provided complimentary evidence for settlement from the 1st to 4th centuries, but with a clear focus on the period c.AD70-200. This phase consisted of a post-built building/s along the main road, similar to those found by MoLAS, with an associated hearth and cremation burial.  The building/s appear to have been abandoned at some time in the late 2ndC AD when the site became utilised as an external yard area, surfaced with gravel. By the end of the late 3rd or early 4th centuries the yard surface had gone out of use, with a new ditch was inserted perhaps indicating a new property boundary.  Overall, the pottery and coin assemblages suggest that little activity took place at the sites by the last quarter of the 4thC AD."
8057,100,250,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Excavation revealed two mid-Roman ditches and at least four associated pits. All these features were closely dated to the 2ndC AD, and probably relate to settlement lying close to the conjectured alignment of Watling Street, linking Dover to Londinium. Unfortunately, the pottery had not undergone quantitative analysis in either of the grey literature reports, which seem to place more emphasis on two mid-Saxon burials at the site."
8058,40,400,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Located some 300m from the present and much altered course of the River Wandle, the site of a presumed Roman inhumation cemetery was identified within the river's broad floodplain.  A two-phased evaluation of the site in 1993 revealed at least 12 inhumation burials within an area of Roman ditches with pottery dating from the 1st to 4thC AD. It is unknown whether these ditches formed a purpose-made enclosure for the burials or whether they were associated with a nearby settlement, as the excavation failed to reveal whether they fully enclosed the funerary area. These findings added to excavations carried out in 1966-8 which discovered three further inhumation just to the north of the main site along with a continuation of some of the associated ditches.  All features were overlain by a homogeneous plough-soil containing Roman medieval and post-medieval pottery. It also contained disarticulated human bone and there was clear evidence of truncation of both graves, ditches and natural features.  The dating of the burials is remains dubious, since the graves were not fully excavated. However, the orientation of the inhumations, their association with a ditch containing clearly dateable Roman material, and the presence of iron coffin nails point towards a later Roman provenance. A N-S orientation of the graves suggests they were associated with the ditches, which were also N-S aligned."
8059,50,400,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Located in an area of known springs and small streams, the modern settlement of Welling possibly developed along the line of Watling Street. The River Thames lies c.8km to the north with the junction of the Rivers Cray and Darent lying c.7km to the west.  Rescue excavation by KARU in 1989 of a small area between John Newton Court housing estate and the Guy, Earl of Warwick public house revealed evidence of a small cemetery and other features which suggest possible Roman settlement, including ditches, gullies, two timber-lined wells, two small pits, a hearth, and a post-hole.  Many of the features could only be partially excavated due to time constrictions relating to the development of the site. Primary fills of two ditches suggest that they originated in the second half of the 1stC AD, with upper fills dating to the early 2ndC AD. Infilling of the wells and other features, however, indicate that activity at the site continued and may have lasted into the 4thC AD.  One of the 1st-2ndC AD ditches was found to have had five cremation burials (as well as a large circular pit thought to be a well by the excavators) cut into its upper layer. All the burials included pottery dating them to c.AD140-200.  A later evaluation of a site 70m SW of the KARU excavations by MoLAS in 2009 provided further evidence of activity with additional ditches and another cremation burial being identified (see grey literature report).  The limited area of the excavations mean that the primary character of the site is difficult to discern, whether it was a funerary site with associated activity or a farmstead with an associated cremation cemetery is open to interpretation. However, five further cremation burials as well as a small coin deposit had been recorded from discoveries occurring in the 19th and early 20th centuries. Though no further details are available for these finds they were all found within 250 yards of the KARU excavation. On balance, it seems likely that the remains recovered so far represent part of a 'village'-type settlement lying close or alongside the purported line of Watling Street."
8060,175,300,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Lying on a gravel rise below alluvial layers just 200m north of the present bank of the River Thames the site of a probable settlement was located in an area of marshland which remained so until development in the 19th century.  Occupation of the site is tentatively denoted from the presence of Roman material culture in the alluvial layer, associated post-holes and a cow burial. The pottery dates closely to the late 2nd-late 3rdC AD. Excavation of the Royal Albert Dock (immediately to the north of the site)  in 1880-1885 also produced Roman 'black Samian ware pottery' and roof tile further indicating the presence of 3rdC AD occupation in the vicinity. The close dating of the pottery would suggest that the remains were not built up gradually by alluvial action, but were deliberately deposited.  One layer excavated contained a considerable quantity of ceramics including Samian Ware, possible Mayen Ware, mortaria, flagons, flasks, storage jars, amphora and cooking vessels, some of a fine quality. Also present were floor tile, roof tile, brick, burnt daub, charcoal, wood, wall plaster, burnt flint, slag, and the butchered bones of domestic livestock.  The layer appeared to be deposited in a semi-circular/oval spread, with a central area of material with a very high organic content containing most of the  finds mentioned above (figure 3). The identification of wheat and oats indicates the occurrence of cultivation close by on the dried marsh."
8061,150,375,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Situated on gently sloping land c.25km NW of the Thames estuary, the site of a Roman enclosure and associated field-system was identified in advance of gravel extraction at Fairlop Quarry. These features were first identified via watching brief by Newham Museum Service and around 18ha of land was subsequently excavated by Essex County Council.  Whilst prehistoric activity was noted on site, substantial ditches and other features dating to the mid/late Roman period were excavated. Of particular note was the presence of a late Roman sunken-feature building. Although rather large and elongated, an area of cobbling on the feature's east side and one on its south side implies maintenance to the structure, whilst fragments of lava quern suggest that grinding of corn took place.  A number of cremation deposits suggest that burial also took place in the area. Many were undated and, as Bronze Age burials were also present, these cannot be taken to be Roman. However, two were positively dated, one to the late Iron Age/early Roman period and one to the late Roman period.  The pottery recovered from the site in general varied in date from the Late Iron Age to the end of the Roman period, though the bulk of the material appeared to be late Roman in date ranging primarily from the mid-2nd to the late 4thC AD. All the Late Iron Age and early Roman sherds were residual in later contexts. The evidence therefore points to a late Roman chronology for the site, though little activity was thought to have taken place beyond AD360/70."
8062,50,200,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Located on the west bank of the Thames approximately 100m from the river, the site of an early Roman settlement of unknown character was partly revealed by an extended evaluation trench.  The features excavated were found to have been quite densely set, including posthole fencelines, a number of pits, and drainage ditches which, from the quantity of Roman pottery contained within their fills are likely to have formed the boundaries, perhaps an enclosure, of a farm. A beam-slot may also represent a timber enclosure or building. Small quantities of slag and metal waste suggest that some industrial activities were carried out at the site.  Despite the limited area excavated, these remains are significant due to the largely absent evidence of Roman rural settlement in the immediate vicinity of Richmond-upon-Thames. The pottery assemblage suggests the site is 1st/2ndC AD in date."
8063,250,400,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Located on the well-drained soils of the gravel terrace approximately half a mile to the north of the River Thames, the site was situated on a generally flat surface within a bend of the river. Early documentary references indicate that the area may have been marshy.  Evidence for Roman settlement is represented by pits, post-holes, and seven ditches. All features contained numerous fragments of Roman pottery and several were found intercutting suggesting continuing activity over time. One ditch, thought to have been an enclosure feature dated to the second half of the 4thC AD, though the pottery assemblage indicates that activity at the site ranged from c.AD250-400."
8064,50,250,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,No,Yes,No,"Sited close to a hilltop on the Upper Cretaceous Chalk, a dispersed programme of evaluation trenching at the former St Mary's Hospital revealed evidence of early Roman settlement in one trench by the discovery of two intersecting ditches and a pit which, pertinently, included the complete skull of a horse.  Finds from the area were primarily of Romano-British date, indicating that settlement in the area may have been quite intensive. Although the pottery assemblage is small it suggests a probable date of occupation c.1st-3rdC AD, though further excavation would be needed to substantiate this."
8065,50,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"Evaluation trenching revealed a number of features dating to the Roman period, which seem likely to represent a farmstead.  Early Roman activity was represented by a posthole and a probable ditch. However, later Roman activity was more common in the form of a series of ditches, postholes and a possible surface. In particular, the alignment of the ditches and the presence of postholes in Trench 2 suggests the presence of a possible structure, a possibility strengthened by the discovery of daub from a number of contexts. In Trench 3 the presence of a V-shaped ditch would suggest a possible property boundary and, to the south of this, the presence of a compacted surface and a large posthole containing post packing indicates that another, more substantial, structure was evident.  The fabric and form of the Roman building material recovered from the site, along with the presence of a Purbeck marble flagstone or inlay fragment, indicates that a 2ndC AD high-status heated building had become disused in the vicinity."
8066,50,500,350,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Lying c.400m from the north bank of the Thames to the north of the City of Westminster, excavations and watching briefs around the St Martin-in-the-fields Church for refurbishment revealed evidence of early Roman activity dating close to the time of the Conquest, whilst significant later Roman activity may have extended to the middle of the 5thC AD.  The earliest evidence for occupation took the form of a building in the north-east of the site. The excavator argues that this structure may have had a military function. The structure was represented by beamslots, postholes and an oven, though no obviously military artefacts were present. A quarry pit was also excavated close by the building, presumably for brickearth extraction, though possibly for gravel; the author does not state which.  Later Roman construction and a burial was also present in the same area. To the north of the present church was a group of burials, one within a limestone sarcophagus, dated to the early to mid 5thC AD (see burial data for details). These may suggest the presence of a religious building or monument in the vicinity.  To the south of the church a late Roman tile kiln was excavated whose final firing was dated by archaeomagnetometry to between AD400 and 450. The kiln produced both tile and brick, and it was unusual in that it had a double flue. The excavator states that this made it the latest Roman structure found in London.  Evidence for Saxon activity was not encountered until 7thC AD burials were unearthed."
8067,100,375,,,medium (4 - 8 ha),unclassified,Yes,,1,Yes,No,Yes,No,No,Yes,river valley,uncertain,No,Yes,Yes,"Lying at the bottom of the Cray Valley, the site of a small bath-house was first excavated between 1975-78 by Orpington Museum continuing work on an adjacent early Saxon cemetery (c.5th/6thC AD). In 1988 Kent Archaeological Rescue Unit excavated adjacent areas to reveal a number  of associated features including pits, ditches, metalled areas, and 'a line of major Roman post-holes'. The 1970s excavations reported finding a kiln, Roman outbuildings and a courtyard, though this was not substantiated by the KARU excavations which took place on the same site.  A general lack of 1stC AD finds indicates that the site possibly originated at the end of this century. Similarly, a lack of 4thC AD material also suggests that the site may have been abandoned sometime after AD300. However, coin evidence suggests activity continued into the second half of the 4thC AD.  Evaluation trenching to the west and north of the bathhouse produced little material culture. Coupled with the orientation of the bath-house this would suggest that the main area of settlement, perhaps a villa estate, probably lay to the south and possibly to the east of the structure.  In 2006 and 2007, Pre-Construct Archaeology carried out further excavations to the south-west of the bathhouse area, on the H. Smith Yard site, uncovering an early Roman metalled surface and evidence for light industrial activity, plus part of a late 1st/early 2ndC AD field-system in an adjacent area. These remains, in general, date to the late 1st-early 3rdC AD and are broadly contemporary with the bathhouse."
8068,50,150,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Located some 1500m north of the Thames, an archaeological evaluation revealed four cremations dating from the late 1st to the early 2ndC AD. The burials were found within a rectangular ditched enclosure, which is posited to have had an internal timber fence.  Four ditches of indefinite date, but possibly contemporary with the cemetery, were uncovered all oriented roughly parallel, perhaps representing a field system."
8069,-50,50,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,No,No,No,"Lying upon a hill on a gravel terrace four miles north of the river Thames, a late Iron Age occupation site was evidenced by small sub-circular structure consisting of a shallow penannular gully with a series of postholes cut into it. The entrance to the structure appeared to be represented by 2 posts set slightly outside the projected line of the gully and may represent an east-facing porch-like structure. Further associated features were also identified including a ditch which is interpreted as a possible 'field boundary' or 'temporary stock enclosure' which had a post-built structure at its north-western corner.  These features were not securely dated by finds, but were given a late Iron Age date by comparison to other regional sites with similar features. No early Roman activity was identified, though a large mid-late Roman ditch was found to have cut across the site, perhaps representing a property boundary."
8070,-50,200,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"Archaeological evaluation revealed features, including pits and postholes, dating from the late Iron Age to the early Romano-British period, probably representing a small farm settlement.  Later, a 2nd to 3rdC AD Roman ditch ran north to south across the site, and containing finds suggestive of domestic settlement within the local area. It is suggested that this feature produced the crop mark identified in the desk-based assessment as an enclosure ditch."
8071,50,300,,,uncertain,complex,No,,1,No,No,Yes,No,No,Yes,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Bounded by the River Lea to the east, the site probably formed part of the Old Ford roadside settlement which has been primarily recorded from various excavations previously taken place further west along the line of the London-Colchester road (see Site ID 8014).  This site is dominated by the poorly preserved remains of a large multi-roomed masonry building, the origins of which dated to the mid-1stC AD and represented the earliest evidence of activity on the site. Along with its substantial size the building also boasted a hypocaust system. Large wooden piles were observed to have been placed into the ground below areas of the building, presumably to stabilise its foundations at the edge of the river. Some may have been used as revetments also. The excavator strongly argues that the building was a mansio.  Restructuring of the hypocaust during the 2nd/3rdC AD demonstrates that the building was still in use into the mid-late Roman period, although considerable post-medieval activity has severely truncated and damaged much of the remains.  The excavation of the site was hampered by the presence of contaminated materials which could only be removed by machine, whilst the excavators could not record the remains by way of conventional plans and recording methodology (see plan). As a result, virtually no materials could be removed from the site for specialist analysis."
8072,25,200,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unenclosed,No,,,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,Yes,"Lying immediately east of the River Crane floodplain on a raised gravel terrace, evidence of early Romano-British activity was identified by a few dispersed features probably relating to 1st-2ndC AD field-systems, perhaps peripheral to an occupation site. Significant occupation activity was confined to the Bronze and early Iron Ages. This seems not to have continued through the mid-late Iron Age, with the Roman activity apparently representing a renewed, albeit minimal, interest in the site. An early Saxon farmstead was also identified.  Whilst the area of investigation may have been sited on a peripheral area of settlement, some features proved to be more indicative of specific activities. Two, possibly three, groups of postholes possibly represent either small dwellings or fenced enclosures, perhaps animal pens. These were only dated by Roman pottery from one of the postholes and their association with a nearby Roman gully. One particularly pottery-rich pit included an assemblage interpreted by the specialist as resembling cheese-making. Most evidence for Romano-British activity was concentrated along the western edge of the site and the ceramic evidence suggests this activity occurred almost exclusively in the early Roman period. Field-system ditches are evident, whilst two large pits cut into the ditches were possibly quarry pits."
8073,,,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Lying on the Hackney gravels to the west of the tributary of the Walbrook Channel on the line of Roman Ermine Street, an area of gravel quarrying was identified, along with some probably associated ditches. No closer date than 'Roman' could be given to these features due to the restricted nature of the excavation and from the level of medieval activity which was also apparent."
8074,-50,150,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,Yes,No,"Located c.200m NW of the River Rom, a late Iron Age/early Roman ditch was found with an urned sheep cremation within its fill. Whether this feature was part of a field system or an enclosure boundary of a settlement is unknown."
8075,50,250,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Located on the western side of the floodplain of the Lea Valley, to the east of the River Lea, a large wooded stake structure was made in an existing marsh landscape, thought to have been in a retting pit, used for softening and rotting fibrous plant stems for the use of the fibres. However, the environmental remains require further examination. The structure is quite disturbed and may have been a jetty or similar structure."
8076,1,300,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,No,2,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Lying c.1.5km north of the bank of the River Thames in an area of previously marsh and alluvial gravel, substantial late Iron Age/Roman activity comprised pits (some probably quarry pits), postholes and a partial ring gully, all sealed by a naturally derived, probably alluvial deposit. Further late Iron Age/Roman features were cut into this alluvial deposit including pits, postholes a further ring gully, a well and a single burial of a young infant. There is evidence of iron working, grain processing and potentially Roman pottery production in the vicinity of the site."
8077,-100,400,75,250,medium (4 - 8 ha),enclosed,Yes,2,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"On the south bank of the River Thames, c.11km east of Roman London, the site of a substantial late Iron Age fortification was uncovered, represented by twin defensive ditches running semi-circular to the riverfront, whilst inside the defended area two late Iron Age ring ditches, likely forming roundhouses were excavated.  The earliest deposits in the inner defensive ditch contained pottery dating c.350-120BC, and may have derived from the adjacent habitation area. Late Iron Age material continued to be prevalent in the lower deposits and mid-1stC AD pottery was recovered from a 'middle zone' of layers, including Samian, amphora, beakers and flagons. The upper deposits contained large quantities of late Roman domestic waste, including pottery, roof tile and around 130 coins, all dating AD270-400. However, it appears that a lack of pottery dating between late 1stC AD and the 3rdC AD suggests that the site was not, at least intensively, occupied between the Conquest period and the 4thC AD.  The outer ditch, which ran parallel to the inner feature did not contain as much material, but was very similar in shape and section, and both were of v-shaped construction with flat bottom. The upper fills of the outer ditch had a final filling and levelling-off containing layers of late Roman material.  Pits and gullies were variously dated to points throughout the Iron Age to late Roman occupation of the site. Material from the ring ditches suggest that the structures may have survived across the transition.  Most of the remains had been heavily truncated by later medieval and modern construction work.  The classification of the site is difficult due to its size, obvious defensive nature, and generally unknown character. The excavator, however, describes the site as a 'hillfort' due to its obvious functional parallels with other major defended sites of this type in Kent, though clearly states that this particular site is best thought of as a 'riverside fort', for obvious good reason. Just as inconclusive is the nature of the late 3rd/4thC AD occupation. Richard Reece suggests, based upon the coin evidence, that the site may have had a military/administrative function, which would place it in line with the shore fort system of southern and eastern England in that period."
8078,100,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Site of a ditched trackway in the hinterland of Southwark running N-S towards the Thames and may have acted as a drove road for livestock. The abraded nature of the finds assemblage suggests that the features were late Roman in date, whilst the presence of flue tile and residual Roman pottery suggests the presence of local activity."
9001,50,400,200,,large (9+ ha),unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"During the excavation of a cable trench south of the A2 at Springhead, extensive remains relating to Romano-British occupation were discovered. The remains consisted of ditches, pits, postholes, a Roman road, evidence of metalworking, chalk floors, cobbled surfaces and gullies. The features covered an area c. 260m long and were seen in the 1.2m wide by 0.3m deep trench. Most of the contexts derived from the 2nd and 3rd century though there was also evidence of both 1st and 4th century activity."
9002,1,100,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,pastoral,Yes,No,No,"Excavation in advance of housing development revealed three phases of landscape organisation, probably all falling in the 1st C AD. A droveway and several fields can be defined, with successive slight alterations but essential continuity of basic layout through this period. A small group of cremation burials of the same date range was located. Little evidence of occupation was found, but the features likely lie close to a settlement."
9003,75,150,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Excavation revealed a series of ditches, pits and small occupation scatters over a wide area, though only targeted trenches were used to locate such features. The site lies 350 yards west of the Lewes-London Roman road, which was eventually cut through by one of the trenches. No evidence for buildings were found though the excavation area was limited and the pottery suggests domestic occupation close-by."
9004,50,75,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,Excavation revealed two ditches and a pit producing a small amount of material culture associated with domestic activity. The evidence for this site is slight but is interpreted as part of a farmstead by the excavator due to the similarity of its features and material culture with other local early Roman farms.
9005,10,150,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"The site is comprised by three pits and a small ditch containing evidence of local domestic occupation and, despite the absence of building materials, is described by the excavator as part of a farmstead. The earliest dating pit contains pre-Roman imported wares, whilst the latest dating pit seems to have been filled in by AD80-120."
9006,40,100,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"Site revealed by the laying of a gas pipe, exposing nine small pits and/or ditches. The site's status and character is uncertain; it may be part of a farmstead or associated with the nearby settlement at Higham's Hill (ID: 9007)."
9008,70,150,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,No,,1,No,No,Yes,No,No,Yes,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"An early Roman bathhouse building which is seemingly isolated, though only a small area was excavated to identify the rooms of the building. A separate trench revealed the existence of a parallel ditch, so the settlement may have been enclosed, but this is uncertain, as is the existence of other associated buildings."
9009,50,120,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"The site of a small cremation cemetery of very early Roman date, consisting of five burial pits each containing urns and other vessels, mostly drinking apparatus. Small quantities of building material and other domestic material culture recovered from nearby contexts suggest the presence of a settlement in the proximity."
9010,45,100,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,Yes,No,"A ditched enclosure settlement with a large pit/shaft and a small cremation cemetery. The pit would today probably be interpreted as a structured deposit and has been recorded here as such, though not by the excavator. This site is published in both Philp 1963 and Philp 1973 which detail separate aspects of the excavations. The data from these have been combined here."
9011,125,375,200,275,medium (4 - 8 ha),unclassified,Yes,,8,Yes,No,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,river valley,uncertain,Yes,No,Yes,"The site of a large Roman courtyard villa, one of the largest villa complexes in the country with a large detached bathhouse, an extensive aisled building, swimming pool, ornamental pools, walled gardens, and a number of other outbuildings and workshops. The size of the complex, together with the architectural and other finds, including painted wall-plaster, tessellated floors, bronze sculpture, and a large quantity of Roman coins, shows that the settlement was of exceptional wealth and social standing. Darenth is the largest of the Darent Valley villas, though very little evidence for 1stC AD date was found, and it appears that the site was constructed in the early 2ndC AD.  The site was excavated in the late 19thC and was shown at that time to include over 70 rooms. Three blocks make up the main complex. At the west end a group of workshops which, provided with tanks and cisterns, it has been suggested, were in use as a 'fulling' factory (for wool processing). The villa house was noted to have had a 'monumental' entrance, to the south of which an outer courtyard contained a probable shrine enclosing a well.  The large aisled building sat outside the main complex enclosure, as did one of the bathhouses, and these were mainly excavated after discovery in 1969. After a number of development episodes, the aisled hall came to include two large corn-dryers at one end, whilst the central area included a solidly built floor suggested to be for threshing. The wide central entrance to the  building has metalling leading up to the gateway and was likely to be for garaging carts or other vehicles. A number of metalled trackways are recorded across the site.  Further excavations in 1972 revealed evidence of a wood-lined waterchannel which probably ran of from the nearby Darenth (similarities with Fullerton may be seen here, whilst the author cites the waterways at Ickham). This feature, in combination with a number of probable millstones found at the site (some incorporated into later building projects), suggests the presence of a working mill at the settlement. It is also noted, however, that the water channel may also have served the ornamental gardens and other household requirements.  The phasing given here for the main developmental periods are amalgamated: phase 1 and 2 together, and 4 and 5 together. The majority of the finds recorded here come from the aisled building excavated in 1969, and this perhaps signifies the general lack of mobile material culture recovered.  A number of Saxon sunken feature buildings also show 5thC AD occupation at the site."
9012,-50,300,75,150,medium (4 - 8 ha),enclosed,Yes,,1,No,Yes,Yes,Yes,No,Yes,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"An Iron Age enclosure and field-system dating to the middle of the 1st C BC, was filled in by AD50. The site then gets replaced with a Roman corridor villa dating from the late 1st century to AD300. Remains of an apsidal dining room, a mosaic floor, a hypocaust and painted wall plaster were found. Coins, pottery sherds ditches and pits were found dating to this era.  The villa underwent a number of structural developments and maintenance episodes though the main changes occurred around AD150. The 'stock' enclosures recorded here were associated with the late Iron Age settlement, and it is not known whether the villa was enclosed or not, but contemporary field-systems existed to the other side of the villa."
9013,100,420,175,300,medium (4 - 8 ha),unclassified,Yes,1,4,Yes,No,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,river valley,uncertain,No,Yes,No,"The site of an early Roman villa with later phases of extensive rebuilding, expansion and remodelling. The site is particularly important for evidence of early Christianity.  The first villa consisted of a large winged house originally built of wattle and daub on flint footings, constructed circa AD100. It was rebuilt and expanded in stone in the second half of the second century. A point of interest for this phase is that finds from the site may suggest that the house could have been associated with Publius Helvius Pertinax, governor of Britain AD185-6 and briefly emperor in AD193. Between AD200-275 the kitchen, found at the rear, was converted into a tannery. A main tannage pit was substantially lined with leather and included remains of 'exotic' fruit, a suckling pig, and sandals.  North of the main building are the remains of a mausoleum built in the early 4th century and incorporated into a late Saxon church. Further north are the remains of a circular building. Between the villa and the river are the remains of a courtyard and on its north side the remains of a granary were excavated. The large size of the granary was suggested to indicate an estate size of c.1160 acres, including woodland.  The north side of the villa was remodelled sometime between AD275 and AD350. From circa AD360, the large apsed dining room was built and the north rooms were converted into a Christian chapel; pagan worship may have continued in a room below this. The house-chapel contains a set of wall paintings with clear Christian symbolism, which is unique in the context of a Roman villa from Britain. The villa was apparently abandoned after a fire during the 5th century, possibly around 420, though because of the lack of coin evidence it is hard to be certain. The phasing recorded here are AD the abandonment of the house and development of the tannery, then AD300 with the redevelopment of the baths and the construction of the temple-mausoleum.  For an example of structured deposits, see Room 15; a pottery deposit found inside, whereas an infant burial found outside; see also animal bone summary."
9014,125,300,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"A large Roman Cemetery consisting mainly of cremations but with some inhumations was explored between 1920 and 1926 on the Watling Street near Ospringe. Remains were found in two main concentrations - the first 80 yards east north east of the 46 milestone about 50 yards north of Watling Street and the second about 285 yards west of the first under the present road, but where, apparently Watling Street had originally deviated to the northward to accommodate it.  A total of 387 burials were accounted, though only 6 skulls were presented for analysis. To the south of the cemetery, an area including a cobbled hearth surrounded by chalk wall foundations and a separately pathed hearth, surrounded by flint wall foundations. To the east of the 'habitation' site, a pit containing potsherds (1st-3rd centuries), animal bones, burnt wattle and daub, and a coin of Commodus, was excavated hinting at further domestic occupation in the vicinity - this is not proven however."
9015,300,400,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,No,,1,No,No,Yes,No,No,Yes,coastal,uncertain,No,No,No,"Small excavation on rising ground overlooking the entrance to the Wantsum Channel, c 4 km south of Richborough, revealed a square masonry Romano-Celtic temple (15.5m sq.), dated to the 4th C AD, though with evidence for some late Iron Age activity beneath. The temple, which had two phases, had mortared chalk walls on unmortared foundations and the  flooring within the cella was made of tiles and chalk (probably just the make up levels). Remnants of the cult statue were found within the floor. Few finds."
9016,-50,450,50,200,medium (4 - 8 ha),enclosed,Yes,2,3,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,river valley,arable,Yes,Yes,Yes,"Site of a late Iron Age farmstead and later Roman villa excavated in 1854 and between 1967-87 dating from the 1st C BC to the early 5th C AD.  The site includes several phases of development. An enclosed Iron Age settlement with numerous pits, four-poster structures, a possible hut and hearths. Occupation of the site in the later Iron Age (Period III) may coincide with construction and use of the nearby hillfort of Caesar's Camp, Holwood, c. 1km to the north-east. A pre-villa phase dates AD50-160 and is denoted by chalk-quarrying, enclosures, pits, a kiln, and small cemetery.  This period is succeeded by a 'proto-villa' phase dated AD160-200, and includes three large timber-framed buildings framed around a 'notional courtyard', with a metalled road and water-storage pond. A main villa phase dated AD200-300 includes the most extensive level of villa construction where the main timber house is replaced by a masonry structure, whilst a large timber granary is built and the site is enclosed by substantial ditches and divided by fences.  The villa includes a bath-suite which is part of the main house rather than being a separate structure. Piped water and a large cemetery, evidence by a temple-mausoleum, also become a feature of the site in this phase. A later Roman villa phase dates AD300-450, when the site reduces in size, suggested to reflect a contraction in agricultural activity, though there is evidence of metal-working. The excavator suggests that dual-ownership of the site may have ensued. Other features of this period include corn-drying kilns and clay-lined water tanks, close to the area of iron-working.  The temple-mausoleum was excavated north-west of the main villa complex on a raised area of ground. An associated rectangular structure, contained a stone coffin, whilst a number of other burials, pits and hearths surround the area.  Eight large features have been identified as shafts across the site, mostly in the area between the villa and the temple-mausoleum, with each containing examples of ritual deposition. The first was excavated 1961-2 by Mrs Piercy-Fox who cremated remains of two lap-dogs in one. A further seven shafts were identified during excavations by Philp who showed that many of the features contained many animal burials of a number of species.  The demise of the site is dated mainly by reference to coin and pottery evidence, none of which is of particularly good quality. Hence a terminal date either at the end of the 4th century or early in the 5th is suggested by the excavator. The relationship between the grubenhaus (TQ 46 SW 28) found in the middle of the site and the Romano-British villa is unclear, but is tentatively dated AD450-550."
9017,175,300,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,,2,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,Yes,river valley,mixed,No,No,Yes,"Multi-period site dating from prehistory through to the post-medieval period. The Roman period settlement includes a substantial masonry malting-oven building with an adjacent four-poster, presumably for storage of grain, and a small enclosure which at a slightly later period becomes incorporated into a much larger single-ditched enclosure.  There is some evidence of domestic activity nearby from the material culture and good evidence that the large enclosure was used for the paddocking of cattle from the faunal remains and the existence of cattle footprints within, indicating that a herd had been drinking from the ditch. The excavator argues that the site may have been a working area adjacent to a farmstead or villa. The area later becomes a larger Saxon domestic settlement."
9018,70,400,200,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,3,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,Yes,No,Yes,"Multi-period site from the late prehistoric to the post-medieval periods, most significantly occupied by at least three, if not four, watermills dating approximately from the early 3rd century to the later 4th.  A number of major water-courses are built to accompany the mill; these were revetted with timber posts along their course. The site also includes sporadic evidence for early Roman settlement, possibly a field-system, a metalled road which may continued in use through the Roman period into the medieval period. Later Roman domestic occupation seems to have continued as noted by significant material culture finds.  A polygonal structure interpreted as a shrine is present. Six Roman inhumations are also present. Excavator suggests that a spread of brick and flue tile near the main running water sources may indicate the presence of a bath-house.  Millett (2007) describes the site as a 'roadside settlement' in his review of Kent, and he notes evidence for tanning, flax-processing and wood-working."
9019,1,350,43,150,large (9+ ha),complex,Yes,10,8,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"The site of a Romano-British settlement covering around 10 hectares on the south west side of the modern Ashford Road. Archaeological investigation has demonstrated that the settlement was occupied from the mid-first to the mid-third century AD.  Geophysical survey shows that the layout comprises ditched rectangular plots up to 30 metres wide. Excavation revealed that most of these plots originally contained timber buildings, some of which were used for industrial purposes including iron smelting and smithing. Artefacts discovered during excavation include pottery, tile, glass and part of an oak ladder. Objects found at the site of the nearby shrine include a fragment of cone from the Stone Pine, while votive coins were recovered from a well located on the opposite side of the road.  A number of burials were excavated across the settlement, including a small cemetery and a high status burial of Iron Age date. The high-status burial was the only feature conclusively dated pre-Conquest, though this may have reflected an important focus for the site and its later development. Both circular and rectangular-shaped buildings are found throughout the occupation period.  This record also includes results from the excavation by ASE who placed a trench outside the northern edge of the area surveyed by Oxford Archaeology geophysics (see plan 9019_6). This work provided evidence that the settlement extended beyond the area studied by OA, most prominently with field systems and land boundaries associated with the periphery of the settlement. Here too, little evidence for late Iron Age activity was recovered, other than finds of two IA coins."
9020,1,300,75,150,large (9+ ha),complex,No,3,5,Yes,No,Yes,No,No,Yes,river valley,mixed,Yes,Yes,Yes,"Excavations at the spring head source of the Ebbsfleet Valley revealed substantial parts of the religious complex/roadside settlement along Watling St. This entry deals with the main temple complex excavated in the 1950/60s and the Sanctuary complex by the springs, excavated as part of the HS1 scheme. See also site ID 9021 for other parts of the roadside settlement. The main temple complex just south of Watling St, was focused around one and then two substantial Romano-Celtic type temples, and incorporated many additional sub-foci, such as altars, columns and smaller temples/shrines, one of which formed an elaborate entranceway into the walled temenos. Dating evidence suggests late 1st to early/mid 4thC AD, though later 4thC deposits suggest continued sanctity. The area termed the 'sanctuary complex' lay c 100m further NE, around the springs. Earliest activity here was represented by a late Iron Age enclosure and 'processional way' leading from the river up on the slopes overlooking the springs. In the mid-later 1stC AD, 3 successive and enigmatic circular structures near the springs may have been shrines and/or bakeries. During the mid 2ndC, this area was transformed into a religious building complex, focused upon the springs and enclosed by a ditch. At its centre was a rectangular masonry footed temple (15x5m), with at least two other buildings and a ritual shaft. Many votive deposits recovered from the river bed. Most activity within the Sanctuary was confined to the mid-later 2ndC (including many infant burials), though some activity remained into the 4th C AD.  Overall, the site is possibly the largest and most important religious centre yet known in Roman Britain."
9021,50,300,125,,large (9+ ha),complex,Yes,1,11,Yes,No,Yes,No,Yes,Yes,river valley,mixed,Yes,Yes,No,"Small town which formed part of the Springhead religious complex (see site 9020). Coins, pottery and burials dated throughout the Roman period were found. The small town provided evidence for at least 12 roadside property plots which included various features including a large mid-Roman temple, a roadside shrine, a large early Roman aisled building, a mid-Roman sunken-feature building, a house with tessellated floor, a bakery, a smithy, and possible bath-house (this is suggested to have been part of a mansio, though the evidence is sparse), amongst other buildings likely of a domestic nature. Indeed, abundant evidence for domestic occupation was noted from  the presence of a number of hearths, ovens, and wells.  The property with the aisled building and sunken-feature building, though possibly not contemporary structures, also included possible corn-dryers or ovens and waste associated with malting/brewing.  A small cemetery was discovered in the northern part of the settlement, which appeared to have been fenced."
9022,-50,400,70,250,medium (4 - 8 ha),unclassified,Yes,,9,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,river valley,mixed,No,Yes,Yes,"Excavation revealed two main areas of activity on the southern side of the Ebbsfleet River. Evidence for late Iron Age activity was scant, restricted to occasional finds and isolated features. The first significant period of activity began with the initial phase of villa building after AD70.  The villa complex included a courtyard house, barns, bath-house and other buildings, together sitting close to a wetland area adjacent to the river. On the river's edge, a malting oven and timber-built waterfront structures were constructed. These features were primarily a late Roman feature of the site and abundant evidence for brewing was noted from the malting oven, as well as substantial evidence for quayside access to the site. Considering the evidence for malting/brewing at the site, it is assumed that a mill was present, though this structure has yet to be found. A large lime kiln dated to the mid-Roman phase before the construction of the final phase villa.  The second area to the west included a complex series of field boundaries and enclosure ditches. These varied over time, due to recutting. These may have represented part of a field system.  The main villa house was excavated in 1910-11 by W H Steadman (1913) in an area not reopened by later excavation. The villa complex underwent a number of subphase construction episodes between its initial erection around AD70 and a late Roman period of activity, c.AD250+.  Limited Saxon activity was evidenced by early Saxon features around the villa complex but also by the discovery of a middle Saxon mill at the water's edge. No funerary area was established at the villa though a neonatal inhumation was excavated from a post-hole feature."
9023,-50,100,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,No,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Part of an investigation along the Leyborne bypass. Two areas (Area A and E2) of late Iron Age/early Roman activity primarily marked by a series of sub-rectangular ditched enclosures. The two sites recorded here are about a kilometre from each other, though much of the material detailed in the report deals with the two sites together.  The Romano-British phase is mostly demonstrated by late 1stC AD Gaulish Samian ware. Possible buildings were attested by a number of post-holes in each enclosure. A four-poster structure is evident in area A, though dating evidence is lacking - may be late Iron Age. A neonate burial was recovered from a pit in area E2."
9024,-100,100,50,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,Yes,No,No,Site identified along the route of the Broadstairs-Weatherlees pipeline on the Isle of Thanet. The site consisted of large rectangular field-system with ditched boundaries of late Iron Age/early Roman date. One enclosure becoming the site of a post-Conquest cremation cemetery. A possible 'thoroughfare' was identified to run between some of the ditches.
9025,-100,400,150,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,No,,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,coastal,uncertain,Yes,No,Yes,"Site identified along the route of the Broadstairs-Weatherlees pipeline on the Isle of Thanet. Two enclosed areas were identified, one significantly bounding a mixed-rite cemetery dating to the 2nd C AD onwards. A number of linear features seem to indicate the presence of rectilinear field-systems which continue through the Roman period from the late Iron Age. A thoroughfare was identified to run along the field-system.  In a separate enclosed area, four pig skeletons (one mature, three juvenile) were excavated fully articulated in a pit/tree-hollow. No butchery was evidenced on the remains, but these date to the late Iron Age/early Roman period. A Saxon SFB was excavated adjacent to the cemetery."
9026,50,400,200,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,coastal,uncertain,No,No,No,"Site identified along the route of the Broadstairs-Weatherlees pipeline on the Isle of Thanet. Two inhumation burials were found which lay close to a number of ditches, though it is uncertain whether they were within an enclosure.  The burials lay close to an alleged 'villa site' to the east (Site ID 9076). The site becomes the focus of later domestic activity as evidenced by a late Roman oven an refuse pit. This may have been associated with corn-processing since evidence for malting was recovered from a nearby Roman ditch."
9027,25,400,175,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Site of a large Roman cemetery, likely associated with nucleated settlement, probably located in the centre of Dartford. The site at East Hill lies on the crest of a slope overlooking the Darenth Valley just to the West.  The site of the burial ground first discovered in 1792 and 1797 in East Hill field when workmen dug up 2 large stone coffins containing skeletons. Both coffins were destroyed. In 1804 a workman dug up skeletons laid north to south buried side by side in wooden coffins. Pottery and iron fragments were found among the bones. Several cremation pits containing pottery were also found.  J.V. Ritson carried out a small excavation in 1965 (just west of the site) revealing 35 graves, amongst which were a number furnished with pottery vessels of 3rd?4th century date. The finds are in Dartford Museum and the site is now under rough pasture.  In 1974, excavation was carried out on a neighbouring area by DDAG and continued until 1988 when Canterbury Archaeological Trust took over revealing 186 graves, of which 83 were fully excavated.  More recently, excavations carried out by Wessex Archaeology uncovering 109 further graves. The latest phase of excavation clearly defined the cemetery's easterly extent, while its northern and southern limits remain untested. The general absence of cremation burials from the East Hill cemetery suggests it was later Romano-British in date, perhaps of the late 2nd century continuing into the 3rd and 4th centuries AD. This corresponds with the date of the grave goods recorded by Ritson, and with the limited suite of Roman pottery from the 2006 excavation."
9028,-50,150,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,1,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,mixed,Yes,No,No,"In an area of extensive archaeological features known from aerial photography and small-scale excavation, a cable trench revealed a continuously occupied late Iron Age/early Roman settlement, co-axial field-system and other agricultural activity, and included evidence for a building associated with malting beer. The building was a sunken-feature, filled with daub and charred plant remains. Paddocks/stock enclosures were also identified from associated crop marks."
9029,25,400,75,275,medium (4 - 8 ha),enclosed,Yes,,7,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,plateau or plain,mixed,Yes,Yes,No,"The site of an winged-corridor villa settlement situated on the southern edge of the Thanet plateau.  An early ditch close to building 6 produced large quantities of 1st C pottery (plus animal bone and shell), some of which was pre-Conquest but none dated later than c.AD60, suggesting a pre-villa phase of occupation existed. The pottery and coinage suggest that the villa began life around the late 1stC, with a main period of occupation during the 2nd to early 3rd C, whilst the site appears to have been abandoned, with most of the structures being robbed away by the late 3rd C. However, some evidence for 4th C. reuse of the walled enclosure is apparent from the construction of a late Roman kiln and post-built structures south of the disused main villa house.  A safe natural harbour existed at the foot of the hillside, whilst the author indicates that Richborough could be seen from the villa when overlooking the Wantsum Channel. The site lies close to a spring and running stream providing an important fresh water source which was rare across much of Thanet. Boundary ditches outside the villa complex suggest that fields and enclosures were delimited beyond the main compound.  Different areas of the villa enclosure are published individually in various issues of Archaeological Cantiana. Pottery and coinage are the only find-types which have been comprehensively published to date, however animal bone, painted wall-plaster, CBM, glass and other finds have all been excavated in abundance but cannot be recorded here since detailed examination is currently absent."
9030,100,300,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,No,,1,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Part of a Roman cemetery was excavated, alongside a timber-built structure and other features, interpreted as cultivated plots of land, excavated in central Maidstone c.400m SSE of Mount villa.  The site lies adjacent to the Maidstone to Lympne Roman road and may well have constituted a roadside cemetery. The timber building may well have been contemporary with the cemetery though the dating of both are not precise, and the function of the building is not fully apparent."
9031,-50,300,150,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,No,,2,Yes,No,No,No,No,Yes,plateau or plain,arable,No,No,No,"A late Iron Age landscape with ditches, pits and four-poster structures suggest an area associated with agricultural production. The ditches remained open into the Roman period when they became joined by two flint-constructed buildings. One or both of these structures may have had a tiled roof, whilst one included a number of 'kilns' which resemble ovens in form, but from the botanical and material evidence would suggest that they were associated with corn-processing.  Fragments of painted wall plaster in the floor of the main building may have been redeposited, but suggest that a structure of higher-status existed nearby at some point."
9032,-50,150,50,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,No,,1,No,No,No,No,No,Yes,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"A series of late Iron Age enclosure ditches were identified, though no associated structures could be found. These were superseded, immediately post-Conquest,  by the infilling of the main ditch indicating a possible change in land-use, and slightly later by a flint built construction which may have had certain architectural refinements - see other finds."
9033,25,250,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,1,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,mixed,No,No,No,"Limited excavation revealed part of a Romano-British cremation cemetery close to an area of in situ domestic activity, most significantly by the identification of an oven or kiln. The site may have been associated with iron-working since large quantities of slag were found in the area.  Post-holes suggest that a timber structure may been present, though this was not proven. It is likely that the cremation cemetery was associated with the domestic settlement as it was found 74m downslope of the latter though, again, this was not proven through excavation. Late Iron Age activity was also encountered in the area."
9034,40,425,175,350,medium (4 - 8 ha),unclassified,Yes,,2,Yes,No,Yes,Yes,No,Yes,fen,uncertain,No,No,Yes,"A substantial villa revealed by limited excavation in 2005-7. The work has, so far, only been published in preliminary form and there is no information regarding finds and other materials from the site. The villa consists of two, apparently successive, buildings heavily damaged by robbing, ploughing and landscaping from the late Roman, medieval and modern periods.  Only one room was found to have been heated and no evidence of tessellated or mosaic floors was found suggesting that the villa, whilst high-status, was not the grandest of residences. The existence of a bath-house and other ancillary buildings may lie in the vicinity, though none have yet been found.  Evidence of pre-villa activity is seen from pits, post-holes, ditches, gullies and ovens, all dating to the early Roman, possibly pre-Conquest, period. Building B was constructed no earlier than the late 2nd C. The villa had been clearly levelled by the late Roman period since a series of ditches containing 4th C pottery and coinage were found to cut through Building B. The latest pottery in the ditches was found to be early 5th century.  The site is of interest considering its low elevation, being situated just above the marshlands associated with Lydden Valley at the southern end of the Wantsum Channel. Waterlogged conditions may provide substantial environmental evidence, though none seem to have been collected so far.  Further Roman features were also discovered nearby from an evaluation of a new sewerage plant."
9035,-50,250,,,medium (4 - 8 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,mixed,Yes,No,Yes,"The site of Romano-British tracks, drove-ways, field boundaries and enclosures overlay an extensive prehistoric landscape complete with Neolithic Causewayed enclosure. Of note are two Romano-British cremation burials recovered from the ditch of the Neolithic monument.  The complex nature of the site, with a mix of residually and intrusion, blurs precise dating but late Iron Age/early Roman and later (middle?) Roman phases are apparent."
9036,25,400,150,,medium (4 - 8 ha),unclassified,Yes,,3,Yes,No,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,river valley,mixed,No,No,No,"Limited evidence of a villa with associated bath-house and large tile kiln. The bath-house had been excavated during the 19th C and little now survives, whilst the villa house and kiln were subject to trial trenches largely designed to understand the layout and form of the structures. The villa is though to have been constructed in the 2ndC  AD, though pottery from the late Iron Age and early Roman period suggests earlier occupation.  One of the tiles found in the villa house was inscribed by Cabriabanus who seems to have been a known tiler working in Kent. Other examples also derived from the bath-house on site, Sedgebrook villa (600m north - see site ID 9037), Darenth villa, and a Roman building in Bishopsgate, London."
9037,50,400,,,medium (4 - 8 ha),unclassified,Yes,,1,No,No,Yes,Yes,No,Yes,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"A winged-corridor villa excavated by Kent Archaeological Society between 1986-89, though no formal publication has since emerged. The excavation is said to have produced 1stC AD pottery, late 2ndC AD Samian, a Cabriabanus tile (see site ID 9036), and a single 4th C coin, together dating the site mid-1st to the 4thC AD, though dates of villa construction and developments are not well known. The settlement lies 600m from villa at Allen's Farm."
9038,50,250,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Possible Roman cemetery, first noted in the 19thC by the excavation of a burial mound about half a mile north-west of Sedgebrook villa (see site ID 9037). Excavation produced a skeleton from the centre of the barrow with associated dining-ware and dress accessories. More recent excavation revealed a substantial stone floor platform with an abundance of Roman pottery dating to the 2ndC AD, contemporary with Sedgebrook villa, and survey of the area suggests that the burial mound and platform would have been visible on the skyline from the villa house. The platform may have been part of a processual way or the foundations of a small structure."
9039,-50,200,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,mixed,Yes,No,No,"A combination of watching brief and excavation identified one certain late Iron Age/early Roman enclosure and one possible early Roman enclosure, both situated on the south-eastern bank of Milton Creek. Within each, pits and post-holes testify to domestic occupation, whilst iron-working debris in the southern enclosure indicates industrial activity. It is postulated that the gap between the enclosures represented a trackway.  There is evidence that the site was quarried, probably for sand, whilst a concentration of marine shells suggested to the excavator that the midden represented industrial exploitation rather than consumption, such as fertilizer or ceramic filler."
9040,-100,50,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"A Belgic cremation cemetery was revealed in association with an iron bloomery furnace - see plan. Pottery and brooches recovered from the site are 'Belgic' in type and are suggested to give a central date to the cremations as 50BC. Although no materials could be dated post-Conquest, the general late Iron Age date range is given here.  The bloomery furnace (1.2m x 0.9m) was roughly oval in plan and set into the clay surface of the subsoil. The bloomery was filled with iron slag and charcoal, though specialist analysis was afforded to neither.  It is unknown whether a structure enclosed the bloomery (and cremations).  A similar conjunction of bloomery and cremations is known from the Swarling burial ground in east Kent (Bushe-Fox 1925)."
9041,-50,200,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Drainage channel cut between Wickhambreaux and Littlebourne via Ickham (important site of number of Roman watermills) as flood defence. At Littlebourne the channel cut through several Roman enclosure ditches already noted by crop marks as well as two possible sections of the Roman river channel. The site is likely to be part of an extensive enclosure system bisected by a wide droveway (similar to the ladder systems of Yorkshire and the enclosure systems east of Brancaster fort in Norfolk). The excavator suggests that the enclosures may have been too large for settlements or arable fields but may have been part of an extensive pastoral meadowland.  Because of the nature of the watching brief, the identified features were not investigated in detail and finds were only gathered when observed from the revealed surfaces."
9042,75,225,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,coastal,uncertain,No,No,No,"Site of a Roman cremation cemetery in Walmer first discovered in 1901 by workmen and finds were recorded by the antiquarian Cumberland Woodruff. Further development in 1962 revealed a greater area of the cemetery and the finds were recovered and recorded by A G Southern, though the archive was subsequently thought lost until 1997 and 2000 when documentary records and some of the cremations were found respectively by members of the Dover Archaeological Group. The report from the 1962 work was subsequently published and re-discussed in Archaeologia Cantiana in 2005.  Unfortunately, exact details of the 1901 discovery could not be recorded since the remains were soon destroyed by works, but Woodruff considered there to have been 11 or 12 cremations in two discreet clusters. Southern, on the other hand, was able to record a total of 11 burials, though no surviving plans of exact locations exist (though they may now be under the present Lord Warden Avenue).  Modern analysis of the pottery suggests that the majority of the burials date to the 2nd C, with a few possibly falling either side."
9043,75,450,250,,medium (4 - 8 ha),complex,Yes,,26,Yes,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,plateau or plain,arable,Yes,Yes,Yes,"Multi-period site, but with little evidence of Iron Age activity. An extensive and 'unusual' settlement was established during the late 1stC AD, lasting until the mid-3rdC AD. A primary phase of activity took place between the mid-2nd and early 3rdC AD, and though a period of decline set in thereafter, minimal occupation continued through to the early 5thC AD. Perhaps less than a quarter of the settlement has been excavated, and evidence from crop marks suggest that it extends substantially further north.  The area was characterised by at least 23 sunken-feature buildings with ancillary structures and a well, whilst a small rectangular structure adjacent to the trackway on the settlement's western fringes has been interpreted as a roadside shrine. Some of the SFBs seem to have contained more than one room.  The site lies 2km NW of Abbey Farm Roman villa, and the site includes one of the few well-dated and stratified identifications of fallow deer remains to the Roman period, whilst the spelt wheat being processed at the site may have been an imported species. The style of buildings is known to have more in connection with continental architectural styles than British traditions, whilst the material culture and environmental evidence indicates that the site was not a low-status settlement. Whether the settlement was connected to a nearby villa estate, or had more in association with the military settlement surrounding Thanet is difficult to ascertain."
9044,50,300,200,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,1,No,No,No,No,Yes,Yes,coastal,mixed,No,Yes,No,"A prehistoric site which ceased habitation in the middle Iron Age to became reoccupied during the early Roman period, possibly immediately post-Conquest.  Two phases of Roman occupation were identified: an earlier set of boundary ditches, possibly external fields, and a later phase including a large aisled masonry building. The later aisled building was founded in a colluvial layer which included redeposited occupation material, so may have been a deliberate levelling of the earlier settlement. No floors or related deposits survived within the building, though a ditch located 10m east ran along the alignment of the boundaries of the earlier settlement.  A terminus post quem for the site is unknown since later Roman activity may have been truncated. A date of AD300 is given here, as is suggested by the excavator."
9045,-50,300,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,Yes,"Site of a substantial late Iron Age/early Roman enclosure complex, possibly associated with a larger settlement. The site was only excavated by limited trial trenching, though the excavator suggests that the site bore similarity to the early Roman enclosure present at Faversham, which later developed into a villa."
9046,50,250,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,No,,2,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,fen,pastoral,No,No,No,"The site consists of a large wedge-shaped mound on the 1stC AD saltings, revealing evidence of hut foundations, salt-boiling hearths, crushed briquetage floors, and pottery manufacture. There is evidence for other, probably contemporary, mound build-ups in the immediate vicinity. The site is probably part of a larger c.1.5 ha settlement associated with marshland exploitation.  An early report on the site (c.1930s) reported the presence of briquetage and inhumation burials, with graves that had been cut through a layer of burnt clay, whilst pottery surrounded the area indicating that it had gone out of use by the beginning of the 2ndC AD."
9047,150,300,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,2,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"The site is formed by a sub-rectangular ditched enclosure with northern entrance, though other linear features indicate that the site may have been part of a larger enclosure complex.  Two cremation burials, dating early to middle 2ndC AD, were excavated north of the main enclosure, nearby two groups of post-holes which may have formed timber structures.  The enclosure ditches seem to have silted up by the middle of the 3rdC AD when two large pits were dug (cutting the main ditch) and were associated with clay-lined rectangular tanks. The tanks were water-fed by a pipe, dating to the second half of the 3rdC AD."
9048,100,300,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,coastal,uncertain,No,No,No,An site located around 200m north-west of the known limits of the extra-mural settlement associated with the Classis Britannica at Dover.  Limited excavation revealed a number of ditches and pits probably reflecting the agricultural landscape associated with expanding extra-mural settlement (this latter aspect is also indicated by a second phase of development at the site). Despite the small area excavated it is notable for the finds and building material recovered from the area indicating nearby domestic occupation.
9049,50,225,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,2,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,coastal,mixed,Yes,No,No,"The site consisted of a number of pebbled floor surfaces, some with post-holes and hearths indicating possible timber structures, whilst pottery evidence suggested domestic occupation occurred at the site. A number of areas of hard-standing floor surfaces may have been working areas. One area of excavation indicated the presence of a trackway through the settlement.  Due to the coastal location of the site, close to the southern mouth of the Wantsum channel, the excavator suggested that the site may have been seasonally occupied."
9050,-50,50,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,1,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,hill,mixed,No,Yes,No,"Late pre-Roman Iron Age farmstead enclosure situated on a hillside overlooking the Darent Valley.  The enclosure was rectangular/pentagonal in shape, enclosing a single roundhouse structure and a number of associated pits (around 24 were identified). Four post-holes in one area suggest a structure for grain storage, though other interpretations such as a livestock pen should not be ruled out."
9051,-25,300,50,200,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,2,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,pastoral,Yes,No,No,"Originating in the late 1stC BC, a site consisting a series of field boundaries enclosing sub-rectangular plots and a large pit with an area of open land to the north-west was identified, most likely a field-system.  The area then developed during the mid-1stC AD with extra-mural activity focusing on pottery and tile production, seen through prior excavations of a tilery and two pottery kilns (Jenkins 1956). The earlier of the kilns was dated to the mid-1st C and produced a distinctive pre-Flavian sandy coarseware which has been attributed to Gallic immigrant potters (Pollard 1988, see main report). The second kiln dated to the mid-2ndC AD and functioned in conjunction with the tile kiln. Together these features were thought to have been part of an expansion in the local pottery industry.  Within the area of later excavation, a number of timber-built structures were observed, along with pits and two quarried areas. The late Iron Age field boundaries seem to have been maintained through the early Roman period, though with a series of further ditch segments delimiting a probable trackway and land plots.  By the 3rdC AD, the industrial features were abandoned and the area was used for the inhumation of two individuals alongside extant field boundaries, marking the final phase of Roman activity."
9052,-50,300,175,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,Yes,No,Yes,"A multi-period site which, around 50BC, became widely delineated by a series of ditches creating a large field-system. Around AD180, a ditched settlement enclosure becomes established, whilst chalk and gravel quarrying also becomes an important feature of the site.  No structures were recorded from the Roman phase, though limited material evidence suggests that some domestic activity took place."
9053,100,350,175,,medium (4 - 8 ha),unclassified,Yes,,3,Yes,No,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,river valley,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Site of a Roman corridor villa at The Mount discovered in 1843 with excavations revealing a double range of rooms constructed perpendicular to the  bank of the River Medway which lay c.15m east from the villa.  The site was partly excavated in 1970 and 1971, and intermittently to 1980 (Kelly 1992), revealing further walls, interpreted as a western range to the villa, as well as a courtyard area and associated rooms north of the main villa ranges. A couple of these associated rooms appeared to form a bathhouse.  Further excavations in 1992 and 1994 ensued as part of the development of the A229, revealing two phases of development (Houliston 1999). The first phase is defined by timber buildings and early deposits, including two early V-shaped ditches, two boundary ditches and a fence line, the southern end of an aisled building, and the base of a water basin. The early phase dated AD130-225. The second phase includes the discovery of a further timber building and the beginnings of the main villa house, dating AD175-225, the development of the northern courtyard with room additions to the main villa house and associated buttress, dating AD225-325. Features not threatened by the road development were recorded but not excavated.  It is notable that a line of springs, roughly parallel to the river, run northwards from the site."
9054,50,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Site with the early construction of a road in use in the late 1stC AD, with an associated ditch including the remains of a neonate.  It is possible that the alignment of the road had moved as Watling Street developed elsewhere since new features began to cut through the early road at least by the 2nd C. A second infant burial was placed with a ceramic flagon and deposited in a shallow pit on the site, and a cobbled surface was lain across the old road. Fragments of quernstone and metal-working debris suggest local industrial and occupation activity.  Late Roman occupation is indicated by a line of post-holes suggesting that the area became delineated, possibly marking out land plots.  The excavations were limited but the site looks likely to have been part of a small roadside settlement, probably associated with the large Roman cemetery at East Hill."
9055,50,400,150,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,1,No,No,No,No,No,No,coastal,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"A small roadside settlement represented by a small timber structure with yard surfaces, hearth, three wells, and several pits. The site was dominated by the metalled road, which possibly overlay a pre-existing trackway, and extensive associated ditch and gully features.  Three cremation groups were recovered, one on the northern side of the road and two to its south. On the basis of the associated finds and number of ceramic vessels, some of the burials appear to indicate high-status individuals. In addition, a single inhumation burial was excavated to the south of the road, dating c.late 2nd/3rd C.  The main phase of settlement activity began around the mid-2nd C, including the period of the funerary evidence, and the site may have been temporarily abandoned in the latter part of the 3rd C. Late Roman activity is tenuous, though a small quantity of late 3rd/4th C pottery was present, whilst a large quantity of mid/late 4th C coins were recovered from a dark silt layer covering the road indicating its continued use."
9056,25,100,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,fen,pastoral,No,No,No,"A 1stC AD salt-working rural site of which much had been previously destroyed by modern quarrying activities. The evidence for salt extraction derives from the quantities of briquetage found and a possible evaporation pan.  Although now 2km from the sea, the site is situated in an area of previous low-level marshland with a possible estuarine inlet stretching into the north of the site (see Cunliffe 1988).  Domestic activity is evidenced by pottery and animal bone, though marine shell seems to have been conspicuous by its absence. Associated middens may have been sited elsewhere. It is possible that salting of meat and fish was carried out, though the faunal assemblage is unfortunately small, probably due to the restricted area of examination."
9057,75,400,200,,medium (4 - 8 ha),unclassified,Yes,,8,Yes,No,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,river valley,mixed,No,No,No,"Site of a Roman corridor villa which includes three, possibly four ranges organised around a central courtyard. The villa was sited on a spur of land adjacent to a slope down eastward to the bank of the River Medway.  The site has been excavated piecemeal since its discovery in 1844, with the uncovering of two stone coffins, one containing a complete skeleton, in 1933, whilst the Lower Medway Archaeological Research Group revealed further structural remains during rescue excavations in 1964/65 (Ocock and Syddell 1967).  In 1992-94, further excavations were carried out on the western range of the villa by Wessex Archaeology (Birbeck 1995). In 2008, Archaeology South-East excavated an area c.200m north-west of the main villa complex revealing a field system laid out during the 1st C along with a bathhouse of the same date (Dawkes 2009). The excavators state that the bath-house is one the earliest of its type and belongs to a group of south-eastern villas which are known to have constructed 1st C bathhouses.  Apart from the main villa building, a free standing aisled barn has also been identified. Finds have also included a tessellated floors, hypocaust, a terracotta mask, a bronze buckle, coins dated from 87 AD to 383 AD, painted wall plaster and ceramic building materials. Occupation is likely to date from late 1st century AD to the 4th century."
9059,100,300,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unenclosed,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Site of a Roman barrow with prehistoric origins discovered c.1596 and excavated in 1844 and 1954. The burials date from AD200 to AD250. The barrow has now been destroyed.  Deliberately smashed amphorae fragments found at the side of the main grave, representing at least five vessels buried within a sealed mound context. The deposit suggests that feasting may have been carried out at the site.  14 post holes forming a square enclosure around the barrow suggests a temporary shelter was erected over the grave. It may be possible that this acted as a shrine. Several 'ritual' pits were also excavated within the enclosure and included cremations as well as burnt animal bone and other material."
9060,65,400,150,300,medium (4 - 8 ha),unclassified,Yes,,4,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,river valley,mixed,No,No,Yes,"Site of an extensive villa at Eccles on the east bank of the Medway, excavated between 1963-1976. The excavation is currently published as a number of interim reports in Archaeologia Cantiana and full publication still awaits, as does the analysis and reporting of all the finds from the site.  The villa dates from c.AD65 and was built on a palatial scale from its inception, consisting at first of a strip house of ten or more rooms (three tessellated) and a veranda. The house was accompanied by a large and sumptuous bath building with mosaics strongly reminiscent of those at Fishbourne. Certain features, such as the circular laconium, are thought to betray the influence of military architecture.  The discovery of large-scale pottery manufacture in the immediate post-conquest period suggests the probability of industrial installations such as workshops, stores and wharves along the Medway and is taken by Detsicas to indicate ownership by a local philo-Roman magnate, although alternatively it is suggested to have been the home of a government official.  The first house, which may prove to have been far grander than present evidence suggests, was replaced by another with marked civilian characteristics and a third followed on a more grandiose scale; these being merely the earliest phases in a long and complicated history.  Between AD150 and AD290 the villa was given the added luxury of a cold plunge bath large enough to serve as a swimming pool. The final major reconstruction by the 4th C involved re-orientation of the house to face south west and it gave it the shape of a building consisting of a main range of rooms with two projecting wings enclosing an inner courtyard which included a large ornamental pool sited in front of the villa's main living area.  The date of abandonment of the villa was not well attested, but activity appears to have been much reduced before the end of the 4thC AD. An early-mid Saxon burial ground was revealed on the area of the site, though there is little evidence of direct continuity between the end of the villa and early Saxon activity.  From several points of view this is one of the most important villas in Britain. The pre-villa occupation of the site was not fully traced, evidence for Iron Age activity was not recovered, and evidence of a Romano-British cemetery was not located.  The length of the house at Eccles, which extended to c.111.75 metres overall in the period c.AD120 to AD180 and c.124 metres thereafter, is exceptional in Britain but not so on the continent. The villa begins as a striphouse with corridor, about the year AD65. It has 12 rooms, 5 with mosaic pavements and probably a second storey. There are 3 bipartite suites. About 55 years later a projecting wing was added comprising 5 rooms. 60 years later another wing with new rooms was erected and a further wing with hypocaust added, both together comprising 7 rooms."
9061,-50,250,150,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,No,,1,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,mixed,Yes,Yes,No,"This site was excavated as part of the extensive programme of investigation in advance of the construction of the Channel Tunnel Rail Link (CTRL). The features recorded range in date from the late Mesolithic through to the middle Roman.  The areas of Roman date are situated in two places. The northernmost area includes two contemporaneous industrial enclosures containing features such as furnaces and pits related to small-scale iron-working activity are assigned to the late Iron Age to early Roman phase. This activity may possibly be associated with a natural spring, whilst a trackway and further ditches and pits lie adjacent to the enclosures. Post-holes may suggest that a smithing-shelter had been constructed within the enclosure. Four-posters also seem to have been present; whilst the enclosure was mainly concerned with metal-working, grain storage may also have been apparent.  In the southern area, a small cremation burial cemetery was established just outside, and respecting the entrance of a middle Iron Age enclosure, marking a change in the function of it or the end of its use. Subsequently, the expansion and extended use of the area to the south west of the middle Iron Age enclosure during this phase included possible drove-ways and was probably now functioning as a pastoral enclosure.  From AD150, activity continued to the south west of the middle Iron Age enclosure and included the construction of a new enclosure. Small scale land division, cremation burial and pit digging was undertaken in area A. Use of the site probably ceased at around AD250.  The indication of a structured deposit relates to the interpretation of a 'placed deposition' of a complete quernstone."
9062,-50,400,130,200,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,,2,Yes,Yes,No,No,Yes,No,river valley,mixed,Yes,Yes,No,"Late pre-Roman Iron Age activity was indicated by a small quantity of pottery, recovered from a pond and a series of drainage ditches, whilst evidence for early Roman activity was limited, comprising part of a field system. But, by the first half of the 2nd century AD, a rural agricultural settlement seems to have been established, represented by the severely truncated remains of a timber structure, with large postholes and associated slight, ragstone wall footings. There were also ditched enclosures, fence lines, a waterhole and several pits.  It is possible that the establishment of this settlement represents a shift from the nearby later prehistoric settlement at Little Stock Farm, which lies only 400m away, to the south-east, and appears to have been continuously occupied from the later Bronze Age until the late Iron Age. Ample evidence of crop processing activity and animal husbandry was found in the 2nd-century features.  The ditched enclosure boundaries seem to have fallen into disuse in the late 2nd century AD, to be replaced by a large rectangular enclosure and a substantial 20-post timber building. A cremation burial was identified just outside the enclosure. This agricultural complex seems to have been in use until the late 3rd century, and may have continued into the 4th century, although at a much reduced level.  Evidence of occupation continuing into the 4th century AD comprised three pits, including one pit with evidence of ritual deposition, and a small amount of pottery and coins deposited in the upper fills of earlier features."
9063,-50,275,50,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,mixed,No,No,No,"Late pre-Roman Iron Age occupation was identified in the form of a rectilinear enclosure, with two apparent entrances. Two four-post structures, yielding evidence of crop processing, and a few pits were identified within the enclosure. Evidence for iron smelting activity was also tentatively attributed to this period, based on very limited evidence. One furnace was located within the main enclosure but the main cluster of features associated with this activity was situated 100 m to the north, in close proximity to the present-day stream. It was composed of four furnaces and three pits. Dating evidence associated with ironworking was very tenuous but quantities of slag found in fills of features of all phases indicate that this activity carried on throughout the three phases of occupation.  A second rectangular enclosure was dug, possibly in the second half of the 1st century AD, respecting the alignment of the earlier one, which was therefore probably still in use. There were also a few pits and postholes, a waterhole and a flint lined structure. A series of re-cuts, dated to the 2nd century AD obliterated most of the original ditches of this second enclosure. The last phase of occupation, from the second half of the 2nd century to AD 270, produced the largest assemblages of pottery. It was mostly represented by a series of discrete features including a rectangular clay structure, several possible rubbish pits and postholes and two waterholes. The site appears to have been abandoned around AD 250-270"
9064,-50,200,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,river valley,mixed,Yes,No,Yes,"Most of the evidence from the site was of Iron Age date with enclosures, droveways and a small enclosure containing a possible roundhouse, as well as two burials. With the exception of a later Iron Age four-post structure, other post-built buildings were difficult to identify from the array of post-holes. The enclosures were re-worked several times and it seems likely that ditches found in the evaluation of Park Wood Cottage immediately to the east represent further enclosures.  Activity seems to have continued at Park Wood Cottage into the early Roman period but an apparently isolated cremation burial of Romano-British date may be associated with the settlement at Bower Road 400 m to the west.  A single probable Sunken Featured Building of Anglo-Saxon date was found, as was a medieval quarry and ditches."
9065,-100,400,50,125,medium (4 - 8 ha),unclassified,Yes,,3,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,mixed,Yes,Yes,No,"Two extensive areas of excavation, one for the Channel Tunnel Rail Link and an adjacent excavation as part of the A2 widening scheme, produced evidence of variably-dense settlement in a number of areas from the early prehistoric to the post-medieval periods.  The earliest evidence for settlement occupation occurs in the middle Iron Age, concentrated near Hazells Farm, with evidence for scattered pit groups, a water-hole, a metalworking area and an area of possible animal pens. One of the pits contained a large, mixed deposit of partially dismembered animal carcasses, perhaps evidence for feasting.  The middle to late Iron Age saw extensive development of the central area including a number of enclosures and a central metalled trackway. The excavator has posited that the settlement grew up around the trackway. The Hazells Farm site continued in use, but there is evidence, in the form of enclosures, droveways, a pair of adjacent four-post structures and other features, that the rising ground to the east of Downs Road was increasingly exploited in this period.  The late Iron Age also saw a number of ditch features cut across the central trackway, indicating that the road has gone out of use, whilst a number of new boundary ditches in the eastern part of the site suggest that settlement there became more intensive.  To the west, a substantial ditch was dug in the middle Iron Age and continued in use into the late Roman period; its size and longevity suggests that this was a significant landscape feature.  Activity continued into the early Roman period in most areas, with evidence of a rectilinear field-system, trackway, and a series of pits (some distinctly rectilinear), though late Iron Age and early Roman activity was difficult to distinguish on ceramic grounds, suggesting that activity was largely continuous. However, early Roman features clearly cut through the mid-late Iron Age enclosures in the central area which appear to have gone out of use. However, Roman activity in this area was considerably less than in the Iron Age and it seems the focus of domestic settlement had shifted further east to the large enclosure spread across Site D and the eastern end of the Northumberland Bottom excavation.  None of the Roman pottery from the large Roman enclosure in Site D necessarily dates beyond the 1st C AD. On its southern side, the enclosure developed alongside a minor trackway. Associated features include a number of pits, several ovens or kilns, a hearth, a horse burial, a possible ritual pit deposit containing unburnt human bone, a well or deep quarry, and a cremation burial. Activity at this location was mainly in the 1st century AD, extending into the 2nd century, and included evidence for cereal processing and domestic activity, including an oven.  Outside the north-western boundary of the large enclosure, a smaller inhumation enclosure was formed, including a number of high-status burials. The grave furnishings of all the high-status burials from the site (IA and RB) demonstrate the existence of individuals with excessive wealth, and it is interesting that this is not matched by the structural architecture of the settlement.  A later focus of Roman activity was located near the junction of Hazells Road and Downs Road. Features included the masonry foundations of a twin-chambered 'corn dryer' and elements of a field system, lying alongside a metalled track. The coin and ceramic assemblages from this site comprise the only exclusively late Roman (late 3rd to 4th century) site assemblages from the CTRL Section 1 project.  Slightly further north of this area saw the development of a late Roman inhumation cemetery, associated with and located on the north side of the large land boundary ditch which had been dug, and had continued from, the middle Iron Age (already mentioned). On the south side of this boundary, a number of Roman ditches indicate the development of a new field system, interpreted by the excavator as large paddocks due to the slope of the land."
9066,-100,400,43,270,small (<1 - 3 ha),unenclosed,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"The site lay south of the Roman town and religious complex at Springhead (Vagniacis). Excavation revealed almost the entire plan of a Roman-period cemetery which developed alongside a road that took inhabitants, pilgrims and other traffic into the town. A total of 558 graves or other funerary-related features were encountered. Such features include bustum, cenotaphs, urned cremations, unurned cremations, inhumations, and pyre sites.  A bustum is a pyre site that also functioned as a place of burial. The pyre burns down into a deep under-pyre pit and the remains are buried in situ. Busta are comparatively rare in Britain, and are perceived as an intrusive rite introduced from the Continent (Philpott 1991, 48). They appear to have originated in Gaul, but are found widely distributed along the German frontier, as far to the east as Pannonia (or modern Hungary). A large proportion of busta are found in cemeteries associated with Roman military installations in the north (e.g. High Rochester, Derby Racecourse; Beckfoot; Herd Hill, Cardurnock).  The cemetery was located at a site previously used for burial in the middle Iron Age. At least one grave belonged to that time. No burials were certainly made during the late Iron Age, though quarry pits and a boundary ditch record activity dating before the Roman conquest. The site received the greatest number of burials, both inhumation and cremation, during the early Roman period (AD 43-130). The rate of burial declined during the 2nd century and, by the 3rd century, few graves were dug.  The latest burials comprise a group of five dating after AD 260; given the fortunes of the neighbouring town, none is likely to date far into the 4th century. The site was abandoned after the Roman period until medieval times when quarrying and agricultural activity began."
9067,25,400,250,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,mixed,Yes,Yes,Yes,"Multi-phased site with features dating back to the upper Palaeolithic. Early to middle Iron Age agricultural and funerary activity is attested to have developed from Neolithic and Bronze Age occupation, though no settlement evidence from this phase was discovered.  Early Romano-British activity began in the 1stC AD, but was associated with trackways in use during and continuing from the Iron Age. Domestic finds abounded at the western end of the excavation, mainly near a sunken trackway and in pits and field-enclosures to either side of it. Whilst no domestic focus was obvious, the quantity and range of finds, and the presence of two small cemeteries, strongly suggest a small rural settlement lay close-by. The larger of the two enclosures was constructed at the intersection of a large holloway and a double-ditched trackway. This was used as a cremation cemetery c.AD40-55. Yet, whilst no evidence for structures were found, the enclosure appears to have been maintained and relatively long-lived. The presence of Bronze Age barrows at the site may have been significant with regards to the siting of the RB cemeteries.  A number of pits in the area dating to the late Roman period attest to continued occupation. Fish remains were unusually abundant in some of these features, and fishing weights were also found.  That this settlement waned after the mid-late 3rd century is inferred from a greatly reduced suite of remains, and from progressive infilling of the sunken trackway. Limited occupation, or at least occasional use of the site, is likely to have continued into the later 4th century. A possible corn-drying oven was excavated in the late Roman settlement.  Early Anglo-Saxon evidence from Saltwood Tunnel is dominated by three separate inhumation cemeteries, each located in the vicinity of a Bronze Age barrow."
9068,-50,250,50,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,1,,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,pastoral,Yes,No,No,"In the late pre-Roman Iron Age to early Roman period (50BC-AD50) an occupation area was found defined by enclosure ditches and a possible trackway. A few discrete features included a circular post structure, two four-post structures, an oven, a cremation pit and a few pits and isolated postholes.  During the early to middle Roman period (AD50-250), some of the previous enclosure ditches were replaced by a less complex ditch system. Other Roman features included three four-post structures and a few isolated pits and postholes. Another enclosure ditch, to the south-east of the previous one may belong to this phase. Roman activity ceased around AD250 on the site."
9069,-100,400,60,275,medium (4 - 8 ha),enclosed,Yes,3,6,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,plateau or plain,mixed,Yes,Yes,No,"Evidence for permanent settlement first appears in the Late Iron Age, first at Hockers Lane (see plan), followed by the establishment of a large enclosed farm at Thurnham. Activity at Hockers Lane consisted of a sequence of curving gully enclosures. Little physical remains of structures survived within the enclosed area, although a fairly large material culture assemblage points to probable domestic occupation from the second half of the 2nd century BC at the earliest, extending slightly beyond the Conquest period, perhaps to AD70.  Occupation at Hockers Lane may have been succeeded by, or slightly overlapped with, the earliest settlement at Thurnham. This consisted of a large rectilinear enclosure of two phases, containing traces of two roundhouses and two four-post structures, occupying an area of raised ground. The rectilinear enclosure was modified and extended c.AD60. At the same time a Romanised proto-villa building, with a tiled roof and painted plaster walls, was constructed as the settlement focus, complimented by a similar-sized possible temple building to the south.  The pottery and other finds from this period hint at continuity of site ownership or tenure on either side of AD43. Outside the enclosure, another possible religious or ritual focus was present, in the form of a massive free-standing post, raised on the approach to the entrance. The structural changes at this time were accompanied by a large increase in the quantities of charred cereal remains deposited in features, indicating an intensification of agricultural production at the site.  A larger stone built villa replaced the proto-villa structure in the early 2nd century, and the enclosure was extended and modified at the same time. The stone villa was built over the top of the Iron Age enclosure ditch, which was deliberately in-filled. The replacement enclosure boundary was defined by substantial fences that enclosed the rear and side of the villa building.  Slightly after the completion of the villa, an aisled building of similar dimensions was constructed to the north-east. The enclosure was also extended to the north, beyond the limit of excavation, and an evaluation trench in this area suggests that a further building may exist here.  The possible temple was demolished in the later 2nd century, and a large gated entrance was added, roughly central to the axis of the villa. Possibly as part of these changes, or shortly after, a small bath house was added to the southern end of the villa and a large square extension, with a forward projecting apse, was added to the northern end.  Relatively good dating evidence places this work in the last quarter of the second century. Further development included the construction of a 14-post timber agricultural building outside the core enclosure. No further structural additions were made after the early 3rd century, and later activity at the site is characterised by a distinct change in the character of occupation. None of the boundaries were maintained and the bath house was either demolished or allowed to collapse by the late 3rd century.  At this point the central room of the villa was converted into a small smithy that was probably engaged in the recycling of collected scrap iron. The aisled building was no longer standing by the turn of the 3rd century and appears to have been deliberately demolished. However, the estate apparently continued to act as a focus of agricultural production, as a corn drier was built on the site of the 14-post building in the later Roman period. This feature appears to have been the main focus of activity on the site, particularly in the later part of the 4th century and produced large assemblages of associated charred cereals.  Combined with the general paucity of clear domestic occupation and associated finds assemblages, these developments suggest that the villa ceased to function as a high-status occupation site, possibly being subsumed into a larger estate by this time. A large oven within the main villa building is the only clear evidence for late Roman domestic occupation. The area of the corn drier seems to have provided the focus for continued ritual activity, as wild animals were deliberately buried in the shaft of a well."
9070,-100,250,50,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,mixed,Yes,No,No,"The archaeological evidence suggests a small and possibly seasonal Iron Age occupation site, with a likely nucleus of occupation beyond the limits of the excavation. Pits, postholes, hearths and stakehole structures define traces of occupation with a possible east-west boundary or enclosure ditch, though much of this appears to be middle Iron Age (400-200 BC) in date on the basis of pottery finds and the presence of a La Tène brooch in the fill. However, Iron Age activity around Tollgate persists into the early first century AD, when a possible eastward shift in the focus of settlement and activity to the Henhurst Road area is recorded.  Evidence for activity in the Roman period is dispersed along the length of the Tollgate zone, with a particular focus in the Henhurst Road area. A trackway junction including metalled surfaces and recut ditches, was established here c.AD50 to AD70, apparently falling into disuse shortly thereafter. The character of Roman activity throughout the zone is agricultural, comprising field boundaries and trackways, with evidence for crop production and processing.  Archaeological evidence fades out by the mid-third century AD and no further features are recorded until the early medieval period, when new field systems and local routeways were established, suggesting renewed intensification in agricultural land-use in the 11th-14th centuries."
9071,50,125,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,Yes,A small group of early Romano-British inhumation and cremation burials discovered along the laying of a gas pipeline during a watching brief. Saxon inhumation burials were also recovered in an area close by also on the route of the pipeline.
9072,,,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Paved Roman ford crossing the line of the Roman road at Iden Green. The stream has long since cut its bed to a level several feet below the paving. Excavations between 1980-3 confirmed that the area approaching the ford had been much damaged in Post Roman times. The original use of the paving has been tentatively suggested as a pedestrian causeway on the upstream side of the road-like part of the ford. The construction, using large Bethersden slabs, would have strengthened the crossing."
9073,-50,300,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,fen,uncertain,No,No,No,"Part of a complex of salt-production sites stretching from Charlton to Eastchurch. The site at Funton Creek is less than 400yds from similar sites at Funton Marsh, and together these may be remnants of a number of such sites now destroyed by the actions of the Thames and the Medway marshes.  Four salt-pans existed at Funton Creek, formed from the surrounding clay. These relied on fire for the evaporation of brine and the method of extraction, Detsicas argues, is close to that mentioned by Pliny to have been practiced in Gaul and Germany (see report). The dating of the salt-pans is insecure though associated pottery, plus finds from nearby sites, suggests that these pans were in use, probably from the late Iron Age through, at least, to the 3rdC AD."
9074,-100,-50,,,large (9+ ha),enclosed,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"Earthwork remains of an Iron Age hillfort, first recorded in 1790, now partly destroyed by landscaping for Holwood House. Excavations in the late 1950s confirmed the assumed Iron Age date. More recent excavations near the hillfort uncovered a ditch terminal which has been suggested to form part of a substantial ditched enclosure, although the information published to date makes any further comment impossible (see Fox 1984).  In July 1997, the RCHME carried out a topographic survey in the south-eastern part of the fortification, an area of around 2 hectares spanning the presumed line of the levelled ramparts (see Pattison 1997).  The hillfort has been included here due to its proximity to Keston Roman villa and other nearby sites."
9075,1,375,125,,medium (4 - 8 ha),unclassified,Yes,,3,Yes,No,Yes,Yes,No,Yes,coastal,mixed,No,No,No,"The site appears to originate as a quern production site, and evidence from beneath the later villa structure indicates that a rural settlement and cemetery was present throughout the 1stC AD.  The winged corridor villa orientated to overlook the English Channel from present-day Folkestone, seems likely to have developed from the early 2ndC AD, coinciding with a reduction in quern production, and appears to last into the latter part of the 4thC AD. The site included a drainage system and baths, with each house having its own. There were unusually high and solid stone piers of a hypocaust, and three different stamps of 'Classis Britannicus' were found on tiles associating the site with the Roman Navy.  The site was excavated by S E Winbolt in 1924 who discovered the main villa house and its associated buildings to the south-west which included a bathhouse. A single mosaic was found in the large central room behind the main entrance of the corridor house and is thought to be a unique design in Britain.  The site is currently in danger of being too close to the cliff edge, and some of the main bathhouse is already known to have perished in this way. This provided the impetus for the Kent Archaeological Rescue Unit to carry out rescue excavations in the area around the bathhouse to assess the damage from cliff erosion and earlier military activity. The Unit also noted the destruction by Winbolt's diggers of the stratified occupation layers associated with the villa, meaning that the quantity of small finds, pottery, and other material (now housed in Folkestone Museum) must now be classified as unstratified. A chronological sequence is now largely impossible. However, significant quantities of untouched archaeology may survive in other areas."
9076,-10,450,150,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,2,Yes,No,No,No,No,Yes,coastal,uncertain,No,No,No,"With the impending construction of a golf course, an area on Cottington Hill was surveyed by field walking, metal detecting and evaluation trench. The main discovery was a masonry-footed rectangular structure, tentatively classified as a 'villa', surrounded by a number of pits. Further evaluation trenches east of this area revealed evidence for a further masonry structure and a midden. The site is situated on a hill, but is c.800m from the coastline.  The buildings were not fully excavated, instead preserved in situ. The available evidence dates the buildings to AD100-200. Though coin and stratigraphic evidence suggests that a pre-Roman Iron Age settlement had already developed on the site. Some of the pits and the midden were sample excavated producing a variety of materials (noted in the relevant sections here) though no full analysis has been carried out."
9077,150,350,,,medium (4 - 8 ha),unclassified,Yes,,2,Yes,No,Yes,Yes,No,Yes,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"The remains of a Roman villa on the site have been suspected since the discovery and excavation of a bathhouse in 1872. Situated on the crest of a gently sloping valley looking over the river, the foundations of the baths comprised a stoke-hole furnace, two hypocaust rooms, a semi-circular bath and other rooms.  In 1991, whilst digging a sewer renewal c.100m east of the known bathhouse, Southern Water Services discovered fragments of Roman building and artefactual material. An evaluation of the 45mx1.5m transect was later carried out by CAT who located further masonry structures, probably parts of the main villa house. Amongst a number of walls, one context adjacent to a wall included an in situ opus signinum floor with a large quantity of roof tile, also in situ post-collapse, which were sealed by a stone and mortar rubble layer either from further collapse and/or robbing episodes."
9078,1,200,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Excavation revealed two late Iron Age/early Roman enclosures, dating c.AD10-75, and a small cremation cemetery, dating to the second half of the 2nd C. However, two 1st C cremations were excavated c.80m from the cemetery. A large number of pits, post-holes and ditches were revealed, though finds were, in general, minimal. Some of the ditches seemed to form narrow droveways."
9079,-100,300,75,150,medium (4 - 8 ha),enclosed,Yes,,3,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,Yes,hill,mixed,Yes,No,No,"A complex multi-period site, excavated over two large areas on the spur of a hill, which saw activity from the Mesolithic to the end of the Roman period.  The site saw new occupation on an area previously consisting a long and densely-occupied early/middle Iron Age settlement in the 1stC BC after a short period of abandonment. The late Iron Age phase saw a polygonal enclosure in Area B replace an earlier field system and, though without internal features, ceramic evidence suggests that domestic occupation took place nearby.  After a few episodes of ditch recutting and reforming of the enclosure boundary during the Conquest period, a second enclosure was built adjacent to the first with a series of intercutting pits. In Area A, a new field system developed after a period of non-activity of around 400 years. These fields took a long and narrow, aggregated form, but broadly aligning north-south along the line of the escarpment.  During the late 1st C AD, the second enclosure in Area B had been replaced with another field system, whilst the primary enclosure continued. To the south of the field system, a fenced enclosure containing a timber-built structure developed. At the same time, the field system in two areas within Area A became replaced by a new set of larger fields on an east-west alignment. One field contained a series of pits and another post-hole structure.  By the mid-2nd C, the main enclosure in Area B had gone out of use, and some of its ditch became recut and extended south towards Area A and the end of which a new smaller enclosure was constructed. Parallel with the new boundary ditch was a line of large post-holes, seemingly representing a long and stout fence-line. To the south-east of this boundary and enclosure, and outside Area B, a hypocausted masonry building was erected, including two heated rooms and a stoke-house of a, potentially, much larger building, probably built in the mid-2nd C."
9080,75,400,300,,medium (4 - 8 ha),unclassified,Yes,,2,Yes,No,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,river valley,mixed,No,Yes,No,"Site of a Roman corridor villa with a truncated wing and a corridor leading to a separate bath house. Three phases of construction identified. The villa was occupied from the late 1st century AD into the 4th century. It possibly forms part of a complex with the bathhouse uncovered c.AD250 metres to the south east, discovered in 1925 (see report).  The first phase of construction saw the erection of a 'long barn-house of northern Germanic type' with thick clay walls upon flint and mortar foundations, coated in painted wall plaster. A 'foundation deposit' is argued to have been cut into the concrete floor layer of room 4, containing amphorae, a 'cooking-pot', Flavian Samian ware, and a dupondius of Vespasian. The deposit seems to have been quickly overlain by clay flooring. An early (small) dog burial was also excavated in an eastern room of the villa. In AD100 a narrow front corridor was added as was the main bathhouse.  Around AD130-150 saw the front corridor widened and a large central entrance constructed, with a rear corridor divided into 'compartments' added and a hypocausted room built at the north end of the central range.  By c.AD300, the northern part of the villa was disused. Tessellated flooring was developed in the southern part of the house, which before had been concreted. A further hypocausted room was also added, adjoining the original. The villa continued in occupation until the late 4th C when it was abandoned. Sporadic occupation around this time was evidence by hearths and a small oven north of the house."
9081,-50,300,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,mixed,No,No,No,"A ditched enclosure settlement with pits and hearths lay inside an area which had been a quarry during the 20th C. Much of the area of excavation had been stripped by bulldozer for further quarrying. The excavator suggests that any shallow features, such as post-holes, would have been lost as a result. Some of the pits contained parched grain and may have been used for storage, before being infilled with other material. The site was seen to have been occupied from the late Iron Age through to the 3rd C AD."
9082,50,350,100,,medium (4 - 8 ha),unclassified,Yes,,2,Yes,No,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,plateau or plain,mixed,No,No,No,"Site of a small Roman corridor villa in Cobham Park discovered in 1959 and excavated in 1959-60. The villa possibly developed from c.AD100 on the site of an earlier farmstead and occupied until the mid 4thC AD.  The remains were partly destroyed during the 17th to 18th century by the construction of a ha ha.  The remains of an 'outbuilding' and a well were found to the northeast and appear to be associated with the villa site. The well is noted to have been filled, at least in its upper section, by flints, clay, animal bones and potsherds.  The villa was seen to have had at least three phases of construction, though precise dating of these was made difficult by the mixed nature of the deposits."
9083,100,,,,medium (4 - 8 ha),unclassified,Yes,,2,Yes,No,Yes,No,Yes,Yes,river valley,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"The site of a villa building was excavated in 1881/2 and though argued to be a domestic house, the structure was later proven to be a bathhouse during re-excavation in 1966. The bathhouse was shown to be part of a larger complex, with the discovery of an adjacent courtyard area to its other side and a nearby aisled building; the main villa house has yet to be excavated, but it is thought to be on the west end of the courtyard.  A trackway was seen to adjoin the villa complex to a known Roman road now thought to be overlain by the existing B2046.  The bathhouse stood on a raised area of ground close to a small stream and the villa itself lies close to the source of a tributary of the Little Stour.  The dating of the bathhouse is tentative due to the 19th C excavations, but is thought to have been constructed either in the late 1stC AD or early 2ndC AD as evidence of earlier pottery lay to the north of the building. An end date is not speculated upon by the excavator. No details are given on excavated finds, though construction materials are quite well described."
9084,-100,200,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unenclosed,No,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,No,Yes,Yes,"A series of Iron Age burials examined between 1984 and 1989, within an extensive multi-period complex which also include a large Bronze Age round barrow and a superseding Anglo-Saxon cemetery.  The site is situated on the Mill Hill ridge overlooking the sea to the east. The site was discovered by earlier quarrying at the site, which may have destroyed other parts of the cemeteries, but had produced evidence of Iron Age and Roman burials as well as a range of contemporary brooches and complete pots. A number of earlier finds were reanalysed for the latest report on the site (Parfitt 1995).  Over 500 archaeological features were revealed including 132 burials, of which the majority were inhumations, and over half dated to the 6th C AD. 42 inhumations, however, along with 5 pre-Roman cremations and a horse burial, were found to be Iron Age in date. One burial, called the 'warrior burial', was placed in isolation from the main cemetery group and furnished with a range of items, such as a bronze headband, iron sword and bronze scabbard, suggesting an individual of high-status. The site also included several four- and six-poster structures, suspected of being funerary monuments, whilst a 2.5m deep shaft located between the two main cemeteries gave access to an underground chamber, possibly a shrine. This feature was filled in by the 2nd C AD and contained, amongst other items, a small carved chalk figurine.  Domestic activity appeared to be minimal, if mostly absent, though material from associated pits indicate that Iron Age occupation occurred through the early, middle and late phases. The earliest inhumation on site gave a radiocarbon date of between the 8th and 4thC BC, though previous excavations had produced Bronze Age cremations from the barrow. However, a significant break in the occupation sequence was evident between the construction of the barrow and the Iron Age cemeteries.  The burial ground was not used during the late Roman period (with two marginally possible exceptions)."
9085,50,300,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"A large area investigated by a number of evaluation episodes and targeted excavation producing multiple areas of late prehistoric and Roman activity. The earliest evaluation highlighted middle Roman activity evidenced by pottery from localised spreads, and a few ditches and pits, possibly indicating a field-system.  Within the northern area a Romano-British cremation burial was recovered with four individual ceramic vessels. A greyware vessel included cremated human remains and animal bone. A Samian ware bowl indicated that the burial was 2nd C AD.  During later excavations (Linklater and Willson 2001) a possible Roman pond and a further cremation burial group were excavated on the site. The site plan also comes from this latter report."
9086,-50,200,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,1,No,No,No,No,No,No,fen,uncertain,No,No,No,"Site located on the east of the lower Medway on part of the tidal floodplain, an area of previous salt marsh. Evidence for activity is focused within three discontinuous phases including the Neolithic, late Iron Age/Roman, and 18th/19th C.  The late Iron Age/Roman phase is separated in the report in to late Iron Age and early Roman, though seems likely to be a continuous pattern of occupation with some modifications to the site. The area is argued to have been drained prior to the development of permanent settlement at the site. Post-holes and cut features suggest the presence of a late Iron Age roundhouse, whilst charcoal and burnt clay indicate that this may have later burnt down. A separate hearth lay 4m NE of the roundhouse.  The late Iron Age occupation area is cut through by a ditch around the turn of the 1stC AD which had been fairly quickly backfilled. The ground surface then appears to have been consolidated with gravel and flint during the early Roman phase which underlay a clay bedding for a cobbled floor. An adjacent ditch and hearth suggest that the excavation revealed only part of the riverside settlement. It is possible that the site was part of a riverside trading settlement towards the mouth of the Medway. The site appears to have been abandoned and silted up, quite suddenly, at least by the early 3rd C AD."
9087,150,250,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,Site of a single cremation with a burial group of four pots disturbed by work on the A249 Iwade Improvement Scheme.
9088,1,200,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,No,No,No,"Trial trenches were placed over a wide area of Bradbourne Fields prior to development and exposed a late Iron Age/early Roman settlement at the top of a slope overlooking the Bradbourne Valley.  Evidence is limited due to the nature of the excavation, though a denser area of features and material at the hill showed a clear disparity with a lack of such evidence elsewhere on the site. The plan of the settlement could not be discerned."
9089,-50,50,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,No,No,No,A late Iron Age cremation cemetery with nearby metal-working furnace (though no kiln or associated superstructure was identified). Around 19 cremation burials were excavated though further burials are likely to have perished due to quarrying activities close by.
9090,50,200,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,2,No,No,No,No,No,Yes,river valley,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Early Roman settlement evidence at Dartford laying adjacent to Watling Street on the west bank of the River Darenth, underlying a post-medieval cemetery. The site had unfortunately been truncated by overzealous contractors, though a high frequency of early Roman pottery and the presence of other contemporary material culture in the subsoil layers and an associated ditch suggest a substantial settlement lay nearby. The area may have been part of a larger field-system or managed land close to the river, with human activity possibly indicated by localised manuring or the secondary rubbish deposal in a pastoral area.  To the west of this site, close to the church along High Street, late 19thC excavations by Spurrell identified the foundations of a masonry building of Roman date. Whilst further along at the corner of Lowfield Street, Spurrell also recorded an area with plain red tesserae indicating the presence of a second structure of some pretension. Associated pottery found at these sites, though recorded and published much later by Dale (1971) were also found to be of 1st and 2ndC AD date."
9091,75,375,175,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,1,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Evaluation trenching in 1997 by Canterbury Archaeological Trust revealed a number of ditches, associated with flint and mortared flooring, with areas of particular interest later excavated by MoLAS.  The principal features were all Roman in date including a rectangular walled enclosure constructed of 1m-wide chalk walls, measuring 37.0m by 34.60m, which surrounded a robbed stone foundation, possibly a shrine or monumental enclosure. There was an apparent lack of funerary features, though a cremation burial and a votive vessel seem to belong to the later 'farmstead' phase of activity. The pottery evidence suggests that this structure was not built before the Flavian period.  In the late 2ndC AD the enclosure was re-established as part of a farmstead. A corn drier, rubbish pits and a concentration of postholes, probably the remains of several timber buildings, were present within it. A roundhouse outside the walled enclosure was in use in the late 2nd to 4thC AD. Several ditches outside the enclosure provided evidence of field boundaries and the site lay east of a Roman road, encountered during the evaluation of the site, running north-west from the small town of Vagniacis at Springhead.  The ditches were backfilled in the later 3rd century AD with dumped material which included debris from ironworking taking place nearby. All the features within the walled enclosure were excavated but the walls themselves were largely preserved beneath the new school building."
9092,-100,300,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,Yes,No,Yes,"Revealed by six evaluation trenches and earlier assessment work, the site is considered of significant archaeological importance from the discovery of an Iron Age road which continued into the Roman period with associated ditches, pits, post-holes and other features, though no masonry structures were recorded.  After a short period of abandonment, the site becomes reoccupied through the 5th to 7thC AD identified from two aisled buildings."
9093,25,350,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"A multi-period site with evidence for Roman-period activity largely confined to the late 1stC AD. Ditches are thought to represent an early Roman enclosure and their V-shaped profile was argued by the excavator to possibly indicate a military origin. However, a relatively large quantity of late Roman coins were recovered as surface and topsoil finds and their late date sat in contrast to the dating of the features and other materials. It is thought that the area became subsumed into the estate of the nearby villa at Snodland."
9094,50,250,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,fen,uncertain,No,No,Yes,"A programme of watching briefs and evaluation trenching revealed evidence of continual activity from the Bronze Age to the 20thC.  Late prehistoric features included field divisions and possible settlement, whilst the Romano-British phase included creeks which had been modified to form ditches. Salt production was evident at the site, which seems appropriate considering the marshland location, though most importantly the site is identified as a pottery production site from a large quantity of kiln furniture associated with remains of amphorae, flagons and lagena. Geophysical survey indicated the presence of kilns in the vicinity.  The period of significant pottery production dated from the mid 1stC AD to the early 3rdC AD. Though some late Roman sherds are present. Sporadic evidence for Anglo-Saxon activity was also present."
9095,50,200,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,1,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"The site of a rural settlement only partially excavated by evaluation trenches in 1998 revealed a well-preserved complex of ditches, pits and post-holes, plus a hearth, with early Roman pottery indicating domestic occupation. Further evaluation trenches on an adjacent area of land in 2010 exposed two 2ndC AD cremation burials and a possibly contemporary timber-framed building.  A single sherd of Anglo-Saxon pottery hints at early medieval activity nearby."
9096,75,400,250,,medium (4 - 8 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,Yes,Yes,No,Yes,coastal,uncertain,No,No,No,"Site of a small winged-corridor villa at Sandwich, overlooking an area of land which would have, during the Roman period, been submerged by the Wantsum Channel. The villa was partially excavated in 1977-80 due to a re-alignment of the main road. In 1999, a watching brief for the foundations of a nearby home observed and recorded an associated ditch which produce both local and imported wares.  Large scale clearance to the east of the villa revealed a number of pits, a pebbled floor, and a substantial ditch running at right angle to the long axis of the house, leading away from the front side of the house, just beyond the south wing. The building appeared to have a large central room, with two side rooms, and a possible veranda to the front. The building probably had a tiled roof, though the lack of stone work and mortar indicate that it may largely have been largely of timber construction.  Dating evidence is limited though construction is likely to have been during the late 1st or 2ndC AD, whilst a gully which cuts through some of the villa house dates to  the late 3rd/early 4thC AD indicating that the building had gone out of use by that time and had perhaps reverted to agricultural use.  Centuries of ploughing had severely reduced the preservation of the building and only the foundation footings survive."
9097,-50,400,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,1,No,No,No,No,No,Yes,river valley,uncertain,No,Yes,No,"Evaluation trenches revealed a number of features including ditches, pits, gullies, post-holes and the foundations of a chalk wall, all dating from the 1stC BC to the 4thC AD.  A complete large storage vessel was placed in the upper layer of one pit. Quantities of 2nd-4thC AD roof tile elsewhere suggest the presence of further masonry structures close by.  The precise nature of the settlement is uncertain and the material culture has yet to be analysed."
9098,25,200,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Site of a number of early Roman features including ditches, pits and post-holes, revealed by evaluation trenches, and interpreted by the excavator as a farmstead with associated field-system.  An early Iron Age settlement was also present, though no evidence of continuity between the phases were evident.  A later evaluation slightly to the west of the original investigation (Parfitt 2006), revealed no features of archaeological significance, and suggests that the focus and limits of the settlement lie to the east. The area of investigation given here relates to both evaluations."
9099,1,450,250,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,coastal,mixed,Yes,Yes,Yes,"Late Iron Age/Romano-British occupation at the site superseded late Bronze Age/early Iron Age activity, though no evidence for continuity was ascertained. The site is situated on the crest of a plateau, close to the coastline. A number of fresh-water springs are also noted to have been present nearby.  The late Iron Age/Romano-British settlement is characterised by both rectilinear and curvilinear enclosures with a complex of ditches indicating land boundaries and field-systems. Domestic activity is evidenced by material from pits, pit-complexes and post-holes.  In the earlier phase of the site, a small cremation cemetery was present to the south of the southern-most enclosure. Also, some of the pits in the settlement may have included structured deposits. One included a large sandstone block, sculpted into a half-disk shape and deliberately placed upright into the side of the feature. Another pit included a complete decorated Samian bowl, and a third a small complete vessel. These pits were excavated together within an otherwise featureless rectangular enclosure. It is possible that this was a ritual enclosure (though not suggested by the excavator).  During the later phase, a new set of curvilinear ditches are cut across the site, reforming land boundaries in places, and some appear to delineate a causeway.  A double-ditched enclosure dating to the early-mid Saxon period (AD550-700) suggests possible continuity of settlement at the site.  No finds analysis is given in the report."
9100,50,300,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,coastal,uncertain,No,No,No,"An area of pits, possible post-holes, two ditches and a gully, two hearths indicate an area of domestic activity. A large quantity of Romano-British pottery suggests a period of occupation dating to the early-mid Roman phase. The site is interpreted by the excavator as an unenclosed farmstead."
9101,1,300,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,2,Yes,No,No,No,No,Yes,river valley,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"An early-mid Roman settlement with its origins in the late pre-Roman Iron Age. At least two structures, perhaps of different phase, were located via a number of evaluation trenches. The main structure was built off relatively substantial footings and either overlay or was adjacent to further structures, most likely to be of timber construction.  The quantity of building materials, much of which was found in situ, indicates that this or a nearby building was adorned with tiled flooring, hypocaust and tiled roof.  It appears that the site included a complex of buildings, possibly a villa, though the excavator does not interpret the site that far with the lack of area and features exposed by the evaluation trenches.  Metalled roads and trackways were associated with the settlement, along with a ditched drainage system.  The pottery assemblage, whilst small, suggests variation; though, even after metal-detecting, no coins of copper-alloy artefacts were recovered from the site."
9102,-100,200,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,coastal,uncertain,No,No,No,"Site containing a substantial quantity of pits and ditches, features which date to the late pre-Roman Iron Age and Roman periods. The site is difficult to characterise from the area of excavation, but its high density of features and proximity to the nearby site at Eddington (site ID 9099) would suggest that it was part of a rural settlement. The site appears to be agriculturally peripheral to Eddington, with ditch systems following the main contours of the hillside. The features variously dated from the middle Iron Age to the later 2ndC AD. The late Iron Age and early Roman occupation of the site was separated into two phases in the report, but it uncertain whether this represented a real and significant change in site function and use."
9103,-100,100,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"The site is indicative of a late Iron Age/early Romano-British field-system, possibly associated with a nearby settlement.  The site overlooks the East Stour floodplain to its south."
9104,-50,100,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,Yes,No,"Strip of land near Boarley Farm assessed by evaluation trenches revealing two main areas of late Iron Age/early Roman activity.  In the western area cattle and sheep burials were excavated from pits with IA/ERB pottery, alongside an associated ditch and further pits. To the east of Boarley Farm, an area containing 34 post-holes and 4 pits were found to be contemporary with the feature in the western area. These features were sealed by an 'ancient' ploughsoil containing animal bone, oyster shell and charcoal, which itself was sealed by topsoil containing post-medieval finds.  It seems possible that the eastern area was the site of a late Iron Age/early Roman farmstead, with the western area forming a peripheral land-use site."
9105,1,400,,,medium (4 - 8 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Evaluation trenches revealed parts of a possibly extensive roadside settlement, active during the late Iron Age and Roman periods.  A complex of ditches and other features lay alongside a metalled road which, along with a relatively large quantity of pottery and animal bone, indicates that the area may have been part of a substantial settlement. 14000m2 was assessed, though settlement may have extended beyond this and may have covered an area of several hectares.  Stratified remains include, alongside ceramics and faunal remains, Roman brick and roofing tile, burnt clay and daub, and metalworking slag. None of the finds have yet been analysed."
9106,275,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,Yes,No,No,Yes,coastal,uncertain,No,No,No,"Excavation in 1926 on the coastline 350m south of the Saxon Shore fort at Richborough revealed two adjacent (18m apart) Romano-Celtic temples (12m & 14msq), both with mortared chalk foundations and probably raised on podia. Dating evidence is poor though suggestive of late 3rd to late 4th C. A series of pits surrounded one temple, some post dating it. They contained coins and pottery that may well be residual."
9107,-50,400,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,2,No,No,No,No,No,Yes,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Following a desk-based assessment, walkover survey and geophysical survey, an extensive trial trench evaluation over six areas a number of features of Late Iron Age to Romano British date. Area 2 revealed a possible early field boundary and a dense area of ancient activity, ditches and a marling pit or waterhole, of Romano-British date that indicates a probable wider extent of surviving remains in the vicinity. Area 3 revealed the remains of a Roman building and a kiln structure. A second Roman building may have been present in Area 6.  The building included a clay floor layer, with quantities of flint and opus signinum, presumably from the walling, whilst Roman roof tile was also recovered. The occupation debris on the floor layer dated it to the 2nd to 3rd or 4th C. The building was accompanied by a kiln structure, whilst rough flint surfaces indicate that a possible yard area existed. No indication on the function of the kiln is given."
9108,-50,200,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,1,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"Evaluation trenching revealed pits, post-holes and gullies of late Iron Age/early Romano-British date. The site is argued to represent a settlement or farmstead with an associated field-system. The site lies alongside a main Roman road.  The concentration of post-holes and gullies suggested to the excavator that structures were present on the head of the plateau, with one being identified as a roundhouse. An absence of ditches suggests the settlement was unenclosed. Post-holes and gullies on the lower ground, closer to the river valley, are suggested to be stock enclosures/animal pens. The settlement was preserved in situ."
9109,,,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,1,No,No,No,No,No,Yes,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Elements of a masonry structure was revealed through limited evaluation trenching of an area on the west bank of the River Medway, c.150m to the north of the water. Roof-, floor-, and in situ box flue tile suggest the presence of a villa building; the site has been argued as such by the excavators.  No finds analysis has been conducted, and no dating evidence was forwarded in the report."
9110,,,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"Four inhumation burials were uncovered in one of 36 otherwise featureless trenches. The inhumations were aligned parallel to one-another in a group; post-holes suggest they were enclosed by a fence.  Only one of the inhumations was investigated by 'key-hole' excavation, revealing a human tibia and iron nails. The inhumations were dated as 'Roman' by the nails."
9111,150,300,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Evaluation trenches revealed two Roman-dated boundary ditches and an associated inhumation burial to the south of the linear features. The excavators suggest that a Roman settlement lay to the north of the site. Post-holes and pits of unknown date also lay in the vicinity of these features. The presence of Samian ware suggests that the features are 2nd-3rd C in date; however, the sherd had been repaired suggesting it was of some age prior to deposition. The dating of the site is therefore tentative and broadly defined."
9112,-75,250,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,1,5,Yes,No,No,No,Yes,Yes,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"Romano-British occupation occurred from the Late Iron Age until the middle of the second century AD. A peak activity took place during the mid-1st C AD and declined quickly after c.AD 120. The extent of the settlement is not known and it may have formed a much larger site.  The site included two ditched enclosures, one with substantial ditches. Buildings included a circular hut, a masonry building and two aisled buildings with large postholes.  A further masonry structure, originally thought to be a corn-drier or malting oven, was also excavated, though the environmental evidence did not support the interpretation. It has now been suggested to have been a kiln. One large pit contained a considerable amount of early pottery (c.75BC-AD50/AD10-50). Burnt clay with wattle impressions, found in this pit, may be from a kiln or hearth. Several other pits containing traces of in situ burning and are possibly hearths. Slag/hearth lining was recovered from four pits and hammerscale was found in some of the environmental samples indicating iron-working.  Along the south-eastern edge of the site, there are the remains of substantial earthworks provisionally dated to the Late Iron Age. The earthworks are oriented approximately north?south, and consist of a bank c 1.5 to 2m high with a ditch c 1.5 to 2m deep to the east. The bank also runs east?west along the northern side of the Loose stream and is 6?8m high (N Elsden 2006). These earthworks have only been surveyed may be associated with the 'Loose oppidum' based around Quarry Wood, c.1.5km to the west.  Much of the finds from the site are yet to be fully analysed."
9113,100,400,,,medium (4 - 8 ha),unclassified,Yes,,2,Yes,No,Yes,No,Yes,Yes,river valley,uncertain,No,Yes,No,"Roman foundations near the Orange Tree Inn, Wilmington, were excavated in about 1886. Numerous tiles and extensive foundations showing wide rooms and narrow passages, with coins all of Roman date, all seen within a close radius. Excavations in 1975 uncovered an aisled building, interpreted as a possible stable, adjoining a further masonry structure. At the west end of the aisled hall, a fragmented 'foundation deposit' pottery vessel was found close to the footings. To the west of the hall excavation revealed a 'Y'-shaped hypocaust system. These were constructed of roofing tiles and led west, away from the site. The recovery of some pieces of painted wall plaster lends considerable weight to the theory that much richer rooms of the villa lie buried beneath Hawley Road, which lay beyond possible investigation.  Test-pitting to the immediate north of the villa complex by Canterbury Archaeological Trust revealed evidence of a water-course, now dried-up but probably running during the Roman period, may have been a tributary of the River Darent.  The dating of the villa construction and phasing is poorly understood. Pottery evidence suggests occupation spanned the 2nd-4thC AD with a focus on the latter two centuries."
9114,-50,200,100,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"A late Iron Age to Early Roman ditched enclosure was revealed along with a number of internal pits and postholes. The enclosure appears to have been associated with iron working. These features were superseded by an early Roman droveway dating to the early 2ndC AD cutting across the site, and indicating that the enclosure system had gone out of use. Evaluation trenches in surrounding areas showed an absence of remains."
9115,50,225,75,150,small (<1 - 3 ha),complex,Yes,,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Excavation revealed a large number of Romano-British features, including ditches, gullies, pits, post holes with a possible structure alignment, a probable small kiln, an inhumation, a cremation and a large sub-circular feature, interpreted as a possible pond.  A co-axial field-system was laid across the site during the late 1stC AD, which remained mostly in use through the occupation of the site. The mid-Roman activity on site appeared to be largely industrial in nature, with a number of intercutting levitation/flotation pits excavated. Many of the intercut pits were concentrated closer to the river, and appeared to have been utilising ground water level. In contrast, spatially discrete zones of activity with placed deposits were identified on slightly higher ground, continuing outside the excavation area to the northwest.  Artefactual evidence indicated a date range of AD 50-140/160, with a complete cessation of Romano-British activity by the 3rd century. Notably, a Roman iron-working site was excavated in 1970, located a few hundred metres to the northeast, and it is now thought likely that the Romano-British activity forms a relatively continuous sequence of deposits between the two sites."
9116,50,400,200,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,fen,uncertain,No,No,No,"A large area of evaluation in the Neatscourt marshes revealed multiple evidence for early Roman cremation burial. These lie close to an area strip, map and sampled in 2004 by CgMs which revealed evidence for 20 early Roman cremations and features possibly relating to a settlement - a report on this work is currently unavailable but a plan is given in the evaluation report by OA (2007).  Swale Archaeology (2010) excavated a total of 24 burial groups during Phase I and II investigations. All the burial assemblages had suffered varying degrees of truncation resulting in a variation of preservation, and all the assemblages were partially exposed during the mechanical excavation of the overburden. No specific dating is given for the burials and no pottery or finds analysis has been undertaken.  The work by OA (2007) revealed widely dispersed activity (possibly brought about by the nature of the evaluation) consisting of 3 2ndC AD cremations which were probably part of larger burial groups. Late Roman evidence is concentrated in the west of the site where a midden deposit was located in low-lying marshland. The midden consisted of an extensive, organic, pottery-rich deposit, interpreted as a saltern by the excavator, though called a 'midden' due to lack of material evidence for the former.  The spatial distribution of all the cremations is said to be of 'sporadic clusters distributed sparsely' (Swale 2010). Some groups also seem to have been enclosed by linear features."
9117,50,300,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,arable,No,No,No,"During the Roman period, the late prehistoric landscape and the dominant landscape alignments that they established were completely disregarded and overlain by a regular complex of co-axial sub-rectilinear field-boundary ditches, set on a broadly east-west to north-south alignment (see plan). Finds are, however, very rare and the system is dated by a very small pottery assemblage."
9118,-100,400,50,200,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,No,,1,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,Yes,No,Yes,"Situated on a low hill, with a down slope to the north-east and a relatively level plateau to the southwest, the area had extensive views over the River Medway to the south and south-east.  A curvilinear ditch and a number of pits attested to pre-Roman LIA activity. These were superseded by three early Roman cremations were located on the hill crest  (1st-2ndC AD).  Unusually, rectilinear field boundaries were established, seemingly in the late 3rdC AD, with little evidence for any earlier field systems. These field boundaries could have been established much earlier in the Roman period but were not allowed to silt up until this later period. A late Roman timber building, possibly a workshop, was located in the corner of an enclosed field, contemporary with the system (3rd-4thC AD). After the workshop and field-system had gone out of use, a large late Roman water-hole (possibly beginning as a clay quarry pit) with evidence for a 'tripod' superstructure was also identified (4th C AD).  The water-hole contained an assemblage of possible early medieval (Saxon) pottery sherds.  The area had little or no subsoil, especially on the hill-crest, and ploughing must have truncated, to a lesser or greater extent, the uppermost fills of the archaeological features."
9119,25,200,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,Yes,"Site of a 1st-2ndC AD circular corn-dryer lying close to a substantial contemporary ditch which was seen to recut a late Iron Age predecessor.  The corn-dryer was set into sub-circular construction cut, and a foundation of flint cobbles and rammed silt clay beneath a thick layer of Roman brick and tile fragments. The wall of the structure was composed of fired clay, burnt-out organics and chalk fragments and was up to 0.1m high and 0.2m wide. The entrance into the kiln from the stoke-hole was located on the east, apparently sheltered from prevailing winds.  Cut through the floor were sixteen stakeholes set around the edge of wall and were possibly related to the original construction of the domed roof. To the south of the corn-dryer was a large posthole. The post had been driven into the ground where its wooden base had survived. Its function remains uncertain."
9120,-50,75,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,,,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,No,river valley,mixed,Yes,Yes,No,"The earliest evidence of archaeological  activity on the site dated to the late Iron Age and early Roman periods.  A large curvilinear enclosure was recorded in the central area of the site and was interpreted as a corral utilised for the purposes of livestock control. The eastern extent of this corral had been truncated, with the previously associated ditch alignments being incorporated into a subsequent enclosure. Contemporary with this corral was a further enclosure located in the western area of the excavation which displayed evidence of a re-cut.  This enclosure appears to have eventually been replaced, with two phases of easterly expansion taking place in order to enlarge the interior enclosure area. The precise function of these enclosures was unclear, although the structured deposition of specific materials within the ditch fills suggested that they were of symbolic importance.  Following the closure of the ditches belonging to the final phase of enclosure expansion, a field system was introduced. This field was eventually realigned and both a timber granary and animal droveway were constructed.  One pit in particular included three deposits forming a primary episode of deposition, and included a fragmented pottery vessel as well as quantities of cattle, sheep and pig bone but also roe deer, hare, cat, mallard, woodcock, crow, small wader, small passerine, hedgehog and two wing bones from a cormorant. A fragment of human skull was also retrieved.  The final phase of activity belonging to this period concerned the introduction of a substantial north-south aligned animal droveway which cut through the earlier field systems. A considerable number of late Iron Age to early Roman pits were recorded across the site and included both a dog and foal burial. The majority of these features have however been interpreted as grain storage pits, utilised for the storage of either seed corn or surplus grain. As with the enclosure ditches, the structured deposition of specific materials was recorded in association with these pits and this may well be suggestive of 'ritual' activity.  Whilst there appears to be a complex sequence of stratigraphy at the site, the dating throughout each of these suggests that the full period of occupation was relatively short and mostly focused upon the first half of the 1st C AD. This suggests that a quick succession of change took place.   The Stone Castle site is located on the south bank of the River Thames on rising ground above the river floodplain."
9121,-25,350,100,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,,1,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,river valley,mixed,Yes,No,No,"A substantial ditched enclosure, sub-rectangular in plan, was constructed either in the late 1stC BC or early 1stC AD. The enclosure shows similarities with contemporary sites at Keston, Faversham, and Farningham Hill.  By the mid-1stC AD, quantities of iron slag and furnace-linings suggests iron-working was being carried out at the site. The early enclosure ditches became filled in and larger ditches were constructed, enclosing a greater area. Their alignment also suggest the presence of a drove-way and associated field-system.  Through the 2ndC AD, the area of the earlier enclosure developed with metalling of the ground-surface and an adjacent post-built timber-framed structure was constructed. Immediately east of the building an industrial area including hearths, pits, gullies and other post-holes took precedence. Quantities of slag indicate that iron-working had become a primary occupation, and large quantities of pottery from the area indicate that the site was extensively used. A large stone trackway provided access to and from the site.  Small quantities of 3rd-4th C pottery indicate that occupation at the site continued into the late Roman period but at a much-reduced scale."
9122,-100,100,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,coastal,uncertain,No,No,No,"Site of at least 13 aligned ditches with many associated pits. Stratigraphic relationships and dating of individual contexts was difficult though the site produced pottery ranging from the early to the late pre-Roman Iron Age. A small quantity of Roman-dated material culture was also represented. The dating recorded here reflects the broad chronological phase represented by the associated finds. However, the coin evidence, though limited, suggests that the main Iron Age activity centred around the 1stC BC.  The author highlights that evidence for Roman centuriation has previously been proposed for the area, though does not give further credence for this argument personally.  The site is situated on a gentle rise overlooking the Higham marshes and the River Thames."
9123,-100,50,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"The classic 'First C' Belgic cremation cemetery at Aylesford (1stC BC), published in detail by A J Evans after he discovered the Aylesford bucket, amongst other finds, in 1886.  Evans excavated what he considered to be the western edge of the cemetery in 'a strip of hitherto undisturbed land lying along the NW margin of the sand-pit and as finds had been recorded 'pari passu with the gradual excavation of the pit' the cemetery probably occupied at least the western half of the earlier workings and a little beyond these on the west.  The deposits included concentric groups of 'family' burials in urns with associated pottery, including both ceramic and copper-alloy vessels, whilst the most notable cremation included the interment of remains in a wooden bucket, known as the Aylesford bucket, buried along with other prestige items. Total numbers of burial groups is not known however."
9124,50,225,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,,1,No,No,No,No,No,Yes,hill,arable,Yes,No,No,"Site of an enclosed settlement next to a trackway dating from the mid/late 1stC AD to the late 2nd or early 3rdC AD. The site is interpreted as a 'ladder settlement' by the excavator, though no other enclosure had been sited.  The enclosure contained pits, hearths, postholes and the remains of a rectangular building and is thought to represent a small rural settlement. The building was at least 5.5m by 4.1m and survived as two flint built walls, over 0.5m wide and two courses high. Iron nails, holdfasts and a cleat from the immediate vicinity suggest a timber superstructure over the flint foundations.  Iron working on site is suggested by the presence of iron slag, spherical and flake iron scale, and hearth material. Two sub-rectangular pits also may have been associated with industrial activity; their shape suggests that they may have been timber-lined. Unusual finds included a part of a southern Gaulish brooch and fragments of a bronze mirror.  The site lies on a ridge over-looking the River Dour."
9125,50,400,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,2,No,No,No,No,No,Yes,coastal,uncertain,No,No,No,"A small area excavated revealed three 'pits' possibly representing sunken-features; the excavator interpreted these as cellars to buildings. Pottery from the fills of these features indicated an early Roman date for their construction. Later, the backfills of the cellar were cut by the foundation for a wall, constructed of water-worn cobbles laid over courses of massive flint nodules.  A final phase of activity in the later Roman period was demonstrated by a chalk-capped pit, cut through the fill of the construction trench for the western flint wall, and a second larger pit cut through the backfill of the Cellar 2. Large wall stones were dumped at the base of this pit, and dispersed irregularly throughout the fill, above the lowest deposit of stones was a thick layer of ashy material containing oyster and whelk shells as well as animal bones and other domestic debris.  Interspersed with this material were large sherds and segments of pottery vessels. The pots may have been nearly complete when they were deposited; odd sherds from later fills completed the partial remains of some of the vessels.  The third cellar was also filled with layers of chalky silts interspersed with compact deposits of building stone, capped near the top with a very dense deposit of large rounded cobbles. Fine quality pottery from these layers indicated that they originated in a building of high-status."
9126,100,200,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,Yes,No,No,Yes,coastal,uncertain,No,Yes,No,"Small scale excavations 1km north of Watling Street and 1.4km south of the Medway estuary revealed part of a square Romano-Celtic temple (13.4m sq.), much of its flint and tile bonded masonry walls and foundations robbed. Limited dating evidence suggests 2nd C AD activity. A possible votive pit was found inside the cella, against the west wall, containing possible seeds, and a large number of mice bones. Few finds. Another Roman masonry building noted 300m away and a villa lies within 1km of the site."
9127,125,350,250,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,2,No,No,Yes,No,No,Yes,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"Site of a Roman bath-house, now completely quarried away. The bath-house consisted of an apodyterium, a frigidarium with an apsidal plunge bath, a tepidarium, a caldarium, and a stokehole for the hypocaust. Associated finds included Roman coins, tessellated pavements, Samian and Belgic pottery. These broadly suggest a mid-3rd to mid-4thC AD date for the bathhouse.  Also excavated in the vicinity were a pit, one of a number, which contained fragments of Belgic ollae and a well that had been filled in during the mid-second century. Another nearby pit was excavated during 1936 producing a quantity of charred plant remains. This pit was dated as Roman from the presence of a flanged tile.  Evidence of a second masonry structure, of similar construction, suggests the building may have been part of a larger villa complex. However, any such remains are also now destroyed by recent quarrying.  The date range given here is used to cover the use of the well and the bathhouse, but is not sufficient to provide a chronology of the settlement as a whole."
9128,150,250,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,coastal,pastoral,No,No,No,"This record relates to an area of the Salt Hill Saltings (or Upchurch Marshes) which is known to have produced a number of finds indicating significant ritual activity. These relate to three main separate finds.  Firstly, a group of seven olla pots, each containing puppy bones from single individuals in association with charcoal, were recovered during the 1950s. It was apparent that these were placed, without lids and open to the elements, within the marshes. All the charcoal contained within the pots derived from twigs and light branches rather than chips or large timbers. This suggested to the author that the material had been specifically chosen for burning. However, none of the infant dog remains had been burnt, indicating that the charcoal had been paced in the urns with the bodies after firing. Such treatment of infant dogs is very rare.  This find followed the discovery in 1864 of an urn nearby containing a silver armilla, two silver finger rings with red carnelian intaglios, with coins of both silver and bronze ranging from Nero to Faustina the Younger. The finds, other than the coins, are held in the British Museum.  And finally, a hoard of 37 sestertii found in 1950 100 feet SE of the find spot of the 1864 treasure hoard in a bellied olla, said to be of local manufacture. The coins range from Domitian to Commodus.  All the finds give a close date for deposition to the end of the 2nd C. The site type has been loosely recorded here as 'shrine'. However, the area is also argued to be the site of significant industrial activity concerning pottery and salt production (see Noel Hume I. 1954, Romano-British potteries on the Upchurch Marshes. Arch. Cant. LXVIII, 72-90)."
9129,100,400,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"Excavations undertaken in difficult circumstances in woodland revealed evidence of a ditched Roman settlement which included a small kiln. The settlement was occupied mainly during the 2ndC AD but continued minimally into the 4thC AD. The excavators argued that the site may have been engaged in pottery production, but this interpretation has now been widely discredited (L Rayner pers. Com.)."
9130,-50,250,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,1,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"Later prehistoric and Roman activity was identified as probable Belgic (Late) Iron Age/Romano-British settlement, comprising of at least one sunken-featured building and associated features, many of which were structural in nature, though an internal hearth was also observable. A large enclosure ditch bisected the site, and was thought to be late Iron Age in origin.  Dating evidence suggests that the settlement and associated ditch fell into disuse by the late 2nd-3rd C AD. A single inhumation burial was also found in the north-west of the site. The burial is not thought to predate the late Iron Age/early Roman occupation of the site."
9131,100,350,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Results from evaluation trenches suggested the presence of a small Roman settlement lying alongside the Roman road (Watling Street) with the area perhaps lying on the periphery of the area of occupation. A clay layer, very heavily truncated, appears to be the remnants of a floor and suggests the presence of small, possibly timber structure.  Towards the rear of the site a small pit was located nearby a substantial ditch, which was on a very similar alignment to the Roman road. Its size suggested that it may have formed boundary or enclosure probably relating to nearby domestic activity. A metalled surface may also represent a courtyard area.  The presence of large amounts of pottery together with smaller quantities of charred plant remains, hammerscale and slag suggests domestic activity with perhaps small scale metal-working also taking place on or near the present site.  The majority of the pottery appears to date from the early second to fourth centuries suggesting that the site was most intensively occupied during the middle of the Roman period."
9132,40,100,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unenclosed,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"An archaeological strip, map and sample undertaken at the A2 activity park, Gravesend, revealed multi-period activity. The site lies adjacent to large-scale excavations on the sites of the A2 Road Scheme and the CTRL investigation at Northumberland Bottom (Site ID 9065).  Despite the widespread evidence for late Iron Age and Roman settlement in those areas south of the A2 Activity Park, late Iron Age activity was absent in this area. Similarly, the early Roman period was not well represented, though the northern part of an 'enclosure', cremations and, most notably, a small inhumation cemetery were present."
9133,1,300,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,No,No,No,"A strip, map and sample investigation revealed multiple archaeological features indicative of a late Iron Age/Romano-British enclosure system, though the structural phases of the settlement were difficult to separate with the level of investigation undertaken. Pottery evidence suggests that activity had significantly reduced by the mid-3rd C AD.  The ditches of the settlement appear to form a relatively large enclosure measuring c.108m in diameter, within which a quantity of pits and postholes could be discerned, though no certain buildings were identified.  The most enigmatic feature on site was a pit/pond located in the central region measuring c.15m in diameter and was 2m south east of a main enclosure ditch. The feature yielded several coins ranging in date from the 1st to 4th century, several iron objects including a knife, lead curses and a broken bronze drinking vessel. Pottery and sparse amounts of animal bone were also recovered from the surface of the feature."
9134,-50,150,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"In preparation for the establishment of a pipe dump, archaeological remains were exposed revealing a curvilinear ditch with numerous discrete features located within its borders. This D-shaped enclosure site included two phases, with pottery evidence suggesting that activity continued from the late Iron Age and was confined to the later 1st to early 2nd centuries AD (c.AD70-120/130).  No evidence for dwellings were definitively identified within the enclosure, though the plan of the enclosure has revealed two areas devoid of archaeological features which have the capacity to site two round houses. It may be that any evidence for such structures had been truncated by subsequent agricultural practices. The amount of domestic pottery recovered from the features within the enclosure does suggest this was not a seasonal stock enclosure but more probably an inhabited site.  A number of small pits/post-holes included pottery vessels interpreted as possible 'placed deposits'."
9135,-100,350,250,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,1,No,No,Yes,Yes,No,Yes,river valley,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"The identification of a masonry wall via watching brief Fairlawn Estate, Plaxtol, was found to be part of a small masonry structure. Further stripping north and south of the building revealed associated features including ditches, pits, postholes and a well.  Rectilinear in shape, the building measured c.31m long, c.11m wide and comprised of at least seven rooms. Constructed of local Ragstone blocks, the building has been interpreted as a small villa and has been dated to the later 2nd-3rdC AD on the basis of coins and pottery retrieved from within and without the structure.  The dating of the site in general is based upon the pottery assemblage.  A possible flue was observed within the structure which may have connected to a  stoke hole on the southern side of the building. Preservation in situ meant that the building was not fully excavated, as a result the possible stoke hole and flue remain unproven at this time but are suggestive of under-floor heating. No corridors or entrances were observed although the entire building was not revealed during the excavation due to the constraints of the excavation. Whilst the sequence of rooms was established, no excavation of the interior was possible, and as a result it is unclear whether any floor surfaces survived.  A small kiln/oven, keyhole shaped in plan, measuring 1.12m long, and containing a rich charcoal fill is likely to be associated with the villa. An associated pit included some fired clay and pottery."
9136,-100,400,200,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,mixed,Yes,No,No,"An area covering c.6ha of early-mid Iron Age activity was followed by a settlement of much reduced intensity focused upon the late Iron Age to the end of the 2nd C AD, though some later Roman material suggests limited continued use of the site, possibly only as a field-system.  No significant settlement evidence was located in situ, though evidence suggests much has been lost through truncation. At least three separate trackways extended across the entire site from east to west, one curving to the north-east, were in use during the Roman period, but almost certainly originated as routes during the Iron Age.  Small groups of cremation burials were associated with one of these trackways, as was a single Roman structure, a sunken-feature building. Two phases of rectilinear field system defined by ditches were also located, the earlier probably originating in the late Iron Age, since they followed the same arrangement.  Apart from other more isolated cremation burials, two small square enclosures were associated with the Iron Age field system. Enclosure 10 contained three cremation burials (two of which were quite richly furnished box burials) suggesting that it was a mortuary enclosure. Two other cremation burials were found further to the north-east, near a number of inhumation burials, of which carbon dating suggests that at least one of these was also of Roman date.  The remaining cremation burials were fairly scattered, though there was a definite focus along Trackway 25, where at least nine cremation burials were recorded near its western half, with another 6 further east probably related to a settlement now only represented by sunken-feature building 1 and contemporary features in the vicinity.  Further north on the extreme western side of the excavated area, two isolated cremation burials were located, the former a rich burial which contained nine vessels, fifteen amber beads, three copper alloy brooches, two brooch pins and a lead spindlewhorl. One final focus of burials was located in the central area of the site. These five burials were slightly more dispersed, but mostly disposed to the west of a Roman field boundary ditch. They were badly truncated by modern agricultural activity, their preservation varying as to the depth at which they were deposited.  At least some of the burials may be related to the only definite Roman structure located on the site (SFB 1) which consisted of an isolated sunken-featured structure. Two linear depressions in opposing corners of the building were associated with burnt patches suggesting use as corn-driers or ovens, while another circular burnt area may have been a domestic hearth. Two closely set post-holes about half-way along its southern side may indicate the position of the entrance. The building was also probably associated with several small pits and drainage gullies, and a larger sub-rectangular pit to its immediate west. The structure produced a relatively low density of pottery in primary contexts, but may well have formed an agro-industrial building relating to a small domestic settlement or farmstead, other structural evidence perhaps lost to truncation. This would explain the density of cremations in the vicinity and the relatively large, possibly domestic assemblage of material in the structures main backfill.  Such structures are extremely rare in Roman Britain, although occasional examples have been recorded. They were dated between the first and third centuries, whilst similar date is also appropriate for the Thanet Earth example on the present evidence."
9137,-50,200,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"Piecemeal investigations revealed various areas of late Iron Age/early Romano-British occupation including probable enclosed settlements. The site excavated by OA, comprised a series of parallel ditches and gullies and a small group of cremation burials respectively.  The human bone records all derive from the OA (1999) excavation, whilst all other finds were recorded from the MOLA (1997) excavation."
9138,50,410,325,,medium (4 - 8 ha),enclosed,Yes,,4,Yes,No,Yes,No,No,Yes,river valley,uncertain,Yes,No,Yes,"Adjacent to Watling Street, a probable Roman villa was examined by field-walking and test-pitting as part of the Swale Archaeological Survey by Paul Wilkinson in 1998 (though discovered much earlier by B Philp, unpub.). An evaluation trench in 2006 focused on a high concentration of surface finds, exposing a range of Roman archaeological features including the remains of a substantial stone-built Roman octagonal bath-house, the concrete base of a large horizontal corn mill, a sunken road, as well as Anglo-Saxon structures.  The bath-house, c.14.5m across, enclosed a central octagonal frigidarium pool over 4m across. Some rooms had underfloor heating, with alcoves containing the remains of hot plunge baths. The excavated base of a rectangular pillar suggests the inner octagon of the bath-house was arcaded. Roman coins found in situ suggest the building was built at the time of Constantine (330-335AD). At some point, the bath house was rebuilt and a smaller circular pool built over the central plunge bath. The water brick conduit was blocked off, and a lead pipe - still in situ - installed to drain the pool and fountain whose base, decorated in blue fresco still survives. The excavator suggests that this may have been in the 5thC AD, but the dating is questionable. In Roman Britain, octagonal buildings of this  type are found at Lufton and Holcombe, and at Loose near Maidstone. The function of these buildings has previously been discussed (e.g. Todd 2005; Henig 2006; both OJA).  Some elements of a unique stucco ceiling had survived, and there was probably a large dome set on pendentives that would have echoed and reflected the sound of cascading water from the central pool with its statue facing the entrance hall, changing room or narthex. Ceilings such as these would have been possible with the internal columns or arcading bearing the vertical pressure, and the surrounding ground floor rooms with their walls set as 'spokes' providing a buttressing effect to counteract the outward thrust of the central clerestory tower. Such sophisticated engineering is more often found outside Britain during the late Roman period.  The possible corn mill, which included millstones, was dated to the 3rd and 4th C. Freshwater streams run to the east and west of the site. The east stream is suggested to have been utilised by the villa as a water supply and for water transport to access the Swale Channel via Conyer Creek. Boat nails are noted from the finds.  The kilns found on site relate to the early Saxon occupation of the site."
9139,-100,50,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,Yes,No,Yes,"Excavation of the fill of a hexagonal ditch, known from crop marks, revealed flint and grog-tempered ware with a spread of dates from 150BC to AD50. The centre of the hexagon included a circular pit, about three metres in diameter cut into the chalk. The pit had been pillaged some time in the past but sherds of Late Iron Age pottery with burnt bone, plus medieval pottery, suggest a cremation deposit of late Iron Age/early Roman period had been robbed during the medieval or antiquarian period.  The site lies close to the Roman road between Canterbury and Dover; the modern Canterbury to Dover road runs parallel to the Roman highway and forms the eastern limit of the study area.  Excavation of the area adjacent to the hexagonal feature revealed over 90 Anglo-Saxon inhumation graves, cut into the chalk, overlaying 5th century Anglo-Saxon cremation deposits, which in turn overlay Iron-Age cremations, post-holes, rubbish pits, stake holes, ditches, and hut platforms. These features further overlay Bronze Age and earlier features. A group of 12 graves were orientated towards the hexagon feature which may suggest that it was a focus for the cemetery, and many were richly furnished."
9140,80,410,,,medium (4 - 8 ha),unclassified,Yes,,1,Yes,No,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,plateau or plain,uncertain,Yes,No,Yes,"Excavation in 1997 revealed a Roman villa sited just north of Watling Street overlooking a freshwater spring (Hog Brook) with likely access by boat to the Swale. The site was identified from a large quantity of Roman building materials and lies in an area of reclaimed marshland. Discovery of in situ black and white tesserae and hypocaust suggests the main domestic dwelling was identified with an early-dating monochrome mosaic. A possible sunken-feature building with a fragment of Saxon pottery was identified in one trench close to the villa building.  Further excavations in 2004-5 uncovered an associated aisled hall situated on the eastern side of the creek. Stamped Samian pottery from the Roman builders' trench date the construction of the aisled hall between AD80 to 110.  Anglo-Saxon pottery sherds and a copper alloy Anglo-Saxon brooch found in the late Roman rubble, although the excavator suggest that these represent continued use into the 6thC AD, this is highly questionable.  The excavator argues that the design of the aisled building drew upon 'a basilical prototype' with a clerestory constructed so that its form had more in common with a basilica in a Roman forum or military camp than with the normal timber 'work-hall'. The site compared to a similar building excavated by Tony King at Meonstoke, Hampshire. Radar survey also indicates that a deep-water channel had been dug alongside the building for agricultural production to be easily moved from the site by boat."
9141,-50,100,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Evaluation trenches revealed a small number of archaeological features on a gentle south-west facing slope above the East Stour River. Virtually all the features were of probable late Iron Age/early Romano-British date on the basis of the small assemblage of pottery recovered. They comprised six shallow ditches or gullies and two shallow pits with evidence for in situ burning, both possibly representing hearths.  An area of high magnetic susceptibility recorded during geophysical prospection also appears to partly correspond with the area covered by this group of features. Together, this evidence might be interpreted as indicating late Iron Age/early Romano-British settlement rather than landscape features such as field boundaries, although no structural features were identified. Small quantities of charred plant remains recovered from the possible hearths, indicates that these features were not associated with significant crop-processing areas."
9142,-100,100,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Evaluation trenches revealed possible Iron Age features recorded and interpreted as non-intensive quarrying, perhaps to extract Iron Pan. Occupation on site was indicated by the re-use of a partially backfilled quarry pit as a shelter, and a pit.  Roman activity was represented by a ditch, and an associated quarry pit  a number of irregular cuts. Sealing the Roman features was a layer of gravel which might represent a road, perhaps associated with the main Roman Dover to Rochester road possibly situated in the area of the present M20. Use of the site is dated by the small pottery assemblage."
9143,-100,100,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,No,,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,river valley,mixed,Yes,No,No,"After a hiatus in activity between the late Bronze Age and the late Iron Age, extensive traces of late Iron Age/early Roman ditches were found. Their layout suggests that they were part of a larger field system with associated trackways. Although the evidence for its date is sparse, the overall chronology is clear; the field system was first laid out in the late Iron Age. Pottery dating from after c.AD70, however, was rare and was found only in upper fills. The field system thus seems to have fallen into disuse at some time, perhaps early, in the 2nd century AD.  According to the excavator, it seems likely that the activity identified at West of Blind Lane could be associated with a dense scatter of Iron Age and Romano-British pottery located c.300m north of the site. This potential settlement site is situated on the margins of an extensive cropmark complex of ring ditches, enclosures and field boundaries (see report). This might suggest that later prehistoric and Romano-British farming communities in this area favoured the zone immediately to the north of the rail link route for settlement sites, situated on the better drained geology of the Hythe Beds. The archaeological features identified during the current excavation could therefore define routes and field systems which extended from the favoured settlement zone, southwards into the valley of the East Stour River."
9144,-100,100,1,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unenclosed,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"The site of a number of Neolithic/Bronze Age barrows with associated secondary cremation burials and a divided field system dating to the later Bronze Age.  After an hiatus in occupation of about 200 years, the site was a focus for industrial activity during the later Iron Age, particularly between 50BC and AD1. A furnace and pits containing metalworking debris and crucible fragments were clustered in the far north-west of the site and a single pit deposit indicates either small-scale occupation or hints at associated settlement nearby.  In the late Iron Age to early Roman period a single cremation burial, again in the vicinity of the ring ditches, suggests a reuse of the site for funerary activity and is an indicator that the barrow mounds were still extant.  The site of Tutt Hill is situated just under 2 km south-west of the current line of the Pilgrim's way trackway which follows the North Downs escarpment. This route may have been utilised during prehistory, as the positioning of barrows close to it suggests."
9145,-100,50,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,No,,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,pastoral,Yes,No,No,"Late Iron Age activity existed in multiple phases. A western enclosure possibly originated as an isolated feature, later to be incorporated into a more organised layout that eventually included a well-defined trackway associated with a substantial linear boundary. Such a plan suggests that the site was used to funnel livestock into the trackway moving through the site, between the River Stour flood plain and an upper plateau to the north.  It is possible that the later colluvial soils masked earlier wells or waterholes which may have been accessed by livestock, whilst the division of the land south of the trackway into fields may have been for arable purposes. The absence of internal features or any significant quantity of domestic debris suggests that the western enclosure was also for stock-holding.  The presence of Roman sherds in two Iron Age features might further suggest that there was some continued use of the established boundaries at least into the early Romano-British period. Perhaps a shift from the use of the land as pastoral to arable. The longer term survival of some elements of this landscape is suggested by the physical coincidence of some late Iron Age and later features, in particular the location of the south-west terminus of a medieval ditch with the line of an Iron Age ditch, just east of the western enclosure."
9146,1,150,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,river valley,mixed,No,No,No,"Apart from small amounts of late Iron Age material, there was no evidence for activity, after Bronze Age occupation of the site, until the 1st century AD when an 'enclosure' was constructed at South of Station Road (note that other areas of activity were revealed across a large area stripped - this record relates solely to the area at Station Road to the north of the excavation (ARC SSR 99)).  The Roman land use and activity was apparently short-lived and passed into disuse c.AD100-150. The enclosure appears to have been sited close to a settlement since domestic debris was recovered alongside crop processing undertaken at an oven, which yielded grain fragments and pottery sherds. The lack of in situ domestic structures may suggest that the enclosure was used for stock-rearing and/or storage.  A shift in activity or abandonment may be interpreted by the lack of later pottery from the features, in contrast to continued growth at the nearby Roman town of Springhead in the second century. The site lie adjacent to the cemetery at Pepper Hill."
9147,50,150,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unenclosed,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,coastal,uncertain,No,No,Yes,"An archaeological evaluation carried out in 2003 uncovered a scatter of archaeological features on the western side of Mill Lane, whilst further evaluation in 2007 identified a Roman cremation burial dating to the 1stC AD in the grounds of Talmead House on the opposite side of Mill Lane.  Three separate areas were subsequently stripped in order to identify and record any further archaeological features prior to redevelopment. A limited number of features, mostly undated post-holes, were encountered and excavated including evidence of two further Roman cremation burials close to the one previously uncovered."
9148,-55,200,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,coastal,uncertain,No,No,No,"The site of a number of substantial ditches cut in the late Iron Age and then recut in the early Roman period. The excavator argues that there is a strong possibility that these represent a large enclosure occupying the neck of the Ebbsfleet Peninsula and may date around the period of Caesar's incursions, 55/54BC. The recutting of the flat-bottomed late Iron Age ditch was recut along the southern edge by two v-shaped ditches in the early Roman period, and it is possible that these had a defensive function. The ditches were also found during the Weatherlees Waste Water Treatment Works and likely form part of the same settlement complex (see Andrews et al. 2009).  Evidence for settlement was intimated by the presence of field enclosures, two possible ring/drip gullies and two associated four-posters. These features were mostly seen south of the main boundary ditches and perhaps represent a late Iron Age enclosure, and there is no evidence that this settlement continued into the Roman period. In the northern section of the site (Zone 5), two large pits of late Iron Age date had been dug and quickly backfilled with quantities of animal bone and pottery.  It seems that the early Roman recut ditches were back-filled fairly rapidly, as were other features. Two early Roman inhumations were cut into the fills of pre-existing features: the main Iron Age/early Roman ditch and a Bronze Age pit. The former contained two individuals and the latter contained coffin nails."
9149,-100,400,43,150,small (<1 - 3 ha),complex,Yes,8,4,Yes,Yes,No,Yes,No,No,coastal,mixed,Yes,Yes,No,"The site included a sequence of extensive settlement-related features and deposits dating from the early Iron Age and largely continued to the late Roman period. During the late Iron Age (Phase 4b), gradual and extended development of the existing middle Iron Age settlement occurred with the establishment of a number of enclosures, including stock-enclosures, and roundhouses. These were constructed close to an pre-existing metalled trackway. Waterholes are also present during this phase, probably for livestock.  However, towards the end of the late Iron Age a considerably large ditch, perhaps related to those also found in Zone 4 (see Site ID 9148), was constructed across the site, interrupting the established enclosure system. It was postulated that this feature may have related to a temporary 'camp' established around the time of Caesar's 1stC BC expeditions. Along with late Iron Age/early Roman pottery, an iron spearhead was recovered from the backfill, whilst further spearheads were recovered from a colluvium deposit in the area south of the late Iron Age settlement, in between the large defensive ditches in Zones 4 and 6.  By the early Roman period, activity remained centred close to the late Iron Age trackway which may have remained in use. A number of new ditches were dug overlaying the late Iron Age settlement features. The function of these enclosure ditches is unclear since associated structures were not found, and it may be that these were used as animal corrals. The late Iron Age defensive ditch was recut in this phase, similar to the one in Zone 4 and was interpreted as possibly being related to the Claudian invasion of AD43, perhaps re-establishing the earlier 'Caesarian' enclosure.  Small developments continued to take place during the early Roman period, and some of the enclosures from the late Iron Age settlement were re-established. Pits and four-poster structures are present in some enclosures, and within Enclosures IV and VIII sunken-feature buildings were constructed. Hollow features in some enclosures may suggest that industrial working was carried out at the site. No roundhouses were assigned to this phase, however, and there seems to have been a general reduction in activity compared to the late Iron Age settlement.  The mid-late Roman period saw a significant change to the layout established in the late Iron Age and which continued up to the 2ndC AD. Settlement activity in this phase possibly relates to two masonry built structures previously excavated on an adjacent area of land (see Site ID 9076). Two new sunken-feature buildings were also constructed during this phase, one of which was located close to a small contemporary cemetery at the western limit of the excavation. Both wells and waterholes were present during this phase, presumably supplying water for both people and livestock. The associated inhumation cemetery contained four scattered and poorly-preserved individuals."
9150,-100,250,50,,small (<1 - 3 ha),complex,Yes,1,,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,No,coastal,mixed,Yes,No,Yes,"A number of rectangular enclosures were established during the Iron Age, enclosing probable field and paddocks, and including four-posters and curvilinear ditches/gullies, likely to represent roundhouses. Many of the features were difficult to date precisely, though some are thought to be late Iron Age or had continued into the late Iron Age, with at least one roundhouse dating to this period.  Ditches of late Iron Age/early Roman date broadly followed the alignments of the earlier Iron Age settlement and suggest a general continuity in activity. The occupation of the site became more intensive further into the Roman period, however, with the construction of new large ditches in association with extended recuts of Iron Age boundaries to form larger enclosures. The main enclosure contained two sunken-feature buildings with associated postholes. Two of the ditches in the south of the area formed a possible trackway, perhaps for the movement of livestock. In the western part of the southern enclosure was a small mixed-rite cemetery which appeared to span the early-mid Roman period.  Early-mid Saxon activity is noted on site by the presence of a sunken-featured building with contemporary pottery, a possible Saxon glass bead, and quantities of animal bone and oyster shell."
9151,-100,400,,,medium (4 - 8 ha),complex,Yes,,1,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,coastal,uncertain,No,No,Yes,"An extensive landscape of field-systems rising to the north on a scarp slope on the southern side of Thanet. The fields are mostly on a N-S/E-W alignment and, in places, follow a gridded pattern. The dating of the field-systems could only be categorised as 'Roman' though some areas were found to be mid-late Roman, whilst many of the ditches either respected or were recuts of earlier Iron Age linear features.  A substantial N-S boundary lay to the south of the main area of field-systems, represented by at least 14 inter-cutting ditches which seem to have been continued attempts at re-establishing the boundary. Also, the marking of this boundary had continued from the Iron Age, when a similar pattern of ditch-cutting had taken place in the same area and on the same alignment.  To the east of the boundary, a waterhole was in use for some of the period, though was later backfilled with domestic waste. This was cut by part of a rectangular enclosure containing a number of pits. The enclosure included an associated or post-dating field system, to the north of which lay a number of regularly-laid postholes for a timber-built structure, probably of agricultural purpose, likely dating to mid-Roman period. It is possible that the structure served the surrounding field-systems as a storage base. The more-intensive field-systems to the north of this structure may have served either agricultural or pastoral purposes.  Within the main field-system, an area of chalk flooring, a hearth, and a number of pits were constructed in the fill of a natural hollow. These may have been the foundation and features of a building, though the evidence is tentative. A number of large features in this area may also represent local quarrying.  A very small quantity of early Saxon pottery was recovered in association with two sunken-feature buildings also excavated in the vicinity."
9152,-100,200,,,uncertain,complex,Yes,,,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,No,coastal,mixed,Yes,No,No,"Site of a complex of Iron Age enclosures, primarily constructed during the middle Iron Age though continuing and developing through the late Iron Age too.  A large holloway was seen to stretch through the main part of the site with enclosures of varying size revealed on both sides. The form of the settlement appears to be linear, and may indicate a 'ladder' settlement. The arrangement of smaller trackways as well as both large and small enclosures suggests the site was engaged in controlling livestock.  A good number of postholes were present suggesting that some of the enclosures included structures, though dating and layout of the features is uncertain. One 'pit' feature may have been a sunken-feature building, though again, this is uncertain.  The Iron Age holloway continued in use into the early Roman period. Around 13 inhumations burials were later deposited in the upper fills along its western edge. Two cremation burials, possibly of Iron Age rather than Roman date, were also excavated in the vicinity. A number of features including pits and gullies were found in an area south of the holloway and, though limited by minimal excavation, indicates an area of domestic habitation."
9153,-100,200,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,coastal,uncertain,No,Yes,No,"The site of a substantial trapezoidal middle Iron Age enclosure, which includes minimal evidence for late Iron Age occupation, though the site is utilised during the early Roman period, most probably the 1stC AD.  Two early Roman sunken-feature buildings formed the focus of the renewed activity at the site, one of which lay within the enclosure, whilst the other was located just outside its entrance. Together they suggest that the enclosure was still in use, albeit mostly filled in by this time.  Both SFBs included post/stakehole which indicated the presence of a superstructure, whilst one had a clearly defined ramp leading to it entranceway. The latter also included an oven and a pit. A number of contemporary pits surrounded the two buildings."
9154,-50,200,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,coastal,mixed,No,No,Yes,"A variety of ditches and gullies overlying an earlier D-shaped Bronze Age enclosure appear to have formed a sub-rectangular enclosure possibly originating in the Late Iron Age and continuing in use into the Roman period. More than one phase of enclosure was apparent and there were several internal divisions. Within the enclosure, a small number of features may date to the late Iron Age phase, including three pits which were cut by later ditches containing late Iron Age/early Roman pottery.  The first phase of the sub-rectangular Iron Age enclosure was replaced by a series of more substantial ditches. This phase, in turn, was cut by a pair of large ditches on the same general alignments as their predecessors on the north and west sides of the enclosure.  Adjacent to the enclosure were 16 pits of certain or probable Roman date, some in small inter-cutting groups. A combination of finds, including some iron smithing slag, and stratigraphy show that the pits were constructed gradually across the period of habitation. This feature was perhaps associated with iron-working.  The enclosure may have been still visible in the post-Roman period as a small mid-Saxon cemetery was excavated within its confines."
9155,-50,250,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unenclosed,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,Yes,No,Yes,"After middle Iron Age activity in the area the site is used for two cemeteries, separated by about 120m, one of which was associated with a small enclosure, plus two trackways.  The trackways were probably constructed during the late Iron Age and were used into the Roman period. The projected course of the trackways could potentially lead them to the Roman villa at Minster (Site ID 9029). The southern trackways was indented by wheel ruts, showing use by vehicles.  The eastern cemetery, which includes the associated enclosure (possibly a shrine), was also part recorded by Perkins (1985) as part of the Monkton gas pipeline (Site ID 9071). Both of the these excavations show that this was an early Roman mixed-rite cemetery, perhaps extending into the 3rdC AD. The western cemetery solely comprised inhumations.  A number of Saxon cemeteries and other features were also a later feature of the site."
9156,50,350,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,6,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,mixed,Yes,No,No,"Site of a complex Roman settlement and metalled trackway. Some features assigned to this period require further dating, though the majority are 2nd-3rdC AD.  The trackway, which contained well-defined and, in places, deep wheel ruts. To the north of the trackway, a series of sub-rectangular enclosures, possibly part of a ladder settlement are apparent. A large ring-ditch was constructed south of the trackway. Its function is unclear, though it may have been a stock enclosure.  A second phase of development saw the construction of a group of five sunken-feature buildings within the northern enclosures, and a small mixed-rite cemetery to the east of the buildings, within a separate enclosure area. Two of the SFBs included postholes, whilst four were embellished with ovens or hearths. Further pit features in the vicinity may have been ancillary structures or large rubbish pits. Several human neonates/infants were recovered from within four of the SFBs.  Further features which were stratigraphically later than the trackway were also constructed including two further enclosure ditches. These possibly represent a reorganisation of the local landscape. Unphased linear features to the east of the settlement may be a field-system associated with the settlement, though dating is currently difficult."
9157,-50,125,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"An evaluation on land at Queen Elizabeth, Maidstone, revealed evidence of Iron Age and Roman activity. Excavations by Oxford Archaeology during the following year examined the site in more detail, uncovering evidence for long-lived rural settlement focussed on the late Iron Age , but continuing into the early 2nd century AD. The decline of the settlement may have been linked to the development of a nearby villa estate.  In the late Iron Age, the site included a concentration of pits and postholes in the western area of the site including two four-poster structures, whilst ditches were prominent in the central area, perhaps denoting field-systems or an enclosure. A large clay-lined pit was used, perhaps for storage or some other industrious activity, and a smaller pit in the eastern area of the site contained a large number of carbonised peas, alongside spelt, emmer, barley, and oats.  The site continued but developed little into the early Roman period, and seems to have fallen into disuse by the early 2ndC AD, though later Roman ceramics suggest that activity may have continued in the vicinity; evidence for late Roman activity seems to be confined to the eastern area of the site where features were sparse."
9158,-100,200,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,coastal,uncertain,No,Yes,No,"The outline of two archaeological features, a cave and a pit, were exposed by chalk quarrying at Spratling Court Farm, Manston in 1996. Both were deeply buried with well-stratified natural infills, including three layers of residual brickearth. Faunal evidence included butchery waste and radiocarbon dating of four vertebrate samples confirmed that the cave dated c.AD179 cal. The pit alongside the cave was dated to 124BC cal., and so predates the cave by about 300 years.  In the Mid to Late Iron Age, the area was selected for chalk quarrying, after which the fissures began to infill naturally. A further 300 years on, this seemingly isolated and still-wooded part of the Thanet ridge was used as the site of a possible early Roman pit shrine, perhaps being symbolically marked by structured deposition of animal remains. As each feature fell out of use, surrounding walls of unsupported overburden brickearth collapsed in and became buried within the thickening fills."
9159,-75,50,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,4,,No,No,No,No,No,No,fen,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"The site of an enclosed late Iron Age farmstead situated in the North Kent region aligning the Thames estuary. The area formed part of a constantly changing floodplain environment and the site would have been adjacent to extensive marshland and its associated resources. The site is located on a small promontory formed by streams running into the Swale.  After evidence of Bronze Age occupation at the site, a new farmstead originated in the late Iron Age from c.100BC and was occupied until around the period of the Roman Conquest. It is possible that the site was abandoned as a direct or indirect consequence of the invasion. From the pottery the site seems to have had two phases of occupation, the first comprising two circular structures within the north-west corner of a ditched area. Whilst, in the second phase of activity, the ditched area continued in use though was further divided by a new ditch with two further roundhouses, holloways, fencelines, and several four- and five-post structures. The structures may have been storage, or platforms or animal pens."
9160,100,350,,,medium (4 - 8 ha),unclassified,Yes,,2,No,No,Yes,No,No,Yes,river valley,arable,No,No,No,"Lying on a low mound in a flood plain close to the west bank of the River Darent, the site of a probable Roman villa estate was identified through the rescue excavation of what is interpreted by the excavators as a substantial masonry storehouse or granary.  The architectural style and plan of the building are unusual, elaborate and indicative of high-status. A number of construction phases could be discerned, though the structure, in general, consisted of a rectangular central space with what are thought to be masonry sleeper walls placed at regular intervals within it. These are argued to have held timber joists which in turn supported a timber-built superstructure.  Other than support, the sleeper walls were intended to allow for air to circulate beneath the building. Circumventing the central space a number of larger room were built around its outside, providing a corridor which gave the building an aisled plan. Quantities of tiles show that the structure had a tiled roof. Three hearths were also present within different rooms of the building.  A second masonry building of unknown character was also identified lying around 50m SE of the granary. Both buildings were found to have had tessellated floors. A separate boundary wall and a ditch suggest the villa may have been enclosed."
9161,-50,200,50,,small (<1 - 3 ha),complex,Yes,,,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,No,river valley,mixed,Yes,No,No,"Lying 3km south of the River Thames just north of Watling Street the site of a late Iron Age/early Roman farmstead developed close to a, likely visible, prehistoric ring ditch monument.  At least three enclosures were constructed in the 1stC BC showing early activity, whilst the settlement developed further in the middle of the 1stC AD when a large droveway was constructed running through the middle of the site. North of the droveway one of the enclosures was of a characteristic 'double-box' form, whilst a small field-system surrounded the southernmost subrectangular enclosure.  Four and six-post structures indicated possible farming activities, chalk quarrying was evident, whilst domestic activity was signified by material from pits and ditches. Most activity was carried out within the enclosures, though spatial variation is seemingly evident. Buildings may have been represented by postholes in each enclosure, though the evidence is tentative."
9162,50,350,,,large (9+ ha),complex,Yes,,1,Yes,No,Yes,No,No,Yes,river valley,mixed,Yes,No,No,"Site which formed part of the south-east corner of the major Roman settlement at Springhead, near Gravesend, which developed along Watling Street south of the River Thames.  The metalled road discovered in the excavation was seen to link the main area of the town with a large temple to the south-east of the site. Material from a number of nearby features demonstrate domestic occupation in the area. Part of a substantial masonry building was discovered on the west side of the site. On the opposite side of the road a small, enclosed, mixed-rite cemetery was identified.  The focus of activity dated to the 2nd and 3rd centuries AD."
9163,75,410,,,medium (4 - 8 ha),unclassified,Yes,,1,No,No,Yes,Yes,No,Yes,river valley,uncertain,No,No,Yes,"Lying on farmland adjacent to the River Darenth, a Roman villa at Franks Hall dating from the second half of 1stC AD to the early 5thC AD was excavated in the early 1960s. Unfortunately, this site has not been fully published, though it is noted to have included two parallel ranges of rooms, an open veranda, hypocaust and an opus signinum floor.  During the 1970s rescue excavations took place about 100 metres east of the villa unearthed boundary ditches and pits containing domestic rubbish of 3rd century date. Excavations immediately to the north of the villa also revealed a boundary wall, ditch and metalled area.  Early Saxon dwellings and materials were also identified from this area."
9164,275,375,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,coastal,uncertain,No,No,No,"Located on low-lying gravel adjacent to marshland, close to the coast between the River Thames and the North Sea, the site of a late Roman inhumation cemetery was excavated in 1981 by KARU.  The cemetery, said to be completely excavated, overlay an earlier and more extensive Iron Age settlement. In total 55 burials were recovered. No funds were available for post-excavation analysis and the human bone report is said to be being readied for publication elsewhere by English Heritage.  Several clusters of burial could be discerned from the plan. Notably, whilst most of the burials were variably N-S aligned, three broadly E-W aligned and none included grave goods, apart form one which included a jar with a burnished Chi-Rho monogram on the base."
9165,-100,150,50,,small (<1 - 3 ha),complex,Yes,6,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,mixed,Yes,Yes,No,"In the upper valley of the Great Stour within the Weald, in an area between the North Downs and the former sea-cliff line bordering Romney Marsh, a middle-late Iron Age settlement developed c.150BC and lasted through until the Roman Conquest. The settlement included both enclosed and unenclosed elements, as well as a possible cremation cemetery and other evidence for religious and 'ritual' activity. Between AD10-50, two warrior-burials within square-ditched enclosures were placed in the settlement area. The warrior-burial graves became a focus for activity in the second half of the 1stC AD, and a number of structures were identified. Part of the complex may have formed a shrine.  Initial assessment suggests that a restructuring of the site took place, with regularly placed plots to the south of the trackway, the formalization of the trackway and a re-defining of the enclosed space to the south of the warrior burials. It is suggested that the site during this period was still primarily associated with religious and/or funerary concerns. A large number of contexts contained small quantities of animal bone, the majority being from sheep/goat, with some pig, and at least some immature individuals.  During this time, occupation on the site generally appears to have diminished and little sign of activity can be recognised after the early to mid-2ndC AD. This phase appears to coincide with an increase in occupational activity at the nearby nucleated settlement at Westhawk Farm, c.750m to the east."
9166,-70,-50,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"Lying in a position close to the Swarling cemetery, a metal-detectorist found the remains of a late Iron Age cremation burial of some status. The find spot was reported and local archaeologists sent to further investigate. The remains of a cinery urn with burnt human bone was found with two brooches and a finely-decorated bronze mirror."
9167,75,400,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,2,No,Yes,Yes,No,No,Yes,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Lying due east of the Roman town at Springhead the site of a possible villa was constructed close to the mouth of the Thames estuary. Excavated remains consist of a small masonry cellar structure and a large curving ditch. Niches in the walls were found, most likely for lamp placement. A bathhouse was also excavated in 1959, though lay separately to the east of the cellared-house. Cellars are slightly unusual, though apparently not unique to Britain. They were more common in Gaul and Germania."
9168,150,300,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"On the east-facing slope of a slight valley and bisected by a small stream, a seemingly extensive site engaged in the manufacture of Black-burnished pottery of 'Category 2' was discovered during the construction of a gas pipeline.  It appears that the site was engaged in production for around a century, beginning in the middle of the 2ndC AD.  The remains of four kilns, together with a number of associated features, were excavated. The evidence from the pipe trench suggested that the site covers the whole slope to the west of the stream and, indeed, it may cover the crest and part of the further slope some 300 metres to the west of the kilns. There were no positive indications of Roman occupation to the east of the stream, although the occupation material runs down to its western edge."
9169,100,150,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Sited on the edge of the Stones marshes, on hard ballast gravels to the south of the River Thames, a Romano-British cremation cemetery was discovered by workmen during quarrying activities in the early-mid 19thC AD. Finds included 18 vessels, three of Iron Age type and three Roman. Two of the large vessels were cinerary urns contained calcined human remains, and it was assumed that two similar vessels were also urns. The pots were said to have been found in groups around two to three feet apart, and each consisted on a cinerary urn along with a flagon, a plate and a cup or beaker. It is estimated that between five and nine burials were found in total. 14 of the vessels were dated to the early 2ndC AD and the Iron Age vessels were found in association with these."
9170,150,250,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Antiquarian excavations c 300m SE of Springhead and c 150m south of Watling St road revealed a substantial walled cemetery (1.3ha) containing a stone mausoleum (c 18m sq.), within which were two inhumation burials and at least five cremation graves, some with exceptionally rich grave goods. Dating evidence is uncertain, though reckoned to be later 2nd - early 3rd C AD. Further excavations as part of the HS1 development excavated part of the masonry outer enclosure, which incorporated buttresses. Walled cemeteries such as this are rare in Roman Britian, but many of these have been found in north kent close to Watling Street."
9171,75,150,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Lying on the floodplain of the River Darent, an area containing early Roman cremation burials was uncovered via evaluation trenching with some evidence for further Roman activity identified through the subsequent watching brief on the site. The burial area is thought to have formed part of the nucleated settlement at Dartford, perhaps just to the south-west of its centre.  Two cremations were dated by grave goods to the late 1stC-early/mid 2ndC AD. In two other areas of the site, the debris from funeral pyres were identified (ustrinum). Some burnt bone, early 2ndC pottery and a copper alloy bracelet was also recovered from one of these. The other debris also produced pottery. These features were only observed in section and it is possible they may represent disturbed cremation, though this is not stated by the excavator. The features discovered may suggest the presence of a cemetery in the wider vicinity."
9172,50,200,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,pastoral,No,No,No,"The site of an extensive early-mid Roman field boundary running north-south about 0.75km south of the Roman settlement of Dartford along Watling street. The site is situated very close to the River Cran, a tributary of the River Darent which lies just to the east.  The ditch was originally cut sometime in the 1stC AD (radiocarbon dated, plus a small amount of early Roman pottery) and recut at least twice, mostly before the 3rdC AD, though the presence of a later Roman quern may suggest maintenance into the late Roman/early Saxon period. The ditches included large numbers of stake holes either for water management, a jetty, or a boundary palisade.  Insect remains show that the site was used for pasture and grazing, whilst small freshwater fish in the ditch demonstrate that it was, at least periodically flooded. It appears that the feature was part of a pastoral landscape likely associated with the nucleated settlement to the north, and may have been used for irrigation/drainage of the surrounding site."
9173,50,200,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,2,Yes,No,Yes,No,No,Yes,river valley,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"The site of an early Roman iron-working settlement was poorly excavated and recorded in the 1950s by a local society and subsequently scheduled. The settlement consisted a masonry structure, probably with at least three rooms, and is sited on an outcrop of Wadhurst Clay at the base of a steep slope close to a watercourse and the supposed line of the Rochester-Bodiam Roman road (now known to be incorrect).  Findings of painted wall plaster, window glass and stone-packed opus signinum flooring points towards a site of some pretension. Whilst box flue tiles were recovered, no evidence for a hypocaust was identified. Many of the tiles found at the site were stamped CL BR, of the Classis Britannia (over 50 examples from one season of excavation). Most of the tiles were used in the drain, whilst no evidence for on-site tile production was recovered.  A square structure adjacent to the main building, noted as a 'pool' area with a clay floor and rough stone walls. From the eastern side of this building an overflow drain made of box-flue and roof tiles ran for over 6m. It is thought that this structure might have been used as a 'quenching' pool, perhaps involved with iron production. Iron slag, charcoal and cinders were found in stratified Roman levels across the site.  Belgic pottery at the site means that it is possible that settlement began in the late Iron Age, though this is unsubstantiated. Despite the problems of locating material with trenches and excavated layers, there was a complete absence of 3rd or 4thC AD material.  More recent investigations to the west of the 1950s site, including excavation and geophysics, revealed areas of black soil containing iron-working waste such as hearth bottoms and clay furnace lining, an associated timber structure (with evidence to suggest that it was a domestic dwelling), as well as picking up the line of the Roman road, together signalling the presence of a much larger industrial settlement than previously thought."
9174,60,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,mixed,Yes,No,No,"South of the A2 (Watling Street) at Ospringe, opposite the site of the large Romano-British mixed-rite cemetery excavated in the 1920s, further evidence for contemporary activity was identified during small-scale excavation and watching brief of a pipeline, including postholes, ditches, and pits. A 3rdC AD hearth strengthens the evidence for domestic activity, and an area of 4thC AD cobbling suggests the presence of a trackway/road. The frequent occurrence of features, quantities of material, and location close to the known cemetery strongly suggests that the site formed part of a nucleated settlement alongside Watling Street.  Some evidence for pre-Flavian activity was identified, though the contents of the early features suggest that local use of the site expanded considerably between AD70-150. Pottery dating AD150-270 was less well attested than that in the earlier phase, though activity is indicated to have been more intense from the late 3rdC AD through to the end of the 4thC AD and possibly beyond."
9175,-50,400,50,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Geophysical survey and evaluation trenching by Wessex/Time Team and later by SWAT Archaeology revealed further evidence for the nucleated settlement at Ospringe close to Watling Street, though this is likely to have been a peripheral area compared to the denser activity seen east of this site by Archaeology South-East (Site ID 9174). However, considerable evidence for earthworks and possible late Iron Age activity was noted in the southern part of this area, sited on and around Judd's Hill. This was originally thought to have been a 'Claudian' fort, though was reinterpreted as a late Iron Age settlement. There remains some disagreement, however, with the Wessex report proposing the presence of a field-system (perhaps lynchets, as there is some evidence for terracing) in use through to the end of the Roman period and supporting the settlement closer to the road, whilst SWAT suggest the presence of a 'fortified late Iron Age farmstead'. In either case, both reports highlight the presence of a well with deposited architectural materials and hint at the presence of a high-status building in the vicinity.  The finds recorded here derive solely from the Wessex report since no post-ex had been carried out by the SWAT work. The area of investigation also only takes the Wessex investigations into account."
9176,-100,75,25,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,11,,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Site of a small nucleated settlement found on the west side of the East River Stour valley. The site was focussed upon four areas of excavation revealing a large complex of ditches and other features which encompassed a near-continual sequence of activity from the middle Iron Age (2ndC BC), until the settlement's abandonment at the beginning of the Roman period. The settlement may have originally been unenclosed, but was gradually divided up with the ditch complex extending east to the valley floor. This consisted of an organised series of boundaries ditches, trackways and enclosures, and appeared to have been divided into two main sections: one perhaps for stock enclosure, with the other providing evidence for iron working and other craft activities. Eleven roundhouse structures were found in total. The discovery of a furnace provided evidence of both iron working (smelting and smithing) and the melting of copper alloy. Although roundhouses were identified the site does not appear to have located the main domestic focus; the evidence suggested that the settlement spread to the west of the excavated area onto higher ground. A final phase of land re-organisation took place at the end of the Iron Age with the areas of settlement activity being replaced by a new series of ditches which appeared to deliberately cut through earlier structures. This phase of activity did not continue far into the second half of the 1stC AD (although some later coinage was identified), when the nearby roadside settlement at Westhawk Farm came into being."
9177,75,300,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,1,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Roman period site located on a low ridge, with much of the site covered with an accumulation of hillwash. The site was not fully exposed, but the features indicate the presence of an early-middle Roman settlement and possible field-system. A series of ditches were found to have been separated by an area of gravelling, interpreted as a trackway, whilst a timber building was noted north of the trackway, possibly part of the domestic area. The building was identified from postholes and beamslots, though fragments of Roman brick, tile and daub were also recovered from the area. Elements of a field-system were identified to the south of the settlement area, broadly dated to AD50-400, though the more conservative dating estimate from the settlement area is taken here."
9178,-100,1,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"Small-scale excavation revealed a series of mid-late Iron Age ditches. The excavators interpret the site as a field system. However, although the features may represent elements of land division, the artefactual and environmental evidence suggested that the excavation had exposed part of a settlement, occupied into the late 1stC BC. Animal bones and charred cereal remains provided evidence of a mixed farming regime, whilst slag and hammerscale indicating metal-working."
10001,-50,225,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,2,1,No,Yes,No,No,No,Yes,plateau or plain,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"The site, lying on former farmland, was investigated by trial trenching on three occasions in 2002, and by area excavation, in advance of housing development, in 2004?5. The main occupation began in the immediate pre-conquest period with ring/penannular ditches likely associated with roundhouses, albeit small dwellings (c.6m in diameter). These structures were abandoned during the mid-late 1stC AD, though one may have been in use slightly longer into the early Roman period.  Later structures with more substantial, rectilinear, stone foundations were identified in the trial trenches. These were interpreted as being part of a villa complex, though no further refinements such as baths, wall plaster or under-floor heating was found. What seemed to be the core of the 'villa' was subsequently excluded from the development area, with excavation areas instead targeted towards the edge of the main settlement area. These excavations revealed ditches belonging to enclosures or paddocks, as well as pits, waterholes or wells, and postholes of uncertain purpose. This activity began in the mid-late 1stC AD, and ceased in the late 2nd/early 3rdC AD.  However, despite planning conditions in place to protect the site, substantial damage was caused to areas of archaeological interest by the vehicles of the development contractors."
10002,-50,400,150,250,medium (4 - 8 ha),unclassified,Yes,,2,Yes,No,Yes,Yes,No,Yes,hill,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"The site of a large Roman 'villa' was discovered in 1883 with c.49 rooms spread across two buildings. Extensive sandstone foundations were seen, though much had been robbed away. Large roof-tiles, Samian ware, other pottery and glass were found, whilst stone-lined water tanks were also a feature of the site. The extent of the original excavations is not known.  A report on the early excavations was compiled by Cooper et al. (1984), which brought together all the known information on the Roman villa at its associated finds, including a previously unpublished report by the Rev. T S Cooper on his excavations from 1888 onwards.  The plan of the villa is thought to resemble that at Titsey, but it is clear that a number of building phases are involved. A programme of fieldwalking, topographic and geophysical survey, and two phases of trial trenching between 2002 and 2010 established the correct position of the villa and found that the foundations had been completely robbed away during the 19thC.  This later work, however, also identified a late Iron Age enclosure with paddocks and trackway. These features were largely superseded by a new enclosure for a large timber building. These then go out of use by the mid-late 3rdC AD and are replaced by the subsequent masonry villa complex excavated in the 19thC, though this is also thought to have had several phases of construction.  On its elevated hillside location, the site commands extensive views of the surrounding landscape including Hascombe hillfort. No other Roman-period sites are known from the immediate vicinity and the nearest known main road lies c.12km to the east. The site does lie, however, very close to the River Arun, and a spring is also noted further down the slope. Bird (2002) argues that, along with some of the associated finds, the landscape context and unusual plan of the building complex indicates that the site is a religious one rather than a secular one."
10003,50,425,200,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,1,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Excavation near Woking park Farm, near Old Woking, unveiled the presence of a rectangular timber structure, c.5x15m, an adjacent ditch, as well as an enclosure ditch and a possible trackway. Pottery from the site ranged from the 1st to the 4th centuries AD, though early Roman pottery was far more common in association with the timber structure and the lower levels of the nearby ditch.  It is unknown whether the timber building had  gone out of use by the 3rdC AD or had continued perhaps into the 4thC AD. A nearby midden consisted of largely late Roman pottery, plus some possibly 5thC AD wares, suggesting a domestic presence near to the site.  The site is positioned close to the banks of the River Wey; the excavator suggests that it may have been seasonally occupied."
10004,-50,200,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,No,Yes,No,"Site excavated on a dip-slope spur of the North Downs c.2km SSE of modern-day Ewell. The main features of the site included a number of large pits and deep shafts producing a wide range of finds, including rotary querns, loomweights, spindlewhorls. The pits were cut in sometime during the 1stC AD (either LIA or ERB) and filled in a structured manner.  Along with these artefacts, several variously articulated groups of animal bones had been deposited, together with a late 1st/early 2ndC AD cremation burial of a young male who had been accompanied by nine inscribed bone gaming counters and a tenth made of pottery. Some of the counters had been graffiti scratched to denote the name 'Remus'.  A cremated and urned sheep or goat was also recovered in one of the latest fills of the pit features, also dating to the 2ndC AD.  The features are similar to the ritual shafts present at Keston villa, Kent, and the finds of pink wall plaster and an iron slide key perhaps suggest that these features formed part of a domestic settlement. The categorisation of the site here as a 'shrine' must be taken as tentative with the limited area of excavation, but the site would have overlooked the nearby roadside settlement at Ewell."
10005,-100,400,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,No,,1,No,No,No,No,No,Yes,hill,uncertain,No,No,No,"The Roman temple at Farley Heath has been known since the middle of the 19th century. It is a relatively isolated rural site, positioned at the northern edge of one of the Greensand Hills. The ground to the south is fairly level, but on the other three sides it drops away quite rapidly, and there is an uninterrupted view towards the North Downs.  In the early 1990s, substantial damage began to be caused by metal-detectorists and there followed excavation by Surrey County Archaeological Unit, funded by English Heritage, in order to record the surviving stratigraphy before further destruction took place. The 2007 SyAC report presents the results of these excavations alongside earlier investigations on the site, and a comprehensive publication of the large and important collection of Roman finds from previous work is provided.  The site first saw activity from, at least, the Neolithic period and, it was argued, that the context of pre-Roman activity was ritual due to the distinct hilltop location of the site. The quantity of finds shows that later Iron Age ritual activity took place, although a physical shrine was not constructed in that period, as with similar sites which are later developed into a Romano-Celtic temple.  Whilst the site continued in use throughout the Roman period, the date of temple and temenos construction could not be accurately established. The temple was of the common cella and ambulatory type, while the temenos is unique in Britain, forming an irregular polygon, which enclosed some 1.2ha. South and west of the temenos a variety of evidence has been recovered pointing to industrial and, perhaps, settlement activity.  Two 'ovens or kilns for baking pottery' were found to the north-west of the temple enclosure in the 19thC, whilst a third was excavated in the 1930s containing 4thC AD pottery to the south of the first two. Others have been noted in the area, and may have been destroyed.  The site appears not to have seen much activity after the Roman period and prior to extensive robbing of its stone from the later 17th century onwards. However, it seems that some memory of its religious purpose was retained over this long period."
10006,50,350,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,Yes,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"Site of a roadside settlement which developed alongside Stane Street during the 1stC AD. Its extent is largely unknown due to the piecemeal history of excavation, and some have argued that Ewell might have been a small town, though a roadside 'village' may be a more appropriate category. Nevertheless the settlement may have encompassed both economic and ritual functions (see Site IDs 10004 and 10007).  At Ewell Grove, an area dating from the mid-1stC AD to the 3rdC AD was noted to have variously included drainage gullies, boundary ditches and pits at different times, whilst at Grove Cottage a small masonry structure with associated metalled surfaces signified activity closer to Stane Street.  At 46-50 High Street, a large pit dated to the 1st/2nd centuries and a probable well dated to the 3rd/4th centuries; these features dominated a number of smaller pits layers present at the site. Associated pottery and small finds suggested that domestic activity was carried out in the area, whilst CBM indicated the presence of substantial buildings in the vicinity."
10007,75,400,280,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,Yes,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,Yes,Yes,"Lying perhaps due north of the centre of the roadside settlement at Ewell, the King William IV site provided evidence of multiple phases of activity from the Neolithic to the post-medieval period. Several phases of Roman occupation were identified dating from the 1st-4th centuries AD. The site lies on the line of Stane Street, though the Roman road was not found in the excavation. It was hypothesised that the road had been diverted around the site, perhaps because of a sacred importance of the area.  The earliest sign of activity on the site, post-Bronze Age, is a possible cremation burial which had been badly disturbed. It was uncertain whether this was late Iron Age or early Roman in date. By the late 1stC AD four pits and a building with an associated mortared floor, perhaps of light timber-build, were constructed.  After demolition, this building was superseded by one or more buildings denoted by a number of large postholes. These features were accompanied by a number of pits and a well. Evidence of a possible masonry structure also dated to the late 2ndC AD and a possible corn-dryer was dated to the early-mid3rdC AD.  A major organisational change apparently took place in the late 3rd/early 4thC AD with a well being backfilled. A coin hoard was placed in the primary deposit of the well, c.AD280, with pottery in the layers built up above, c.AD250-350. Debris from a nearby masonry structure also appears to have been placed in the well, as well as jewellery and animal bone.  Little evidence for Roman activity is noted after this phase apart from coin and pottery finds, including Portchester D ware, from soil layers.  A number of animal burials were also placed on site, some dated as Roman, though most were not datable (see zooarchaeological data). These may relate to the proposed Roman-period sacred associations of the site.  Middle Saxon activity is later noted by the appearance of chaff-tempered ware."
10008,-100,600,50,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,1,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,river valley,mixed,No,No,Yes,"The site of a mid/late Iron Age farmstead, occupied from c.300BC. Evidence for a roundhouse, pits and a surrounding enclosure was revealed by excavation. Shallow ditches defining small polygonal enclosures perhaps acted as stock-pens. There was also evidence from kiln furniture, though no kiln was identified, that small-scale pottery manufacture took place on site.  The settlement continued into the Roman period, albeit at a reduced scale and intensity in activity. Primary structural evidence was absent for the Roman period and the site perhaps lay on the periphery of an unknown settlement which developed after the Iron Age phase. An upsurge in activity was noted by increasing quantities of material into the late Roman period which the excavator relates to the renewed prosperity at Staines.  The site continued in use into the early/mid Saxon period, possibly up to the 7thC AD. There are indications that a timber-framed building was erected on site during this period, though this is difficult to substantiate as relevant features lay at the periphery of the excavated area. Early Saxon pottery had been discovered though no obvious break in occupation or change in site organisation was observed. Indeed, two features contained both late Roman and early Saxon pottery."
10009,250,600,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Gravel extraction in 1972/3 revealed four substantial rows of well-preserved wooden stakes. At the time of discovery, modern standards for dealing with water-logged remains had not been developed and the recording of the site is also due to the helpfulness of the Charlton Sand and Ballast Company. After mining, the site has become a fishing lake.  The site is based close to a confluence of the Rivers Thames and Wey and the stakes align towards the current flow of the Thames. Evidence of buried channels were also observed during the recording of the site, suggesting that the waterways had moved over time.  Only two of the four rows could be recorded adequately owing to the area available for examination. The stakes occurred in pairs; each measured close to 0.5m in circumference and they generally survived c.1.6m above the current water level. Around the bases of some of the stakes were the remains of smaller branches woven to make a wattle fence. One of the rows survived to c.21.5m in length, whilst tis adjacent row was similarly c.19.5m, and together they curved slightly toward each other.  At the time of discovery a number of interpretations were put forward for the function of the stake rows, including the substructure of a bridge, markers for a causeway, river bank revetment, or a fishing weir. The first two were discounted on account of the Watling of the stakes, whilst no palaeo-river bank was encountered in the sections, leaving fishing weir as the most likely explanation. The V-shape of the rows could have acted as a trap as fish could be funnelled into the space in-between as they swam along this side of the river.  The only dating evidence from comes from a radiocarbon date of a piece of wattle from row 1, providing a late Roman/early Saxon origin at AD290-650 at the 95% confidence level. However, the wattle itself may have been repaired at some stages and may not provide an earliest date for the structure. Weirs of this types are also poorly dated in generally to provide a date based on its typology. Both late Roman and medieval pottery was found at the site, mostly unstratified, though some derived from the layers around the base of the weir. A Romano-British tile fragment was found wedged against the northern end of one of the stake rows."
10010,1,100,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Minor excavation revealed part of rural settlement, probably a farmstead, of early Roman date. Pottery dates suggest that the settlement was only occupied in the second half of the 1stC AD, though only eight features were excavated.  A late Iron Age pit and an early Roman ditch likely dating to the early 1stC AD and late 1stC AD respectively demonstrate an extension to the settlement uncovered by Harrison (1959). A group of early Roman cinery urns containing burnt bone fragments were also discovered in 1903 at the site, suggesting the presence of an associated cemetery located on a promontory, south of the school. The excavation was not published, though the finds were reported by Holmes (1950) and kept in the  school's museum."
10011,75,400,250,,medium (4 - 8 ha),unclassified,Yes,,3,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,river valley,pastoral,No,No,No,"The site of a villa first identified in the 19thC AD where excavations found the remains of the main domestic dwelling. Trial trenching in 1994 and 1997 and area excavation, in advance of housing development, in 1998 revealed the layout of an isled hall which almost certainly made up part of the villa complex.  Occupation of the site (excavated in the 1990s) began in the late 1st/early 2ndC AD, with the earliest features being a post-built structure and a boundary ditch. The site changed considerably by the mid-late 2ndC AD with the construction of the aisled building. This structure contained a T-shaped corn-drier, and was set within a complex of ditched and fenced enclosures. A corner tower to the building may have been used to store grain, whilst a porch on its side would have allowed access by cart. Structural evidence inside the aisled building suggested the presence of a raised wooden floor which, if it existed, would have facilitated the threshing of grain. The aisled building was demolished in the later 3rd century, but significant activity clearly persisted until the early 4th century.  It is almost certain that the main villa building continued into the 4thC AD after probable construction during the 3rdC AD. The villa was of corridor-type with the walk-way linking at least five rooms. The building was discovered in 1829 by workmen digging for road-stone.  The corridor had a mosaic pavement with a patterned border in red and black, and the rooms had pavements of iron-stone tesserae. The foundations of the building were of large flint-stones, and many fragments of brick and tile were found, including imbrices.  One evaluation trench produced a number of large pieces of flue tile, leading to the tentative suggestion that a detached bath-house might be sited adjacent to the stream. The stream may have formed the western limit of the settlement. Trial trenching on the eastern side of the stream produced a low-density spread of building material, though no Roman features were identified.  It is suggested by the excavator (Poulton 2005) that the development of the villa on the London Clay may have been associated with the exploitation of local woodland and pasture resources. A possible road, linking settlements at Neatham and Ewell, likely passing nearby."
10012,75,300,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,2,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"Evidence for early Roman activity first appeared with gullies and a pit dating to the late 1st/early 2ndC AD, though evidence for more intensive activity and perhaps settlement dated to the 2nd and 3rdC AD. Features from this period included a dense band of intercutting pits, two post-built structures and several deep pits (not fully excavated because of their depth), possibly well shafts. Immediately to the north of the site is one of a number of springs which make up the headwaters of the Hogsmill river."
10013,250,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"A Romano-British cremation in an Alice Holt ware jar was recovered about two feet below the surface of a garden being prepared for the construction of a swimming pool. The garden is on the upper part of a slope descending to the flood plain of the River Mole.  The jar remaining in the possession of the house-owner, contained the cremated bones of an adult male. It was dark grey, with three bands of decoration composed of burnished lines against a matt background in faint contrast to a slightly burnished surface elsewhere. A wide time span from Hadrian to the 4thC AD is ascribed to the form, but in most instances appears to have been recovered from later 3rd/4thC AD contexts."
10014,80,350,200,,medium (4 - 8 ha),unclassified,Yes,,6,No,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,plateau or plain,pastoral,No,No,No,"The site of a modest villa complex, constructed in the 2ndC AD and developed from an earlier Roman farmstead. Lying on clay geology, the site situated close to a number of springs which supplied the settlement with water from where the clay junctures with sandy geology nearby. The clay soils are not overly conducive for agriculture and the Wealden oak woodland lies close to the site running south for some 18 miles.  After some late 1stC AD activity, a large timber building was erected and a ditch system constructed for the farmstead around AD120. From AD200 old structures were demolished and the first development of the masonry villa took place. A wall enclosed the complex and fenceline split it in two, with the main domestic dwelling in one section and ancillary buildings in the other.  A separate bathhouse was erected on site, whist a further semi-circular masonry structure was also constructed close to the dividing fence on the site and was interpreted by the excavators as a shrine though, admittedly, no dedications were found at the building. The closest parallels for the structure are the nymphaeum at Chedworth and the lustral basin at the main entrance to Darenth villa.  It is argued that the Roman tilery at Wykehurst was a part of the villa estate and contributed to its economy in the absence of substantial agriculture. In a later article by Smith (1980), the villa is argued to be an example of dual ownership."
10015,75,400,200,,large (9+ ha),complex,Yes,,1,No,Yes,No,No,No,Yes,river valley,pastoral,No,No,No,"Wessex Archaeology undertook a five-year programme of archaeological investigations over a c.9ha area north of High Street, Staines, on land previously occupied by the Central Trading Estate. The archaeological evidence highlighted the early phase of the establishment of the roadside settlement/small town in the second half of the 1stC AD; Pontibus is a settlement recorded in the Antonine Itinery. The settlement developed at one of the important bridging points across the River Thames, along the road from London to Silchester (thought to underlie the modern High Street).  The settlement was occupied from the late 1st to the late 4thC AD and it appears that the early settlement flourished, expanding up until the 2nd century AD. The archaeology then suggests an apparent contraction of the settlement in the late 2nd/early 3rd centuries.  The Roman settlement was established on a gravel 'island', with the River Thames leading to the site from its west-north-western side then diverting due south. Much of the land excavated by Wessex Archaeology consisted evidence of refuse disposal and small-holdings, with probable animal corralling and grazing. Rich meadowland bordered this area to its north, and the area seems to have been susceptible to seasonal flooding.  Only one building was identified from the excavations, which dates to the period of 2ndC AD of expansion. This relatively grandiose structure on the north side of the road appeared to have been slightly larger any seen in earlier excavations on the southern side. However, they shared many constructional features with evidence for painted wall plaster, tessellated floors and the use of non-local stone. No evidence for in-situ hypocausts was found, though the recovery of flue tiles demonstrate their presence. A bathhouse was allegedly located near the Angel Inn, though this is unpublished.   A well situated c.20m from the road front was found to have had a small, though elderly, pony placed in it some time in the second half of the 3rdC AD. It may date to the late 2nd/early 3rdC AD. A number of other wells were located in Area 3 were probably cut at some stage in the 4thC AD, but had been largely backfilled by the beginning of the 5thC AD.  The excavators suggest that the basic economy of the town remained much the same throughout the Romano-British period, with most foodstuffs imported from the local hinterland. Post-Roman activity was negligible until the 12th century."
10016,100,200,,,large (9+ ha),complex,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"At nos. 9 and 11 High Street in the Market Square at Staines, Surrey Council Archaeological Unit excavated a Romano-British well on the west side of the town, close to where the Roman road would have met the River Thames.  After removal of a collapsed top layer, remains of a Samian bowl, a Nene Valley hunt cup and an Oxfordshire white ware mortarium, along with small quantities of animal bone, came from the lower levels of the clay fill. The mortarium had had its base knocked out, a practice thought to have been associated with  the ritual nature of the deposit. The clay layer dates to the late 2nd/3rdC AD.  Below this clay fill however, an organic deposit contained the remains of at least 16 dogs, consisting of c.1400 bones, including a range of ages from immature to elderly. These remains were recovered from a level which also included a well-preserved wooden box structure which was situated at the base of the well just above the natural gravel."
10017,45,400,200,,large (9+ ha),complex,Yes,,3,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,pastoral,Yes,No,Yes,"Excavations at the Barclays Bank site in 1969 produced the first conclusive evidence of the Roman settlement, including remains of the cambered road and two timber buildings dating between AD70 and AD150. Two wells were excavated adjacent to the buildings, both lined with oak planks.  Some of the finds and the locality of the site led Crouch (1976) to suggest that Staines began life as a military base shortly after the Conquest and up until the Boudiccan revolt. Imported pottery dating AD40-60 was also recovered along with the cheek-piece from a Roman cavalry helmet, c.AD60, and other finds (see other finds). This interpretation is now finding less support.  Two tons of material was reportedly excavated though has yet to be fully published. These remains were covered by an organic layer including 3rd/4thC AD pottery.  Just to the south of the Barclays Bank site, the Elmsleigh House site produced some 1st/2ndC AD material though the first signs of occupation features appeared to be 3rdC AD. A road/trackway was constructed, seemingly running at right angle from the main London-Silchester highway found on the BB site, and at least three buildings (of varying different date) developed on the gravel surface of the road-side with associated pits and postholes, suggestive of land allotment and domestic activity. An oval dump of iron ore near one of the buildings is suggestive of metal-working.  Grass-tempered sherds in possible 5thC AD features indicate early Saxon activity, though the site was largely abandoned until about the 11thC AD."
10018,-100,300,100,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"A series of evaluation trenches and a small excavation revealed evidence of mid/late Iron Age and Roman occupation. The pottery evidence suggests that activity was not continual throughout the period, since the Roman material appears to have been restricted to the 2nd/3rdC AD.  The minimal quantity and quality of the finds suggested to the excavator that the site was a low-status farmstead or was peripheral to more densely occupied settlement. Charred plant remains suggest that crop processing was being carried out at the site."
10019,100,300,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"A number of interventions since the 19thC AD have provided evidence of a Roman tilery in the vicinity of the former Doods Farm. Many of the early observations had been very poorly recorded, and no formal excavation of the site had been carried out until 1989. All references to the site were brought together in the report by Masefield and Williams (2003).  None of the original kilns have been observed and the extent of the site is not known due to the restricted nature of the excavations and modern land-use. However, the quantity and range of tiles, including the presence of wasters demonstrates the site as a tile production centre.  Much of the tile identified in the area is known to have been of a type which was supplied to Londinium. Over 40 London sites with Doods Farm tiles have been identified indicating the scale of the production at the site. Tiles have also been found in Kent at Faversham and Canterbury and may have been redistributed from London via the Thames. The site seems to have been active mainly in the second half of the 2ndC AD and into the 3rdC.  More recently, excavations have uncovered the first complete kiln to have been recorded (see http://www.surreycc.gov.uk/recreation-heritage-and-culture/archaeology/surrey-county-archaeological-unit/recent-archaeology-projects/roman-tile-kiln-excavated-at-doods-road-reigate)."
10020,100,400,,,medium (4 - 8 ha),unclassified,Yes,,2,No,No,Yes,Yes,No,Yes,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"Approximately 3/4 of a mile west of the Roman London-Lewes road, lies the site of the little investigated Roman villa at Chelsham. The site is located on the North Downs in a cultivated field on a hill slope.  A range of techniques were employed by Surrey Archaeological Society in 1997 to evaluate the state of the winged-corridor villa, previously identified by aerial photographs which also noted a second building on the site. The second building was shown, from limited excavation to be a bathhouse, though no additional buildings were located.  A local landscape survey was also carried out by C K Currie (2000).  The main villa house appears to have been divided into at least five rooms, linked by a corridor which is flanked by projecting wings. The second, smaller building is said to comprise a rectangular bath suite with at least three main rooms. From the evidence of coins, pottery and small finds from the site, the period of villa occupation appeared to span the 2nd, 3rd and 4thC AD, though its dates of construction and abandonment are not well known.  The real importance of the site lies in the fact that it has been undisturbed by 19th/20thC AD antiquarian digging."
10021,-50,150,,,medium (4 - 8 ha),enclosed,No,,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,hill,pastoral,No,No,No,"The site of a 'promontory hillfort' or enclosure with a large rampart cutting off a north-facing spur with the feature running along the western side of the hill down and curving around the southern end. No rampart appears to cut through the eastern side of the hill, though the area is currently covered by woodland making the identification of further features problematic.  The construction and use of the rampart focuses on the 1stC AD as evidenced via both pottery and archaeomagnetic dating. A broad site phase of 50BC to AD150 has been given here. The excavator suggests that the construction type and form of the site is common amongst late Iron Age hillforts in the region though, without additional evidence for the use of the inner part of the enclosure, found it difficult to interpret the function of the site. Its use as a livestock compound seems to be the current preferred option.  The site lies to the north (c.1 mile) of Holmbury Hillfort."
10022,50,150,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,1,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"Restricted areas of excavation revealed evidence for a rural settlement consisting of postholes from a timber building(s), a ditch, several gullies, an area of intensive burning perhaps from a hearth or kiln, and evidence of iron-working. The excavator argues that evidence for both domestic and industrial activity were observable at the site. Pottery dated the site from the 1st-2ndC AD, at least after AD43."
10023,50,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"The earliest evidence of Roman activity came from a ditch section excavated in 1976 at The Wheatsheaf. The construction of the ditch dated to the second half of the 1stC AD, whilst the upper layers of its fill contained pottery spanning dates from the 1st to the 3rdC AD.  Further excavations to the east side of St Martin's church revealed further Roman features including a gully containing quantities of mid-late 2ndC AD material, and a boundary ditch which was dated no earlier than the 3rdC AD.  Dorking is postulated to be the site of a Roman posting station by Belloc and Winbolt due to its position between Alfoldean and London (see Winbolt 1936). However, no remains of this type of settlement has been recovered. A number of small finds, mostly coins and late Roman pottery, have been recovered as isolated finds and attest to activity stretching into the 4thC AD. Stratified evidence for the settlement is, however, sparse. Currently, the classification of this site is tenuous."
10024,-100,250,50,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unenclosed,Yes,2,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,mixed,No,No,No,"A densely occupied settlement originating in the middle Iron Age (2ndC BC) and continuing through the late Iron Age consisted of a number of roundhouses, four-poster structures, and pit groups.  Whilst nine roundhouses were present in total it is unlikely that these were always contemporary with each other. No ditches were identified and it seems that the Iron Age settlement was 'open'. It is possible, though uncertain, that the Iron Age settlement had focused upon an earlier Neolithic henge monument and possibly associated Bronze Age field systems.  There appears to have been a complete break between the Iron Age occupation and the subsequent Roman land-use when a system of major land boundaries were lain across the site, in places cutting through the earlier settlement. Some of these boundaries may have formed individual enclosures. It also appears that the Romano-British evidence can be related to the intensive system of field boundaries and settlement enclosures excavated at Hengrove Farm around 400m to the north (Howe et al. 2004).   The majority of the pottery dated the use of the field system to the early Roman period, and only one late Roman sherd, an Oxfordshire red colour-coated bowl (c.AD240-400), came from a pit at the centre of the site. It is likely that the field system went out of use by the 3rdC AD, if not earlier.  A rectangular post-built structure was excavated at the northern end of the site, though this was unfortunately undated. The excavator postulated that this may have been a Saxon construction."
10025,50,350,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,1,No,No,No,No,No,Yes,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"Site described as a possible villa at Binscombe was excavated across three separate areas at different times.   The chance discovery in 1953 of a late 1st century Roman-British vessel with cremated remains revealed evidence of early Roman activity at the site. Further produced late 1st/early 2nd century coarse pottery, one fragment of Samian ware and fragments of a rotary quern. Possible evidence for a working-floor with postholes were also uncovered. This site is known as Binscombe I.  Binscombe II was sited c.400m north-west of Binscombe I after Romano-British pottery was found in 1958. A small excavation trench picked up the beginning of a ditch which produced 'a medley of potsherds, animal bones and building materials, with fragments of charcoal and lumps of baked clay'. Building material, including roof-tiles, hollow brick voussoir, bonding tiles and box flue-tiles, were also recovered. Some of the tiles appeared to have cracked in firing, suggestive of a nearby tile-kiln.  Binscombe III was excavated in 1971 on an area of land adjacent to Binscombe II. The site included the remains of a timber-framed building, evidenced by postholes, chalk rubble and opus signinum. A final phase of activity saw the building of two 'chambers' which seemed to have been rooms in a building. A leet had also been constructed using tegulae, seemingly to drain water away from the building. However, one of the rooms is argued to have a stable since the skeleton of a small horse was excavated from inside the entrance. It appears that the killing of the horse, which seems to have been mutilated (see zooarchaeological data), accompanied the destruction of the building."
10026,75,400,,,uncertain,complex,Yes,,2,No,No,No,No,No,Yes,plateau or plain,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"The site at the Parish Church revealed continued evidence for the proposed roadside settlement at Ewell, including a section through Stane Street.  An early Roman building of flint and mortar construction was found in association with two pit and a small midden. These features date c.AD80-160.  A hiatus in activity appears to take place between AD160 and AD370, though this may be due to the restricted area of excavation. Around AD370 a new building was constructed on the site of flint bonded with greensand blocks."
10027,25,375,150,200,small (<1 - 3 ha),unenclosed,No,1,1,No,No,No,No,No,Yes,plateau or plain,uncertain,Yes,Yes,No,"Site of a major religious complex with ritual activity dating from the late pre-Roman Iron Age into the later 1st and early 2ndC AD. A flint-built circular temple was constructed around the mid-2ndC AD temple which was soon after replaced by a square stone ambulatory-type temple. The latter lasted into the second half of the 4thC AD and was soon after demolished and robbed away with other structural features of the site.  Since publicity surrounding the metal-detector find of Iron Age and Roman coins in 1983, extensive damage to the site has ensued as treasure hunters continued to dig the site. Excavations by Surrey Archaeological Society in 1985-86 and in 1999 have ensured that as much information as possible about the site has so far been gathered.  The earliest evidence of activity (bar some residual sherds of Bronze Age date) appears to have been a shaft/well at least 2m in diameter sited south of the later temples. However the feature was only excavated down to a depth of 1m and that which lies below this level is unknown. The shaft was connected to the area of the later temples by a cobbled trackway and around the feature lay spreads of charcoal, late Iron Age pottery and burnt bone. Further contexts associated with burning and possible votive deposits were recovered across the area dating to the post-Conquest period, particularly associated with ditches closer to the main temple area. These deposits included articulated groups of animal bones and brooches, amongst other items.  It is suggested that the area which became used for the circular shrine building may have been a 'grove' prior to construction; a possible tree throw pit was also located in the centre of the feature, perhaps providing a focus to the enclosure. The date of construction of the circular temple is unclear but is thought to have taken place in the early-mid 2ndC AD. It is unlikely that the circular building stood for more than 50 years and it seemed to have suffered from construction/foundation problems. A lamb with flanged dish burial was one of the more significant finds from this phase of activity. The excavator argues that the circular temple had been carefully dismantled though its remains were still visible into the 3rdC AD when the square temple was in use.  The curved wall of an apsidal building just to the north of the square temple, first observed by O'Connell (1984), indicates at least one other ancillary building constructed as part of the complex.  A dedicatory deposit close to the temple area and consisting of Iron Age coins, priestly regalia and other votive material (c.AD160-170) underlay the construction level of the square temple. This building was of the more common cella and ambulatory type (both square). No floor levels survived, though scattered tesserae suggests that it was paved. The archaeology of this building had suffered dramatically from detector activity. The building is thought to have gone out of use in the later 4thC AD."
10028,45,410,250,,large (9+ ha),complex,Yes,,2,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,pastoral,Yes,Yes,Yes,"Excavation at the Friends' Burial Grounds site confirmed evidence from other excavations that Staines was the site of a substantial Roman settlement. The work revealed evidence of buildings, industrial activity, drainage and boundary ditches, with quantities of material which suggested that Staines was a prosperous commercial centre.  Minimal prehistoric evidence was observed, indicating little activity was taking place at the site during the late Iron Age. However, early Roman (pre-Flavian) activity was shown by a number of ditches and postholes. A continual sequence of stratified deposits stretched from the pre-Flavian period, post-Conquest, through to the early Saxon period.  The pre-Flavian evidence included the construction of an earthen bank and ditch alongside a gravelled area, probably a trackway, which in turn had a pair of aligned and terminating ditches on its other side leading into an open area towards the main road (not excavated by this site).  A phase of refurbishment took place around the Flavian period, indicated by the filling in of earlier features with deposits of sandy clay, whilst two ditches were dug either side of the clay layer. A nearby pit included eight near-complete vessels, including a Ritterling 12 Samian bowl, and the disturbed remains of a neonate. Soon after a timber-framed building was constructed, indicated by beam-slots and postholes, as well as a nearby water-hole which had preserved hoof-prints visible in the side of the feature.  The timber building was later replaced by a new structure which had evidence of a daub wall, but which was plastered and painted with red ochre, whilst tesserae, window glass, and a probable hypocaust, indicated that it was a building of some pretence, perhaps a town house. The water-hole was now largely used as a rubbish pit.  Evidence for some remodification of the town house is seen in the Antonine period, and which became bounded to the south by a ditch, whilst an adjacent pit (1.5m x 1.5m x 0.7m) included the remains of at least 25 cattle skulls and a large quantity of pottery. All features from this and preceding phases were sealed by a layer of dark ashy soil containing charcoal, animal bone, tile and pottery (all seemingly in a 'fresh' state), dating to the end of the 2ndC AD.  In the 3rdC AD the area seems to have been affected by a series of flooding episodes, and may have been abandoned at least between AD220 and AD250/70. The 4thC AD saw the construction of a small rectangular ditched enclosure with two probable wells, as indicated by wooden-linings.  By the 5th-7th centuries, a gully-system had been constructed in the southern area of the site with a number of postholes and a nearby pit. All these features contained hand-made grass-tempered ware typical of early Saxon activity."
10029,75,400,200,,large (9+ ha),complex,Yes,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,mixed,Yes,No,Yes,"Excavations undertaken in 1976/7 were focused upon 8 areas towards the street frontage and a larger area, with 5 'key-hole pits', in the backlands and river frontage zone  of the town.  The earliest features comprise clay and gravel quarrying and areas of apparent waste disposal. Late 1st/2ndC AD timber buildings were evident, including one with a colonnade along the highway, and these were accompanied by a range of settlement features (pits, postholes, boundary ditches, wells, etc.).  By the 3rdC AD a general hiatus in settlement activity was observed and a dark earth layer accumulated in most areas, whilst very limited evidence for 4thC AD activity could be discerned. A number of clay floors sealing the dark earth layer in various areas, suggest that a timber buildings were erected. However, the settlement in this area was clearly most intensively occupied during the late 1st/2ndC AD.  Early Saxon features possibly include several ditches and gullies close to the river frontage, though one large pit contained 4thC AD wares and sherds of Saxon grass/chaff-tempered pottery (and a bone comb)."
10030,100,400,250,,medium (4 - 8 ha),unclassified,Yes,,2,No,No,Yes,Yes,No,Yes,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"The site is situated 1.5km east of the town of Farnham close to the Six Bells Inn in an area previously of woodland, within a valley of the North Downs. The site is argued to have been a pottery production site originating in the late 1st/early 2ndC AD, though no kilns are mentioned in the report; its interpretation is based upon a large v-shaped ditch which is argued to have been an aqueduct supplying water from the Bourne stream in Farnham Park.  In the later 3rdC AD, two hypocausted buildings were constructed, one clearly a bathhouse, whilst the other is argued to be a 'dwelling for the ""manager"" or ""overseer"" of the potteries'. The site, however, fits with being a mid-late Roman villa with evidence of window glass, heated rooms, and painted wall plaster. Very little material culture was recovered from the site."
10031,300,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"On the southern edge of the level plateau of Folkestone sands which slopes down to the River Wey the site of three late Roman pottery kilns were excavated between 1947 and 1948. The plateau is sparsely populated and thickly wooded to the present day whilst isolated deposits of grey clay were found to be located nearby. Evidence of further kilns in the area suggest the industrial settlement is larger than is currently known. It is possible also that the site represents an eastern extension of the Alice Holt industry.  The kilns were associated with large pits, some of which were stoke-holes. These were located on either side of the main structures and, it was thought, that the form of the kilns differed slightly to the majority of Romano-British kilns; they perhaps included twin-chambers. Several structural repairs were noted, suggesting that they had been in use for a number of years. When the kilns had gone out of use they were filled with burnt sand, charcoal and pot wasters. The lack of stratigraphy in the features suggests that this took place over a very short period, probably in a single episode.  The site is dated to the 4thC AD, though this is based on the finding of a single coin of Gratian, c.AD367-383. It is feasible however that the site originated at an earlier date; the cessation of the site is thought to have been around AD400."
10032,25,400,100,250,medium (4 - 8 ha),unclassified,Yes,1,1,Yes,No,Yes,Yes,No,Yes,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"Laying on the northern edge of a plateau of the North Downs (c.550 ft. OD) a Roman villa house was partially excavated amongst modern residential gardens. To its northern side the plateau slopes away sharply allowing the site unbroken views across to the hills of Kingston and Wimbledon. The site lies only 1.5miles south-east of another villa on Walton Heath discovered in the 18th century.  Limited excavations revealed evidence of pre-Roman Iron Age occupation from material culture recovered below the earliest phase of villa construction, dated c.AD100, though this was replaced by a more complex multi-roomed structure by c.AD180. A second phase of villa destruction and rebuilding took place during the mid-3rdC AD.  The villa consisted a single range of rooms running in a north-south direction, with corridors or verandas at the front and rear. The main entrance led into the largest room on the range and was situated on the eastern side. Two splayed foundations extended from the west side of the building (where it was not possible to excavate further) seem to have formed part of an octagonal room similar to that at the villa at Great Witcombe, Gloucestershire.  The bath quarters were sited at the north-eastern corner of the villa though only the plunge-bath and the hypocaust of the adjacent tepidarium could be excavated. The remaining rooms had all been destroyed by the present footpath and garden beyond.  An isolated circular structure with a polygonal-sided internal room, and with some of its opus signinum floor and quarter-round angle moulding still in position, was also found. Again, this was only partially excavated.  No evidence for occupation beyond c.AD400 could be ascertained. The villa possibly stood for some time as ruins however, since medieval material was recovered from subsequent robbing episodes across the site."
10033,250,375,,,medium (4 - 8 ha),unclassified,Yes,,1,No,No,Yes,No,No,Yes,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Occupying a clearing between Chatley Wood and the alluvial meadows of the River Mole which bounds it on the north, the site of a bath-house was located after traces of a Roman building were sited on the bank of the river in 1942. An associated villa has never been found and the bath-house seems to have been an isolated structure. However, one-third of the bath-house had been destroyed by the River Mole and it is possible that further associated structures have also been eroded away.  Four rooms survive in the bath-house including the cold bath, warm room, hot room, and a small compartment first used as a sweating chamber, though this was subsequently altered to house the boiler.  The building possibly consisted of two occupational phases both dating to the later Roman period. 4thC AD pottery is present, and coin loss indicates that the building was in use c.AD260-360."
10034,75,150,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"Located in the Surrey Weald close to a branch road of Stane Street, a Roman brick-making kiln was identified in 1936 by the Cranleigh School Archaeological Society. The excavator remarked that the site 'possessed an unlimited supply of first-rate clay and an abundance of combustible timber'.  Only one kiln was found at the site and no indication of domestic occupation was identified. Brick production apparently fulfilled local construction needs and is thought to have supplied material for the erection of the nearby temple at Farley Heath.  Alongside the main kiln, the brickworks consisted clay-pits, dug for the raw material used in making the bricks and tiles, a large paved area, perhaps used as a drying-floor and general work area, whilst the kiln itself also constituted a large stoke-hole from which a drain led from the opposite side into a stream to the north. The area used for clay extraction later became filled with tile and brick wasters of most types.  It appears that the kiln was systematically dismantled. No evidence of maintenance of the kiln was observed and perhaps suggests that its period of use was short-lived. The excavator argues that the brickworks were intended to supply only a few local sites, with Farley Heath being the main recipient. Other must also have been supplied since the kiln showed evidence of producing box flue tiles; the Farley Heath temple did not include a hypocaust.  Dating evidence from the site is scant, though comparison with similar sites, as well as recipient sites, suggests that the kiln may have been in use during the late 1st/early 2ndC AD."
10035,100,300,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,No,,1,No,No,No,No,No,Yes,plateau or plain,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Situated on a 'knoll about 500 feet above sea-level', a Romano-Celtic temple was constructed a few yards adjacent to the London-Lewes Roman road and north of Church wood. The grounds falls gently to the south, though more sharply to the north and the site may have been visible from a distance to travellers journeying south along the road. At the site, the road seems to have been slightly but deliberately diverted from its normal course to access the temple.  The general plan of the temple conforms to the more standard Romano-Celtic type with a broadly square cella and temenos, the former measuring c.21x20ft. Considerable quantities of pink wall plaster was found on the outside of the cella, whilst a wall surrounding the cella and temenos was constructed of flint and mortar.  Accurate dating of the building was not possible and all the datable finds were recovered from general debris layers or trenches along the walls; no sealed deposits were found. All the Romano-British pottery was found between the eastern wall of the cella and the boundary wall of the temenos, in what must have been the forecourt of the Temple. From the ceramic evidence it is only possible to suggest that the temple was in use up until in the 3rdC AD. The date of temple construction is tentative though pottery dating c.AD100-150 in the construction layers of the adjacent road would suggest that the temple construction was of a similar date. It must be noted, however, that evidence of Iron Age activity was also found at the site. Though the nature of this activity is not fully understood."
10036,25,300,50,,medium (4 - 8 ha),unclassified,Yes,,3,No,Yes,Yes,Yes,No,Yes,hill,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Situated on one of the highest points in the North Downs on a subsoil of thick clay, a villa, separate bath-house and large tile-works were constructed in the 1stC AD and continued in use through to the early 3rdC AD. The site was largely excavated in the 1920s and is thickly covered with oak woodland. No obvious supply of water has been found; it has assumed that deeply sunk wells were dug.  The earliest evidence of activity on site was dated to the early 1stC AD in the form of tile and brick manufacture on a substantial scale. Several kilns were discovered on site, all dating to before the construction the corridor house and the isolated bath-house. Debris and wasters from these works covered a large area, and the kilns were further represented by a layer of burnt and distorted tiles, mixed with a considerable depth of charcoal, early first-century coarseware pottery, animal bones, oyster shells and other refuse.  The main villa house contained 13 rooms plus adjoining bathrooms and a full-length corridor across the front. The villa house and isolated bath-house are also thought to be 1st/2ndC AD in date. A road of flint construction led from the front of the villa house south towards and bypassing the bath-house. The bath-house itself underwent several phases of construction, the latest being contemporary with the main villa residence, and one of the rooms, a caldarium, was circular rather than quadrilateral.  In 2006, an earthwork survey was carried out on a trapezoidal enclosure lying at the heart of the area with the Roman villa and tileworks. The enclosure consists of a substantial ditch, flanked by less pronounced internal and external banks. Subsequent excavation by the Surrey Archaeological Society found that the enclosures origins lay in the late Iron Age, with recutting taking in that phase and probably during the early Roman period. Internally, there are a number of irregular platforms and scarps, reminiscent of field boundaries and paddocks.  The SAS are also currently carrying out further excavations on the site of the villa and kiln area revealing evidence of further tile kilns (which were found to have been restructured) and a new large and early dating, multi-roomed masonry structure with finds of window glass, stucco, amphora, mortaria, much Samian, as well as a ceramic lamp."
10037,100,400,,,medium (4 - 8 ha),unclassified,Yes,,3,No,No,Yes,Yes,No,Yes,river valley,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Site of two winged-corridor villa buildings facing each other across a stream. The site is situated at the foot of a chalk hill close to the stream, one of the tributaries of the Medway.  Located today in Titsey Park, the north-western building was discovered in 1847 whilst the area was being drained. Oak woodland existed to the south into the Weald.  Only the main villa house was originally excavated, constituting a corridor building with attached bath-house. It possibly had a courtyarded central area, though this is only suggested by the excavator. Tessellated pavements lined the corridors whilst other floors were composed of flat tiles laid in concrete, and the walls had been painted green as appeared on pieces of stucco found there. The presence of the bathrooms and flue tiles suggest that some rooms were heated, though no proper hypocaust was identified. It seems that the low-lying situation of the building did not allow for below-floor system to be put in place.  Quantities of material were also found in features outside the villa which were argued to have been ponds, and which may have been Roman in origin.  Resistivity survey in 1997 revealed two other rectangular buildings, one being the second villa house. Both of which were dated as Roman by test pitting. An extensive courtyard area was lain between the two main buildings and a trackway could be seen to link both.  Coin evidence and pottery dated the site to the 2nd-4thC AD."
10038,-100,250,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,1,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,mixed,No,No,Yes,"Situated just south of a ridge of the north downs, the site of a late Iron Age/early Roman farmstead was excavated revealing a rectilinear enclosed area.  Initial activity during the middle/late Iron Age was represented by a number of pits, thought perhaps to have been associated with agricultural production. The first enclosure ditch seems to have been constructed during the late Iron Age though middle Iron Age material was present in the lower fills, indicating that it had probably continued in use for some time. 1stC AD Roman sherds were recovered from the upper fills, indicating that the ditch was probably still open by this time, but was eventually replaced by the second outer ditch which seems to have respected the line of, and enclosed the first. A ring-gullied house was found at the centre of the enclosed area.  The construction of outer ditch was dated to the mid/late 1stC AD. At least five large pits were also dated to this early Roman period, some being bell-shaped. One of these features possibly included a 'ceremonial' deposit including the skull of a horse and that of a dog.  Three further pits included some early 3rdC AD pottery which may suggest that activity at the site had continued to this period. Limited evidence of activity for other phases was also encountered, such as two pits dated to the early/mid-Saxon period."
10039,100,400,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"The development of a reservoir into a residential area identified Roman features through evaluation and excavation of the site. The evaluation revealed a small pit with containing a significant quantity of 2ndC AD Roman pottery which led to further excavations. These exposed further pits, and gullies seemingly related to small-scale settlement at or near the site. The quantity of pottery overall indicates that domestic occupation was evident though probably of low-status."
10040,-100,400,50,200,medium (4 - 8 ha),enclosed,Yes,5,8,Yes,No,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,river valley,mixed,No,No,No,"Site of a late Iron Age farmstead, early Roman field system and mid/late Roman villa estate situated in the southern stretch of the Wandle Valley, within a flat area and surrounded by tributaries of the River Wandle.  An extensive mid-late Iron Age enclosed settlement developed from the 3rdC BC and lasted into the 1stC AD. The site consisted of a long sub-rectangular enclosure ditch containing ring-ditches and post-hole structures, most of which may have been roundhouses, as well as fencelines dividing the internal spaces of the enclosure. There may have been rebuilding of roundhouses over time, though at least five can be identified from the plan of the site. One six-post structure may have been for storage. Temporal changes to the Iron Age settlement is also demonstrated by the construction of an unusual 'question mark'-shaped ditch within the main enclosure. Although this feature was dug in the late Iron Age, finds suggest that it lasted into the early Roman period.  However, the Iron Age settlement seems to have gone out of use, certainly by the beginning of the Roman period when a boundary ditch is implanted across the site. This feature is rapidly added to with further large ditches to form a regular co-axial field system, most likely related to a switch toward agricultural production of the site. One of these ditches clearly cut through the unusual late Iron Age 'question mark' ditch, suggesting a clear break in the land use of the site at this point. Three inhumation burials were found within the field system.  After backfilling of some of the field boundary ditches, the construction of a cobbled yard surface in the northern part of the site around AD200 also saw the development of the first villa buildings. This surface continued in use until the end of the Roman period. The main villa house was of corridor type and an isolated bathhouse was constructed just to the west of this structure (this building was excavated in 1871).  To the south of the bathhouse, three further rectangular structures were built at the end of the yard surface. These are likely to have been of timber-build though probably had tiled roofs. They may either have been workshops or livestock barns. Also within this area, an oven have been set into a hollow within the yard surface. No charcoal was present, though similar structures in Colchester suggest they may have been for kitchen use. To the very south of the site, two further large isled barns were build at cornered right angles to each other and formed the south-east section of the villa complex. Little evidence for domestic activity was found at these structures and they may have served as over-wintering for livestock or agricultural surplus. These structures all seem to have been in place by around AD250-300.  In the late 3rd/early 4thC AD, the main villa house undergoes some demolition and rebuilding with extensively altered east and west wings, the former now including at least one hypocausted room. The house seems to have developed into a winged-corridor building. A porch was also added to the south wall. The bathhouse also contemporaneously underwent major modification, with extensions and room additions being made.  A shallow NS ditch seems to mark internal division within the villa complex in association with some fencelines. These features seem to have been in use c.AD320-400. To the south the two aisled barns become replaced by a single and much larger aisled structure. This building had an associated stone- and timber-lined well on its east side, plus a large clay-lined pit set within its south-east corner. This building included post-pads to support load-bearing timber posts, an innovation which seems to have replaced the smaller post-pits of the previous structures and further suggests the much greater size of this building.  The site seems to have been completely abandoned by c.AD400. No evidence for Saxon occupation was found at the site, though an early to mid-Saxon cemetery existed 350m due south of the villa."
10041,43,150,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unenclosed,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,Yes,"Located north of east Molsey on the south bank of the River Thames, c.150m from the present course, the site of an early Roman cremation burial ground with a nearby contemporary corn-dryer were excavated. Early Saxon settlement was evidenced by a number of sunken-feature buildings set across the site.  The site in general had been heavily truncated and is likely that other features which had not been as deeply set as the burials and the corn-dryer may not have survived.  The corn-dryer comprised a stoke-hole linked to a domed chamber by a clay-lined flue. Evidence of the dome was represented by tempered clay and flint nodules which had collapsed. A soil sample contained a notable quantity of charred plant remains."
10042,-100,400,50,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,mixed,Yes,Yes,No,"A multi-period settlement lying on a gravel terrace adjacent to a tributary of the River Redbourne, c.2km SW of the River Thames, and a similar distance and direction from the Roman settlement at Staines (Pontibus).  Two principal areas of mid-late Iron Age settlement were identified at the site, with an eastern area probably going out of use during the Iron Age, whilst a western area of settlement continued in use through until the 4thC AD. Features of the Roman period include pits, postholes, ditches, gullies, inhumation burial, and possible wells/waterholes. Most features were enclosed within a large, probably early Roman ditch, which was back-filled by the 4thC AD. It is clear that the settlement changed from being an open settlement in the Iron Age to an enclosed one in the Roman period with the construction of the enclosure ditch, and the division of surrounding land, possibly into fields.  Some features suggest possible structures within the Roman enclosure, whilst some of the waterholes contained considerable artefact and ecofact remains. The report suggests that these deposits may have had a ritual context. Tile wasters suggest that production took place on or near the site. Good evidence for iron smelting was also recovered from the slag debris."
10043,50,250,,,large (9+ ha),complex,Yes,3,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,mixed,No,Yes,No,"The County Sports shop site was located in the western side of the town, close to the river front, aligning the main road. Settlement evidence consisted of roundhouses dating c.AD60-150 with associated midden deposits, and a late 2nd/early 3rdC AD well/ritual shaft. Deposits in the shaft consisted whole pots, including two Rhineland hunt cups with dogs chasing deer, at least 16 dogs, and a complete red deer antler (a complete combed flue tile, two rotary quern stones and an iron knife form other items deposited). Occupation of the area appears to have ceased by the mid-3rdC AD."
10044,75,250,,,large (9+ ha),complex,Yes,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,mixed,No,Yes,No,"An area of excavation and watching brief close to the river revealed evidence of settlement occupation from the main street, but primarily running back from it, c.50-100m.  An early Roman well and pits were excavated close to the street, one of the latter including the remains of burnt walling, consisting 2ndC AD structural debris with painted wall plaster and tesserae. The well included probably votive deposits at its base.  The site appears to have been abandoned in the 3rdC AD, and a layer of dark earth overlay the site. An early Saxon sherd was also recovered."
10045,75,175,,,large (9+ ha),complex,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,mixed,No,No,No,"An area of the small town of Staines lying close to the supposed junction of the Roman road and the river. No trace of the road was revealed by excavation and much of the area is now thought to have been submerged. However, part of the site must have been dry land since a large ditch was dug in the north-east of the area during the late 1stC AD. This was unfortunately truncated and other Roman contexts may have been eroded by subsequent flooding.  The ditch contained pottery dating late 1stC to the mid 2ndC AD as well as many well preserved off-cuts of leather in a deep-lying fill. This deposit was overlain by several de-branched trunks of immature trees lying lengthways along the central channel of the ditch. The excavator suggests they had been dumped there, though they had been regularly placed. The leather off-cuts seem to have been from the production and repair of shoes, and the sample included part of a sandal. The off-cuts were found to have been spread over a wider area of the ditch."
10046,75,400,225,,large (9+ ha),complex,Yes,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,mixed,No,No,Yes,"The Prudential excavations were located in the north-east of the Roman town, leading away from the road edge to a probable limit of the town defined by a watercourse.  Buildings appear, from clay flooring, to have been built in the late 1stC AD and set alongside the road. A lack of supporting features suggest these may have box-frame structures. Postholes and reflooring layers were noted in the same area but dating to the early 2ndC AD to indicated that buildings were being rebuilt. These were associated with pits and a well. Continual rebuilding is indicated to have taken place, the evidence being consistent with domestic occupation. One plot included a lamb pit burial dating to the mid-2ndC AD. Flooding appears to have affected the site from the end of the 2ndC AD, and the never seems not to regain the intensity of occupation which took place earlier.  Late Roman activity appears to have been largely peripheral, though evidence for a timber-framed beam-slot structure dates to the 4thC AD. 25 sherds of grass/chaff-tempered ware derive from 2 shallow features."
10047,75,200,,,large (9+ ha),complex,Yes,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,mixed,No,No,No,"The site was situated on the south side of the Roman road with evidence for frontage buildings being erected in the later 1stC AD, with a well to the rear of these structures. Settlement evidence developed into the 2ndC AD, with a succession of clay floors, ovens, beamslots, and wall stubs, all close to the street front. Limited settlement evidence is attested for the late Roman period, with a thick layer of dark earth forming after the 2ndC AD. The site seemed to have been periodically affected by flooding throughout the Roman period."
10048,-100,300,50,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,7,,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,No,river valley,mixed,Yes,No,No,"Situated on pastureland to the north of Horley, following a gentle north-south slope, evaluation revealed extensive evidence for mid-late Iron Age, Romano-British, and medieval settlement over an area of around 100ha. The site is bisected from east to west by the Burstow Stream, a small but fast-flowing waterway prone to flooding.  Evidence for settlement is clearly poly-focal and likely represents a number of separately enclosed farms rather than an expanded 'linear' settlement. Mid-late Iron Age occupation was situated on the south bank of the Burstow Stream and consisted several roundhouses and a possible shrine. After a possible hiatus of some 50 to 100 years, activity recommenced in the 1stC AD with the construction of a large rectilinear enclosure ditch surrounding a settlement. This settlement developed with extensive fieldsystems and trackways. Just to the south-east of the entrance to the main enclosure, a small ditch enclosed an area of several postholes and short lengths of linear gully, possibly forming a stock enclosure outside the main settlement.  To the south of the marshy area, further evidence of 1st century AD activity was recorded, where a 1stC AD fieldsystem was superseded by an enclosure dating to the end of the 1stC AD. The enclosure included two roundhouses.  Occupation appeared to carry on to a lesser degree into the 2ndC AD and had terminated by the end of the 3rdC AD. The evidence is suggestive of a small community stretching along the south of the stream and includes numerous roundhouses, four-post structures, and extensive fieldsystems stretching across the whole width of the development area.  The site archive has the potential to add to knowledge of Iron Age/Romano-British settlement in this part of Surrey Weald. The site lies on an arterial waterway which may have acted as a trade route, as well as a food resource and travel conduit into the heart of the Weald."
10049,300,400,,,large (9+ ha),complex,Yes,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,mixed,No,No,No,"Located on a separate gravel island to the east of the main area of supposed Roman settlement in Staines, excavations along London Road (presumably close to the Roman road) revealed evidence for settlement activity.  A stony layer found in excavation was probably the remains of a metalled surface. A number of postholes were excavated, possibly representing buildings, from which small quantities of 4thC AD pottery were recovered. A nearby hearth suggests the presence of structures and could also be dated to the 4thC AD. Associated pits were found to contain minimal quantities of finds but included CBM, animal bone, pottery and coins, together also indicating a 4thC AD origin for the features. Prehistoric material was found to be residual in some of these contexts. A number of ditches, gullies and a late Roman well were also found to have been contemporary, despite some later medieval intrusion.  A number of burials (26) were also found on the site. These were thought to have been late/post-Roman due to materials found in the backfills of the graves, though carbon-dating places them between the 8th and 12thC AD. Many were thought to have been execution victims, due to the discrepant nature of their burial."
10050,100,300,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Situated in the north of Guildford, in an area where little previous archaeological work has been carried out, an evaluation revealed evidence of Romano-British activity in the form of a large pit or waterhole and a probable ditch. It is likely that these features relate to a rural settlement, possibly a building (see other finds), and a strip, map and sample excavation had been recommended by the author of the evaluation report. A broad 2nd/3rdC AD date for the site is based on the pottery from the pit."
10051,150,325,,,large (9+ ha),complex,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,mixed,No,No,No,"Located to the east of the main area of Roman Staines, lay the site of roadside ditches, pits and burials. Parts of three ditches were discovered within the excavation area, two of which were orientated roughly at right angles to the third.  Structural evidence was absent though burnt daub was found in quantity, as were numbers of roof tiles. The finds recovered primarily consist of Roman pottery, fragments of Roman brick/tile, iron nails, some animal bone, occasional items of lead, and several copper alloy coins. The finds recovered indicate that the ditches had infilled by the late 3rd or early 4thC AD, though the area seems to have been used as a burial area during the 2ndC AD."
10052,100,400,,,medium (4 - 8 ha),unclassified,Yes,,1,No,No,Yes,Yes,No,Yes,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"A double-corridor villa found in gardens near Guildford in 1914 and thoroughly excavated by members of the Surrey Archaeological Society. The villa lies at the foot of the Hog's Back ridge and faces south to the Downs. The two corridor's of the villa sandwich three large central rooms, whilst a bathhouse was constructed on the eastern range and four smaller rooms comprise the western range. The corridors were paved with tesserae.  The villa was excavated before modern standards had developed. No mention of pre-villa occupation was given. The pottery was noted as being mostly coarseware of 2nd and 3rdC AD date, whilst three coins were 4thC AD."
10053,275,450,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,mixed,No,Yes,Yes,"Located in a flat, low-lying area close to the modern village of Thorpe, the site of a Romano-British field-system with some evidence for settlement was identified consisting of ditches, pits, a waterhole, and a t-shaped corndrier. It seems that the area was utilised predominantly for cereal processing in the late Roman period. The Roman features also lay next to a Bronze Age round barrow.  A waterhole contained Roman tile, a late Roman storage jar, horse bones and a cattle skull in its uppermost fill. Burnt and worked flints appeared to have been placed around the cattle skull. The feature seems to have been utilised in the late 3rd and 4thC AD, though it may have been prehistoric in origin. Dating evidence suggests that the Roman activity is no earlier than the late 3rdC AD, but is most likely later 4thC AD.  Some sherds of Saxon pottery were recovered from a small series of pits."
10054,-100,450,50,350,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,No,,2,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Excavation at London Road in Bagshot village revealed evidence for multiperiod activity. The site is situated next to the Windle Brook in a low-lying area. The character of the settlement, which ranged from the late Iron Age to the early post-Roman period in date, was difficult to discern in the limited area of excavation.  Activity emerged in the late Iron Age, after a hiatus, in the form of considerable of iron-working evidence including iron slag, oven and furnace linings and lesser quantities of bronze working slag, together with small assemblages of Later Iron Age pottery. No evidence for structures or rubbish pits could be related to this period.  The early Roman activity appears to continue from the late Iron Age, though a new double ring ditch enclosure seems to have been constructed on the site, as evidenced by the excavation of its entrance. 1stC AD Alice Holt wares positively dated the construction of the feature, which also became a burial site with two 1stC AD cremations inserted in and around the enclosure. Timber-post, gravel-floored structures were built and utilised across the 2nd/3rdC AD, indicating continued occupation.  The site became susceptible to flooding in the early 4thC AD, though during the late 4th-early 5thC AD the area was again used as a burial ground. Two inhumations were found to align on approximate east to west orientations and, though no human bone had survived, grave goods were recovered including a Chi-Rho-inscribed finger ring. One of the burials also appeared to be covered by a small superstructure indicated by four surrounding postholes.  It is possible that the continued burial at the ring ditch enclosure signified its ritual importance, possibly as a shrine, though this is not intimated by the excavators."
10055,200,400,,,large (9+ ha),complex,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,mixed,No,No,No,"Site lying close to the Roman road of the eastern island, adjacent to the main Staines settlement. The area appears to have been a continuation of the ribbon settlement running east. Four features could be attributed to the Roman period with a reasonable degree of confidence, two were ditches and two were inhumation burials. The Roman ditches contained 3rd/4thC AD pottery."
10056,150,400,,,large (9+ ha),complex,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,Yes,No,"Situated on an elevated spur of North Downs chalk that juts down into the centre of modern Ewell, lay evidence for a late 2ndC AD chalk-cut shaft, 12 feet in depth, containing the remains of a number of young dogs, and possibly a short length of stone wall. These finds were originally discovered in the 1970s though were reinvestigated in 2006.  Re-evaluation of the site also located two further shafts, one being situated two metres to the south-east of the first. These shafts were dug in the 2ndC AD, whilst their upper fills dated to the late 3rd-4thC AD. Both features were bounded to the north by a shallow linear ditch, the western portion of which contained 2ndC AD pottery and its eastern portion contained late 3rd-4thC AD pottery. The ditch fills also contained a number of fragments of dog crania.  In the western area of the site a series of shallow inter-cutting pits or quarries containing a range of late 2nd/early 3rdC AD date, including quantities of broken roof and floor tile, together with a number of iron objects including an ox-goad - one of several recorded from the site. Also no fewer than six fossil sea urchins were also recovered.  Taken together, the various discoveries hint at the existence of considerable activity on the higher ground overlooking Stane Street and the Ewell settlement."
10057,-50,400,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,,1,No,No,No,No,No,Yes,plateau or plain,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Lying on the clays in north-east Surrey, the development of a golf course revealed evidence of an irregular enclosure with an associated trackway. Within the enclosure a series of hearths, pits and postholes were encountered, and material ranged in date from the end of the Iron Age to the 4thC AD. Cutting the enclosure ditch a c.3 square meter masonry structure was encountered. Surface finds suggest it was also of Roman date, though its interpretation was not given much detail by the excavators in the absence of full excavation. They postulate that it may have been a tower, but its form suggests that it may have been a corndrier. The site may have spread over a wide area or included more than one settlement since a second area around 200m for the enclosure also included evidence of domestic activity. In between the two areas of domestic activity lay a late Iron Age/early Roman cremation cemetery."
10058,1,150,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,pastoral,Yes,No,No,"Lying close to the ridge of the North Downs known as the Hog's Back, an evaluation revealed a number of ditches seemingly enclosing an area of domestic occupation, likely dating from the end of the Iron Age to the mid-2ndC AD. The occupation area included at least one, possibly two, sub-rectangular buildings with flint foundations. Butchered cattle bones were recovered and a range of late Iron Age/early Roman pottery."
10059,-100,400,25,,medium (4 - 8 ha),complex,Yes,,2,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,No,river valley,mixed,Yes,No,Yes,"Located due east of the Roman small town at Staines, just south of the Roman road leading from Staines to Brentford lies the site of an extensive developed farm complete with trackway and multiple enclosures. The site is situated within a landscape of complex field systems which extend out to the site at Ashford Prison (ID 10024). The site was excavated prior to extensive gravel quarrying in the area.  The site was clearly multi-phased with extensive Bronze Age activity in the area, whilst the Roman settlement develops from a possibly unenclosed mid-late Iron Age settlement, a period which sees the emergence of a well defined series of paddocks, continuing through the Roman period, with presumably a farmstead at its core in broadly the same location as the preceding mid-late Iron Age settlement. Indeed, there appears to have been little break in occupation or in the character of the site from the late Iron Age through the Roman period.  Two post-built rectangular buildings were identified, one quite substantial of the 2ndC AD may have been an aisled barn, but evidence for structures was generally poor. Four inter-locking planks were retrieved from the base of a well. The paddocks and the substantial number of waterholes (c.20) identified at the settlement suggest that livestock husbandry was an important and extensive activity of the site.  Saxon pottery was recovered in reasonable quantities in various areas across the site to suggest that activity continued in the early post-Roman period."
10060,-50,200,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Located on a gentle slope of the River Mole, an extensive area of evaluation trenching revealed concentrations of late Iron Age to early Roman activity. Features consisted of pottery and coins. The evidence of Iron Age activity is considered significant, and suggests that there is potential for settlement in the vicinity.  Pits, postholes and ditches were evident at the site. Pottery evidence suggests that activity at the site reduced significantly after the 2ndC AD. Some of the finds recovered in the course of the trial trenching are suggestive of a settlement of moderate wealth, in particular the coins and an intaglio from a well."
10061,100,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"Extensive evaluation of a large area of gravel terracing revealed evidence from multi-period activity, though only two cremations were dated to the Roman period."
10062,75,350,,,large (9+ ha),complex,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"A small evaluation excavation carried out in the northern end of the Roman settlement at Ewell, close to excavations carried out in the early 1970s by Pemberton (ID 10026). The site proved to consist of an area of dumping and redeposited material, probably lying on the outskirts of the roadside settlement. Little evidence of domestic activity could be discerned."
10063,50,400,200,,large (9+ ha),complex,Yes,,1,No,No,Yes,No,No,Yes,river valley,mixed,No,No,No,"The site of Tilly's Lane lay on the north side of Staines High Street within the area of the main settlement gravel island, though Tilly's Lane East and the British Gas site lay within early flood zones. The major phase of activity was in the early Romano-British period, where domestic and small-scale industrial activity was concentrated in the area of the central, 'dry' High Street site.  Of major interest was the discovery in the North East trench, away from the High Street, of the remains of a substantial early Roman high-status building. This was uncovered with wall footings, foundations and areas of plain red ceramic tessellated floor surviving. The remains of a partition wall probably constructed of plastered wooden laths (a considerable quantity of painted wall plaster was recovered from the cut). This would have created a corridor c.1.0m wide along the north side of the building. The structure appeared to have been in use during the 1st-2ndC AD.  Activity of a more marginal character was occurring to the west, with the disposal of domestic debris and burial of neonatal infants. Flooding was clearly still a problem at this time, with broad ditches forming flood defences and evidence for at least one major alluvial incursion. The late Romano-British period saw a shift in occupation to either end of the island, presumably concentrated around the crossing points to the east and west. Most of the evidence from this phase is suggestive of agricultural activity, possibly of high value crops on the west side."
10064,1,150,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,2,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,river valley,mixed,Yes,Yes,No,"Area of extensive Iron Age and Romano-British settlement and associated field-systems lying on a gravel terrace at the western end of the North Downs. A number of interventions have provided evidence for late prehistoric and early Roman date, with the area at the south of the investigation currently being most fully reported on.  The site is clearly a settlement with continuous occupation throughout the late Iron Age and early Roman period, putting most of the activity into a relatively tight time frame of c.200 years. The majority of the ditches excavated appeared to be boundary ditches delineating settlement/activity areas, though some of the outliers must have been parts of trackways and/or field systems.  Two late Iron Age ditches terminated opposite one-another, possibly forming an enclosure entrance, one of which ended in a deep pit-like terminus, and both features contained a range of placed objects including animal bones, pottery, fossils, an intact quern stone (photographed), and a brooch, suggesting the terminals were used for ritual deposition. Further early Roman ditches containing a substantial amounts of pottery and occasional animal bone deposits, along with at least 57 pits and a possible hearth, provided evidence of continued occupation activity in the immediate vicinity.  Two of three ring gullies identified on site were interpreted as foundation trenches for roundhouses (one included a posthole), whilst the irregular shape of another was suggested as more likely being evidence for a stock enclosure or similar. Two waterholes (one photographed) were dated as transitional in date, and contained a wide range of artefacts including loomweights, daub, stone, a clay object, and a fossil sponge. Some of the fills were found to be quite organic, with the water table breaching the base of the features during excavation, supporting their interpretation."
10065,50,120,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Excavations in 1903 and 1905 exposed a Romano British cremation cemetery of 1st to 2ndC AD date. The area has now been completely developed and no further finds  are known, apart from reference to miniature pot from this cemetery (M J Green 1976). A pottery kiln noted on the original plan is now thought more likely to be a funerary pyre."
10066,50,400,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"An archaeological evaluation and extensive geophysical survey by Wessex and Time Team in arable fields south of Godstone revealed possible evidence for a 'ritual enclosure' alongside the route of a Roman road. The site lies on a gentle slope with Tilburstow Hill situated just to the east of the site. The site is thought to lie within the political compass of the Regni, though is thought to have been close to areas under the control of Cantiaci and the Atrebates.  Sepulchral urns were reportedly found in the 19thC after gravel extraction alongside the modern road and, originally, Tilburstow Hill road was thought to run along the route of a Roman road. This was, however, disproved by the identification of the road from the geophysical survey, with confirmation of its presence within one of the evaluation trenches. Around 15 years of metal-detecting  revealed several concentrations of material to the south-west of the north-east field. This area was shown by the geophysical to form a large rectangular enclosure set alongside the road (though the north side was not identified). Roman artefacts recovered from the previous surveying includes 558 Roman coins, around 40 brooches, some lion head studs, a silver ring, and a sceptre handle of a type also found at Wanborough temple. Fieldwalking produced small quantities of tegula and imbrex tiles and 3rd/4thC pottery. It was thought that a Roman temple may lie on the site, but investigations provided no evidence of this type of site.  Further evidence of other enclosures and possible domestic activity were also shown by the geophysical survey to exist further south along the road on both sides. Three large pits were revealed on the opposite side of the road to the possible ritual enclosure, and it was thought that one might have been used as a 'ritual shaft'. However, no evidence for structural deposition was found, though the feature may have been a well or a very deep pit. Evidence of ovens or kilns may suggest domestic or industrial activity. Pottery evidence suggests activity ranging from the mid-1stC, probably relating to the construction of the road, through to the end of the 4thC AD."
10067,25,400,,,medium (4 - 8 ha),unclassified,Yes,,2,Yes,No,Yes,Yes,No,Yes,plateau or plain,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Site of a little villa complex first recorded in 1877 on a Greensand terrace above the former floodplain of Tillingbourne stream. The settlement is sheltered to the north and east by a ridge of higher ground and is situated on light, well-drained soils but which are comparatively infertile. The earliest excavations revealed three rooms paved with coarse red tesserae and recovered Roman coins, Samian ware and other pottery. Further excavations in 1946 provided some extra information about the site and finds including a statue of Bes and blue glass beads.  Modern excavations were undertaken between 1995 and 1997 by Steve Dyer, under the auspices of the Surrey Archaeological Society, to plot the exact location of the villa and to get a better understand of its extent, so that the site could be designated a Scheduled Ancient Monument. These works revealed parts of the north and west ranges of the site. The layout did not accord with that published in the late 19thC and it appears that the villa may have formed a central courtyard layout. The north wing comprises at least five rooms, a possible corridor, and a mosaic was revealed in the west end, interpreted as representing a Triclinium and is stylistically dated to the 4thC AD. It seems likely that the north wing was added during a later phase of construction. The western range had been quite damaged by recent gardening activities.  No securely dated contexts within the ranges were identified, though observations in the wall stratigraphy and composition suggests several phases of construction. Evidence from coins and pottery suggests that occupation of the site ranged from the mid-1stC AD to the 4thC AD, though it is not known when the villa was constructed.  Excavations have since, and are currently continuing on the site by the Surrey Archaeological Society. More recent discoveries include a large circular feature identified from magnetometry at the top of a slope up from the villa to the west on the edge of a wider plateau. It appears to be located at the centre of two different field systems, whilst pottery and querns recovered from pits with burnt material together suggest a separate occupation possibly predating the villa and representing LIA/ER occupation. Further to this, reports on recent excavation have noted the discovery of a lime kiln associated with the villa and the presence of cart tracks, whilst magnetometry has revealed field-systems (Bird pers. com.)."
10068,50,225,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"Portions of five Roman burial urns and one small Samian bowl were found in a garden on the edge of Farley Heath, Albury, about 1km north of the temple site. The site was excavated in the 1930s and few details regarding the recovery of the burials are known. All were found within a few feet of each other, and the surviving pottery dates between the middle of the 1stC AD to the early decades of the 3rdC AD."
11001,50,150,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,coastal,mixed,Yes,No,No,"Site of a square ditched enclosure constructed in the mid-1st C AD included a pottery kiln and pit within the centre. By the late 1st C a droveway leading to and passing the entrance of the enclosure was constructed, whilst internal divisions within the enclosure were also made. Pottery production continued on the site into the 2ndC AD as signified by a second kiln, though the enclosure seems to have been infilled by the beginning of the century.  A working hollow formed within the centre of the site during its second phase, and may have been covered, as evidenced by stake/post-holes at its edges. Some evidence for iron working is also apparent, whilst quantities of cereal processing waste indicate that this may have been used as fuel.  A disturbed cremation burial apparently indicates the final episode of the enclosure ditch. Further field survey indicated that the enclosure may have been part of wider settlement."
11002,50,200,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,2,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,coastal,pastoral,No,No,No,"Rescue excavations revealed evidence of a late 1st/2ndC AD site which produced large quantities of Roman pottery and metalwork, as well as quern and millstone remnants.  The site is situated next to the black-ditch watercourse, and included a number of ditches which seemed to be for the diversion of water into the main waterway, whilst preserved stakes and timbers were also recovered, though as yet are not radiocarbon dated.  The site lies less than 5m OD, and has been interpreted as an area of settlement with a possible watermill(s). Post-holes have indicated the presence of one, maybe two structures associated with the black-ditch, and a nearby four-poster may be for grain storage."
11003,50,400,250,,large (9+ ha),complex,Yes,,1,Yes,Yes,Yes,No,No,Yes,river valley,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"The site of the Roman settlement at Alfoldean. The site survives as an earthwork rectilinear enclosure positioned across the Roman Road of Stane Street, now the A29, and covers over 9 hectares. The site had been investigated in the early part of the 20th century by Samuel Winbolt, who exposed parts of a mansio building and attempted to define the associated strip settlement along Stane Street to the south. Time Team investigated the site in 2005 by excavation and geophysical survey, whilst a report by Luke and Wells (SAC 2000) reports the findings from a watching brief of a trench and field survey collections. The area of excavation recorded here refers only to the Time Team investigations; it is uncertain what area Winbolt excavated. The site is known to have been severely exploited by metal detectorists over a number of decades.  The geophysical survey identified the outline of the bank and ditch enclosure surrounding the mansio complex, some of the mansio walls, and elements of the strip settlement including field systems, trackways, pits, and areas of possible industrial activity. Ditches and trackways were largely aligned on Stane Street, and the focus of the settlement appeared to lie on the eastern side of the Roman road. The mansio and surrounding enclosure appear to have been constructed some time in the later 1stC AD, with occupation into the 3rdC AD, as well as sporadic later activity. The site appears to have underwent drastic re-organization in the later 3rd/4thC AD, though when the mansio complex fell out of use remains unclear. Post-Roman agricultural practices have impacted on the underlying archaeology, with plough scars and land drains recorded in several areas."
11004,-100,200,50,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unenclosed,Yes,5,1,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,mixed,No,No,No,"Situated on the lower West Sussex coastal plain, an area of densely positioned pits and postholes represents an extensive middle Iron Age settlement. The settlement continued in use through the late Iron Age and into the early Roman period in modified form.  Both circular and rectangular post-built structures were a feature of the Iron Age settlement, though due to the shear number of pits on site it was difficult to deduce how many were present. It was estimated by the excavators that five roundhouses and at least three four-posters were present. The four-posters may well have been agricultural stores; certainly one associated posthole contained quantities of charred grain, peas and beans. A rectangular building of sleeper beam construction may also be Iron Age, though the dating is uncertain. A substantial well was also in use, possible originating in the early Iron Age, though certainly in use during the middle Iron Age and perhaps into the later period as well.  A number of new pits and several ditches were identified as being Roman in date. The site was settled across the Iron Age/Romano-British transition and occupation into the 2ndC AD, though little evidence for activity was found thereafter.  Around 4 times as much Iron Age pottery was present compared to the Roman pottery assemblage, indicating that activity in the area was much reduced in the later, perhaps signifying a change in land use, perhaps the laying out of a field-system. The fills of the ditches in Area 5 suggest that domestic occupation was evident at the site, though no obvious area of habitation was defined. However, this pattern was similar to other contemporary sites on the coastal plain, such as at nearby Copse Farm, where droveways and enclosures indicate significant farming activity, whilst the nearby cemetery in Area 2 provides evidence of local family groups being buried in the vicinity."
11005,100,250,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"Sited on the upper reaches of the lower West Sussex coastal plain, c.500m NE of the Iron Age/early Roman settlement in Area 5 and c.200m SW of the late Iron Age/early Roman cremation cemetery in Area 2, a Romano-British enclosure was constructed in the 2ndC AD adjacent to Bronze Age ring ditch and burial.  The Roman enclosure has no known parallels though aspects of its plan are comparable to other Romano-British temples and shrines, and has been argued to be a religious enclosure of some type by the excavator (see report). It must be noted here that the range of material and environmental finds, plus the nature of their deposition, is not indicative of a ritual site. It is also not known whether the Bronze Age ring ditch was visible during the Roman period, though the enclosure appears in plan to respect it.  The enclosure comprises two main phases of construction, the first being a square-ditches enclosure, possibly with a timber palisade within. There was also evidence of a post-built entrance to the enclosure.  Later on, this feature was incorporated into the northern end of a larger rectangular enclosure. This feature too, had evidence for a post-built entrance into the main area, perhaps via a causeway. The fill of the ditch of the larger enclosure contained a considerable quantity of oyster shell, animal bone and pottery, particularly on its eastern side (the 'front') of the enclosure.  Outside the enclosures, three pits, one large enough to have been a well. Indeed two adjacent postholes to this feature may have formed a well-head. The well was filled with small quantities of animal bone, fired clay and flint."
11006,-100,150,70,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unenclosed,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,mixed,No,No,Yes,"Sited at the upper end of the Lower West Sussex Coastal Plain the site of late Iron Age and Romano-British cremation cemeteries was excavated in advance of construction of the A27 Westhampnett Bypass. Also identified were burials of Anglo-Saxon date and a probable Bronze Age ring ditch.  The late Iron Age religious site is, so far, unique in Britain both in its extent and range of associated features. Being almost entirely excavated it included at least two but probably four roughly square shrines, a number of pyre sites, and 161 cremation burials. Clear spatial organisation could be discerned, with the burials being arranged around a circular space, with a smaller group placed due SE of the main cluster. The pyre sites ranged in form from X, Y and T-shaped features, whilst postholes in the circular area may have been for structures used in the mortuary practices. One grave located close to the shrines had been marked by a funerary monument. Artefacts suggest a broad date range for the Iron Age cemetery of 100-40BC.  Just over 100 years after the Iron Age cemetery had stopped being used for burial, the site became used for Romano-British cremations. The Roman cemetery lie to the SE of its Iron Age predecessor and, although it was situated adjacent, it did not disturb any part of it. This suggests that the Iron Age cemetery may have remained visible and in memory to the Romano-British population. Whilst smaller than the Iron Age cemetery, the Romano-British burials surrounded a purpose built ring ditch (separate to the Bronze Age feature) in similar fashion to the Iron Age circular space. Only pyre site was identified and of the 36 burials the majority were urned (in contrast to the Iron Age burials, which were mostly unurned). A preference for depositing the urn in the north of the grave was noted."
11007,1,400,75,300,medium (4 - 8 ha),enclosed,Yes,1,3,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,river valley,arable,Yes,No,No,"Situated in a small valley flanking the east side of Bow Hill, on top of which an unexcavated Romano-British temple exists, a villa estate developed from possible late Iron Age settlement origins. The earliest phase is noted by the presence of Iron Age pottery associated with a hearth and postholes which indicate the remains of both a timber-built rectangular and circular structure. The villa lies approximately 100m east of the Chichester-Silchester Roman road and a trackway, mostly seen as cropmarks, has been identified to run from the gateway of the villa across to the road.  The settlement is seen to have developed around the late 1stC AD with new buildings being erected, though these are largely obscured by the later villa, and possibly the construction of a stockyard.  The villa went through a phase of significant redevelopment in the late 3rd/early 4thC AD with the main villa house being rebuilt on the same plan, but on a larger scale with a bath-house attached at the southern end. A new masonry wall was built for the stockyard, fronting the villa (and perhaps enclosing it), with a masonry 'barn' built on its inside. Additions to the site continued through the 4thC AD with new rooms and mosaics added to the bath-house. At the northern end of the stockyard a pond or waterhole had been inserted.  By the end of the 4thC AD, some of the villa had burnt down, the bath-house had been partly robbed, and iron-working was taking place in one of the rooms. A corn-dryer was in use within the stockyard as well. The villa shows little evidence of activity beyond the 4thC AD.  A rectilinear, possibly co-axial, field-system was identified on the slopes just to the south of the villa settlement through cropmark survey (see fig. 2). These are undated and may well relate to local Iron Age activities in the immediate area as much as they might have for the Roman period."
11008,100,400,300,,medium (4 - 8 ha),enclosed,Yes,,4,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,No,Yes,river valley,mixed,No,No,No,"Positioned on the west slope of a small valley which branches off the main Chilgrove valley. The London-Silchester road runs along the east slope of the valley, passing within a few hundred metres of the villa whose buildings were oriented to face it.  The earliest evidence for occupation come from the 2ndC AD from traces of two timber buildings enclosed by a large ditch. These slowly developed further up, with an increasing number of rooms and other refinements, until the late 3rdC AD when the main villa house was rebuilt with flint masonry and modifications to the corridor. The ditched enclosure becomes replaced by a stockyard on a slightly reduced plan.  Further masonry buildings also get constructed with a large aisled building adjacently north of the main house and a new wing to the villa replacing older building to the south. This later construction included a bath-house at its east end.  A decline in living standards is suggested to have taken place towards the end of the 4thC AD. The aisled building includes hearths, whilst the tessellated floors of the villa house become patched by tiles and the bath-house becomes used for corn-drying. The settlement goes into disuse soon after."
11009,75,400,300,,medium (4 - 8 ha),enclosed,Yes,,1,Yes,Yes,Yes,No,No,Yes,river valley,mixed,No,No,No,"A villa site situated half-way just below the 250m contour line. The settlement was not as extensively excavated as the two nearby villas in Chilgrove and it appears that only one wing, the south range, of the complex was revealed in detail.  The main building of the range contained the bath-house of the estate, and the evidence suggests that this may have been enlarged and altered at some point, likely to be just after the late 3rdC AD similar to when major developments were taking place at both Chilgrove villas. Based on the plan of Chilgrove 2, the main villa house at Up marden perhaps lies somewhere to the west of the south range, whilst evidence of a stockyard wall indicates that it was also enclosed. Possible fencelines within the stockyard may indicate internal divisions, whilst limited evidence of two further buildings within the enclosure was also found, one was perhaps an earlier timber structure."
11010,50,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,1,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"Limited excavation at Compton Down revealed five E-W slots aligned parallel at regular intervals which had chalk-packed postholes inserted into them. A gully and large pit provided associated features, whilst the structure has been interpreted as a granary or some sort of storage facility, perhaps linked to an unknown settlement.  The coins recovered from the site (though not reported on) are 1st-4thC AD in date, as is the pottery, thus giving the site a broad chronology."
11011,150,225,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unenclosed,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,coastal,uncertain,No,No,No,"Lying c.3km from the south coast, the site of a seemingly isolated and unenclosed groups of cremations was identified in advance of residential development.  The remains comprise a small Roman cemetery of five burials, dating from the mid-2nd to the earlier 3rdC AD. The cemetery is suggestive of a family groups, due to its plan and restricted dating, and perhaps suggests that a settlement or other significant feature lies nearby."
11012,-100,300,100,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,No,,1,Yes,No,Yes,No,No,Yes,hill,uncertain,No,Yes,No,"Situated on the northern edge of the South Downs, Chanctonbury Ring occupies a prominent hilltop position with extensive views northwards across the Weald to the North Downs, and southwards over a considerable stretch of coastline.  In 1909, preparations for tree-planting in the middle of the Ring revealed Romano-British artefacts and a large quantity of flints. After topsoil clearance, the foundations of a Romano-Celtic temple and a smaller flint structure were revealed, the former consisting a cella and portico. The secondary flint structure was interpreted by David Rudling as a 'polygonal shrine'.  The main temple occupied a central, and the most-highest point on the Ring. It could have been intervisible, barring natural cover, with other local religious sites at Pulborough, Muntham Court and Lancing Down.  Bronze Age barrows exist to the south-east of the Ring, though the rampart was found to be of two phases, the first possibly dates to the early Iron Age. Iron Age activity at the site is limited though some feature indicate ritual deposition within the enclosed area, including disarticulated human remains, animal bone, daub, pottery, and imported stone. It has been argued that the hillfort defences may have functioned as a temenos in the pre-Roman Iron Age.  Activity was continuous but intensified most clearly in the 2ndC AD when it is likely that at least one, possibly both, of the temples were constructed. The ramparts clearly acted as the temenos for the temple complex and may have been modified on the inner face by the construction of a chalk wall. Whilst the lower silts of the ditch contained a few pieces of prehistoric pottery, the upper fills produced large amounts of Romano-British material, including concentrations of animal remains, principally fragments of cattle skulls and sheep mandibles, indicative of ritual activity.  The final phases of Roman activity within the hillfort are also evidenced by finds of coins and pottery dating to the 3rd/4th centuries. The polygonal shrine may have been destroyed by c.AD300, and the nature of 4thC AD activity within the hillfort is uncertain."
11013,350,425,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,No,No,Yes,"Lying on an undulating hill in an area of modern arable farmland on the Wealden clay, evidence of rural occupation was identified from a late Roman corn-dryer and ditch sections. The site is also situated approximately 2km west of the London to Brighton Roman Road. The ditch fill included a relatively large quantity of pottery predominantly dating to the late 4thC AD. Two sherds of early Saxon pottery were also recovered.  Although 2.25ha of land was stripped of topsoil, the site was only subject to a watching brief and areas of interest then more fully excavated."
11014,50,300,,,medium (4 - 8 ha),unclassified,Yes,,6,Yes,No,Yes,Yes,No,Yes,plateau or plain,mixed,No,No,No,"Sited on the coastal plain in West Sussex adjacent to a now canalised stream, the site of an early and elaborate villa estate was constructed in the 1stC AD. Its waterside location may have been significant since ditches excavated seem to have been connected to the natural waterways close to the site, expanding a complex associated to the nearby River Arun which flows south to the coast only c.4km west of the villa.  The villa was primarily excavated in the 19th and early 20thC, the latter of which was interrupted by WWII and as such no full publication of the site has been produced. Consequently, the site is poorly-understood. Although the main villa house and a detached bathhouse have been identified, the general plan of the settlement suggests that it was largely dispersed with some buildings sited quite far from the centre habitation. This may reflect that the estate was generally quite large and complex. Building F resembles contemporary temple/tomb structures though it lacks a surrounding wall usually associated with Romano-Celtic Temples.  The villa is one of a number of early-dating high-status residences built on the West Sussex coastal plain soon after the Roman Conquest. Barry Cunliffe (see Fishbourne for references) argues that significant similarities exist between Angmering villa and the Fishbourne proto-palace, located just 14 miles to the west, in terms of date, size, plan and constructional and decorative detail. He suggests that the close resemblance reflect the same architect involved in their construction."
11015,-100,300,150,,medium (4 - 8 ha),unclassified,Yes,,1,No,No,Yes,Yes,No,Yes,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"Site of a small corridor villa located on the West Sussex coastal plain, c.1.2km north of the south coast. The site was investigated in 1949-50 as a result of post-war housing construction. A local archaeologist was given little time to plan the site and collect finds after bulldozing.  Activity at the site likely originated in the mid-late Iron Age, with some pre-Roman features noted from the site. Materials from a c.2ndC pit, suggests that an early Roman building had been demolished at the site to make way for the subsequent corridor villa. The materials produced included roof tiles, tesserae shell, glass and animal bone. The presence of terra rubra and terra nigra pottery indicates that activity may well have been continuous from the late Iron Age through to the 2ndC AD at this point.  Because of the destruction caused to the site, dating of the villa is problematic, but a mid-late 2ndC date is possible. Later modifications were made to the building, most notably substantial footings at the villa's southern end to hold two new rooms which project out from the main villa plan. These may have been supported for the erection of a tower structure on this side of the building.  Robbing of the site is evident and a lack of building material suggests that it may have been taken elsewhere. The dating of this phase is also tentative, though may have been sometime in the 3rdC AD."
11016,-100,150,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"Located on the West Sussex coastal plain, c.600m east of the River Arun as it runs south to the coast, a series of mid-late Iron features represent the presence of a pre-Conquest settlement.  The first evidence of late Iron Age occupation (after some middle Iron Age activity) was identified by the construction of a large rectangular enclosure with a roughly V-shaped ditch. This was partially back-filled with domestic refuse and dumps of brickearth, with the ceramics finding typological comparisons with the sites at North Bersted and Copse Farm, dating to the early 1stC AD. It was not possible to excavate within the enclosure, though quantity of pottery suggests that domestic activity was present.  Recutting of some of the ditches in the late 1stC AD indicate that the settlement continued to be occupied immediately post-Conquest, though evidence for activity is minimal after this phase and complete abandonment can be noted by at least the mid-2ndC AD. The presence of Gallo-Belgic vessels are indicative of imported goods at the site. Smaller later Roman ditches excavated suggest the site may have become part of a field system by the 3rd/4thC AD."
11017,200,400,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"A site on the West Sussex coastal plain, c.500m east of the River Arun, showed evidence for a Romano-British farmstead consisting of three corn-dryers, a sunken-feature building, two ditches, two large pits, and a gully perhaps associated with one of the corn-dryers.  A number of mechanical millstones at the site also suggest that cereal processing was a factor of the site. Whilst the current course of the River Arun is away from the site, the original excavator notes that areas of the site were covered with water-deposited silts, perhaps indicating different water-courses to the modern landscape."
11018,-50,250,50,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,,5,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Located in the north-west of the Weald, rescue excavation revealed a substantial poly-focal iron working and production site with origins in the late Iron Age, though primarily post-Conquest through to at least the 3rdC AD. Further examination of the site took place in 2006 during re-development.  Agricultural and iron-working activity is noted in the late Iron Age at Goff's Park which is subsequently abandoned and a new settlement is founded in the nearby vale of Broadfield. The main area of the site included a rectangular enclosure and several rectangular post-built buildings, thought to have been domestic dwellings. To the south of this area, on the opposite bank of the River Mole, iron smelting took place in several free-standing cylindrical shaft furnaces and consolidated in a stone-lined forge. Over 25 furnaces were identified in total, and large dumps of slag were identified in two main areas, one at the river and another to its north.  Further modifications to the settlement took place in terms of the focus of the settlement and areas of working though the character of the site generally remained the same throughout its occupation."
11019,150,400,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,coastal,mixed,No,No,No,"Located on the east bank of Chichester Harbour the site of a Roman tilery at Copperas Point is now under threat from erosion into to the coastal estuary.  Discovery of Roman tiles was first made at the beginning of the 20thC and also in the 1940s. Due to threat of site damage, a field survey and small trial excavation in which the identification of a 'possible kiln', finds of charcoal and burnt clay, and the remains of a tile dump confirmed the presence of a tilery.  Dating of the site is uncertain, and the absence of relief-patterned tiles, c.AD75-175, may suggest that its origins lay in the late 2ndC AD. The dating given here is  tentative."
11020,-100,400,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,hill,pastoral,No,No,No,"The site of an extensive multi-ditched enclosure, first identified by aerial photography, was located in the South Downs between the eastern stretch of the Chichester Entrenchments and the Trundle Hillfort (it was inter-visible from both), overlooking the south coast and its plain.  Field survey and evaluation trenching was later carried out to reveal the depth of the ditches and their date. Two concentric enclosures were constructed in the mid/late Iron Age whilst the ditches of the banjo enclosure seem to have extended from these. Excavation also produced large quantities of Romano-British materials from the upper fills, suggesting that activity continued in some form until the 4thC AD."
11021,75,300,150,,medium (4 - 8 ha),unclassified,Yes,,2,No,No,Yes,No,Yes,Yes,coastal,mixed,No,Yes,No,"Located immediately on the shoreline on the eastern side of Chichester Harbour, two periods of high-status occupation can be discerned. Perhaps significantly, the site lies c.500m of the Flavian Palace at Fishbourne and may well have formed part of the estate represented by that structure.  The first phase included the construction and occupation of a timber-framed building in the late 1stC AD, the plan of which indicates that it may have been of open courtyard design. A small room in the building was used for the storage of used monochrome tesserae, possibly intended for a mosaic in the building, and which may have come from the Palace further north. The building seems to have been demolished around the 2ndC AD.  The second phase was represented by the erection of an aisled masonry structure over the first building though aligned at 90 degrees. This building was of the aisled design common across southern Britain in the Roman period, though may have been a large example. The outside of the building was added to on a number of occasions and the building may have had a clerestory, as indicated by the quantity of Horsham stone tiles. A corn-dryer suggests the building had an agricultural function and a large pit was said to be for under-floor heating. The site was abandoned and robbed away, certainly by the middle of the 4thC AD."
11022,75,250,,,medium (4 - 8 ha),unclassified,Yes,,3,Yes,No,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,coastal,mixed,Yes,No,No,"Lying less than a kilometre from the Sussex coastline, just east of the River Adur, Southwick Roman villa is one of number of early Roman elite residences which were constructed prior to the end of the 1stC AD. The site's occupational origins appear to be contemporary with the construction of the Flavian Palace at Fishbourne and the style of the building in plan is noted to be very similar to the north and west ranges of the latter. Material finds from the site also links aspects of its construction to the proto-palace at Fishbourne and the bathhouse at Angmering villa.  The villa is noted to include aspects of both courtyard and corridor design. Further architectural aspects of the settlement are said to include a bathhouse, a chalk-lain yard, and a workshop/storage facility.  Many of the finds from the site from excavations prior to the 1965 works are now lost or are dispersed in their storage.  Although the site yielded minimal late 3rd/4thC AD pottery and coinage, it is likely that the site had been abandoned by AD250. Only five coins found date between AD259 and AD400, a period when Roman coinage was otherwise highly prolific."
11023,100,350,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,No,,1,No,No,No,No,No,Yes,coastal,uncertain,No,No,No,"Site of a large Roman building located close to the coastal estuary at Bosham found in the early-mid 19thC. The description given of the site has been postulated by Ernest Black as the site of a Romano-Celtic temple. The building is broadly square in plan and includes a central pit, thought by the original excavator to have been a piscina, though the area included Roman pottery and evidence of burning. The building had flanking rooms on either side. The discovery of a nearby palisade, said to have been dismantled by the 3rdC AD, possibly delimits a temenos, though may simply enclose the site in general. Coins and other materials are also noted from the site, as is the finding of a mosaic floor in the vicinity.  Evaluation trenching on an immediately nearby site revealed further evidence of Roman activity from possibly associated features including linear features and postholes, perhaps defining fence boundaries. Finds included painted wall plaster, opus signinum, glass and CBM. The pottery assemblage is small but suggests 2nd-4thC AD activity."
11024,-50,400,50,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Located at the junction between the South Downs and the coastal plain, at the end of the ditch terminal known as the Devil's Ditch of the Chichester Entrenchments, lies a site of late Iron Age/early Roman settlement activity.  A late Iron Age enclosure ditch indicates occupation at the site, and it relationship to the Chichester Entrenchments indicates that it may have been part of the territorial oppidum of which they are thought to enclose. Perhaps significantly, a late Iron Age coin mould was recovered from the enclosure ditch.  The Devils' Ditch appears to have been constructed immediately pre-Conquest, and it seems to have been filled in and recut at least once, in the late 1stC AD, possibly as part of reorganisation of the settlement at Ounce's Barn.  Early Roman domestic occupation was at a peak during the first two centuries AD, indicated by the presence of further enclosure ditches, pits, postholes and gravelled areas, though activity certainly continued into the 3rd and 4thC AD, albeit at a reduced level."
11025,50,350,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,1,No,No,Yes,No,No,Yes,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"Located just north of the south downs on a chalk outcrop, excavation revealed evidence of an occupation site consisting of an enclosed courtyard with pits and postholes and an associated rectangular building. The structure was identified by resistivity survey rather than excavation, showing the building to have had masonry footings; it is clear that the excavation only revealed the periphery of a farmstead, perhaps a villa."
11026,-100,150,50,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unenclosed,Yes,2,,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,mixed,No,No,No,"Sited on the Sussex coastal plain c.2.5km from the south coast a multi-phase settlement with a middle-late Iron Age farmstead (described by the excavator as a 'nucleated settlement'). This settlement consisted of a number of roundhouses, a 'pond' feature, and possible workshops. A number of postholes besides the largest roundhouse are thought to be representative of livestock pens, whilst a nearby pit contained the remains of a daub kiln, as well as kiln lining and iron slag fragments from industrial processes taking place on site.  The Iron Age farmstead becomes replaced around the period of the Conquest by a field system. Part of a smaller enclosure was constructed as part of the field system, perhaps a settlement or stock enclosure. The excavators state that that the field system was probably associated with Goring villa, c.2nd-4thC AD, which was excavated c.200m to the south (though is unpublished due to a lack of funding for rescue excavations, pre-PPG16). However, dating of the use of the field system does not coincide with the occupational dating of the villa."
11027,50,200,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,No,,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,arable,Yes,No,No,"A multi-period site, lying just over 2km from the south coast, consisted a series of early Roman enclosures or a field-system with a trackway, though no evidence of any Iron Age occupation could be discerned. A small square enclosure/paddock contained few features, though evidence for Roman pottery, flint, fired clay and cereal processing waste were all apparent. The pottery dating suggests that little activity beyond the 2ndC AD was apparent.  A small quantity of early to mid Saxon pottery was recovered from the site, though no features could be dated to this period."
11028,-100,150,,,medium (4 - 8 ha),unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,No,No,No,"Situated on a ridge of high ground close by Pulborough and Stane Street a site which has produced abundant high-status activity from late Iron Age coins and imported amphorae is interpreted as a high-status settlement, perhaps linked to the territorial oppidum in the Chichester area.  Occasional finds of coins at a nearby spring also suggest ritual activity in the vicinity, and a villa at Borough Farm was also discovered in the early 20thC AD."
11029,50,400,150,300,medium (4 - 8 ha),enclosed,Yes,,6,No,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,river valley,mixed,Yes,No,No,"Bignor was one of the largest of the Romano-British villas, built on the southern slope of the Upper Greensand shelf just north of the South Downs. The settlement was located on highly fertile arable land, close to the grazing pastures of the South Downs and the woodland of the Wealden clays to the north. Bignor sits a few hundred meters from Stane Street, around three quarters of the way from Chichester to the Hardham-Pulborough area, both nucleated settlements in the Roman period.  The site has been largely excavated piecemeal since its discovery in the early 19thC up until 1990, works which have largely unveiled the plan of the main settlement. At its height, the villa included a substantial courtyard villa complete with bathhouse, mosaics, a large farmyard area, and a number of ancillary masonry structures, including aisled barns.  It is clear that the villa underwent a number of significant structural modifications between the 1st and the 4th centuries AD, beginning with a timber farmhouse which developed into the first stone villa house, to a winged-corridor villa, which was finally incorporated into the courtyard villa of the 4thC AD. The farmyard area of the courtyard villa overlay a field system relating to the earlier estate. This final phase represented the site's largest extent."
11030,-100,100,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,coastal,uncertain,No,No,No,"Located immediately on the east bank of the River Adur as it flows into the English Channel, a late Iron Age/early Roman field-system and associated occupation features were identified, suggesting that a settlement lay close to the area.  Evidence of briquetage indicates that the site may have been involved with salt-working, whilst imported amphorae and fineware pottery hints at continental trade (see also Pottery summary). It is possible that the site was peripheral to a trade centre."
11031,75,325,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),complex,Yes,,1,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,No,hill,mixed,Yes,No,No,"Located on a low hilltop at the north side of the South Downs excavations revealed a 2nd-3rdC AD rectilinear enclosure with trackways and internal divisions.  Sub-enclosures of the complex contained evidence of a rectangular timber-built structure, whilst a ring ditch with postholes were present in an adjacent enclosure. The later structure may have been a roundhouse, though associated postholes mostly on the outside of the ring ditch, perhaps indicating that it was a stock enclosure rather than a dwelling."
11032,75,350,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,Yes,No,Yes,"The site of a Romano-British cremation cemetery and later Saxon cemetery was largely destroyed by sand quarrying in the early 20thC. Many of the early discovered vessels were given away to locals, though intervention by the Sussex Archaeological Society in 1925 allowed further finds from works to be given to the Barbican House Museum in Lewes. Many of these have now been recorded and analysed by Malcolm Lyne.  The bulk of the burials groups date to the Antonine/early 3rdC AD, though none of the pottery necessarily dates later than the middle of the 4thC AD. The centre of the early Saxon cemetery lies just to the east of the Roman cemetery, though the two are seen to overlap one another.  The site is thought to lay just south-east of an intersection of two Roman roads. The reports states that a substantial roadside settlement has been discovered closer to the intersection, most recently by the Field Archaeology Unit, UCL."
11033,50,400,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,1,No,No,No,No,No,No,coastal,uncertain,No,No,No,"Located less than 1km from the south coast on the Sussex coastal plain, excavation revealed part of a Romano-British farmstead spanning the 1st to the 4th centuries AD. One rectangular timber-built structure was observed amongst a number of pits, ditches and other postholes. The pottery appears to show that occupation of the site was most intensive during the 1st and 2ndC AD, but activity continued into the 4thC AD."
11034,75,400,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,No,,1,No,No,No,No,No,No,hill,mixed,No,Yes,No,"Located on the crown of a hill jutting into the coastal plain and overlooking the mouth of the River Adur, a small unenclosed Iron Age settlement was discovered which was later replaced by Romano-British occupation, dating from the late 1st to the 4thC AD.  The settlements were situated next to two Bronze Age barrows. The Iron Age settlement was particularly long-lived stretching from the 7thC BC to the 1stC BC though is thought to have ceased by 100BC since no late pre-Roman finds were recovered from the site. The Romano-British occupation of the site seems to have been a clean break with the Iron Age settlement. A late 1st/early 2ndC AD square ditch was dug, appearing to enclose the area with the Bronze Age barrows. The eastern-most barrow ditch was later filled in, possibly as late as the 4thC AD, and a square structure was constructed directly over the top. This structure seems likely to have been a shrine considering its association with the barrow. Marine shells, Roman pottery and artefacts were found in the fills of the ditch and the building's postholes. An associated pit included similar material and part of a human skull which may have been redeposited from an earlier burial."
11035,-100,1,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,1,,No,No,No,No,No,No,coastal,mixed,No,No,No,"Lying close to the coast on the West Sussex coastal plain against the backdrop of the South Downs, the site of an Iron Age settlement was identified in advance of housing development. Substantial drainage ditches are present on the site and appear to mark a number of field boundaries. Pottery evidence suggests that the settlement was occupied from the 3rd to the late 1stC BC. A single roundhouse provided a focus to the site."
11036,75,350,150,,medium (4 - 8 ha),unclassified,Yes,,1,No,No,Yes,No,No,Yes,coastal,uncertain,No,No,No,"Located close to Pagham Harbour along the road between Chichester and Selsey, the site of a villa was identified from the excavation of a bathhouse. Pottery and coins suggest that an associated ditch was in use around the late 1stC AD. This feature had been filled and built over by the bathhouse by the middle of the 2ndC AD. It appears that occupation lasted until at least the middle of the 4thC AD."
11037,75,375,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,2,Yes,No,Yes,No,No,Yes,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Lying on the floodplain of the River Rother, an area of Romano-British industrial activity and an associated bathhouse (site C) was identified in advance of road works. Finds from three sites suggest a high-status element to the settlement, plus the bathhouse included a range of refinements.  To the south of the bathhouse, c.300m (site A), two pottery kilns were excavated also with a number of associated pits and hearths. The larger kiln possibly came into use around the beginning of the 2ndC AD and its size suggests it could have held 300-400 vessels in a single firing. The kilns seem to have gone out of use by the end of the Antonine period, after which the area was used as a small cemetery, and a post-built and cobbled building was constructed. A mass of slag and a small quantity of molten bronze was recovered from within. A crucible suggests that lead working was also taking place.  To the north of the bathhouse (site B) a cobbled area perhaps pertaining to a yard or workshop, was thought to have been involved with industrial activity due to quantities of iron smelting slag, soot and ash recovered, whilst numerous deposits of quernstones suggest that agricultural processing was also undertaken. The evidence is suggestive of small-scale iron production, albeit as part of a mixed range of activities.  Site monitoring revealed further evidence of Roman activity to the south of the bathhouse, closer to the kilns, on a number of occasions post-1990 in advance of mineral extraction and farm developments. Archaeological features were numerous though largely undefined in the absence of wider excavations."
11038,100,350,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,No,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Lying with the ox-bow valley cut by the River Arun. The site of tile works was excavated including a workshop and a drying area, and the finding of large numbers of wasters and other tile debris."
11039,-100,400,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"Located on a ridge of the Tunbridge Wells sandstone, north of a river valley, the site of a Beaker-period bowl barrow, which had been heavily ploughed, was found to contain quantities of deliberately buried late Iron Age and Roman material. It appears likely that the site was a shrine during this period. No overlying structure was identified, but other barrows were noted in the immediate vicinity which also produced quantities of Roman coins, though which are now ploughed out. Pottery and coinage suggests the site remained in use as a shrine through until at least the late 4thC AD."
11040,-10,300,65,,medium (4 - 8 ha),unclassified,Yes,,7,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,coastal,mixed,Yes,Yes,No,"Site of a major late Iron Age/early Roman elite centre, including the well-known Flavian Palace. Lying at the head of an estuary the elite settlement at Fishbourne overlooks Chichester Harbour to the south and the South Downs to its north.  Finds dating to the pre-Conquest have been found in some quantity in excavations of the Flavian Palace, though only one ditch to the east of this building has been so far been dated to the late Iron Age. Early timber buildings were constructed around the time of the Conquest and seem to have been part of an early settlement probably associated with the harbour; these seem likely to have been granaries. Cunliffe originally interpreted these as having a military dimension. It is possible that the earliest phases of the site related to a postulated territorial oppidum.  Shortly after, perhaps around the mid-AD60s, the timber buildings were erected they were replaced by masonry structures with decorative paintwork and a veranda. Development was rapid, and the main masonry structure, cited as a 'proto-palace', incorporated a bath-house, gardens, colonnades, mosaics, as well as industrial areas for metal-working.  By AD75-80 work on the Flavian Palace begun and included four wings with extensive private apartments, audience rooms, stores, and incorporating a substantial aisled building in its east wing. The wings together surrounded a central courtyard with internal gardens, including running water features, supplied from piping from the east. The Flavian Palace covered an area c.150 square metres and is currently the largest domestic Roman-style building known from the north of the Alps.  Formal gardens are known to have existed immediately to the south and to the northeast of the Palace, whilst the area to the northwest may have been a 'kitchen garden' area, complete with outdoor ovens.  The Palace went through a number of remodelling phases throughout the second and third centuries, though remained a high-status settlement throughout its history. A number of impressive mosaics were lain within the palace, originally in black and white geometric patterns which were later replaced by polychrome types, the most famous of which is the well-preserved 'Cupid on a dolphin' mosaic. The main structure was destroyed by fire towards the end of the 3rdC AD."
11041,-50,300,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,No,No,No,"Lying in downland countryside just north of modern Arundel, a settlement of largely unknown character was excavated by trial trenches with accompanying survey of the area, which seems to show an extensive field system in the immediate area. It appears that the late Iron Age/Roman settlement may have been deliberately sighted near prehistoric barrows."
11042,-100,400,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"Quarry site at Lodsworth found to have been an important source of greensand for quern manufacture. The site was located by the University of Southampton by matching the local greenstone with a type recognised as frequently used for the manufacture of querns found on sites ranging in date from late Bronze Age to the late Roman period. Lodsworth querns cover a large distribution area, including sites in West Sussex, East Sussex, Surrey, Hampshire, Bedfordshire, Buckinghamshire, Dorset, Gloucestershire, Hertfordshire, Isle of Wight, Northamptonshire, Oxfordshire and Wiltshire.  The quarry site was not excavated, but surface examination revealed debitage, plus querns in various stages of manufacture. It argued that quern production reached a peak around the 1stC AD."
11043,-100,200,1,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,1,,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,pastoral,Yes,No,No,"Lying on the Sussex coastal plain c.3km east of Chichester, four areas of an extensive cropmark complex were originally identified by aerial photography. Two main enclosures were present alongside an extensive system of droveways. However, excavation demonstrated that the enclosures were not contemporary but followed in occupation. The earliest enclosure excavated was of late Iron Age date (2nd-1stC BC) and in its initial phases may have been only seasonally occupied, though by the end of the 1stC BC seems to have been a permanent residence. The site was suddenly abandoned, however, no later than the early 1st century AD, and occupation appears to have moved to the northern-most cropmark complex. This latter site was occupied until the 2ndC AD and may have been a complex farmstead settlement.  The lack of cereal processing remains and high proportions of cattle and horse remains in the late Iron Age phase suggest the settlement was largely pastoral. Four-post structures were evident and evidence for  metalworking was also indicated. The range of artefacts, including imported objects (amphorae, etc.) at the site suggests the inhabitants may have been comparatively wealthy."
11044,150,400,,,medium (4 - 8 ha),unclassified,No,,1,No,No,Yes,No,No,Yes,coastal,uncertain,No,No,No,"Lying close to the Iron Age enclosed site on Highdown Hill overlooking the English Channel, the site of a Romano-British bathhouse, probably part of a villa, was excavated in 1937. The building lay between two large sumps which were associated with its use, and pottery recovered suggest the buildings was being utilised from the 2nd-4thC AD."
11045,300,400,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,No,No,No,"Located just below the top of the hillside which is crowned by the Iron Age hillfort at Wolstonbury Hill lay a small rural occupation site, which seems to have been in use during the mid-late 4thC AD. Oval features were excavated and were interpreted as being foundations of dwelling. The excavation was unable to give a revealing picture as to the character of the site, and it may be assumed to have been pastoral in nature, though a number of lynchets lay in the immediate vicinity."
11046,50,400,,,medium (4 - 8 ha),unclassified,Yes,,1,No,No,Yes,Yes,No,Yes,plateau or plain,mixed,No,Yes,No,"Located on the West Sussex coastal plain, a villa consisting of five main rooms, and two possible narrow corridors, with corridors/verandas to the east, west and south was half-way through a local society excavation project. Pottery and coins ranged in date from the mid-1stC to the 4thC AD. The date of the villa's construction is not yet known.  An apsidal wall, found in 2007, formed part of a possible bathhouse, whilst evaluation trenching beyond the villa uncovered features filled with an abundance of refuse, namely animal bone, oyster shell, and seemingly deliberately broken and upturned pot."
11047,,,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"Geophysical survey and limited trial trench and test pitting revealed evidence for Roman period occupation either side of the Greensand way Roman road. The sites lie due west of the large early Roman cremation cemetery at Hassocks sandpit.  A number of linear features indicate land use up to the road, and relatively large quantities of unabraded pottery were recovered and other material relating to domestic occupation. Possible structures were identified. It appears that the settlement evidence probably represents a roadside settlement, of which the cemetery was a part.  Dating evidence is too limited and a broad 'Roman' date is given here."
11048,1,350,125,,medium (4 - 8 ha),unclassified,Yes,,2,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,No,Yes,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"Overlooked by Highdown Hill in the South  Downs, where Findon Valley runs out to the  coastal plain, the site of a corridor villa and adjacent detached bathhouse was excavated in 1982-4. The results of this work have yet to be fully processed in the absence of available funding, though the excavation produced evidence of corndriers, pits, and other timber buildings.  Later trial trenching to the north of the villa complex revealed substantial peripheral evidence associated with the villa settlement including further masonry structures, a system of paddocks and field boundaries. Dating of the villa suggest it began in the 2ndC AD, though evidence for occupation appears to be at least late Iron Age. The site at Titnore Lane, lies immediately due north-west of the villa, and was probably the centre of a pre-existing settlement at the site."
11049,50,300,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,pastoral,Yes,No,No,"Located close to the coast on the Sussex coastal plain, the site of a probable farmstead and field-system was revealed by limited excavation and trial trenching. The site lies close to the extensive late Iron Age/early Roman settlements at North Bersted, and may have been associated with them. Ditches, trackways and postholes are the main features of the site, originally laid out in the 1stC AD, but appear to be a very early Roman extention of a wider field-system probably laid out in the late Iron Age (as is suggested by other local sites). It is uncertain whether the postholes represent buildings, boundary lines, or paddocks. Large waterholes indicate the presence of livestock husbandry."
11050,50,225,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"Lying on the West Sussex coastal plain, close to the possible settlement at Bognor Community College, evaluation trenches revealed further evidence of activity in the form of ditches, probably relating to a field system either associated with the site at BCC or another nearby. The ditches appear to have a slightly different chronology to those at BCC with the latest evidence of activity dating to the early 3rdC AD. This may, however, be the result of the small area of excavation."
11051,50,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"Located on the Sussex coastal plain, a Roman site was partially revealed via evaluation trenches. Contexts were mainly ditches with small groups of stratified Roman pottery. These groups date from the early 1stC AD to the late 4thC."
11052,40,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"Lying c.5km southeast of Chichester, trial trenching revealed a posthole and ditches containing to Roman-period materials. Large quantities of unstratified pottery recovered from surface collection attest to the presence of a settlement at the site, and the evaluation suggests that a small farmstead was present. Some of the ditches were suggested to represent stock enclosures. Dating was difficult due to the lack of extended excavation, though pottery dated from the 1st to the 4thC AD, some possibly of late Iron Age date as they could be described as 'transitional'."
11053,50,350,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Limited excavation revealed evidence of a series of Roman ditches and gullies. Substantial deposits of Roman pottery, primarily of local Hardham ware including wasters and partially complete vessels (though other forms and fabrics are admixed), suggests that the site was associated with nearby pottery production. The pottery assemblage consisted a wide chronological range, from the Conquest period to the early 4thC AD. No evidence of a kiln was found."
11054,-50,150,50,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,mixed,No,No,No,"On the Sussex coastal plain a discontinuous settlement occupied from the late Bronze Age to the 2ndC was evident. A defunct late Bronze Age droveway was used as the site of a late Iron Age cremation burial, whilst a new co-axial field-system was lain on the land immediately surrounding it but on a different orientation.  Soon after, possibly post-Conquest, a large enclosure was constructed on the same alignment as the field-system, though these are thought to have silted up by this time. Internal ditches suggest that a level of differential use of space within the enclosure. Occupation in the enclosure was relatively short with activity seemingly reduced after the late 1stC AD.  The final phase of activity appeared to be in the form of metal-working in the early 2ndC AD. A number of intercutting pits included lumps of slag, including iron bloomery forging slag as well as fired clay, which suggest that iron production was carried out in the later period. Hammer-scale also attests to smithing at the site. A wind break is also indicated by a shallow gully feature."
11055,25,400,75,,uncertain,complex,Yes,,1,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,arable,Yes,Yes,Yes,"A dispersed excavation of four large trenches, located on the coastal plain just north of modern Angmering revealed evidence of a substantial, possibly nucleated, Roman settlement in one area, amongst considerable evidence for prehistoric, particularly Bronze Age, activity across the site.  Limited evidence for late Iron Age activity was encountered before a formal division of the landscape, with trackways (some metalled), a field-system, isolated burials and domestic occupation, occurs in the late 1stC AD. It is unlikely that the core of the settlement had been revealed by the excavation, and the extent of the settlement is uncertain. CBM in early Roman features suggest the presence of a masonry structure nearby. A set of postholes and an enclosing ditch were thought to probably represent an enclosed rectangular timber building, probably dates to the 2ndC AD.  The settlement continued to be modified and used through the late 2nd/4thC AD with new boundary ditches being dug. Activity seems to have been most intensive (as evidenced by pottery) during the 4thC AD, apparently bucking a trend for sites in this area. A pit associated with a well/shaft close to the timber structure contained a number of cattle and horse skulls. A T-shaped masonry corn-drier was found centrally and was dated by an associated pottery assemblage to the mid-late 4thC AD, and may have been constructed as early as the late 3rdC AD. The drier contained a large quantity of burnt arable seeds and some bird bones. The presence of a high number of sprouted grains suggests it may have been a malting oven as well. Further ovens also lay nearby.  A ditch to the south of the Roman settlement produced some early Saxon pottery."
11056,70,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,coastal,uncertain,No,No,No,"Excavation of two adjacent sites on the Sussex coastal plain at Greenfields and Nalgo Lodge, both on the Middleton and Elmer Roads, revealed evidence for Roman-period land-use in the form of field boundaries. Unfortunately, much of the evidence was disturbed by later medieval and post-medieval farming practices but enough remains were left to demonstrate Roman activity, and probably nearby settlement. The pottery assemblage from Nalgo Lodge broadly dated from the 2nd-4thC AD and overlapped with that recovered from Greenfields, which was predominantly early Roman, but from a fewer number of features. It is possible that the field-system was associated with the settlement at Moraunt Drive (Site 11033) located just 500m from the site at Nalgo Lodge."
11057,-50,250,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,Excavation revealed two ring ditches possibly forming a small enclosure. Pottery within the outer ditch suggests a Late lron Age to early Romano-British date; sherds from the inner ditch may date from the Middle to Late lron Age. A small amount of iron slag and worked flints were recovered.
11058,50,300,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,Yes,No,No,Yes,No,No,coastal,uncertain,No,No,No,"Located due east of the Roman Palace at Fishbourne excavation of a small area ahead of development reveal extensive evidence of Roman activity, and the area may have formed part of the Palace estate. No finds had been analysed at the time of the report.  Earlier trial trenching revealed Roman-period features including postholes (including one which produced a small, silvered or tinned, copper-alloy belt buckle of 1stC AD military type), pits and ditches, the last particularly rich in finds. Two large ditches, although rich in Roman finds, also produced medieval potsherds.  The excavations exposed many ditches with fencelines either in direct association or on the same line. These and unrelated ditches and fences were presumably land boundaries. The context of the features is unknown and the excavator posits military or industrial/agricultural associations, though they may be associated with the large formal garden lying immediately to the west of the site which appears to have been laid outside the Palace on its north-eastern side. Most of the features primarily produced finds typical of the 1st and 2ndC AD Fishbourne site including relatively large quantities of imported fineware pottery and early types of tile. Small quantities of 3rdC AD pottery were also present."
11059,-50,200,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"Located on the Sussex coastal plain, close to the Iron Age/Roman site at Copse Farm, Oving, a probable late Iron Age/early Roman settlement was identified by evaluation trenches which revealed a number of ditches likely pertaining to an enclosed settlement. The site may have been associated with the same field systems located next to the site at Copse Farm. Substantial Roman settlement was implied by the presence of roof tiles, bricks and mortar fragments."
11060,50,200,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"Land located c.600m east of Fishbourne Palace was evaluated in advance of a supermarket development. The work revealed evidence for Roman-period land use including linear features and pits. Too little was excavated to identify the function or character of the area, though finds including a large quantity of Roman pottery, with some Samian and Gallo-Belgic wares of the late 1stC AD, oyster shells, tile, pot sherds and fragments of slag, suggest that low level domestic/industrial activity was evident."
11061,1,300,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"Located on the coastal plain north of Chichester, a large Iron Age ditch was identified, possibly an unrecorded section of the Chichester entrenchments, whilst other features, including a hearth, and associated material culture indicates the presence of a local settlement. The 'hearth' feature was investigated further by subsequent watching brief revealing a heavily truncated, but possible kiln. Tile wasters were also identified."
11062,50,250,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,No,,1,No,No,No,No,No,Yes,coastal,uncertain,No,No,No,"A Romano-Celtic temple (c.15.5 m sq.) revealed by aerial photographs on a gentle slop next to a brook, 3.5 km west of Fishbourne Palace. It has not been excavated, but the plan reveals an ambulatory, cella and internal foundation, possibly for a cult statue or altar. Also shown on the aerial photos are a probable Roman road situated just to the west, with a large enigmatic circular structure, that seems to be contemporary. Surface scatters of pottery indicate 1st-2nd century AD use."
11063,50,200,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"Located c.1km north-east of Chichester on the Sussex coastal plain, the site of an early Roman enclosure was identified. The enclosure appeared to be sub-rectangular and contained pottery of late 1st and 2ndC AD date. Two features, a possible pit and a possible ditch were present within the enclosure, though their relationship was unclear. Further linear features present within the remaining trenches may have represented the remains of a Romano-British field system."
11064,-100,400,50,,medium (4 - 8 ha),complex,Yes,2,1,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,mixed,Yes,No,No,"Site of an extensive area of multi-period settlement activity and land-use, including significant middle Iron Age, late Iron Age, early Roman and late Roman phases, located on the Sussex coastal plain.  Evidence for Iron Age settlement began around the 6thC BC, with features constituting two linked enclosure complexes complete with external 'paddocks'. The enclosure systems straddle both sides of the modern stream and may well have been for stock-holding, with adjacent 'empty' areas perhaps used for pasture. A lack of waterholes were noted from the site, though the area has a high water-table plus the stream. It is suggested that the IA agricultural economy was predominantly pastoral.  Pottery and radiocarbon-dating showed that the MIA complexes continued into the late Iron Age and were further developed during this period. Two roundhouses potentially continued into the LIA. A new enclosure complex was constructed to the north-east of the existing features, but on the same alignment, suggesting that the areas were inter-linked. The most notable find from this area was a richly-furnished LIA burial (see burial data).  The mid-late Iron Age enclosure complexes appear to have gone out of use by the early Roman period, and there are signs of redevelopment including a long trackway leading from a substantial new enclosure in the north-east of the site. Alongside the trackway a number of co-axial plots were constructed. In the south-western part of the site another new enclosure complex developed adjacent to the extant Iron Age areas. The early Roman developments were, however, constructed on similar alignments to the Iron Age settlement features, suggesting a level of continuity in land division. This continuity is supported by the pottery evidence. In addition, increasing evidence for arable production appears in this period from better finds of charred cereal remains and quernstones, perhaps more indicative of mixed farming rather than an emphasis on pastoralism, though stock husbandry and open areas of pasture remained important.  The northern trackway complex continued into the 3rdC AD, but did not extend to the end of the Roman period. In the southern part of the site, however, another enclosure complex came into use during the 3rd and 4thC AD containing a small earthen or timber-floored rectangular house, and was surrounded by a smaller paddock with larger fields beyond. These features appear to represent the final phase of Roman activity at the site."
11065,50,400,250,,medium (4 - 8 ha),enclosed,Yes,,2,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,plateau or plain,mixed,No,No,No,"Situated on a rise in the South Downs in a dry valley, the site of a Roman settlement was first excavated by the Chichester District Archaeological Unit between 1988 and 1991, with further investigations by UCL in 2006, revealing a 3rd-4thC AD villa with a north range and an aisled building with bath-house, mosaics and hypocaust. The aisled hall was thought to have been deliberately timber-framed, though the eastern gable was entirely masonry. The largely surviving gable collapsed outwards during the late 4thC AD, and included a square-headed doorway with a possible window above.  The buildings were all set within a ditched enclosure. The villa buildings are thought to have collapsed by the late 4th/early 5thC AD. At least two buildings were found to pre-date this phase, and further excavations by UCL focussed on the 'stockyard' to the north of the villa. Although most of the pottery dated to the 3rd and 4th centuries, a quantity of 1st and 2nd century wares hint at an earlier settlement.  No post-excavation has yet been carried out on the Chichester excavations, apart from an animal bone report by Hunter (nd), and all the finds recorded here (plus the area of excavation) comes from the UCL excavation."
11066,-50,100,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,No,No,No,"The installation of a gas pipeline across the Hampshire/West Sussex border revealed evidence of late Iron Age/early Romano-British land use, on land to the north of Lordington House. The site is located on a steep east-facing slope siding the valley of the River Ems, around 5km north of Chichester Harbour.  This work featured on an area previously surveyed by Aldsworth (1979) who identified cropmarks forming a double enclosure complex with a further possible field-system to its south. Evaluation trenches failed to date the main enclosure, though it was thought to have been LIA. LIA pottery and Roman tile in a few of the linear features suggests a contemporary date for the fieldsystem.  Bronze Age sherds on site were fragmentary and highly abraded, suggesting that they were residual, but shows a long period of land use. Some medieval material suggests later continuity."
11067,-100,75,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,coastal,arable,Yes,No,No,"An archaeological evaluation and watching brief in modern Worthing confirmed multi-period activity on gently sloping land, c.700m north of the south coast. Several ditches were laid out in the later Bronze Age and in the late Iron Age/early Roman, which appear to delineate coaxial field-systems and it seems likely that the late Iron Age/early Roman features respected the pre-existing Bronze Age linears.  Evidence was also found for late Iron Age or early Roman industrial activity including both ferrous and non-ferrous metal-working. Evidence for cereal processing was also present. Medieval activity seems to have been restricted to manuring and ploughing."
11068,50,150,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Lying just east of the River Arun before it flows into the English Channel a small area excavation revealed a number of ditches and pits, mostly dating to the later Bronze Age, though one included Roman material which formed an area where two early Roman urned cremations were recovered. These burials appeared to respect the linear features and indeed were placed at a field/trackway junction (perhaps the corner entrance to a possible stock enclosure), suggesting that the field-system was possibly in use during the Roman period. Further Roman pottery was recovered from the site, some mixed with LBA sherds."
11069,1,300,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,coastal,uncertain,No,No,No,"An archaeological evaluation of an 8.8ha parcel of land on the northern limits of modern Bognor Regis unveiled good evidence for later Bronze Age and Roman field-systems. Roman activity confined to the south-western portion of the application area; it was notable that although Roman material comprised nearly 40% of the artefactual assemblage, no finds from this period were recovered from any of the trenches located in the east of the site. Analysis of the alignments of the ditches throughout the site indicates a co-axial field system aligned north-east/south-west and north-west/south-east was present in both the Bronze Age and Roman period.  Other features likely dating to late Iron Age/early Roman period include an area of possible quarrying, waterholes, and a cremation burial. Import pottery and fineware vessels suggest a high-status element.  Whilst Iron Age activity was noted, none of the linear features produced Iron Age finds, plus pottery evidence suggests little continuity from the middle Iron Age."
11070,1,275,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"An extensive evaluation over an area c.6-7ha revealed evidence for late Iron Age/Roman occupation in the south-east of the site. The site lies around 2km north of the English Channel and about 200m to the west. The remains suggest modest rural settlement; the lack of building materials is quite marked, imported pottery very rare, and evidence for industrial activity almost wholly absent. The discovery of a single cremation burial may suggest the presence of a small cemetery."
11071,25,150,,,uncertain,enclosed,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Two trenches within a relatively widespread evaluation in the Low Weald of Sussex, a few hundred metres east of Stane Street, revealed a late Iron Age/early Roman enclosure site. The features excavated had previously been identified by geophysical survey and they were subsequently found to contained significant quantities of Romano-British pottery. Other categories of finds, such as animal bones were notably absent, probably owing to the acidity of the local soils. A small black glass Roman ring intaglio was a notable exception.  The dating of the pottery suggests that occupation of the site may have begun during the late Iron Age and continued through the 1stC AD into the early 2ndC AD. Evidence of activity at other periods was somewhat limited, mostly reflecting medieval/post-medieval manuring.  The trenches did not uncover the location of any surviving evidence of structures, but the artefactual evidence points to the probability of settlement, possibly a farmstead, perhaps within one of the enclosures identified in the area of Trenches 7 and 8. This vicinity occupies high ground overlooking a former stream valley to the south, where further geophysical anomalies were suggested to be of geological origin since no archaeological features were identified in the evaluation."
11072,75,325,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,1,,No,No,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,No,Yes,No,"Excavations on a prominent part of a hill-top in the Sussex Downs revealed an extensive area of Iron Age settlement and a subsequent Roman circular timber shrine (11m dia). Shrine was of internal posthole and possible mass-walled construction (uncertain if roofed?) and is broadly dated from the late 1st to early 4th C AD. Many rich votive items were found dumped outside the presumed entrance. Three internal pits all contained ox skulls and other bones and a complete pottery vessel. About 250m to the SE of the shrine, aerial photographs revealed cropmarks of a large rectangular enclosure and probable buildings. A well was excavated, 80m deep, which contained many finds including large numbers of dog skeletons. It was probably dug in the 2nd century AD, then infilled during the early 4th century."
11073,125,300,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,Yes,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,Yes,No,"Site of a probable Romano-British farmstead discovered in the 1920s by the landowner. Discoveries included a flint and mortared wall with indications of burning, an adjacent burial, a well, and a corndrier. The corn-dryer was apparently L-shaped.  Pottery found in the stoke hole of the dryer dated to the late 2nd-3rdC AD. The burial was found with pottery and quernstones, so appears to have been Roman, though the materials were not properly dated. Re-excavation of the well identified a child's bronze bracelet, a denarius of Antoninus Pius and the skulls of sheep and cattle.  The site phasing given here is based upon the coin and known pottery evidence, but this very tentatively relates only to a known period of occupation at the site and does not have any relevance for the origins or abandonment of the site."
11074,300,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,1,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,arable,No,Yes,No,"The site of an agricultural settlement lying on a south-facing spur of the South Downs consisted of a rectangular timber structure (c.13mx4m) and an adjacent T-shaped corndrier. The settlement lay within an area of dense lynchets and field-systems seen from cropmark evidence.  It appears that at some point, probably during the 4thC AD, the corn-dryer got demolished, its flue and stoke hole got filled in, and a new floor layer was lain over its top. This seemed to take place as a new development of the south-western part of the timber building took place, with a structural addition to the building overlying the pre-existing dryer. Just before the flues of the dryer got filled in, two complete pottery vessels were placed at the bottom of the main flue. It was speculated that this was either the remains of an unurned burial, the burnt material of which got mixed with the surrounding ash, or was simply a placed deposit of votive intent."
11075,,,,,medium (4 - 8 ha),unclassified,Yes,,1,No,No,Yes,Yes,No,Yes,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"Partly excavated in 1817 and again in 1907 the site of a large 1st century (probably) courtyard villa was revealed (c.60 x 35 m) and overlooked the weald on the north side of Pulborough ridge. There is evidence that the site was in use prior to AD75-80, but it is unknown what the character of this activity was, whilst it is also unknown for how long the villa remained in occupation. Also worthy of note is the site of a large 'mausoleum' at Huddlestone to the south-east, also excavated in the 19thC. The area was also the location of a samian production centre.  The villa's unusual layout is comparable in some respects to Fishbourne Palace. Cunliffe (1973) places the site amongst a group of 'exceptionally well-appointed villas' built in the area before the end of the 1stC AD. Rudling (1982) also suggests that such villas were 'imposed' on the late Iron Age settlement pattern, reflecting a favourable economic/political climate in the client kingdom of the Regni."
11076,-100,300,,,uncertain,unenclosed,Yes,,5,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"Located at the foot of a hillside between the South Downs and the Sussex coastal plain, the site of a mid-late Iron Age settlement with continuity in occupation stretching to the 3rdC AD was identified from excavations in the 1920s. The settlement lay in an area of extensive prehistoric settlement and land-use. The Roman features were said to have been easily distinguished from the prehistoric ones, with five distinct house sites being present. These appear to have been of wattle and daub construction, though painted plaster and window glass was noticed, with the floors being cut into the chalk surface.  Field boundaries appear to have been present along with a large 'drainage pit' (waterhole?) which contained quantities of pottery and animal bone. Also amongst these features were recovered large quantities of oyster, cockle and edible snail shells, bones of immature animals, mostly sheep and pigs, the skull remains of an elderly 'pony', amphora, Samian and other pottery."
11077,275,700,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,No,No,No,"The site of an Iron Age defended enclosure on the Sussex coastal plain which goes out of use before the late Iron Age and gets reoccupied in the late 3rd and 4thC AD, around the time that the nearby bath-house goes out of use. A late Romano-British 'hut' site becomes established just inside the Iron Age ramparts which appear to get refurbished at the same time.  The site is later used as an extensive mixed-rite cemetery consisting over 100 burials, 10 of which are dated to the 4thC AD."
11078,,,,,uncertain,enclosed,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,No,No,No,"Site of a probable posting-station or mansio was found at Iping after examination of air-photographs by the Archaeology Division of the Ordnance Survey, though the presence of a Roman settlement in the area had previously been assumed through various isolated finds. A field investigator, in 1949 (see Pastscape.org.uk), surveyed a rectangular earthwork consisting of a bank and ditch, with a slight counter-scarp bank and rounded corners, enclosing an area c.86x112m. The earthwork is bisected by the modern road, which likely represents the line of the Roman road. Further field investigation in 1956 recovered Romano-British pottery during construction of a house in the western half of the mansio. However, the site cannot be dated beyond that with any certainty."
11079,50,200,,,medium (4 - 8 ha),enclosed,Yes,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,Yes,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Site of a posting station/mansio along Stane Street close to Pulborough were previously known from earthworks and the discovery of some high-status burials, before limited excavation of the ramparts were carried out by Winbolt in the 1920s. It was clear from Winbolt's work that the settlement at Hardham resembled that at Alfoldean. Building materials suggested the presence of masonry structures, probably located towards the centre of the enclosure. The site is recorded here as a 'small town' based upon analogy with Alfoldean, though further evidence of nucleated settlement is still required for this to be proven.  Large quantities of pottery were recovered from occupation layers and pits, most having quite a strict chronology. Winbolt suggests that the posting-station went out of use around AD150, when the site gets used as a cemetery though Winbolt also reported cremation features within the occupation layers also. The site was also used for pottery production. Winbolt argues that the site was not used beyond c.AD200, though this may be extended if modern work were carried out at the site."
11080,150,400,,,medium (4 - 8 ha),unclassified,Yes,,1,No,No,Yes,Yes,No,Yes,river valley,mixed,Yes,No,No,"Located on the slope of a dry valley in the South Downs the site of a villa was excavated initially in the 1910s and then again by West Sussex County in the 1980s (the latter are yet to fully published their excavations). A winged-corridor villa was shown to have developed from a more simple 'cottage' type. Some of the walls of the house survive to over 1m in height and at least 10 rooms have been identified. A room built on to the house at the western end was an unusual circular shape.  A large 'drop in the ground' seen in the early excavations is suggested to have been a fishpond, or at least a cavity to collect rainwater to supply the adjacent nymphaeum. The nymphaeum was interpreted from an irregular D-shaped room. This structure is not noted on the 1980s plan, however, and would need verifying. A metalled road/trackway is noted.  Pottery demonstrated mid-2nd to 4thC AD occupation of the villa. The eastern end of the house overlay a lynchet from earlier land-use, though this was undated. None of the finds have been analysed, other than the animal bone which exists as an unpublished report."
11081,75,300,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"On pasture land close to the River Medway the site of a Roman iron production site was excavated revealing a large slag heap, c.150x60 yards in extent. It was composed almost entirely of heavy smelting slag overlaying a layer of burnt sandstone hearth."
11082,1,400,150,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,,,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,No,No,No,"Sited on the southern end of a downland ridge out crop, the site of a small late Iron Age/Romano-British settlement was found adjoining an earlier Iron Age camp/'hillfort'. The lynchet banks of a Roman field-system was observed of earthworks surrounding the site and two T-shaped corn-dryers were found. Other features included a well, pits and circular depressions ('huts'). Much domestic occupation material, from early 1st to late 4th century AD in date. The corn-dryers dated from the mid-2nd-4thC and 3rd-4thC respectively and possibly represent an intensification of arable on the hillside during the late Roman period. Some of the field-system, part of the co-axial alignment, dates to the Roman period and cuts through earlier aggregated field-system and part of the Iron Age camp."
11083,-100,100,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,,2,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,hill,mixed,No,Yes,No,"Lying on the southern slopes of the South Downs, a the site of a mid-late Iron Age enclosure complex settlement was identified and excavated as part of a community project. The site consisted a single enclosure with tripartite enclosure complex just to the south. These may have been encompassed by a much larger outer enclosure, as seen by aerial photography.  The site is currently going through post-excavation and the chronology of the settlement is tentative, with a number of possible phases involved, but the earliest evidence for activity appears to be present at the single enclosure, which is interpreted as a domestic focus for the site, with the southern complex possibly representing paddocks. However, the southern enclosures also show evidence for activity, with one including a roundhouse identified by a drip-gully (one of possibly two structures, with another represented by postholes), and a number of large pits, particularly in the central part of the complex. Some of these pits, dating to the late Iron Age, include evidence for feasting as noted from the animal bone and the pottery assessment.  There is some evidence that the settlement continued past the conquest period. However, the settlement probably went out of use, perhaps in the mid-late 1stC AD, with the ditches becoming filled in, suggesting a change in land-use, perhaps being turned over to arable. The abandonment/change in use of the site is poorly understood and dating is very tentative; AD100 is given here, but it could have been earlier or later than this.  This later activity probably extended into the 2nd, perhaps early 3rdC AD, and may have been associated with a villa, known but currently unexcavated, just to the south of the settlement. That activity continued in the area is denoted from the find of  2ndC AD Roman lead coffin on the site."
11084,-100,200,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,coastal,uncertain,No,No,No,"Small-scale excavations at Chidham in Chichester Harbour revealed two sites with evidence for salt production dating to the late Iron Age and early Roman periods. The sites were in danger of coastal erosion and were excavated under 'rescue' conditions. These were found in area comprising a large number of find spots around Chichester and Langstone Harbours where quantities of briquetage suggest a salt-production industry of some scale. Site A comprised a compacted layer of pottery and briquetage up to 15 cm thick and extending over at least 18m sq. Site B extended over a larger area but comprised the same pottery and briquetage as at site A. Site B was primarily notable for a large ditch/trench cut across the site. The pottery dates from the middle Iron Age through to the 2ndC AD, after which activity at the site appears to have ceased."
12001,-50,400,50,,small (<1 - 3 ha),complex,Yes,2,,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,No,river valley,mixed,Yes,Yes,No,"Large scale excavation in advance of gravel quarrying on marginal land across the Colne Valley floodplain revealed an extensive multiperiod landscape, including evidence of a relatively small and self-contained settlement which developed in the Iron Age close to the Colne Brook out of large-scale and pre-existing landscape divisions. Evidence for Iron Age and Roman activity is largely confined to the north end of the excavation, on its eastern side. The late Iron Age saw one roundhouse and a new field-system laid out.  Early Roman activity consisted of substantial landscape reorganisation with evidence for the recutting and respecting of some of the Iron Age features. The Roman settlement consisted of an extensive enclosure system with fields and trackways, and including pits, postholes and waterholes. The settlement is argued to be a 'large agricultural centre'. Roundhouses appeared to continue as the dominant form of architecture of the site into the Roman period. Pottery evidence suggests long-terms habitation of the site, with stratigraphic evidence suggesting a complex period of land-use until the end of the Roman era. Three waterholes contained leather shoes and perhaps represent a structured deposit, as does the LIA/ERB burial of a dog around a horses skull. However, structured deposition is not explicitly mentioned in the report."
12002,50,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"On the south side of the Kennet Valley, evaluation trenching revealed evidence for occupation from a number of wide ditches and several pits and postholes. Pottery dating to two phases of activity, an early Roman (c.AD43-150) and a late Roman (c.AD250-410), were found in discrete areas of the site, possibly indicating distinct chronological patterns of settlement, though in the absence of wider excavation this is difficult to discern. A number of ditches lay at right angles and, in the excavator's opinion, possibly represented enclosures, whilst a number ran down into the valley bottom, perhaps forming a field system. A quantity of brick, roof tile, dressed sarsen blocks, mortar fragments and flint nodules were found in a large pit associated with 2nd/3rdC AD coarsewares, and probably indicate the presence of a substantial masonry structure. Further quantities of CBM came from the topsoil, whilst a possible 2nd/3rdC AD midden was also identified."
12003,200,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"A strip and record excavation revealed a number of occupation features sealed by colluvial layers possibly relating to arable activity. The site was located on a south-facing slope of the Kennet Valley. Features included postholes, two pits containing 3rd-4thC AD pottery, and a short linear feature which may have been a beam-slot. Small quantities of slag and tile were also recovered in the area. The site lies due west of the roadside settlement at Thatcham and may reflect associated activity."
12004,25,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,arable,No,No,No,"A settlement dating between the 1st and 4thC AD was excavated on a north-east-facing slope south of the River Lambourn. The site consisted several ditches, pits, postholes and a well-preserved T-shaped corndrier. The corndrier dates from the late 3rd-4thC AD (BB1 ware). Both early and late period activity appears to have been marginal to the main domestic focus and although this area was unenclosed, the form of the settlement is not well defined. The site lies due west of the roadside settlement at Thatcham and may reflect associated activity."
12005,250,425,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,pastoral,No,No,No,"Excavations carried out on the broad Kennet Valley floodplain immediately to the south of the current river position revealed evidence for worked Romano-British timbers (radiocarbon dated 1670 +/-60 BP) lying in the base of waterlogged palaeochannel. These are recorded here as 'jetty/bridge' but the interpretation of the timbers are effectively open.  Roman pottery was also recovered from excavation to the south of the piles, and though much of the material was not found in features, the layer in which they were recovered was markedly different to contexts dating to other phases and was sealed by a thick humic soil. It is argued that the pottery found in this drier area reflects manure spreading, whilst ploughmarks were also observed, preserved beneath the old land surface.  In recent years, the floodplain area has been used for cattle grazing with arable agriculture to the south on the drier gravel terrace."
12006,50,200,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,,uncertain,No,No,No,"Site of a long linear feature, most likely an extensive field boundary, in an area otherwise devoid of Roman features, though contemporary material was present in the local ploughsoil. The material from the boundary ditch is predominantly 1st-2ndC AD."
12007,-50,250,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"A site situated on flat land south of modern-day Reading revealed evidence for domestic activity, iron smelting and possible pottery production. Late Iron Age pottery was present though this was possibly in use post-Conquest. None of the pottery needed to be 3rdC AD or later."
12008,-100,350,50,,medium (4 - 8 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,mixed,Yes,No,No,"Located on a terrace to the north of the River Kennet a Roman site previously known only from aerial photography as a series of compounds and trackways extending over c.5ha. A pipeline trench went through the southern area of the settlement, revealing inter-cutting ditches, pits, postholes and spreads of occupational material. The features were not necessarily contemporary and appear to represent a number of phases perhaps stretching the early/mid Iron Age to the 4thC AD. However, most of the boundaries appear to have been cut during the 1stC AD and redefined on several occasions. Some field boundaries may have been replaced on a new alignment during the 2ndC AD, but the limited area of excavation makes this difficult to tell. There is no evidence for 3rdC AD activity. The main areas of habitation may have shifted over time."
12009,100,350,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Various excavations at Reading Business Park revealed two dispersed but distinct areas of Romano-British activity. One area consisted a number of seemingly conjoined 1stC AD enclosures (Area 7000), though the plan of the features suggests that excavation had caught part of a settlement/enclosure and part of a co-axial field-system. This area lay c.500m to the north of a second area of linear features, and a number of associated occupational features (Area 2000), possibly part of a late 1st-4thC AD settlement. Occupation appears to have been most intensive during the 2nd and 3rdC AD.  These two areas have been recorded as a single site here due to the excavated finds being reported as combined assemblages.  The River Kennet lies c.1km to the north of the site and one of its tributaries, the Foundry Brook, runs through the centre of the site."
12010,-100,200,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,mixed,No,No,No,"Site lying on the south bank of the River Thames just north-east of modern Reading. An enclosure previously identified by aerial photography was fully excavated on the gravel terrace just into the drier area of the site.  The enclosure was constructed in the middle-late Iron Age (3rd-1stC BC), a field-system may also date to this period, and the enclosure was continually used into the early Roman period. The remains of a kiln, possibly associated with metal-working, though plants remains were also found with this feature, was found deposited in the terminal of a ditch. The enclosure gets abandoned in the middle Roman period (mid-late 2ndC AD), when cremations get deposited to the north. Minimal activity continues into the 4thC AD, probably reflecting arable activity rather than settlement occupation."
12011,-100,200,,,uncertain,unenclosed,No,,1,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,mixed,No,No,No,"A complex of pits and postholes were identified during watching brief of a development area adjacent to the River Thames on it southern bank. The postholes are suggested to have formed a rectangular timber structure, whilst a number of the pits contained worked timbers. One timber-lined pit may have been a well, and a number of old water-channels were also excavated. These features were examined in difficult working and environmental conditions and were broadly dated as LIA/ER. The features may have been associated with the enclosure settlement on the nearby gravel terrace (Site ID 12010).  The site is interpreted as possibly being involved in metal-working, at a more intensive level than that found at the nearby enclosure. Little domestic material was found, though quantities of smithing slag were. The find of a plough coulter could have been in the process of repair, and the site is thought to have been an 'industrial' working area supporting the agricultural community working the gravel terrace."
12012,25,200,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"The site of a Neolithic ring ditch and Romano-British land-use were identified on the west bank of the River Colne on a gravel terrace capped by brickearth, through which all the archaeological deposits were cut. Alluvial deposits overlay the archaeology, and it is clear that the area has succumbed to numerous flooding events.  Use of the site (other than the Neolithic features) may have begun either in the very late Iron Age or immediately post-Conquest with the construction of a few ditches seemingly for drainage. Over a relatively short period of time through the 1st and 2ndC AD, several episodes of ditch cutting appears at the site, possibly signifying the continual flooding of the area and the need to redefine field boundaries. A gravel spread was deliberately laid down in the north east, interpreted as a means of stabilising land and improving drainage. An area of pits and cutting suggest settlement activity. Possible increased flooding may have led to the eventual abandonment of the site in the middle Roman period.  (It must be noted that the report interprets the site as a field-system, though the range of finds and features also suggest settlement)."
12013,1,400,300,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"On the west bank of the River Colne an area of Roman ditches and gullies were revealed with evidence of a number of phases of activity dating from the late Iron Age to the 4thC AD. Overall, the evidence is suggestive of a field-system, though the cutting of pits in different phases and associated material may suggest occupation. The site may be a peripheral area, as may also have been the cast at Manor Farm (Site ID 12012). However, whilst Manor Farm was abandoned by the end of the 2ndC AD, this site was returned to in the 4thC AD."
12014,1,100,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Ditches, pits and gullies forming part of a field-system may form the peripheral area of a 1stC AD settlement. Two of the ditches possibly represent a trackway and paddock (excavator's interpretation)."
12015,200,400,,,uncertain,enclosed,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,Yes,"Located c.800m east of the River Thames, a multiperiod site included the excavation of the corner of a parallel-aligned triple-ditch feature which appears to form an enclosed farm. Associated features include postholes which seem to form four-poster structures and pits. Pottery dates the settlement to the 3rd/4thC AD.  Sunken-feature buildings with 5thC AD pottery suggest early Saxon occupation."
12016,100,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"A supposed Roman roadside settlement proposed at Thatcham. The settlement is thought to have developed from the 2ndC AD onwards along the Silchester to Caerleon Road. Excavations in the 1930s uncovered six stone-lined wells, possible stone footings of several buildings and numerous ditches. More recent work by Oxford Archaeology along the line of the Northern Distributor Road uncovered evidence for two wells, pits and a number of ditches, all dating between the 2nd and 4thC AD. The features were interpreted as resulting from 'low-level rural Roman activity'. The work supported the interpretation of a roadside settlement as the density of features were said to diminish further north from the probable line of the road."
12017,50,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,A multiperiod site lying at the foot of a gentle slope which rises onto an early Thames gravel terrace. A number of Roman ditches were revealed along with a few undated pits and postholes. Material of early and late Roman date were recovered.
12018,-100,250,50,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,,,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,No,river valley,mixed,No,Yes,No,"An extensive trapezoidal enclosure constructed in the mid-late Iron Age (c.300-100BC) was continually used and maintained with modifications into the Roman period. The enclosure was not fully define, though observations in service trenches showed that the ditch returned. Placed deposits within the enclosure dated to this period and included middle Iron Age pottery, articulated joints of beef, mixed bones of sheep/goat and pig, part of an ox skull, and bones from a woodcock.  Intensive activity and further internal features were added to the enclosure during the 1st and 2ndC AD, whilst an external field-system was also constructed at this time. A large pit, which may have been used as a waterhole, contained LIA/ER sherds from its lower levels, whilst the skeleton from a dog and early Roman pottery derived from the upper layers. The enclosure was extensively refurbished and recut in the late 1stC AD; it also appears to have been walled by stakes, whilst a porch adorned the entrance way. Two sunken-floor structures were built in the 2ndC AD.  It appears likely that the enclosure went out of use by the end of the 2ndC AD. Two pits just outside the enclosure suggest some 3rdC AD activity."
12019,-100,350,200,,uncertain,enclosed,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,mixed,Yes,No,No,"Located on local gravels around 2km north of the River Thames, excavation of four sizable trenches revealed evidence of two separate settlements, one of late Iron Age/early Roman date, which replaced an earlier mid/late Iron Age enclosure, and a 3rdC AD enclosure located around 200m to the east. The sites may have been related to the sites at Brook Farm and Wood Lane, together forming a complex landscape of enclosures, trackways and field-systems.  In the western area of the site, the eastern edge of a mid/late Iron Age enclosure and trackway was developed and enlarged. Just to the north of the ditch complex, a steep-sided and flat-based feature (2.8m x 2.1m x 0.5m) had been filled with a non-local clay. Overlying the clay on three sides were a line of large flint nodules, presumed to be the foundations of a structure. The top of the clay contained early Roman pottery. The function of the structure is unknown, since it is unlikely to be a water tank, and no metal-working residue was found.  Trench B included a 3rdC AD square enclosure and a number of external ditches/gullies, some of which were 4thC in date and possibly formed a field-system."
12020,20,125,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,river valley,mixed,Yes,No,No,"Sited on the northern gravel terrace of the River Kennet, the site of an e.1st-e.2ndC AD field system and paddocks were excavated alongside a trackway. The site probably relates to the nucleated settlement focussed on Thatcham. Situated south of the line of the Roman road, it likely represents peripheral agricultural activity. Two pre-conquest cremation burials were recovered from the side of the trackway. A waterhole was found to be contemporary with the field-system, as were a few other pit features."
12021,1,150,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Located on the north bank of the River Terrace, within a bend of the watercourse on a gravel terrace, evidence for two settlements (Fields A and 7 and Field 2, 3 and 4) were identified by fieldwalking, geophysical survey and minimal trial trenching. Field A/7 showed evidence for at least two ring ditches, overlain by twin, contiguous sub-rectangular ditched enclosures. These were sample excavated by trial trenches, producing LIA/Roman pottery, the majority of which belongs to the second half of the 1stC AD, though hints of occupation were found up until the 4thC AD."
12022,25,150,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Located on the north bank of the River Terrace, within a bend of the watercourse on a gravel terrace, evidence for two settlements (Fields A and 7 and Field 2, 3 and 4) were identified by fieldwalking, geophysical survey and minimal trial trenching. Fields 2/3/4 produced evidence of Neolithic to post-Roman activity, including an extensive Bronze Age co-axial field system. The focal point of Roman settlement appears to concentrate on a rectangular ditched enclosure. Pottery evidence suggests activity extended into the adjacent field, possibly as field systems."
12023,-100,200,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),complex,Yes,7,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,river valley,mixed,Yes,No,No,"A site located south of a loop in the River Thames, produced evidence for permanent settlement originating in the middle Iron Age when a small farmstead was established at the foot of a slope of Jennett's Hill. This settlement included 7 roundhouses and associated features. During the late Iron Age the settlement continued and extra field boundaries were laid out to the northeast of the settlement. In the early Roman period, it was uncertain whether, the main domestic focus continued in the Iron Age area or had moved elsewhere, with the fields/stock enclosures being utilised from elsewhere."
12024,1,300,75,,medium (4 - 8 ha),complex,Yes,5,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,river valley,pastoral,Yes,No,No,"Lea Farm lies on a gravel terrace of the River Lodden. Works in advance of mineral extraction opened a large area for excavation, revealing evidence for occupation spanning the early Bronze Age to the Romano-British period. A small area of the northern part of the site lies on the Lodden floodplain, where alluvium covers the gravels.  A rectilinear enclosure forming part of a farmstead was constructed in the late Iron Age  (early 1stC AD though some earlier activity is noted), which thought to have been primarily pastoral since unusually little cereal remains were recovered and the focus of activity appears to be external of the enclosure. Three  roundhouses were identified within the enclosure, and two outside of it.  The settlement developed markedly in the early Roman period. The LIA enclosure had filled in and an extensive trackway ran through the site, its course running through the inside of the old enclosure, but aligning with its western boundary. A new fieldsystem incorporated the space previously occupied by the enclosure, but which developed further with smaller pots and enclosures to the south and west of this area, either side of the new trackway, clearly marking out extensive divisions of space.  At least two waterholes and a four-poster structure were identified as being associated with the trackway and paddocks. One of the watering holes may have originally served as a well, since it had a revetting wooden frame. However, waterlogged plant remains, pollen and insect evidence suggest that the waterholes had been open bodies of stagnant water, with surrounding evidence for livestock urination and defecating.  Material remains from the site suggest that it was most active during the 1st and 2ndC AD, though late Roman activity is certainly attested. It appears that this settlement was used continuously throughout the Roman phase."
12025,1,75,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"A large series of cropmarks were sampled in advance of gravel extraction on the Blackwater River floodplain. The cropmark complex primarily relates to prehistoric features. One double-ditched enclosure, partially excavated, was shown to have been a late Iron Age settlement feature, dating to the first half of the 1stC AD, though may have lasted to the Flavian period. The period of activity appears to have been short-lived and may well have been associated with ironworking. Both iron smelting and smithing is evident."
12026,50,200,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"A large area of cropmarks on the River Lodden gravel terrace produced evidence for relatively intensive Romano-British land use in the form of ditches likely relating to fieldsystems and a trackway, all focussed around a Neolithic ring-ditch. The range and quantity of material suggests occupation, but the nature of this was uncertain. A D-shaped enclosure can be discerned from cropmarks just to the north of the site. Pottery dated the main period of activity to the 1st/2ndC AD."
12027,-100,400,25,200,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"The site of a LIA fieldsystem on the gravel terrace floodplain to the east of the River Lodden was found to have been overlain by an early Roman trackway (1st/2ndC AD). A possible beamslot may have been contemporary with the trackway. This feature then appears to have been cut through by further ditches of late Roman (3rd/4thC AD) date, which suggest that the site reverted to being part of a fieldsystem."
12028,,,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,mixed,Yes,No,No,Excavation in advance of gravel extraction in the Kennet Valley identified a Romano-British field-system mixed with later medieval features. Associated material suggested the presence of a Roman occupation site nearby.
12029,40,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,Yes,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,Yes,No,"A Roman settlement was identified at Knighton Bushes and sample excavated after extensive field surveying as part of the Maddle Farm project. The site is located in the dip slope immediately to the south of the Lambourn Downs, within an area of extensive prehistoric and Roman field-systems and lies close to the villa at Maddle Farm. The authors describe the settlement as a 'large settlement/village' and also suggest that it was part of the wider villa estate centred at Maddle Farm.  Iron Age material was generally quite rare and contemporary settlement was thought to have been minimal.  The earliest datable features on site were pre-Flavian ditches which appear to cut earlier field-systems. Disarticulated human remains were recovered from the ditch fills, some associated with a sheep skeleton at the ditch terminal. The pit burial of a horse and human remains was also discovered, and though it was undated it may have been 1stC AD similar to the sheep burial.   Early 2ndC AD activity was represented by an unusual ditched enclosure, possibly used as a paddock/stock enclosure. Evidence for 3rd/4thC AD activity was spread across the site, though the latest phased had been badly plough damaged. An L-shaped sarsen stone structure appears to have been a building, which was abandoned at the end of the 4thC AD.  Two putative corndriers were identified represented by concentrations of small sarsen stone fragments, and tentatively dated to the 4thC AD. No traces of burning were seen though a few cereal remains were recovered. The dryers were damaged but a possible 'keyhole'-shape to their structure could be discerned.  Post-Roman activity was intimated by the recovery of organic tempered pottery from surface collection, though none was found in context."
12030,200,410,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,1,Yes,No,Yes,Yes,No,Yes,river valley,mixed,No,No,No,"A Roman villa and its immediate environs, including another settlement at nearby Knighton Bushes which is thought to have been associated, was examined at Maddle Farm via a series of fieldwalking and test excavations. Air photos show that the villa consisted of a substantial rectangular building facing southwards onto a large enclosed courtyard area, together situated at the eastern extents of a large field system.  The site was heavily damaged, and a date for the construction of the buildings was tentatively placed at the early 3rdC AD. The walls were primarily built of dressed chalk blocks and crushed chalk was used in the flooring."
12031,50,300,,,medium (4 - 8 ha),complex,Yes,,,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,No,river valley,pastoral,Yes,No,No,"An extensive site discovered in 1970 by aerial photography along the projected route of the M4 revealed a cropmark complex covering c.40ha lying on the floodplain of the River Kennet. Romano-British occupation lay on a gravel bank in the north of the site and was relatively well drained, helped by a complex of linear ditches forming the main settlement with field boundaries, paddocks and a trackway. The site also consisted of a stone-walled and wooden-lined well, numerous pits, and postholes. No definite structures could be discerned but the postholes likely relate to domestic buildings. The settlement is interpreted as being largely pastoral with little evidence for woodland and arable farmland. Occupation is thought to have originated in the 1stC AD, though not necessarily pre-Conquest, continuing into the 3rdC AD."
12032,-100,400,100,275,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,1,Yes,Yes,Yes,No,No,Yes,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Site investigated by rescue excavation in advance of gravel extraction revealed a mid-late Iron Age field system, two areas of 1stC AD occupation and a 3rd/4thC AD bathhouse. The site was located on a wide level terrace about 500m to the north of the River Kennet. Due to the clayey nature of the subsoil, the site is poorly drained. A lack of time only allowed for minimal sampling of contexts.  The laying out of the field system appears to have been used and maintained for a long period of time, and showed evidence for being recut in the 1stC AD. Part of a larger ditch dating to the early 1stC AD may have been an enclosure; cattle and horse remains were recovered from its fill. Further features also suggest quite widespread occupation dating to the early period.  No evidence for 2ndC AD activity was found, though a partially surviving bathhouse and an adjacent well was uncovered dating to the late 3rdC AD. A second associated masonry structure of unknown function was also uncovered in the area. These appear to last until the end of the 4thC AD. A possible corndrying oven was also identified, dating to this period, though no plant remains were recovered. The bathhouse was sited within an enclosure on top of the earlier fieldsystem, and was presumably part of a larger farming settlement."
12033,280,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Lying on the middle chalk in the valley of Upper Lambourn, human remains were discovered in a hole left by a fallen tree. In total three inhumations of late Roman date were excavated. It was unknown whether these were isolated examples or part of a larger funerary site. A posthole near one grave may have been associated with it (marker?)."
12034,25,300,50,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,,,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,Yes,No,Yes,"Three enclosures and an associated trackway were partially excavated after discovery by aerial photography. The trackway linked the settlement to the nearby Silchester to Dorchester-on-Thames Roman road and south to the River Kennet, implying that it may have been a droveroad between those two landscape features.  The earliest enclosure (I) was constructed shortly before the Roman Conquest, whilst the second enclosure (III) and the trackway were built soon after AD43 with the first remaining in use. The first enclosure was then backfilled and replaced by a third enclosure (II) roughly in the same position. The three features existed together as part of the same complex, in use until late in the 3rdC AD.  Enclosure I and its successor Enclosure II were devoid of structural features though a scatter of postholes and pits both inside and outside the enclosure showed some activity. A group of postholes may have been a four-poster.  The arrangement of a group of gullies in Enclosure III suggested to the excavator that rectangular structures were present, perhaps up to three.  A Saxon Grubenhaus was built in one enclosure during the 5th or 6thC AD."
12035,10,50,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"Site discovered on a gentle slope close to the Silchester-Dorchester-on-Thames Roman road by clay extraction works. The site was noted by a scatter of pottery and burnt areas, and the main excavated features included an oven or kiln (damaged by machine) which contained some kiln furniture, an irregular series of pits joined in a linear arrangement running at least 17m, traces of a waterhole, and a small hearth.  It is believed that most of the original site had already been destroyed, though worker reports mention 'long trenches filled with humus and red brick material'. It appears that the extended pit feature represented clay quarrying, with the pits gradually backfilled with small amounts of rubbish, bits of charcoal, kiln furniture, some pottery and occasional animal bone. The evidence would suggest that the site was involved in brick production, with some evidence for domestic occupation. The dating of the site appears to be very late Iron Age based upon the pottery recovered."
12036,125,400,175,,medium (4 - 8 ha),enclosed,Yes,,2,No,No,Yes,Yes,No,Yes,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"Air photography of an area of Maidenhead due for housing development in the late 1950s showed the cropmarks of a Roman villa house, associated structure and enclosing boundary ditch.  The site had been deep-ploughed prior to excavation and, except over the bathhouse, only wall footings tended to remain. The villa house was shown to have had four periods of construction and development. The earliest period saw the building of a small rectangular structure with a single sub-division which possibly dates to the early 2ndC AD.  The second phase saw the development of the rectangular house into a winged-corridor villa (late Antonine). A hypocaust gets inserted into a room which may have served as a Triclinium, and slightly later a bathhouse gets added behind the south-east wing.  The third period saw the additions of three new room and an elaboration of the bath suite. This period saw the greatest level of ostentation and wealth at the villa, and though its precise dating is unclear it is thought to have taken place through the 3rdC AD and possibly into the 4th.  By the mid 4thC AD, the bathhouse was significantly simplified with some parts being abandoned altogether. Coin and pottery evidence suggests the villa was occupied until, at least the last quarter of the 4thC AD. The boundary ditch dated to the third and fourth period of villa use."
12037,1,50,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"A small earthwork located in Maidenhead thicket (still woodland-covered today) was partially excavated around its entranceway, with a 10ft causeway, across two sections of boundary ditch and across some of the interior. The earthwork is rectilinear in shape and has previously been described as being a British earthwork around the time of the Conquest, and a shrine. Excavations in 1960 did not reveal any structures within the enclosure, but found a rough flint 'paved yard' in the interior and leading through the entranceway to the exterior. Phosphate analysis did not show evidence for livestock dung, only organic matter from forest litter. Most of the pottery was late Iron Age, though little evidence for domestic occupation was found."
12038,-100,100,50,,uncertain,unenclosed,No,1,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,river valley,pastoral,Yes,No,No,"Excavations just north of the middle Thames on the river gravels produced evidence for multiperiod activity. This included an unenclosed Iron Age occupation site and an associated pattern of organised field usage, and in the early Roman period, perhaps limited to the 1stC AD, a move towards a more open system of land management.   Middle-late Iron Age pottery is found residually, suggesting earlier activity, though conclusive evidence for land division begins in the late Iron Age. Reorganisations of the field-system takes place within the LIA as well as between the LIA and the ER period. The LIA roundhouse belongs to the second phase and is identified by a ring gully. Postholes internal to the gully suggests that it is the foundation for the house rather than the eaves drip. A marked paucity in charred plant remains and a lack of storage features suggests that pastoralism may have been predominant.  Roman activity was comparatively slight. No evidence for occupation was found. New boundary ditches cutting across LIA features suggest a new phase of organisation, though their lack in number suggests land division within an open landscape without a field-system."
12039,-50,425,350,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,Yes,Yes,Yes,"Geophysical survey and trial trenching of the northern section of the Chieveley Interchange road development scheme identified a late Iron Age/Roman settlement which was preserved in situ. The settlement lies within a dry valley as part of the drainage basin of the River Lambourn.  The geophysical survey revealed a possible sub-circular enclosure and trackway along with a number of other linear features, perhaps representing a field-system. A trial trench located the southern extent of the settlement area and most features discovered were left unexcavated.  Further features, most notably a pit group which included a miniature jar and broken pottery and a small piece of burnt bone were found to the west of the main enclosure but were dated substantially later than the settlement, dating to the later 4thC, perhaps the early 5th, based on the pottery. These are described a 'cremation pits', but the evidence for this is slight although ritual activity is quite possible. The date for this later activity is also noted in the burial section.  Post-Roman Saxon activity was noted from finds, but the character of this is unknown."
12040,75,400,200,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Located c.1.5km to the north of Roman Silchester, the site of a Romano-British cremation cemetery was excavated prior to housing development. Just to the southwest of the cemetery, two Roman dated ditches appeared to form a trackway leading to the burial ground. The road and the cemetery were both dated to the late 1st/2ndC AD, whilst pits and postholes were also present. Later Roman (3rd/4thC AD) evidence was also found at the site in the form of pit and ditch features. The nature of this activity is unknown, but possibly relates to a settlement in the immediate vicinity, and there appears to have been a break in activity around the late 2nd/early 3rdC AD."
12041,150,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,No,No,No,"The site of a flexed inhumation was discovered on farmland lying at the head of a south-facing coombe on sharply divided chalk downland. The remains were discovered unexpectedly during the underpinning of building  foundations. The construction workers' trench had cut through the fill of a grave, which was rectangular in plan and NW-SE aligned. Dating evidence was scant; hobnails and boot cleats suggest the burial dated between the 2nd and 4thC AD."
12042,1,400,200,,small (<1 - 3 ha),complex,Yes,1,,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,No,river valley,mixed,Yes,No,No,"Lying approximately 3km north of Silchester large-scale strip, map and record excavations in advance of gravel quarrying revealed evidence for a concentration of late Iron Age and Romano-British settlement the northern half of the excavated area. These comprised a system of at least three enclosures of late Iron Age/early Romano-British date.  The interior of the northern-most enclosure was broadly subdivided into two rectangular sub-enclosures, occupying the northern and southern halves by two discontinuous boundary ditches, which may also have formed a routeway through the centre of the enclosure. Two concentrations of pits and post-holes were identified, though no definite structures, together with large quantities of pottery and occasional quern stones fragments, strongly suggesting the presence of domestic activities.  Two associated 'ladder' enclosures were situated to the south of the main enclosure, one of which also contained evidence for settlement. This enclosure, formed from a single ditch, and contained a series of pits, a roundhouse/postholes, and a later narrow gully. Large quantities of Romano-British pottery, ironwork and at least three quernstone fragments were recovered from segments of the enclosure ditch.  No archaeological features were found within the interior of the southern-most enclosure, although abundant Romano-British pottery was recovered from both of its ditches.  It appears that the settlement was largely self-contained since other areas of investigation provided no further evidence of contemporary activity, apart from the discovery of two truncated late Iron Age cremation burials and a small number of undated, but likely late Iron Age/Romano-British boundary ditches just to the east of the field enclosures.  Whilst the enclosures dated from the late Iron Age/early Roman period, the pottery assemblage produced fabrics dating through the Roman period and into the 4thC AD. The ditches in the east of the site suggest that the settlement was abandoned at some point and turned over to arable by the late Roman phase, though further excavation would be need to prove this.  The main area of enclosed settlement remained unexcavated, and was backfilled to be preserved in-situ. As a result, the finds assemblages were relatively minimal."
12043,-50,500,200,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,1,No,No,Yes,No,No,Yes,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"The site of a late Roman bathhouse and associated features located on a stretch of the Kennet Valley floodplain, now occupied by the Thames Water sewage plant.  Archaeological remains were first discovered between 1949 and 1950 during the construction of the filter beds by Connah (largely unpublished - archive held by Newbury Museum) who discovered three hearths, and a number of pits containing Roman pottery, coins, nails, animal bone and oyster shell. Further work in 1950 revealed the substantial remains of the bathhouse which included a hypocaust, decorated wall plaster and fragments of a mosaic. Finds from the excavations dated the building to the 4thC AD.  Evaluation trenches and limited excavation in 2006, c.75m to the south-west of Connahs rescue excavations produced evidence for a LIA/ER field boundary and later/post-Roman activity which was most likely associated with the bathhouse.  The field ditch dated c.50BC-AD200 was associated with colluvial deposits which suggested arable cultivation of the area.  Evidence for a significant change in land-use occurred around or shortly after AD200. The line of the field boundary appears to have been re-emphasised by the construction of a substantial post-setting, which seems to have formed a large entranceway, flanked by large timber posts. Both post-pits were accompanied with smaller pits which may have been supporting structures or part of a palisade. Dating evidence for the structure is sparse and relies on a small assemblage of abraded sherds.  Inside the compound, a group of three ovens with associated clusters of postholes were identified. All three of the ovens had single firing chambers with flues; two contained the remains of collapsed clay super-structures. The function of these features is not known, though carbonised cereal remains were lacking, suggesting they were not  corndriers. The three 'hearths' identified in 1949 may have been similar features. The evidence would suggest that the site was a working area, of which the bathhouse was a part. Evidence for a mosaic and decorated plaster hints at the site being part of a settlement of some status.  The radiocarbon date range for the ovens spans the late 4th to the early 6thC AD, indicating post-Roman activity. Finds from the bathhouse also suggest some evidence of post-Roman occupation. None of the finds reported here derived from the 1949/50 excavations."
12044,1,250,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,No,No,No,"Limited excavation in a residential area in south Reading revealed mostly linear features and pits, likely relating to 1st-2ndC AD field-system which was recut and maintained into the 3rdC AD. The report states that the site has previously been reinterpreted as a hillfort or high status enclosure; no evidence to support this claim was revealed by the excavation."
12045,1,75,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"The site of a probable late Iron Age/early Roman settlement was identified during a large area evaluation carried out in advance of housing development on the River Lodden floodplain south of modern Reading. Further multi-period activity including middle Iron Age, Roman, Saxon and later medieval was also uncovered at the site, though the nature of this evidence is more uncertain. A clear concentration of LIA/ER features in the north of the site appear to represent the remains of an enclosure or enclosures positioned on higher ground, with the quality and quantity of the finds assemblages and presence of pits and post-holes suggesting domestic activity. Much post-ex work was still to be carried out however."
12046,-100,350,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,mixed,No,No,No,"Lying within the Thames Valley towards the southern end of the Chiltern Hills, the evaluation of a large site in advance of golf course development revealed evidence of late Iron Age and Roman activity relating to cereal processing and malting in particular, found in the southern end of the site. The full range of activity found on site dated from 500BC into the 4thC AD.  Mid-late Iron Age features suggested the presence of field boundaries and possibly occupation. No evidence for structures was observed, though the archaeological levels were thought to have been quite heavily truncated. Many of the early Roman deposits include late Iron Age pottery suggesting continuity across the transition. Large rubbish pits, a possible sunken malting floor and a boundary ditch were in use during the 3rd/4thC AD. The alignment of some large late Roman rubbish pits were found to reuse land marked by earlier Iron Age features to the south; the pits were rich in domestic debris including pottery, animal bone and burnt grain.  Evidence for industrial activity was also found in the area with both iron smelting and smithing slag being retrieved from Iron Age and Roman ditches, with some hearth lining material being recovered from ditches. The remaining Roman gullies and ditches probably represent land division for settlement plots or field systems."
12047,100,400,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,1,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"In advance of quarrying, a small-scale excavation and evaluation on a slightly raised gravel island on an otherwise low-lying terrace revealed evidence of a small Romano-British rural settlement, perhaps a single farmstead, on the west side of the Colne Brook.  A variety of archaeological features included ditches, gullies, pits, post-holes, one inhumation (of uncertain date) and at least one small tile-built structure of uncertain function. The general layout of the ditches suggests an enclosure c.50sq.m, with some evidence for internal division. A group of postholes perhaps belonging to one or more circular structures were identified to the south-west corner of the enclosure, whilst external to the enclosure was a complex of early-dating gullies and several ditches which may have formed field boundaries or paddocks. Two or more phases of occupation was apparent though difficult to define. Although a small quantity of late Iron Age pottery was recovered, the assemblage suggests that the main phase of occupation dated between the 2nd and 4thC AD."
12048,40,175,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Lying in the Foudry Brook, part of the Kennet Valley watershed, widening of the A33 south of Reading entailed a strip excavation and associated evaluation works together revealing occupation and landscape features of early Roman date, possible immediately pre-Conquest. Pottery deposition could be divided into three ceramic phases, though the character of the site changed little over time.  Excavation only revealed part of the rural settlement including a domestic area with linear features, pits and postholes, all producing moderate to large quantities of pottery. The excavator suggests that some of the linear features in this area represented paddocks, though the extent of the settled area to the west and east is unknown.  Additional features, mostly to the north-east, include ditches/gullies which, though less well dated, appear to represent contemporary fields. Two pairs of parallel ditches may indicate trackways.  Few indicators of wealth/status were recovered from the material culture assemblages, particularly a lack of fineware pottery and metalwork was entirely absent. The core of the settlement had gone out of use by the mid-2nd century AD."
12049,250,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Close to the Foudry Brook on a gravel terrace in the River Kennet floodplain evaluation trenching in advance of development revealed evidence for extensive later Bronze Age activity and possible Romano-British settlement and field-systems.  In the area where the likely Romano-British settlement was discovered a considerable quantity of late 3rd and 4thC AD material was recovered, including fine-ware pottery, brick and roof-tile, whilst pits and/or post-holes were also found in the area. Beyond this area, a multitude of ditches and gullies suggest outlying field-systems, though many remained technically undated due to a paucity of finds, and some are possibly late Bronze Age. The ditches generally run NW-SE and SW-NE, perhaps forming a coaxial pattern.  The dating given here is based on the pottery mentioned in the report, but this must be taken as tentative."
12050,25,250,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"The site of a Romano-British enclosure was identified by cropmarks (though not by geophysical survey) and evaluation trenches on a gentle north-east facing slope immediate west of the River Lodden. The Romano-British enclosure contained an array of internal features, whilst a fairly dense concentration of linear and discrete features existed close by. The excavator suggests that the enclosure and its internal features may have formed part of a low-status farmstead. The pottery assemblage suggests 1st-3rdC AD occupation."
12051,-100,425,150,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,1,1,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,mixed,No,No,Yes,"Located c.50m south of the River Thames a site containing evidence for activity from a number of periods, including two main phases in the late Iron Age and Roman periods. Late Iron Age activity is marked by the presence of many large pits, likely  for grain storage. Indeed, the size of the pits suggest that a considerable quantity of grain could be stored; more than would be required for a single family.  Roman activity originates in the 2ndC AD and continues into the mid 3rd-4thC AD. The latest Roman phase is represented by both a circular and rectangular timber structure, the later with a crushed chalk floor. The final phase of activity prior to modern-day developments is of Saxon date. Midden deposits overlay the Roman occupation, with a likely linear boundary in an adjacent area."
12052,-80,400,200,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,No,,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,river valley,mixed,No,No,No,"Lying across an undulating area of land close to the eastern bank of the Foudry Brook, an archaeological evaluation was undertaken within two fields in the vicinity of Grazeley, Berkshire. The evaluation found evidence of late Iron Age/Romano-British activity in both fields.  In the west, just to the east of the Foudry Brook, a large multi-ditched enclosure (previously considered to be an early Neolithic causewayed enclosure) was shown to actually be of late Iron Age origin (c.100BC-AD100), and may have been the focus for settlement during this period. Further contemporary activity was also located just outside the enclosure. The enclosure appears to have gone out of use by the end of the 2ndC AD, whilst later activity in the 3rd/4thC AD was located on the top of a low ridge to the east of the enclosure. The multi-ditched enclosure was set for preservation in situ.  To the east, a group of cropmarks recorded on aerial photographs was found to represent a number of small settlement enclosures with occupation throughout the late Iron Age and Romano-British periods; just how continuous this occupation was is uncertain. The remains in this area were badly degraded."
12054,-50,150,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Situated on the west bank of the River Thames the site of a late Iron Age/early Roman settlement was identified via restricted excavation. Features discovered included to ditches, with evidence of use across the IA/RB transition, and a number of pits, one of which included a charcoal-rich deposit and another with charred grain and charcoal."
12055,100,400,250,,large (9+ ha),unclassified,Yes,1,1,Yes,No,Yes,No,No,Yes,hill,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Antiquarian excavations in the 19th C near the crest of a hill 3.5km east of the River Thames revealed a large octagonal Romano-Celtic temple (c 21m across) probably dating to the later Roman period based mainly on coin evidence. Further excavations of ancillary areas in 1953 revealed part of the outer rectangular temenos wall, and other small investigations have revealed evidence for substantial Roman activity in the area, covering c 14ha, including a possible road. An occupation area c 200m south of the temple included at least one masonry building and was dated 2nd-4th C AD. A number of stone-lined wells were observed further east (one with a skeleton), beyond which was a late Roman inhumation cemetery. It is likely that this all belongs to a large religious complex/village similar to Marcham/Frilford in Oxfordshire, but too little is known of the site to be sure."
12056,150,300,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"A small-scale excavation just south of the projected line of the Silchester to Cirencester Roman road revealed evidence for roadside settlement of uncertain character. A previous evaluation had uncovered Roman features, and local findspots suggested a focus of activity to the south of the Roman road, between the modern village at Wickham and the current site at Wickham House. The deposits revealed included Roman ditches and pits of 2nd to 3rdC AD date."
12057,-100,400,150,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,river valley,pastoral,No,Yes,No,"Located just south of the first gravel terrace of the River Kennet and the complex of field and enclosure systems identified at Pingewood, the site of a late Iron Age/Roman enclosed settlement was identified on the London clay. Streams north and south of the site run west-east to join the Foudry Brook, a tributary of the Kennet, c.1.5km east of the site, whilst the major late Iron Age settlement and Roman town at Silchester was located c.8km to the south-west.  The eastern part of a trapezoidal enclosure was uncovered, originating in the middle-late Iron Age. Few internal features could be identified, an absence which appeared to the excavator as genuine, since both a pit and a posthole did survive. An entranceway was positioned on the north side of the enclosure, whilst a group of gullies to the north-east may have represented an area of stock enclosure/holding.  Single horse and cattle skulls were found in the backfill at the corner of the late Iron Age enclosure ditch, but were laid at the bottom of the late Iron Age-early Roman recut of the ditch.   The settlement underwent a degree of remodelling some time in the 2ndC AD with both recutting of pre-existing ditches and cutting of new features taking place. Both V-shaped and flat-bottomed ditches dated to this period, and suggest variation in the function of the features.  Booth suggests that the enclosure at Burghfield represented the first large-scale activity in the local Iron Age landscape and suggests a reconfiguration of settlement patterns, not least a movement away from the gravel as a focus of domestic activity. The size of the early enclosure ditch, the evidence of recutting and the ceramic evidence, suggests that this enclosure was the focus of activity through the later part of the middle Iron Age, the late Iron Age and into the early Roman period. The rarity of internal features, and the evidence of paired gullies to the north and east, may suggest an emphasis on stock movement and control. The irregular hollows north and east of the enclosure have been interpreted tentatively as areas of trample by livestock of Roman date, but the northern one was partly cut by a Roman ditch, and they may well have originated in the late Iron Age."
12058,-100,150,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),complex,Yes,2,,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,No,river valley,mixed,Yes,No,No,"Situated on the London Clay between the chalk to the north and the gravel plateau to the south, within a loop of the River Thames, the site of an 'open' middle Iron Age settlement was identified which continued into the early Roman period, gradually developing into a farm with evidence for a network of both curvilinear and rectangular enclosures.  The earliest features included at least three roundhouses, though two of these were of post-ring construction and appear to have gone out of use by the late Iron Age, whereas a third, represented by a penannular gully may have continued into the late Iron Age and perhaps represented a later construction style. This house went out of use during the 1stC AD, when a substantial boundary ditch cut through the centre of the site possibly in the second half of that century. A new roundhouse, also of penannular gully construction, was built adjacent to this feature, becoming enclosed, with a system of rectilinear enclosures and possible trackways appearing on its other side. A range of pits dating throughout the period of occupation demonstrate domestic activity, and other curvilinear features (mostly undated) may have represented further structures."
12059,-100,400,50,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,1,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,mixed,Yes,No,No,"Site of a late Iron Age-Roman farming settlement with associated enclosure and field-systems. The site lies on a south-facing slope below the crest of an east-west ridge which forms a division between the Kennet valley to the north and the Enborne valley to the south. The site covers a large area and was investigated via a series of watching briefs, evaluations and excavations in advance of gravel quarrying. Unfortunately the central area of the site, that which contains much of the domestic focus, was fully quarried away before archaeological work began.  The earliest phase is signified by an enclosure, dating c.100BC-AD150, with some further probably associated field ditches. An unphased ditch also appears to form a trackway running alongside the enclosure. By the early Roman period the settlement develops with the formation of a second, more elaborate enclosure to the west with further ditches being imposed on the surrounding landscape forming field-systems as well as connecting the two enclosures together.  Although the LIA enclosure may have gone out of use during the 2ndC AD, the settlement continues through to the end of the 4thC AD, with evidence of more intense activity during the 3rd and 4thC AD, with the main enclosure being further sub-divided. Environmental evidence from one of the ditch indicates crop processing. A large 'roundhouse' structure was also identified within this area, provisionally dated to the later two centuries of the Roman period. A substantial field boundary also lay about 500m to the west of the settlement."
12060,-100,-50,,,uncertain,unenclosed,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"An important Iron Age iron production site lying on top of a low ridge which defines the watershed of the River Loddon to the west. Evidence for activity dates back to the Bronze Age, with some Saxon and medieval activity also present. However, the main focus for activity centred on the mid-late Iron Age when a number of iron production furnaces were in operation, though not necessarily contemporarily. Radiocarbon and archaeomagnetic dates demonstrate that a furnace was originally constructed in the 5thC BC and a second around half a century later, whilst a third dated to the 2nd-1stC BC. This later phase of use was represented by the utilisation of bowl furnaces and other features spread across the site, many of which were identified under a considerable layer of slag spread. Charcoal appears to have been produced locally.  It is suggested that the site underwent a considerable degree of reorganisation at the beginning of the 1stC BC which included the construction of a permanent furnace, whilst the scale of iron production intensified to a point which generated the extensive slag spread noted across much of the site. This phase of use concluded around 50BC and the site appears not to have been re-used in the Roman period.  It is interesting to note that local iron pan does not seem to have been used, since the high proportion of manganese normally found in iron produced from this source was not found after geochemical analysis. Instead a high phosphorus content suggested the use of bog ore from low-lying iron-rich wetland areas, suggesting that raw materials may have been drawn in from wider regional sources."
12061,-100,400,100,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,arable,No,Yes,No,"Lying in the terraces of the Lower Kennet Valley close to a number of other, potentially associated, Roman sites including settlement and land-use occupation, the excavation of the site at Green Park 3 revealed further evidence for land-use dating from the late Iron Age and through the Roman period. Late Iron Age evidence was found in a few shallow ditches, with little obvious structure, and a possible late Iron Age curvilinear ditch to the east. A few late Iron Age pits perhaps provided evidence for localised field use, whilst a cremation burial was also located in the north-east of the site. The alignment of the western ditches were similar to those in the Bronze Age (from when there was much greater evidence for activity) and suggest a level of continuity albeit at a low intensity.  During the Roman period, a rectilinear co-axial field-system was laid across the eastern half of the site, overlaying the possible LIA curving ditch. The dating evidence for this system is minimal but appears to centre on the 2ndC AD, with some suggestion of continued activity into the 4thC AD. Some of the ditches had been recut demonstrating a level of maintenance. Finds from the ditches were few but consisted of pottery, animal bone, a quern and some jewellery fragments. A more deliberate deposit was found in one ditch section consisting three semi-complete jars, one of which contained a cremated lamb/kid (c.1st-2ndC AD). Most of the pottery from the field-system was 2nd-3rdC AD however.  A larger and more isolated ditch was located to the west of the main system cutting through the earlier late Iron Age features. Although on a different alignment to the Roman field-system, crop marks suggest that this feature joined up with the main group just to the north of the land. It appears that this linear may have formed a more significant land boundary. Roman pottery was found in its upper layers, and it may be that this ditch had been open from the end of the Iron Age or earliest Roman period. A couple of Roman pits provided evidence of further local land-use."
12062,1,425,125,325,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,No,Yes,No,"On the summit of a chalk ridge the site of a square enclosure comprising a ditch between two banks, within which were two smaller rectangular enclosures. Excavations in the 1940s recovered quantities of charcoal, nails and burnt bone (possibly human, but some animal) around two hearths of 1st and early 2ndC AD date. These may have been pyre sites, though no cremation deposits were found. An early-mid-2ndC AD deposit with two was pots placed in the west side of the ditch. The cremation area appears not to have been used after the early 2ndC AD. The enclosure ditches of this area then silted up gradually through the remainder of the 2ndC and the 3rdC AD, with inclusions of pottery, oyster and animal bone.  Into the 4thC AD, possibly into the 5thC AD, a group of 10 inhumations were placed in wooden coffins, one of which had a lead coffin inside.  The large enclosure may have defined a Roman farm or settlement area, but this is uncertain. Iron Age and Roman pottery has been recovered from surrounding fields."
12063,50,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,1,Yes,No,No,No,No,Yes,plateau or plain,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"The buried remains of a small linear Roman settlement or town which was established along a minor road running from the main London to Silchester road which is situated less than 400 metres to the south. Wickham Bushes also lies just 500m to the south of the Iron Age hillfort of Caesar's Camp.  A series of archaeological excavations and survey work has demonstrated that the settlement was occupied throughout the Roman period. Most of the artefactual material from the site has come from unlocated excavations and field collection during the 19th and early 20thC, but also from fieldwalking in 2005 by TVAS. Excavation of the site has been limited largely to small scale trenching by the Berkshire Archaeological Research Group.  Small-scale excavations revealed a timber building with sarsen footings and successive gravel floors, whose earliest levels contained pottery c.AD50-80 and a final floor with mid- or late Antonine pottery. The building was dismantled in the early 3rdC AD but pottery and coins continued into the 4thC AD. Further excavations revealed a gully containing mid-1stC AD pottery and coins. Deposits included buildings represented by robbed out walls and floors, probable buildings represented by beamslots and postholes and various ditches and pits. Quantities of iron slag indicate iron working or production on the site. A series of robber trenches contained 3rd-4thC AD pottery."
13001,100,450,200,275,medium (4 - 8 ha),unclassified,Yes,4,6,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,river valley,mixed,Yes,Yes,Yes,"Excavations on the first and second gravel terrace of the western valley slope of the Bradwell Brook, a tributary of River Great Ouse, revealed a major Roman villa. First substantive activity dates to late 1st/early 2nd C AD with construction of aisled house/villa (28.8x12.5m) with attached bath suite, circular and rectangular masonry farm buildings (inc. a single aisled building), a masonry 'sauna' complex, cobbled  trackway, farmyard and walled enclosures. Also probable malting oven attached to a building and artificial pond/lake, possibly to supply a mill. Fire destroyed main building in late 2nd C and site virtually abandoned until late 3rd C, when a winged corridor villa (with bath suite) built. This was refurbished mid 4th C (many mosaics and another bath suite) and extended, with a large walled formal garden with fishpond to the front, and two other masonry buildings (one octagonal interpreted as a shrine or gazebo). Also area of smithing. Another walled enclosure to the SE. Villa not said to have been associated with agriculture at this time. Evidence for continuity of occupation into Saxon period, with sunken-featured buildings and pottery. A temple-mausoleum lay on the crest of the ridge to the NW (see ID 13002), contemporary with 2nd C activity. A circular shrine in same place contemporary with the villa, built mid 4thC when earlier mausoleum dismantled."
13002,-100,450,100,350,small (<1 - 3 ha),complex,Yes,1,,No,Yes,Yes,No,No,Yes,hill,mixed,No,Yes,Yes,"Excavations on the crest of a boulder clay hill overlooking the valley of the Bradwell Brook revealed later Iron Age settlement and Roman religious structures, the latter undoubtedly associated with the villa complex (ID 13001) in the valley, 350m to the SE. An unenclosed middle Iron Age settlement on the hill spur continued into the early 1st C AD, with a single roundhouse, clay extraction pits, ditches and a small cremation cemetery. In mid 1st C AD, there was a major reorganisation of land boundaries and a large trapezoidal enclosure built across spur, with smaller enclosures running the north. No structural evidence but finds indicate occupation. Settlement and cemetery continued until end of 1st C AD when turned over to agricultural use (with T-shaped corndrier), at same time as first villa constructed in valley below. From mid 2nd C, the site changed again and had a Romano-Celtic style temple-mausoleum built (c 10.5m sq) using old enclosure as temenos. Stone-lined culverts drained water away from building. This survived into mid 4th C when demolished (probably for material for villa refurbishment), and small circular unmortared stone shrine built (5.7m dia), within another earlier enclosure. Structured deposits of coins, iron spear tips/heads and a whole pig within the shrine. Other finds from the interior. Inhumation burial to east, near to a goat burial. In 5th C, further burials and a sunken-featured building on hill."
13003,125,400,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,2,Yes,No,Yes,No,No,Yes,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"A series of small excavations on a boulder clay plateau, 2.5km west of Magiovinium, revealed scatters of Roman debris, ditches and structures over 2.5ha. This included two stone founded buildings, the first a rectangular structure (4.5x7.6m) with well laid cobbled floor, of 4th C AD date, interpreted as an agricultural building. The second was probably only partially exposed (12.2x13.7m) with rooms terraced into the slope, of 2nd-4th C AD date. This was probably a simple corridor building with a small range of rooms, though uncertain if actually a villa building. However, the quantity of painted wall plaster and tesserae in surrounding ditches points to such a conclusion either for this building or another in the vicinity."
13004,150,400,300,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,1,,Yes,No,No,No,No,Yes,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"Small scale and sporadic excavation on a slight ridge on a boulder clay plateau near to a stream revealed elements of a 2nd to 3rd/4th C farmstead. The main settlement was established mid 2nd C as a large enclosure (v-shaped ditches), 70m across, with the gully of a possible circular building and two stone walls within the enclosure. Also much occupation debris in ditches and pits. The building material, which included wall plaster, points to a more sophisticated building in vicinity. Most domestic activity ceased by end of 3rd, C though a 4th C T-shaped corndrier points to continued agricultural activity. No records of finds or plan."
13005,50,100,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Small excavation on a cropmark complex in the Ouzel River Valley revealed part of a substantial 3 sided enclosure (open to east) with internal ditched divisions, dated mid to late 1st C AD by ceramic evidence. Other internal features comprised pits, a group of 10 postholes and a child's cremation burial. A fair amount of occupation debris within features indicates the settlement did not continue into the 2nd C AD. No plan."
13006,100,400,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,1,3,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,mixed,No,No,No,"Excavations on a boulder clay plateau revealed evidence for Romano-British agricultural activity - probably the fringes of the main settlement complex. Features comprises a series of enclosure and fieldsystem ditches, a possible droveway, a circular gully of a possible roundhouse and evidence for 3 timber beam slot structures. Also two late Roman T-shaped corndriers. Phasing uncertain, but circular structure seems earlier than timber structures and corndriers. Pottery evidence suggests overall activity from 2nd to 4th c AD. Also a single cremation burial, which may be earlier than the main settlement."
13007,150,400,300,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,2,No,No,Yes,No,No,Yes,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"Excavations in the early 1970s revealed parts of a Romano-British settlement. Main settlement dates from later 2nd C AD, though also evidence for short-lived late Iron Age activity in the form of pottery from pits. Roman features comprises a series of ditches (incoherent form) and two masonry buildings. The buildings are dated to the early 4th C and may represent part of a significant transformation of a previously modest farmstead. Main building not fully revealed but at least 17x12m with 5+ rooms. Uncertain of any architectural embellishments so not defined as a villa here. The other building was a simple three walled structure (5x5m), probably of agricultural function. Very limited finds reporting. A subsequent evaluation to the south revealed outlying parts of the same settlement, including field ditches and a simple corndrier."
13008,1,150,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Small scale excavation 200m west of the River Ouzel revealed a series of ditches  and gullies that probably formed the outlying part of a late Iron Age-early Roman settlement and fieldsystem. Possible rectangular beam slot with charcoal represents structure. The volume of domestic objects suggests occupation, which is mainly dated on ceramic grounds, though coins do suggest some later activity. Evidence for limited lead working."
13009,150,380,250,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,3,2,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,mixed,No,No,No,"Excavation on the boulder clay plateau revealed a Romano-British settlement comprising  ditched boundaries, an extensive cobbled surface and structures. Earliest activity during mid 2nd C comprised a rectangular timber framed structure, with a sequence of 3 circular timber structures built late 2nd/early 3rd C AD, after a destructive fire. During the mid to late 3rd C a substantial ditch appears to surround at least two sides of the main domestic area, while another timber sill beamed rectangular structure was erected. The cobbled surface and other timber structures dated to the 4th C. A 2nd C T-shaped corndrier located 250m to the NW."
13010,1,400,200,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,Yes,No,"A programme of geophysics and small area excavation on the Boulder Clay plateau revealed parts of a settlement originating in the late Iron Age and containing to at least the later 2nd C AD, and possibly in some form into the later Roman period. Features comprised pits and a series of ditches seemingly forming enclosures, though overall morphology difficult to determine. Possibly incorporating elements of an extensive fieldsystem covering the hill slope. No structural evidence despite much occupation material. Possible structured deposit of two large cattle skulls in a ditch. A later evaluation immediately to the south revealed further elements of the settlement extending down a gentle slope into the wide valley, including ditches, pits and two ponds. The remains of thick deposits of burnt clay within some of the features also suggest industrial activity nearby."
13011,150,300,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,4,No,No,Yes,No,Yes,Yes,river valley,mixed,No,No,No,"Excavation revealed part of a Roman building complex on a gentle east facing slope of the Loughton Valley, 150m west of Loughton Brook. The earliest phase (later 2nd C) comprised a simple 3 roomed masonry building and associated stone-founded and open fronted barn. At some point the building was expanded with a corridor and two additional rooms (11x22m), and the front courtyard was metalled. The building had a tiled roof, painted plaster walls and opus signinum floors, though no evidence for hypocausts, mosaic flooring or a bathsuite, and so could be viewed as a wealthy farmstead rather than a full villa type building/complex. A complex of gullies lay the west of the building, perhaps for drainage. It appears to have been abandoned by the later 3rd C AD, though a pit with a hoard of mid 4th C coins found immediately to the east. A subsequent watching brief 70m north of the building revealed a sequence of two further buildings. The earliest, dating to the early 2nd C comprised a probable aisled timber building (16m length), which was replaced in later 2nd C AD by a larger stone building (20x10m). A ditch was seen to mark the northern limit of the settlement."
13012,1,200,75,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unenclosed,Yes,4,3,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Excavation  on a boulder clay plateau revealed a late Iron Age to Roman farmstead. The first phase, dating from the early 1st C AD, comprised a complex of pits, ditches and circular roundhouse gullies. A large ditch marked the western limits of the settlement, which otherwise appear unenclosed. During the later 1st C AD, circular buildings replaced by rectangular timber-framed buildings and a large southern boundary ditch was dug (otherwise it remained unenclosed), along with possible cultivation gullies.  Occupation ceased by end of 2nd C, though a substantial metalled trackway with flanking ditches was constructed through the site."
13013,,,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,Yes,Yes,No,Yes,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,Geophysical survey revealed a villa on the  north bank of the river Thames. The villa is of winged corridor type and several other buildings are believed to lie between the villa and the river. The villa lies within an outer enclosure. It remains undated.
13014,240,420,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,Small scale excavation on a steep south facing slope in the Wye Valley revealed part of a late Roman inhumation cemetery. No associated settlement though Roman finds noted from the vicinity. Radiocarbon dated to cal AD 240-420 (95%).
13015,25,400,75,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,No,2,2,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,Yes,Yes,"Excavations on a broad plateau of high ground on the eastern side of the valley of the River Great Ouse revealed a late Iron Age and Roman settlement. The earliest settlement, dated early 1st C AD, comprised two successive roundhouse gullies and an associated ditched enclosure alongside a major boundary ditch. Enclosure redefined and extended (with sub-enclosure) in late 1st C AD, with a possible beam slot rectangular building (16-21x5m) within. In late 2nd C, new rectangular enclosure built to the south, containing another possible rectangular timber building. In mid/later 3rd C there were further modifications to all enclosed areas and an inhumation grave. Evidence for bronze casting and lead working. By mid to late 4th C settlement was in decline and then abandoned. A Saxon sunken featured building on site."
13016,100,400,175,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,3,1,Yes,No,Yes,No,No,Yes,river valley,mixed,No,No,No,"Excavations on gentle west-facing slope 80m NE of Stanton Brook revealed part of a probable farm/villa complex. The earliest dated structures comprised two masonry circular buildings (7.8m dia & 15m dia) built in the 2nd C AD. The smaller building contained a central hearth. In the later 2nd C, a substantial rectangular building (probable two storeys) constructed, with later addition of an annexe and in the 4th C a small bath suite (16x11.5m overall). Quantities of painted plaster, opus signinum and roof tile indicate the high status of the building, though interpreted as a raised granary/agricultural building rather than a villa itself.  The baths interpreted as used for farm workers. Contemporary with this building was another circular masonry structure (14.5m dia) replacing the earlier large circular building. The buildings were linked by a stone boundary wall, which formed a precinct, within which lay various pits and postholes and gullies."
13017,-100,400,50,,small (<1 - 3 ha),complex,Yes,2,,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,No,river valley,mixed,Yes,Yes,Yes,"Excavations on a slight east-west boulder clay ridge overlooking the floodplain of the River Ouzel revealed a substantial farmstead originating in the mid/late Iron Age and continuing through the Romano-British period. Earliest settlement comprised a banjo-type enclosure and up to 8 unenclosed roundhouse gullies, most probably dating to the middle Iron Age. During the late Iron Age this was replaced by a system of rectangular enclosures (paddocks?), which underwent frequent renewal. Around mid 1st C AD, focus of occupation shifted south, with a substantial ditched enclosure encompassing 3ha, with many internal subdivisions. A single roundhouse gully (9.5m dia) observed along with two mid 1st C updraught pottery kilns and a small 2nd C cremation cemetery. Continual modifications to internal arrangements into the 3rd C and a T-shaped corndrier built externally and later replaced by another of similar build. During the 3rd C, the main enclosure ditches recut & new roundhouse built, with associated metalled surface and pond/waterhole. A deep pit next to the pond contained a wooden wheel symbol, 3 complete jars, a flagon and a spearhead. Also a stone-lined posthole nearby with structured deposit - a totem? Evidence for iron smelting north of the settlement. Levels of occupation decline in the later 3rd-4th C AD. Two inhumations lay on the periphery, possibly part of a larger cemetery. A small number of early Saxon features."
13018,50,300,100,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,2,Yes,No,No,No,No,Yes,river valley,mixed,No,No,No,"Excavation and Watching Brief on the upper, south-east facing slope of the valley of the Ouse revealed evidence of Roman occupation from the mid 1st through to the 3rd or 4th centuries AD, with an emphasis on the early Roman period. The earliest feature was a ditch of a probable early Roman enclosure. This was succeeded in the later 1st/2nd C by stone-founded building(s), constructed of roughly squared limestone facing blocks with a rudimentary floor of clay and limestone fragments. The building(s) were abandoned during the 3rd C. Previous excavations within adjacent farm buildings revealed presence of a substantial masonry building - possibly a villa? Other spreads of Roman material in vicinity indicate potentially a large complex but its nature remains uncertain."
13019,50,325,100,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,1,1,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,No,river valley,mixed,Yes,No,No,"Excavations in the Valley of the River Ouzel, which lies 0.1km to the SW, revealed at least three phases of Romano-British activity. The first phase (1st- mid 2nd C AD) comprised a fieldsystem and/or sub-square enclosure, with limited structural evidence including a shallow curvilinear ditch and an area of cobbling, the latter possibly associated with the ephemeral remains of a putative sub-rectangular enclosure/ structure (14x8m). Likely that the Roman road originated in this phase. The second phase (2nd C) was characterised by up to three ditched enclosures, incorporated into the established fieldsystem, and roadside ditches that formalise and define the Roman road. Although few structural remains were recorded, the nature of the features identified combined with the substantial quantity of artefacts suggest a small 2nd century AD roadside settlement. The final phase comprised re-cutting of some of the principle ditches, as well as alterations to the layout of features, with continuing activity at the settlement into the 3rd and possibly even 4thC AD."
13020,175,375,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"Salvage Excavation on a boulder clay slope revealed settlement activity dating to between the late 2nd to mid/late 4th C AD. Features comprise ditches, postholes, pits and a large depression. Settlement morphology remains uncertain."
13021,1,400,50,150,small (<1 - 3 ha),complex,Yes,,4,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,Yes,river valley,mixed,Yes,Yes,No,"Excavation revealed extensive late Iron Age and Romano-British occupation on the east side of the Ouzel Valley, both on the valley slopes (Area 2/3) and 150m south on the valley floor (Area 1). A rudimentary fieldsystem was established on the slopes in the LIA and a contemporary cremation cemetery was recorded. New co-axial fieldsystems (extending onto the floodplain), enclosures and timber structures replaced LIA activity in latter half of 1st C AD and by c AD100 a substantial enclosure (min 50m east-west) was constructed on the valley slopes. The enclosure ditches contained much animal bone including possible structured deposit of a partial horse burial. In the mid 2nd C AD, main domestic focus was relocated from valley slopes to valley floor where a more complex system of enclosures (main domestic enclosure, 0.33ha, and series of annexe enclosures, one with a lined well) developed alongside a trackway. The valley slope enclosure went out of use and was replaced by a trackway and linear cultivation trenches, possibly for horticulture, along with possible stock enclosures. From AD 250-400 the settlement expanded with corndriers (V and T shaped) and a threshing floor added to the valley floor enclosure complex and a new large sub-divided enclosure  built on the valley slope. The northern enclosure group may have had low level domestic occupation and contained an oven/industrial area along with a timber post and a masonry footed structure. The small stone-footed structure (2x3m) produced much animal bone including a near complete dog skeleton along with 8 later 4th C coins, and could have been a shrine. Horse and cattle skeletons also found in nearby ditch.  Overall, it appears to have been a flourishing mixed economy farm with some evidence for metalworking, which was gradually abandoned towards end of 4th C AD."
13022,1,100,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,1,2,No,No,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,No,No,No,"Evidence for late Iron Age-early Romano-British settlement was identified during salvage survey and limited excavation works on the north-facing slope of Kents Hill, about 1km to the east of the River Ouzel. Settlement within a probable rectilinear enclosure. Features comprised over 20 postholes and 13 large pits. Two clusters of possible postholes were observed: a small arc possibly forming a circular structure (10m dia) at the northern centre of the site; and two groups possibly forming two contiguous rectangular buildings at the east side of the site. All dated 1st C AD."
13023,1,350,50,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,Yes,No,Yes,"Evaluation covering 25 ha revealed an area of Late Iron Age-Roman settlement on a raised gravel area adjacent to the River Great Ouse. Ditches, pits and an enclosure (40x30m) defined the late Iron Age occupation, while a series of regular (though not necessarily conjoined) enclosures were identified as belonging to the Roman period. Other features comprise pits and postholes. An early Saxon sunken-featured building found on the site."
13024,250,400,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Evaluation on boulder clay, 250m east of the River Ouzel, revealed a late Roman settlement comprising gullies, timber-slots and postholes marking the site of timber buildings, and cobbled yards and paths linking them. Further evidence of occupation is provided by pits and ditches containing domestic refuse, while outlying features may be field boundaries or stock enclosures. No specialist reports."
13025,150,400,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,1,1,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,Yes,hill,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Evaluation work on a road scheme revealed some late Iron Age activity and 2nd-4th C AD Roman settlement upon the gentle east facing boulder clay slope of Northampton Hill. Features included a substantial ditched enclosure (100x70m with 4m wide ditch) dug in 2nd C, gullies (including a possible roundhouse gully), pits, postholes, the foundation trench for a rectangular stone building and an inhumation burial (within enclosure). The tiled roof stone building lay SE of the enclosure near to a possible trackway."
13026,50,300,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,mixed,No,No,No,"Small excavation (no area specified) on a gentle north-facing slope revealed part of a Romano-British settlement. Features comprised an early Roman enclosure, within which lay a semi-circular structure, interpreted as temporary shelter for herdsmen. Settlement expanded during 2nd-3rd C with further ditches and a number of pits dug. No evidence for 4th C activity."
13027,1,400,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,mixed,Yes,No,Yes,"Archaeological excavation and watching brief revealed a late Iron Age-Roman settlement around Lower Icknield Way, just beyond the foot of the Chilterns Escarpment. During the late Iron Age there was at least one enclosure on the south side of the main trackway, which was defined by ditches. Settlement was suggested by a number of pits containing domestic debris. An urned cremation beside the track was dated to the latest Iron Age or very early Roman period and was associated with two other possible cremations on the east side of the track. Settlement continued into Roman period (though 'enclosed' area less well defined), with the trackway now being metalled. Evidence of probable early Roman Iron smelting and working was recovered from several pits. Later Roman features indicative of continued settlement included two large pits (waterholes for stock) and two square wells, along with other areas of pitting. Limestone building rubble points to a masonry building in the area. Coins and pottery indicate activity until end of the 4th C. Evidence for early Saxon pits and pottery."
13028,-100,50,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,No,No,Yes,"Archaeological excavation and watching brief revealed a mid-late Iron Age settlement at the northern edge of the Chiltern Chalk escarpment overlooking the Aylesbury Vale. The settlement remains were heavily truncated and comprised ditches, pits and postholes. Two four-post structures might represent granaries but no other definite structures were found. It appears likely that the site was abandoned by the early Roman period. A dispersed early Saxon cemetery also revealed."
13029,100,400,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,mixed,No,No,No,"Evaluation over 99ha revealed evidence for Romano-British occupation in the northeast corner of the site in the form of ditches, gullies and postholes. Some ditches tie in fairly closely with what geophysics suggest could have been a large sub rectangular enclosure. It is likely that these formed part of a small rural settlement dating from the 2nd-4th C AD."
13030,100,400,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,1,1,No,Yes,No,No,No,Yes,river valley,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"A 10 trench evaluation and geophysical survey adjacent to the River Great Ouse revealed a 2nd-4th C settlement. A series of sub-rectangular plots were revealed within an area enclosed by a ditch that formed a continuous boundary around the north-west and north-east sides (2.3ha). The site was characterised by ditches, gullies, pits, and stone walled structures - rectangular and circular buildings - and a metalled surface possibly forming a trackway. It is probably a complex type farm, though the evaluation plan remains uncertain."
13031,50,200,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"A Watching Brief over 1ha on boulder clay and gravel, 60m south of Akeman Street Roman Road, revealed nine parallel bedding trenches along with a trackway, all with a possible early Roman date (though only a single sherd of pottery). The form of the trenches suggest they were used for horticulture or viticulture."
13032,100,400,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),complex,Yes,2,1,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,No,river valley,mixed,No,No,No,"A metal detecting survey, Watching Brief and 3ha excavation on a gentle south-facing slope on the northern valley side of the River Thame revealed parts of a Romano-British settlement (though the main focus of the site may have lain to the north). The north of the site was divided into a complex of enclosures, many probably agricultural in function, along with two 2nd C AD roundhouses, an oven and a group of pits. In the north-west area was a beamslot and postholes of a possible rectangular timber building (14x20m) within which was a probable corn-drying/malting oven. A stone-lined pit (for steeping the malt?) was located to the immediate south-west of the entrance into the timber building, which was interpreted as a malthouse. Occupied 2nd-4th C with a late Roman emphasis. A radiocarbon determination from spelt grain associated with the malting oven gave a date of cal AD 240-400, though earlier dates (50 cal BC - AD 60 and cal AD 80-250) came from grains in the outer ditch surrounding the oven."
13033,1,400,100,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,No,,,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Evaluation over 176ha on a clay plateau with Akeman Street Roman Road running through to the SW and a 2nd road leading off which runs to the temple complex at Thornborough, revealed Roman enclosures and other features, likely outlying agricultural enclosures rather than settlement. A northerly rectangular enclosure dated to late Iron Age-early Roman period. Further south lay a complex of rectangular enclosures dating 2nd-4th C AD. Other features comprise pits, postholes and possible beam slots. If this site does not represent part of a farmstead, it could be the outlying stock enclosures and field boundaries of a roadside settlement along Akeman St, which is thought to existed just to the east."
13034,100,400,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,1,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,Yes,"Small evaluation revealed a Romano-British settlement on a plateau overlooking the river Thame. Features comprised enclosure ditches, pits and postholes and pottery dates occupation from 2nd to 4th C AD. A possible building survived as postholes and beamslots. A ditch and other features dated to early Saxon period."
13035,-50,200,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,Yes,Yes,"Extensive excavation in the clay Vale of Aylesbury overlooking the River Ouzel, a tributary of the River Ouse, revealed a small settlement originating in the late Iron Age as a sequence of sub-rectangular enclosures, which continued to be occupied until the end of the 2nd C AD. In the NW part of the earlier enclosure was a group of 12 pits (grain storage?) and a posthole immediately SW of the enclosure entrance contained an Iron Age gold coin - a special deposit? Settlement enclosure was considerably enlarged (0.45ha) in mid to late 1st C AD and again redefined in early 2nd C. The settlement was provided with a small cremation cemetery, with richly furnished burials continuing until the mid 2nd C AD. The farm was abandoned until the mid 5th C when at least one sunken-featured building indicates early Saxon settlement."
13036,-100,400,10,150,small (<1 - 3 ha),complex,Yes,6,4,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,Yes,river valley,mixed,Yes,Yes,No,"Extensive excavations in the clay Vale of Aylesbury revealed elements of a settlement(s) dating from the middle Iron Age to the later Roman period, exposed in two open area excavation trenches (Areas 1 and 2), 100m apart. Middle Iron Age activity was sparse (in contrast to the excavated areas 6 & 8 at Brooklands to the east), though the later Iron Age (c 50 BC ? AD 10) saw significant increase in occupation density, with elements of a farmstead revealed across both areas, comprising ditched rectilinear enclosures, 6 roundhouses (defined by gullies, one within one of the enclosures), two four-post structures, other post-built structures, a cremation burial and various pit groups, gullies and linear ditches. A related fieldsystem was located to the east and NE, and overall the site appears to have been an extensive unenclosed settlement. There were substantial changes during the very late Iron Age/early Roman period (c AD 10-80), with a shift in occupation to the east (within Area 1), where a substantial complex settlement was established, bounded by trackways and ditches and internally sub-divided into different activity areas (domestic/craft  and burial). At the centre of the site was a large roundhouse, with its own complex of adjacent enclosures, one of which contained a pottery kiln. Three smaller roundhouses lay to the north. The southern part of the site was used for cremation burial enclosures, with outlying burials to the west. Within Area 2 to the south, another separate farmstead was suggested of this date, comprising enclosures, trackways, fencelines and pits. Few archaeological features were found between the two settlement areas. A shield boss may have been a deliberate deposit in the southern farmstead. The Area 1 and Area 2 settlements continued in use into the early Roman period, with ad hoc additions, though the roundhouses gradually fell out of use in the later 1st/early 2nd C AD.  The burial area was enhanced at this time and included a 'ritual pit' and a pentagonal enclosure, within which was a posthole structure and a small enclosure surrounding a mid 2nd C AD cremation burial. This was interpreted as a shrine, though seems to have been a mortuary monument. The middle Roman period (c AD 150-300) saw an apparent reduction in settlement and population size and the Area 1 farmstead was substantially re-planned at this time. The new elements included a masonry-footed building (15x7m), along with a stone-lined well, waterholes, an oven (simple corn-drying oven?) and a new enclosure system (interpreted as for livestock). Field ditches lay to the north, and the burial area continued to function in the SW part of the site (an inhumation burial lay adjacent to a horse burial). The settlement in Area 1 continued to be modified into the later Roman period (AD 300-410), with the fragmentary remains of a new masonry footed building (in area of the old building; 17x13m), and two other timber buildings, one of which is suggested as a granary, the other defined by post-pads. A metalled pathway also observed. Use of the cemetery continued, with an inhumation burial lying close to a waterhole which is suggested to have had a ritual function. Elsewhere, the presence of waterholes suggested an increase in pastoral farming, though a stone-built Y-shaped corndrier lay within an enclosure just to the north of the main settlement. The site was entirely abandoned at the end of the Roman period."
13037,100,350,200,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,river valley,mixed,Yes,No,No,"Excavations on a terrace above the east side of Broughton Brook revealed part of a wider Roman fieldsystem, remodelled over time, comprising up to five enclosures and a possible droveway, all dated 2nd-4th C AD. An undated burial of a woman may be late Roman. The quantity of types of finds  in pits and enclosure ditches do suggest that parts of the excavated area may represent the fringes of a settlement (perhaps lying nearer the stream to the west), especially in the later Roman period. As such the site may represent a shift in settlement from the site at Brooklands, 250m to the north, which went out of use by end of 2nd C AD. Coin evidence suggest minimal occupation in 4th C."
13038,125,175,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"Small excavation at the base of the Chiltern escarpment revealed a richly furnished Roman cremation burial in a pit 0.7m square, dating to the mid 2nd C AD. No obvious associated settlement nearby."
13039,200,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,2,Yes,No,Yes,No,Yes,Yes,river valley,uncertain,Yes,Yes,No,"Excavations on the west bank of a major tributary of the River Great Ouse revealed part of a small rural religious complex with a Romano-Celtic temple (12.9m sq) and other ancillary buildings, only one of which was excavated. The temple was built on an artificial platform placed on a prominent natural knoll adjacent to the river, 100m south of a Roman fording place and near to the junction of around five probable Roman roads. It probably dates from late 2nd/early 3rd C AD (associated with two late 2nd/early 3rd C Roman tumuli, c.200m to the NE?), though reached its height in the later 3rd-4th C. The temple had an elaborate east-facing entrance, with a human skull and other bones  embedded in the ambulatory floor, positioned just inside. The large rectangular ancillary aisled building was only partially excavated and poorly recorded, but the presence underneath the threshold of a horse skull ringed with oyster shells and topped with a smooth stone, point to its religious significance. It is but one of a number of other ancillary buildings, all facing the rear of the temple across a courtyard."
13040,1,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,No,No,No,"A collection of finds and limited amateur excavation revealed a probable Roman iron smelting site located above the valley, on the brow of a hill in the Chilterns. The only features comprised two large hollows. Pottery dated early 1st to 4th C AD."
13041,125,175,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,Antiquarian excavation near the Icknield Way revealed an isolated and richly furnished cremation burial. The burial may be dated to the middle years of the second century by the associated finds. No obvious associated settlement.
13042,1,100,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"An evaluation over 14ha revealed two areas of late Iron Age and Roman settlement on 1st river terrace gravels. Subsequent Watching Brief excavation avoided the two main settlement zones but revealed a ditched enclosure (0.5ha) containing pit groups, a kiln/oven, and pottery kiln furniture, dating to the early-late 1st C AD. The later settlement, dated 3rd-4th C, lay 100m+ to the SW but was not excavated."
13043,75,225,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,No,No,No,Earthwork survey on a chalk and clay hilltop revealed a sub-rectangular enclosure (c 1.5ha) with a substantial outer bank and inner ditch. Excavation across the ditch revealed  quantities of domestic debris dating from late 1st to early 3rd C AD. Also a dump of tap slag and furnace fragments in the interior relates to iron production.
13044,100,250,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"Road scheme excavation revealed Iron Age and Roman activity on broad spur of high ground overlooking the Ouzel Valley. There appears to have been a period of abandonment between the middle-late Iron Age and later 1st/early 2nd C AD, when a series of ditches, parallel cultivation trenches and a single cremation burial probably represent the fringes of a nearby settlement. The trenches are thought to have been for horticulture or viticulture. No evidence for late Roman activity."
13045,1,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,No,Yes,No,"Excavations of a Neolithic oval barrow on a prominent chalk ridge on the Chiltern escarpment revealed a quantity of late Iron Age and Roman finds and a probable gully. It is suggested that the barrow was the focus for ritual activity, which included deposition of large parts of a mortarium in a hollow NE of the barrow and a small collection of coins and a copper alloy votive leaf from the excavations. Interpreted here as a possible shrine."
13046,50,400,250,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Excavation on the first gravel terrace of the River Great Ouse revealed an early Bronze Age barrow cemetery, mid Iron Age enclosures, an early Roman cremation burial (immediately south of MIA enclosures) and five broadly dated late Roman inhumation burials inserted into one of the Bronze Age barrows."
13047,200,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,Yes,No,"Small excavation on a low chalk spur projecting from the Chiltern scarp by the Icknield Way revealed the remains of three burials, an infant and two neonates, in the terminus of a ditch and an adjacent pit. The area of sealed by a significant deposit of Romano-British material and it is assumed that this lies at the edge of a settlement. Pottery mainly late Roman in date."
13048,1,50,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,1,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Evaluation and small excavation on the western edge of the Valley of the River Ouzel, 2km from the river, revealed a system of linear and curvilinear ditches of late Iron Age date, thought to represent domestic enclosures and a major boundary ditch. Other features comprise pits, an oven and a rectangular stone surface (structure?) made of limestone slabs (3.8x2.85m), surrounded by a few areas of burning and a deposit of burnt animal remains (pig) in a pit.  A tentative ritual interpretation is provided for this feature, which post-dates the enclosure ditches. All late Iron Age in date."
13049,75,400,250,,small (<1 - 3 ha),complex,Yes,4,,Yes,No,No,No,No,Yes,river valley,uncertain,Yes,Yes,Yes,"Two areas of excavation, less than 200m apart in the Valley of the River Ouzel, revealed Romano-British occupation dating from the later 1st C AD. To the north (Area A/B) was a trackway linked with a large rectangular enclosure, within which were pits, postholes and gullies. The earliest structure was an irregular ring gully dating to the early Roman period and continuing in use until the later 3rd C, when a series of small curvilnear enclosures were dug outside of the main enclosure (probably marking additional annexes with main enclosure still in use), a stone circular structure was built inside (7m dia) and a number of pits were dug, one possibly a waterhole. A number of cremation and inhumation burials also belong to this phase. Possible structured deposits in pits by burial zone, comprising one with a cattle skull and another with a small Nene Valley painted jar as well as a jet bead, an earring and a bracelet. Early Saxon buildings present. 200m to the south were further elements of the early Roman settlement, comprising two ring gullies, pits, postholes and a series of ditches representing enclosures and/or field ditches. These were abandoned by end of 2nd C AD."
13050,150,400,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,No,Yes,No,No,No,Yes,river valley,mixed,Yes,No,No,"An evaluation in 1991 on the first gravel terrace of the River Ouzel revealed the stone footings of a Roman building, together with a cobbled area and several field ditches. Later excavation of an area just to the south revealed Roman field and trackway ditches, gullies, pits and a large metalled area, relating to the periphery of the main settlement. Site dated by pottery and coins to mid 2nd-late 4th C AD."
13051,1,75,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,1,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,river valley,mixed,No,No,No,"Excavations on a low-lying area close to the confluence of the Southcourt Brook and the Bear Brook (tributaries of the Thame) revealed part of a small late Iron Age settlement. Features comprised a system of rectangular enclosures/fields/paddocks and a single roundhouse gully (6.4m dia). The roundhouse lay within the largest enclosure, though no other obvious contemporary features. Minimal pottery suggests the slight/intermittent occupation ceased during the early Roman period and only a single ditch dates to the later Roman period."
13052,150,250,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,Yes,No,"Small salvage excavation on a low lying site at the edge of water meadows 150m north of the River Thame revealed at rectangular enclosure (25x30m) that was interpreted as a stock enclosure for a nearby settlement (1.5km south), but could represent a small enclosed farmstead in its own right. Domestic debris (pottery and animal bone) found in ditches, though no internal features, possibly due to severe truncation. Pottery dates late 2nd to early 3rd C AD. A complete pottery vessel found in a ditch may represent a structured deposit?"
13053,1,150,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,Small scale excavation on the edge of a gap within the Chilterns and 2-300m west of a villa known from aerial photography revealed part of a mixed rite cemetery surrounded by a ditch. Dated approximately to late Iron Age-early Roman period.
13054,160,425,250,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,5,Yes,No,Yes,No,No,Yes,river valley,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Excavation in the Valley of the River Misbourne cutting the dip slope of the Chilterns, just north of the river and 2-300m east of a probable Roman villa revealed what may have been part of the villa's estate. The earliest activity (mid/late 2nd C) was industrial in nature, comprising large amounts of smelting and smithing slag and furnace debris, along with hearths and three timber buildings (post-built, beam-slot built and platform-built), possible workshops. An earlier trackway replaced by a metalled track in the early 3rd C, and by mid 3rd C buildings destroyed by fire and substantial flint walled, painted plaster and tiled roof rectangular building built (8.5x18.3m). Thought to have been domestic building for estate manager. Building surrounded by metalled yard surfaces and possible horticultural trenches dug to the east. Another possible stone building further south. In early 4th C a possible lime-roasting kiln built. Major re-build/repair of main stone building in mid 4th C, but was now of a lower standard. Cobbled surface covered much of the site and to the east lay a twin-flued corndrier, with another further south. Main building destroyed by fire and demolished by late 4th C but metalled surfaces still repaired and used, with wheel ruts indicated, and a possible post-built structure built."
13055,150,250,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,1,No,No,No,No,No,Yes,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"A pipeline Watching Brief and limited excavation  on the floodplain of the River Misbourne in the Chilterns revealed  part of a masonry building dated to the 2nd/3rd C AD. The nature of this building remains uncertain, but the quantity of pottery suggests domestic occupation."
13056,1,350,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,3,2,Yes,No,No,No,No,Yes,plateau or plain,mixed,No,No,No,"Excavation on a limestone ridge in the Vale of Aylesbury revealed part of an intensive late Iron Age settlement, comprising large enclosure ditches, gullies (including 3 possible roundhouse gullies), pits and postholes. Occupation continued post-conquest and during the Roman period new features comprised mortared limestone wall foundations, beam slots, a rubble spread and large quantities of finds, though Roman deposits were badly truncated and precise dating of phases is not possible. Large quantities of high status building material suggests the masonry building was part of a villa or at least a building within the villa complex. A substantial timber beam slot building and fencelines may have been further parts of the postulated villa complex. Dating from pottery and coins suggests abandonment by mid 4th C AD."
13057,125,175,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Very small excavation of a Roman pottery kiln in the Alderbourne Valley, in a region where pottery kilns have been found previously, suggesting a localised production centre. The kiln was of typical updraught type and dated to the 2nd C AD."
13058,1,400,,,medium (4 - 8 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"Various surface collections and intermittent archaeological recording of a site adjacent to a small stream on the Portlandian ridge revealed what may well be part of a substantial settlement spread over at least 6ha, though the evidence is equivocal. The settlement was in existence by the late Iron Age and continued until the 4th C AD. No masonry buildings are recorded and minimal roof tile was found, suggesting low status, and some iron ore slag suggested smelting on site. The quantity and type of finds recovered also led authors to suggest a possible shrine on the site."
13059,100,150,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"Small excavation on a sand escarpment and near to a probable Roman road revealed two early-mid 2nd C cremation burials, 2m apart, probably part of a larger small cemetery group, but no associated settlement."
13060,100,200,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"A Watching Brief in advance of housing development in the Wye Valley revealed part of an inhumation cemetery, which was radiocarbon dated to the 2nd C AD. The only other feature was a single large posthole. No known associated settlement."
13061,100,200,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"Small scale excavation on a plateau overlooking a dry valley revealed a substantial area of packed flints, incorporating a posthole, covering 225m sq. Interpreted as either a  yard surface or the hard standing for a substantial timber building, probably of agricultural use. Most pottery evidence suggests a 2nd C date, confirmed by the one stratified coin. Uncertain if this represents an occupation site or an agricultural zone."
13062,50,125,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,Yes,river valley,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Excavations in advance of road construction adjacent to a major tributary of the River Great Ouse revealed a Roman east-west metalled hollow trackway dating from the mid 1st C AD and leading to a ford in the river. On the south side of the road lay an area of limestone rubble that appeared to represent a rectangular building possibly of sill beam and part masonry construction. Occupation debris within the building suggests a short use in the mid to later 1st c AD and the function remains uncertain. A complex of ditches and gullies to the west were contemporary and 7 cremation burials lay within one enclosure. The burials lay 200m west of the 2nd C AD high status burial mounds. A second east-west metalled road lay to the south, dated from later 1st C AD, with a branch road going south presumably to the 3rd-4th C Romano-Celtic temple."
13063,100,200,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,No,No,No,"Excavation on a hill slope overlooking the Alderbourne Valley revealed a pottery kiln and a small pit, filled with wasters. A 2nd century date is indicated."
13064,70,400,150,300,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,Yes,Yes,No,Yes,plateau or plain,mixed,No,No,No,"Excavations near to Icknield Way revealed the site of a corridor type villa (c 38x16.5m) dating from the mid 2nd to late 4th C, though with evidence to suggest activity on site from the later 1st c AD - possibly including a building of substance. In its 2nd C AD phase the villa had 10 rooms, while in the 4th C, rebuilt with three large rooms - probably used then for agricultural purposes, if it had not been before (as possible corndrier in earlier building). An additional masonry building discovered 66m south of the villa, along with a pit with high status building material. This has been interpreted as possibly the main villa building on site. Activity until end of 4th C AD"
13065,50,325,70,,small (<1 - 3 ha),complex,Yes,1,4,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,No,river valley,mixed,Yes,No,No,"Excavation on the Lynch Hill gravel terrace of the River Thames revealed an extensive Romano-British settlement comprising a series of rectilinear enclosures and trackways, established later 1st C AD, on a previously open settlement occupied since the early conquest period. Features within the enclosures and established at this early date comprise pits, postholes, a midden, gravel quarries, wells and an oven or simple corndrier. Also a roundhouse gully, a rectangular post-built building and two smaller structures interpreted as workshops. Many of the pits were quite substantial and thought to have been used for grain storage, and an area of ironworking was identified. Continued occupation with minimal transformation into the later 3rd/ 4th C, though evidence for significant decline then complete abandonment by mid 4th C."
13066,150,350,,,uncertain,enclosed,Yes,,4,Yes,No,Yes,Yes,No,Yes,river valley,mixed,No,No,No,"Excavation on a spur of well-drained chalk marl on the west bank of the river Wye revealed four buildings of a Romano-British villa complex, along with one side of a probable walled enclosure. The buildings comprised a double corridor type villa (23.3x34m), a large detached bathhouse, a  boundary wall with gate and gatehouse and an  outbuilding of uncertain purpose. The villa was laid out about AD 150-170, with no sign of earlier occupation and the baths extensively modified in the early  4th C. Unlikely to have been occupied beyond mid 4th C AD."
13067,-100,370,130,350,medium (4 - 8 ha),unclassified,Yes,5,9,Yes,No,Yes,Yes,No,Yes,river valley,uncertain,Yes,Yes,No,"Excavations in the Upper Ouse Valley, just south of the River Great Ouse revealed an extensive middle-late iron Age settlement (with 5 LIA roundhouses), succeeded in the early Roman period by drainage ditches, trackways and a timber bridge. This was followed by construction of 3 agricultural buildings adjoining a timber wharf, the whole encircled by a dug river channel enclosing 3ha, with outlying cemetery.  In early/mid 2nd C 4-6 separate substantial stone buildings - all of villa quality (including free standing bathhouse) - along with wells (one incorporating structured deposits) and courtyard surfaces, built over an area of 250m across. Structural additions made up to early 3rd C, then period of decline before refurbishment later 3rd/early 4th C (including creation of many heated rooms; corndrier also of this date) and industrial use by mid 4th C (ironworking & smithing). Late Roman cemetery attested."
13068,150,200,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Antiquarian excavations of two substantial Roman barrows on gentle rising ground east of a major tributary of the River Great Ouse and north of a Roman road. One barrow is currently 43x38m across and 3.5m high, with the other 37m dia and 4m high. One contained rich grave goods along with a cremation burial, while the other had been previously robbed and only contained disturbed stones which appeared to have been the base of a funeral pyre. Barrows dated to the later 2nd C AD."
13069,125,175,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"Excavations on an elevated position in the fork of two dry valleys revealed two pottery updraught kilns dating to the mid 2nd C AD. No known associated settlement. Stoking pits and drying ovens also located, along with large quantities of waster material."
13070,200,400,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,,2,No,No,Yes,Yes,No,Yes,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Antiquarian excavation on a raised gravel ridge 180m from the River Great Ouse revealed parts of a modest Roman villa complex. Two buildings were revealed, the smaller one a possible type of bathhouse with stone capped drain, with the larger (31x9m) a possible simple villa building. Evidence for a ditched enclosure around at least two sides. The pottery and coins suggest a 3rd-4th C date for the complex."
13071,80,450,150,375,uncertain,enclosed,Yes,,4,Yes,No,Yes,Yes,No,Yes,river valley,uncertain,Yes,Yes,No,"Excavations in the 19th and 20th C on the south bank of the River Chess revealed part of a substantial Roman villa complex. Earliest occupation probably belongs to later 1st C AD, with a rectangular timber-framed building, and this was succeeded by a masonry corridor villa with bath suite in mid 2nd c AD. Major alterations made at end of 2nd C when greatly enlarged, and again in early 4th C (after brief period of possible abandonment?), when became a courtyard villa, but declined from c AD 350, before finally being largely abandoned after the mid/late 4th C. In the later 4th-early 5th C further building on site - a cruck building, open barn and two rubble platforms, along with a metalled roadway. Possible structured deposits of animal remains in this late phase."
13072,-100,400,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,1,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,No,river valley,mixed,No,Yes,Yes,"Excavations on the gravel terraces of the Middle Thames Valley revealed the continuation of an early-middle Iron Age settlement into the late Iron Age-Roman period, with the piecemeal development of a complex 'ladder' enclosure system (with entrances designed for animal control) and a range of smaller enclosures, fields, post-built structures (one 5m sq), pits and wells. It probably represents the periphery of a substantial complex settlement.  Possible structured deposition involving animal remains and loomweights. Activity continued at some level until the 4th century and beyond into the Saxon period, though the main period of activity is the 1st-2nd C AD. Evidence for extensive Saxon activity."
13073,50,200,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,Yes,No,Yes,"Excavations on the east bank of the River Ouzel on areas of second terrace gravels and Oxford clay revealed a Roman settlement dated mid 1st C to late 2nd/early 3rd C AD. The settlement was characterised by a main subrectangular ditched enclosure (20x35m), within which were a sequence of gullies forming a grid like arrangement, presumably relating to agricultural activity. Surrounding the enclosure was a system of boundary/enclosure/field ditches with evidence for much re-cutting.  Little evidence for domestic structures within the  settlement except a cobbled surface. A trackway is visible to the south leading towards the site. Evidence for pottery manufacture (including 3 kilns ranging from mid 1st to mid 2nd C AD, one lying to the south of the main enclosure) and extensive metalworking, with 'channel hearths'  and a bowl hearth (iron smithing/smelting and bronze production).Possible early Saxon post-built structure on site."
13074,-50,400,60,275,medium (4 - 8 ha),enclosed,Yes,,8,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,No,Yes,river valley,mixed,Yes,Yes,No,"Excavations in a dry Valley within the Chilterns, c 500m north of the river Thames revealed part of an extensive villa complex. An Iron Age settlement continued into the Roman period, but migrated southwards, with at least two rectangular timber framed buildings with mortared flint foundations built towards end of 1st c AD, used for residential purposes. Further buildings constructed early-mid 3rd C (after a fire destroyed part of one of the earlier buildings), some used for agriculture (malting) and in later 3rd C the first main villa building constructed, as a strip house. Previous residential buildings converted for use as workshops/malting areas. During 4th C an enclosure wall built around complex and villa expanded into double winged corridor building with bath suite. One small rectangular building within the complex suggested as a shrine, though no evidence for this. Other features comprise possible structured deposits, 14 corndriers (of different forms - T-shaped, Y-shaped, complex and simple) and 97 infant burials, the latter mostly confined to an area north of the buildings. Complex surrounded by fields and trackways."
13075,75,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Excavation on a clay plateau revealed a peripheral agricultural/commercial/ industrial  landscape, undoubtedly associated with a nearby Roman roadside settlement. Early Roman ditches were uncovered, and a cremation burial was assigned to the mid Roman period. The landscape in the later 3rd or 4th century was marked by a system of enclosures and boundaries. These were laid out with reference to Akeman Street, the Roman road that passed to the south. A possible timber structure may have been associated with the enclosures, but remained undated. Two late Roman inhumation graves also recorded. Some of the finds collected from the site suggested occupation with a status consistent with the putative roadside settlement at Fleet Marston, centred to the west of the excavated site."
13076,75,400,,,large (9+ ha),unclassified,No,,,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Geophysical survey and evaluation revealed  a row of ditched rectangular ('ladder') enclosures adjacent to a NE/SW aligned trackway, covering c 2ha.  Pits and possible beam slot gullies were located. A broad 1st-4th century date is suggested by the pottery, with an emphasis on 2nd-4th C. The extreme lack of domestic debris from this evaluation suggests that these are likely to be stock enclosures alongside a droveway, probably lying to the north of the main roadside settlement of Fleet Marston."
13077,175,400,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,1,2,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,Yes,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Evaluation at the confluence of the Rivers Colne and Misbourne revealed Roman fieldsystems and occupation features. The subsequent excavation (no px work so no quantitative data) revealed a low to medium-status settlement dated to the late 2nd to 4th century, consisting of rectangular enclosures, timber buildings, an oval flint walled structure of unknown function and timber lined wells. Also 8 bustum cremation burials."
13078,-100,250,100,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,,1,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,No,river valley,mixed,No,Yes,No,"Excavation of a of a trapezoidal enclosure shown by cropmarks on a gravel island in the Thames floodplain revealed it to be a settlement enclosure of later Iron Age to Roman date. Features excavated included over 40 pits, 30 postholes 5 wells and 5 burials. The enclosure was first dug in the middle Iron Age (with a roundhouse and 4/6 post structures) and an annexe to the south and east was added either just before or soon after the Roman conquest, more than doubling the enclosed area. The enclosure continued until the end of the 1st C AD, when the ditches completely silted up. After a brief period, the enclosure was remodelled by less substantial ditches and gullies, possibly indicating a change in the overall nature of the settlement - a succession of ovens, with a probable simple corn drier and a millstone suggests this was an agricultural crop-processing area. The ovens were superseded by a barn supported on post-pads and wells were constructed. Occupation continued through the 2nd and into the 3rd C AD, though after the mid-2nd C there is little diagnostic pottery, and activity may have been on a reduced scale."
13079,1,400,100,300,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,river valley,mixed,Yes,Yes,No,"Evaluation, geophysical survey and limited excavation on the Thames floodplain revealed an east-west late Iron Age-early Romano-British 'ladder' enclosure system at least 400 m long, defined by a series of contiguous rectilinear enclosures/stock pens, along with a trackway. Two quarry pits predated the enclosures, while later pits and a cremation deposit were located close to the entrance of one of these enclosures. The enclosures were modified and redefined a number of times, and were still in use into the 4th C AD (or were re-used, as probable hiatus in 2nd-3rd C AD), with two new enclosures laid out at this time. It remain uncertain if all of these enclosure relate to stock pens/fields or some related to domestic zones."
13080,1,400,,,large (9+ ha),complex,Yes,,,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Evaluation over 30ha on the west side of the River Thame spanning the floodplain and adjacent clay plateau revealed a spread of low density late Iron Age-Roman activity alongside Akeman St Roman road. Evidence for possible settlement activity, in the form of humic soil spreads, pits, postholes, cremation burials, clay quarry pits and enclosure or field boundary ditches, were recorded close to the line of the road, with the greatest concentration occurring on the highest part of the area. Dating evidence ranges from early 1st to 4th C AD, with emphasis on later Roman period. This probably represents the eastern fringes of the larger roadside settlement at Fleet Marsden to the west."
13081,-100,400,100,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,1,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"A watching brief in the Vale of Aylesbury close to the Walton Brook, which forms a branch of the River Thame revealed evidence for occupation from the early Iron Age to the later Roman period, though uncertain if continuous. Pottery from a substantial ditch indicates late Iron Age settlement in the vicinity, though most Roman pottery is from 2nd to 4th C, suggesting expansion at this time. Roman features comprise a rammed limestone floor and possible beamslot indicating at least one structure, along with pits. A miscast bow brooch suggests that there may also have been low-level industry such as metalworking on the site. An adjacent evaluation revealed two early Roman field ditches."
13082,1,400,50,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,2,2,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,Yes,plateau or plain,mixed,Yes,Yes,No,"Two areas of a pipeline excavation, 100m apart, on the crest and base of a low hill revealed areas of late Iron Age and Roman occupation. The late Iron Age site at the base of the hill appeared to be industrial in nature, with large quantities of smelting slag, along with pits and ditches. One pit contained sherds of a largely complete ceramic vessel along with a knife blade fragment. No indication of later settlement here other than a single cremation burial, probably of early Roman date.  Occupation of the hill crest also started during the late Iron Age, comprising the remnants of two potential roundhouses, defined by gullies (c 10m dia.). Three smaller gullies to the north were suggested as haystacks or animal pens. Parts of a probable contemporary curvilinear enclosure ditch lay to the south, but it seems likely that the domestic core of the settlement was unenclosed at this time. It seems that the roundhouses probably continued into the early Roman period, when a rectilinear enclosure system was built to the south and a trackway lay to the north, possibly linking with Akeman Street. This settlement continued with fairly minimal modification into the 2nd C AD, though in the later Roman period (3rd-4th C AD) there were extensive developments and an intensification of activity. Series of ditches lay mainly on a single alignment, probably part of larger enclosures (and/or fieldsystems) though excavation was not extensive enough to be certain. The central part of the excavation area contained pits and the remains of a fairly substantial building (7x9-12m) constructed of masonry walling and post pads. A small ceramic bowl was found in a layer abutting the wall, containing burnt cereal remains and peas. Immediately to the south was another rectangular stone-footed building (6.2x11m), and to the north was a metalled surface. A possible boundary wall (enclosing the buildings?) lay to the south. Destruction deposits dated to the later 4th c AD. The nature of associated finds suggests at least part of the late Roman buildings may have served as a smith's workshop, and there is also evidence for late Roman iron smelting"
13083,75,400,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"A pipeline watching brief revealed the periphery of a Romano-British settlement stretching for c 140m, 200m east of a tributary of the River Thame. Features comprised ditches, gullies, pits and extensive evidence for quarrying (clay or marl extraction, perhaps for ceramic production as much kiln furniture found). Few obvious settlement features, though hearth residues, dressed stones and large flint cobbles were found in a pit suggesting a masonry building in vicinity. Ceramic dating suggested late 1st-4th C activity."
13084,100,400,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"Evaluation over 1.6ha revealed an enclosure complex, presumed to relate to a low status farming settlement. Features comprise ditches and pits, with pottery dating suggesting occupation from later 1st/2nd C to 4th C AD. Early Saxon pottery but no features."
13085,150,350,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"A watching brief on a clay plateau 200m east of the Towcester to Alchester Roman Road revealed ditches and pits containing later 2nd-early 4th C AD pottery, almost certainly connected with Roman pottery kilns previously discovered nearby (no report so kilns noted here). A Roman villa of early 4th century date supposedly lies c 500m north-west of the site."
13086,150,200,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"Keyhole excavation undertaken in 2014 to investigate a potential burial assemblage that was identified during a metal detecting rally on a south facing slope, SW of a possible Roman villa site. The excavation revealed a Roman (late 2nd C AD) wooden casket cremation burial with a rich assemblage of grave goods. The pit was backfilled with the excavated boulder clay natural. It is very likely that the burial relates to the nearby potential villa. The date of the burial is based in particular on the identifiable samian stamps, which give ranges of AD 150-185, 155-195 and 160-200."
13087,1,250,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,mixed,No,No,No,"A pipeline excavation revealed part of a settlement site dating from the late Iron Age to middle Roman period. The earliest features comprise boundary ditches and pits; the main boundary ditch was re-cut in the 2nd  AD and a second ditch was observed on a different alignment. Scattered across the site were numerous pits and postholes as well as a timber-lined well. Just to the south of the well was a heavily truncated inhumation grave. This grave may date to the late Roman period, though the only other feature of this date is a single pit indicating that occupation had ceased or shifted."
13088,1,400,100,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,mixed,No,No,No,"A geophysical survey and 73-trench evaluation over 120ha on gently undulating land revealed late Iron Age/Roman activity in two discrete areas. Area 1 contained three conjoined enclosures dating to the Iron Age/Roman transitional period, while Area 4 (0.5km to the west) contained a series of small enclosures, ditches and other features spanning the Late Iron Age/Roman transitional period into the 4th C AD."
13089,-50,400,100,,small (<1 - 3 ha),complex,Yes,1,1,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,mixed,Yes,Yes,No,"Excavation of two zones (Areas A & B) in advance of industrial development on a slight ridge of ground beyond the foot of the Chilterns Escarpment revealed an area of late Iron Age/ Romano-British settlement. The earliest features (in Area A) comprised two conjoined ovoid enclosures dating to late Iron Age/ early Roman period, along with a series of parallel cultivation trenches/lazybeds, suggested as perhaps a vineyard; these, however, were quickly abandoned. To the south (Area B) lay further small rectilinear enclosures in a marshy area; ponds/waterholes may have been cut in an attempt to prevent the encroachment of water and to provide water for livestock. A placed deposit of a complete but broken, narrow-necked early Roman jar lay within a pit in this area. During the later 1st century and early 2nd century AD there was a shift in occupation to higher ground. At this time, a more organised pattern of three rectangular ditched enclosures (almost 1ha in extent, mostly sub-divided) and an outlying fieldsystem were arranged around a central pond/waterhole. One of the enclosures had a rectangular post and beam slot structure (10x5m) centrally located within it. Four inhumations and two cremation deposits were present. In the 2nd century the focus of occupation continued to be on the higher ground, but the potential area of occupation was increased extending the site (by use of a single larger  though sub-divided enclosure) into the wetter area to the north-east. A possible roundhouse gully (c 10m dia.) lay outside of the main enclosed area to the east. Further burials were located to the north. Modifications to the enclosure system during the later Roman period (later 2nd-4th C AD) resulted in a contraction of the settlement area. Towards the end of the 4th century, the settlement was abandoned and a black earth 'midden' deposit lay above most features. An archaeological strip, map and record, c 600m to the west, revealed further enclosures dating from the middle to late Iron Age (see ID 13090)."
13090,-100,300,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,Yes,Yes,No,"An archaeological strip, map and record in advance of a water and sewer pipeline beyond the foot of the Chilterns Escarpment revealed enclosures dating from the middle to late Iron Age. A sub-square mortuary enclosure was probably constructed in the mid to late 1st C AD. Although no central burial survived there were two associated cremation burials, as possible satellites, radiocarbon dated to the mid 1st to early 2nd C AD. The final phase of activity was a subsquare enclosure, with pits (one tile-lined) and postholes, constructed in the early 2nd C AD, with activity continuing to the 3rd/4th C AD. Within the north-east area of the enclosure was a sub-circular pit containing a near complete dog skeleton. Located to the east of the main excavated area were two trackways dating from the 2nd century AD as well as contemporary and undated ditches. Overall, it would seem likely that the main excavated site represented the periphery of a farmstead. The site is said to have been abandoned during the 3rd century AD, possibly due to the marginal nature of the ground."
14001,100,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Evaluations, watching briefs and many small excavations over the RAF Fairford base on the 2nd and 3rd gravel terraces in the Upper Thames Valley revealed parts of a Romano-British agricultural landscape in the form of field/enclosure ditches and three stone-lined wells, plus two intercutting inhumation burials. All dated 2nd-4th C AD, with an emphasis on the 2nd-3rd C AD."
14002,150,350,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,fen,mixed,No,No,No,"Pipeline excavation revealed elements of a Romano-British settlement covering an area 500?600m wide on the edge of the Levels at the foot of Spaniorum Hill. A phase of occupation in the mid 2nd century is represented by two parallel ditches. The upper parts of the  ditches were filled with deposits (inc. much late 2nd/early 3rd C pottery) which appear to represent refuse dumped in the hollows remaining after the ditches had gone out of use. Three small circular pits were cut into the ditch fill and contained deposits of ironworking (smithing and smelting) slag, charcoal and fired clay. Later ditches dated late 3rd-early 4th C."
14003,250,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,fen,mixed,No,No,No,"Small scale pipeline excavation on the Severn Levels revealed ditches that were part of a  late Romano-British settlement spread over a wide area. Possible activity from the 2nd C, but main domestic focus dates from later 3rd to late 4th C AD."
14004,100,250,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,1,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,river valley,mixed,Yes,No,No,"Roadscheme excavation revealed two areas of Roman occupation, 200m apart, on the crest of a low clay ridge in the Severn Valley, just above the floodplain. In the northern area (D) was a sequence of Romano-British enclosures dated 2nd C AD, along with a roundhouse. A trackway lay to the east. The final phase  is represented by a large rectilinear enclosure (75m N-S) with concentric outer ditches and interior enclosures. Numerous pits found, within and outside the enclosure. It is possible that squared-off mudstone blocks found in pits within the enclosure were used in structures. Occupation ceased by mid 3rd C AD. The southern area of occupation is longer lived and detailed in record 14005."
14005,1,350,200,,small (<1 - 3 ha),complex,Yes,5,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,river valley,mixed,No,No,No,"Roadscheme excavation revealed two areas of Roman occupation, 200m apart, on the crest of a low clay ridge in the Severn Valley, just above the floodplain. In the southern area (Area C), the earliest activity comprised a cluster of five apparently unenclosed roundhouses dating LIA-early Roman. Replaced by two groups of rectilinear ditches defining plots or small fieldsystems of possible 2nd-C date. This then develops into a complex sequence of enclosures encompassing  c 100×60m and dating to the 2nd-3rd C; included within this phase is a large number of pits. Small curvilinear features together with linear ditches and pits  can be dated to the mid 3rd?4th centuries. No Roman building plans were detected."
14006,150,400,,,medium (4 - 8 ha),unclassified,Yes,,3,Yes,No,Yes,Yes,No,Yes,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Antiquarian excavations on the slopes of the Severn Valley revealed a substantial villa complex with bathhouse. A watching brief in 2007-8 during building modifications directly above the villa indicated that the west wing of the building was significantly larger than previously thought. Geophysical survey and limited excavation revealed enclosures immediately south of the villa, one of which contained five inhumation graves. Also three shallow pits. The pottery from the inhumations and ditches is consistent with a late 2nd- or early 3rd-century date, though 3rd-4th C pottery present in outer ditches. The dating of the villa remains uncertain, though believed to have probably been late 3rd-4th C."
14007,75,325,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"Small pipeline excavation in the southern Cotswolds near the Roman road linking Bath and Gloucester, revealed a spread of stone rubble along with pits, ditches and gullies, indicative of a Romano-British settlement. Occupation from later 1st/early 2nd C AD to the late 3rd and possibly early 4th C, which involved the deposition of substantial quantities of pottery, quernstones and other material. Also four unurned cremation burials and possible pyre-related features (burnt pits)."
14008,75,325,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,mixed,Yes,No,No,"Excavation on sloping sandy ground near to a brook revealed the outlying parts of a Romano-British settlement dating from the later 1st C AD to early 4th C. Features comprised a rectilinear enclosure system and trackway, which was substantially redefined in the mid to late 2nd C AD. Main period of occupation lay in the 2nd-early 3rd C AD and main domestic focus probably lay just to the NW. Enclosures interpreted as paddocks. A watching brief in 2012, 100m to the east revealed pits and ditches of a similar chronology, probably part of the same settlement."
14009,75,400,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,No,,2,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Surface and geophysical surveys on a spur at the head of a valley, overlooking a spring forming one of the principal sources of the river Thames and overlooked by Trewsbury House hillfort, revealed a double-ditched enclosure with an apparent inner bank. At least two rectangular masonry buildings lay outside the enclosure. Interpreted as a shrine. Pottery datable to the later 1st?4th centuries AD was recovered."
14010,250,350,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Excavation on a steep north-east facing slope on the edge of the Forest of Dean, 1.6km west of the River Severn revealed a late Roman iron smelting site (small to medium scale). Features comprised ditches, pits, hearths/ovens, and dumps of sandstone and iron slag. The quantity of pottery suggests contemporary occupation on or near the site."
14011,100,400,,,medium (4 - 8 ha),complex,Yes,,,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,Yes,river valley,mixed,No,No,No,"Three excavations on the gravels of the Severn Vale revealed parts of an extensive Romano-British settlement.  At Home Farm to the west lay a 2nd-3rd C AD complex of small linear enclosures, suggested as small garden plots or paddocks around a settlement. A further area of pits and clay-lined channels (tanning/flax-retting?) lay to the south and two pits contained ironworking slag and bronze working debris. A cluster of postholes in this area may be a workshop. It all indicates that there were a number of discrete zones for different activities within the settlement. Minimal activity during later 2nd-3rd C, then considerable evidence for late Roman activity in the form of ovens, enclosure ditches, pits, two unbonded lengths of limestone walling, and two spreads of building demolition material.  At Gilder's Paddock further east was a substantial Roman ditch, south of which lay seven inhumation burials.  A later excavation south of Church Road (0.48ha) 100m to the south revealed enclosure/field ditches, gullies, pits and quarries, probably relating to the southern fringes of the same settlement. Although some evidence for activity in the middle-late Iron Age, the Roman activity here is dated mid 2nd-4th C AD.  Other excavations 2-300m to the west at Cleeve Hall and Stoke Road revealed further late Roman elements that may have been part of the same settlement (see ID 14087). If this is so, then occupation appears to be spread over c 8ha at its height in the late Roman period, and it is thus interpreted here as a nucleated village type settlement, that perhaps grew from a smaller farmstead."
14012,50,100,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,No,No,No,"Excavations c 1km east of the Cotswold escarpment on the south facing slope of a low ridge revealed a middle Iron Age enclosed settlement, that was apparently abandoned and the site re-occupied during the mid to late 1st C AD. Few features of this latter phase were identified (a few pits and areas of cobbling), but finds were plentiful, and one of the undated enclosures may be associated. It is suggested that it may have been some short-lived roadside settlement/farmstead associated with nearby Ermin Street, c 200m to the south."
14013,100,400,,,large (9+ ha),unclassified,Yes,,1,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,Yes,fen,uncertain,No,No,No,"Evaluation and small scale excavations and surveys on the embanked estuarine alluvium of the Severn Levels revealed evidence for a Romano-British settlement spread over at least 20ha along the shore and hinterland and probably associated strongly with iron production. Previously much pottery found on the site, most of 2nd-4th C date, but with some indication of 1st C AD activity. Also evidence for iron smelting and much occupation debris. Subsequent excavation confirmed 2nd-4th C date of activity (emphasis on late Roman), with features including pits, structures (padstones, postholes, beam slots and stone walls) and some substantial ditches, one of which contained a stone column along with further pottery and industrial debris.  The  ditches formed system of enclosures. A primary industrial zone was identified with a building and 13 slag-rich pits. Also a small cemetery revealed to the north."
14014,250,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,Yes,"Excavation just below the crest of a gentle north facing slope in the Cotswolds revealed part of a Romano-British cemetery in the same area as a group of middle-late Iron Age pit burials. The Romano-British inhumations are approximately dated to the later Roman period, though dating evidence is scant. Five Anglo-Saxon burials also revealed."
14015,1,250,70,,large (9+ ha),unclassified,Yes,,3,No,No,No,No,No,Yes,river valley,uncertain,Yes,Yes,No,"Excavations near the confluence of the Rivers Avon and Severn revealed parts of a potentially quite extensive (10-12ha) Roman rural settlement along the main Worcester-Gloucester Road, probably originating in the late Iron Age. Occupation became more intensive from the Flavian period with timber buildings (limestone slabs and postholes), red marl surfaces, pits and industrial debris. In the mid 2nd C gravel was laid thickly over part of the site as an occupation surface and features of mid-late 2nd C date comprised timber fences, ovens/furnaces, pits and a timber building. Also two infant burials. In early 3rd C, masonry buildings constructed along with gravel trackways. At some point occupation declined and inhumations laid out alongside trackway. No datable evidence for features later than mid 3rd C, though unstratified 4th C coins found.  Earlier excavations to the north revealed a stone lined well with complete pots and animal skulls."
14016,275,370,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,2,No,No,Yes,Yes,No,Yes,coastal,mixed,Yes,Yes,No,"Excavations in 1948 at the foot of Trias Marl slope near the mouth of the River Avon revealed part of a winged corridor villa complex, with two buildings and a courtyard. The villa building (43x17m) dates from the later 3rd  to later 4th C AD and had an almost symmetrical plan, later developed in various phases. It included a bath suite (later addition) along with several mosaics, and appeared to face the hillside. A votive pig burial was found buried at the main entrance to the villa house. Little is known of the other building but it may have had earlier origins. A corn-drying oven was inserted in the 4th C AD. A wooden pipeline fed water to the villa from a nearby spring, while a potential metalled road led towards Sea Mills. Further small scale excavation in 1995 but little further information."
14017,60,400,200,300,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,1,Yes,No,Yes,Yes,No,Yes,hill,mixed,Yes,No,No,"Excavation on the SW slope of the Cotswold escarpment below Wistley Hill revealed stone buildings of a Romano-British farmstead. Earliest feature comprised a substantial early Roman V-shaped ditch containing much occupation debris, along with associated gullies and cobbles (limited evidence for late Iron Age activity too). During the later 2nd C/3rd C, at least one masonry building constructed (12x7.5m), with fine plastered walls. During mid/late 3rd C, a geological disturbance caused collapse of building(s) and by early 4th C, a new 4 roomed building (c 18x10m) terraced into the hillside, with mortar floors, painted plaster walls and hearths (fireplaces) recessed into the walls. A possible veranda existed across the front, probably incorporating stone columns. This has been described as a modest cottage style villa though is interpreted as a farmstead. A T-shaped corndrier built within remains of earlier building at this time. Just outside building is an area with heaps of rubble and ash and a furnace pit found further down the slope. Walls stones and roof tile near the top of the slope indicate other buildings, while further stone walls and ovens indicate other buildings down the slope, suggesting a substantial hillside complex. Other features comprise a metalled trackway and a cobbled courtyard."
14018,100,300,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,1,2,Yes,No,Yes,No,No,Yes,hill,uncertain,No,No,No,"Antiquarian excavation and 1980s Watching Brief revealed what has been interpreted as a villa complex on the south facing slope of a small valley in the Cotswolds Hills. Buildings comprised the main 'villa' (a range of three rooms, 8x34m, aligned N-S with a corridor flanking W side of the southern room and another extending across N end of the northern room), a masonry circular building (10m dia) 40m further south and a rectangular building (16.6x10m) 90m to the south. A large enclosed courtyard lay west of the main house, and a long boundary wall lay immediately south of the circular building. Other features comprised pits, ditches and an oven. Broad dating from pottery suggests main activity in the 2nd-3rd C, but with occupation potentially starting in the 1st C AD. There appears to have been relatively low levels of architectural elaboration and so the 'villa' status of this site remains uncertain."
14019,55,400,,,large (9+ ha),complex,Yes,,9,Yes,No,Yes,No,No,Yes,coastal,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Excavations in early/mid 20th century and two small scale excavations in the 1960s within the Roman port town of Abonae on the River Avon leading into the Bristol Channel. Evidence from finds suggests an initial military presence, AD 55-85, with increasing activity into the 2nd C, when suggested that it was a 2nd Augustan legion police, frontier and supply post. Features from the excavations comprised 1st C AD roads, 2nd C AD streets fronted by four timber-framed buildings, and six 3rd-4th C stone buildings (two complete: 16x8m & 10.6x5.2m). Also hearths, pits, gravel spreads, drains and 4th C burials. Evidence of 4th C expansion but lessening of urban characteristics. A small Watching brief within the small town in 2007 revealed a few features of 3rd-4th C AD date with a small but significant assemblage of artefacts."
14020,1,400,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,No,No,No,"Excavation on a natural west-facing shelf on the slopes of Cleeve Hill in the Cotswolds below of number of natural springs revealed a Romano-British settlement of 1st to late 4th C date. The origins of the settlement may lie in the late Iron Age (pottery & brooches) and developed into the Roman period, with slight evidence for timber framed buildings (cobbled and paved surfaces in evidence, along with a substantial sill stone).  Also pits and ovens. At some point within the Roman period there is evidence for a landslide, but occupation continued until end of 4th C. The finds (an altar and many brooches) suggested presence of a shrine on the site, perhaps the sill stone building with its large entrance overlooking the Severn Vale."
14021,100,300,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),complex,Yes,1,1,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,Yes,Yes,No,"Excavation between the Cotswold escarpment and Robinswood Hill, where two brooks flow towards the River Severn, revealed a system of Romano-British enclosures (one double-ditched) alongside a trackway, one of which contained a polygonal structure (defined by beamslot gullies) interpreted as a wayside shrine. This is likely to have been a complex farmstead, established in the early 2nd C AD, with a potential rectangular timber building (on beam slots)  by the roadside ditch (interpreted as a possible temple), followed by the potential polygonal shrine building in mid 2nd C. Other features comprised pits, postholes and large areas of cobbling. Evidence for production of Severn Valley ware pottery on site in 2nd C. Evidence for decline in activity from mid 3rd C and flooding occurred during later 3rd C, though 4th C pottery in upper fills of ditches suggests some continuance of activity."
14022,1,50,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,No,No,No,"Four late Iron Age burials discovered in the 19th Century on the Cotswold escarpment, with wide views of the Severn Valley. One very rich female grave. No associated settlement but possibly part of a wider cemetery."
14023,140,425,350,380,medium (4 - 8 ha),unclassified,Yes,3,5,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,river valley,mixed,Yes,Yes,No,"Excavation of a farm/villa complex over 19 years on the SW side of the Coln Valley between the Fosse Way and Akeman Street roads before they converged on Cirencester, 6.6km to the SW. The earliest phase, from the mid 2nd C, is defined by a timber-framed building, with yards located to the north and south containing a succession of timber structures (inc. 4-post structures and circular structures) and stock pens. The north yards seems to have been used for accommodation. During the early 4th C, the main timber building was replaced with another, while the yards and building enclosure were defined by dry stone walling. A bathhouse with stone-lined well was soon added to new timber building, and then by 350-60, the bathhouse was incorporated into a winged corridor type villa, which replaced the timber building. At same time a large aisled? Barn (19x6.5m) added to the southern yard. Further extensions to the villa c AD 375-80, after which it reverted to agricultural use, with T-shaped corndrier built. Completely demolished in 5th C but the barn remained in use. A regular fieldsystem with associated trackways defined over 22ha surrounded the settlement, mainly dating to the 3rd-4th C AD, and with grass-tempered pottery suggesting continued cultivation after the villa had become abandoned."
14024,-100,500,275,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,4,9,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,river valley,mixed,Yes,Yes,No,"Extensive excavations over many years at the foot of the Cotswold escarpment on the third River Severn Terrace revealed an Iron Age farmstead that developed into the Roman period to eventually become a villa complex.  A middle Iron Age ditched enclosure developed into the late Iron Age with a series of sub-enclosures (ditches and palisades) and roundhouses. Main enclosure becomes double ditched in early Roman period, & during 2nd C some re-alignment of boundaries and two rectangular timber buildings, along with timber entrance bridge. Further developments early-mid 3rd C, with possible masonry footed structure and aisled building. The late 3rd C complete re-development included a stone-built villa with a walled front courtyard and formal garden, and a smaller yard at the rear (total area enclosed 1.8ha). Following a peak of prosperity in the late 4th C, the house (which had developed from a simple strip building to the winged corridor villa with bath suite) was eventually burnt down. Later structures were probably occupied until the 6th C, before the site was abandoned. Two late Roman T-shaped drying or malting ovens were found, one within a room of the villa building, and 28 other hearths, ovens and furnaces on site. Also  a number of wells, water holes, sumps, and a canalised stream were used at various times. Evidence for iron production and bronzeworking."
14025,100,400,200,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,2,Yes,No,Yes,Yes,No,Yes,river valley,mixed,No,No,No,"Excavations near the foot of the Cotswold escarpment in the Severn Valley revealed evidence for a Roman villa, partially underlying a later Church building. The overall occupation sequence spreads from the later 1st/2nd to late 4th/5th C AD, with the masonry villa building dating to the 3rd-4th C (based upon pottery and a single coin). Two rooms were exposed with a dividing wall between them, both of which had channelled hypocausts. Masses of tesserae indicated a tessellated floor above and stone roof slates and painted plaster pointed to further elaboration. No indications of the wider plan and function but presumed to have been a villa or bathhouse attached to a villa. Traces of an earlier less substantial wall indicate multiple building phases. Excavations in the 1990s 50m NW of the church revealed further late Roman features, comprising remnants of other high status masonry buildings, metalled surfaces, a timber building (beam slots) and a 4th C ditch. Later geophysical survey across the site suggests a large villa complex - extending at least 120m N-S and over 80m E-W."
14026,-100,400,120,250,large (9+ ha),enclosed,Yes,5,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,Yes,No,Yes,"Various excavations in the 1930s and 1950s in a valley between the rivers Windrush and Dikler revealed an extensive square bivallate earthwork enclosure covering c 22.6ha built in the 1st C BC on the site of a previous Neolithic Causewayed enclosure. The earthwork enclosure was supported by drystone walling and on the east side lay a substantial entrance; banks may represent a causeway or an annexe leading into the marsh between the camp and the River Dikler. Features inside the enclosure comprise roundhouses, pits (some containing burials), palisades, wells and hearths. Pottery indicates occupation continued into at least the early 2nd C before a possible period of abandonment (or shifting of population to a known settlement 700m to the west on the Fosse Way Road). (Re-?)occupation is indicated in the 3rd-4th C, which included blocking the north entrance and construction of rough floors within the enclosure. Saxon burials found in or near the ramparts of the camp. A later evaluation in the camp in 1998 revealed pits, gullies and a large ditch sealed by a substantial late Iron- Age/Roman limestone rubble deposit. Pottery dates late Iron Age to early 2nd C AD. Another evaluation in 2002 revealed early-middle Iron Age features along with late Iron Age/early Roman features comprising pits, postholes, a ditch, possible trackway and a pit probably containing a human burial. A watching brief in 2007 revealed a posthole and inhumation burial, but these were not excavated."
14027,100,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,No,Yes,No,No,No,Yes,river valley,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Small excavation/watching brief in the 1970s 3km east of Gloucester on the southern bank of the Horsbere Brook revealed Romano-British occupation, possibly part of a villa complex, though too little was observed to be certain. Features comprised two substantial ditches aligned with the brook, into which a quantity of high status building material was deposited. Finds dated 2nd-4th C AD. Subsequent evaluation and excavation in 1998-9 revealed Romano-British boundary/trackway ditches and enclosures (probably a complex type farm), along with quarry pits and a cemetery, partially within the ditched enclosure. Ceramic evidence from these investigations also suggested a 2nd-4th C date."
14028,75,400,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,mixed,Yes,No,No,"Excavations in advance of the M5 revealed a Romano-British settlement of late 1st to 4th C AD date. Features included ditched enclosures, metalled surfaces and trackways, pits, postholes, gullies and a hearth. Also what is potentially a late Roman circular threshing floor and 4-post structure. Evidence for metalworking (including iron smelting) in the 4th C AD. A rich material culture associated with the settlement."
14029,75,150,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,No,,1,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,Excavations in advance of the M5 revealed a Romano-British industrial settlement on the north slope of a knoll near a tributary of the River Little Avon. Areas of cobbling (one possibly forming the foundations for a rectangular timber building) along with burnt areas (possible bowl furnace) and dumps of smelting and smithing slag points to significant iron production  dated by pottery to the early Roman period.
14030,80,150,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Small scale excavations as part of the M5 roadscheme revealed a Romano-British pottery production site on a north-facing slope within the Severn Valley, just west of the Cotswold Escarpment. Main features comprised a small updraught kiln structure packed with waster material (Severn Valley Ware), along with a metalled surface, pits (some possibly clay extraction quarries and one stone-lined) and postholes. Overall dating evidence for production suggests a late 1st to early/mid 2nd c date."
14031,1,400,120,300,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,1,6,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,river valley,mixed,Yes,Yes,No,"Excavations over an area of 40ha on the 1st gravel terrace of the Upper Thames Valley revealed a late Iron and Roman settlement. The late Iron Age settlement on a raised gravel island succeeded a middle Iron Age settlement c 100m to the north. It comprised a number of recut ditched enclosures (probably for stock), along with linear boundaries, pits, a domestic focus and an area of metalworking, but no structures. In early 2nd C, major reorganisation with extensive rectangular enclosures (ditched and fenced) forming components of a planned complex, with outer fields and trackways. One enclosure contained two large aisled buildings (18.5x11.5m; 17x11m; one domestic, other agricultural), lined wells and entrance gateway. Also, a potential shrine defined by enclosures and an industrial/working area. Many internal developments, with significant changes in later 3rd/4th C, leading to demolition of two buildings and construction of what has been termed a modest 'cottage style' villa with associated heated room. Here it is interpreted as a farmstead, especially as the heated room (south of the main building) may well have been a smokehouse. The building was surrounded by a substantial outer enclosure comprising ditch and wall. A circular masonry shrine lay to the east and a small cemetery to the west. Occupation at least up until end of 4th C AD. Two corndriers (T-shaped and L-shaped) relate to 2nd-4th C occupation."
14032,25,375,100,250,small (<1 - 3 ha),complex,Yes,,1,No,Yes,No,No,Yes,No,river valley,mixed,Yes,No,No,"Salvage excavations in the Upper Thames Valley, immediately south-west of the river, revealed a late Iron Age-early Roman farmstead (uncertain if pre or post-conquest), comprising a complex of pits and curvilinear enclosures, overlain by a more regular grid of ditched enclosures and trackways during the early 2nd C AD. A substantial aisled building (27x12m) also built associated with large quantities of stacked tile - perhaps a tile depot? A horseshoe type corndrier also belongs to this phase (2nd-3rd C AD). The quantity of types of finds suggest a religious focus near to the site, perhaps closer to the Thames, beyond a substantial curving ditch, which the remainder of the settlement appears to be aligned upon. Evidence from finds for activity in the 4th c AD, though no features assigned to beyond early 3rd C AD."
14033,100,250,175,,small (<1 - 3 ha),complex,Yes,,1,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,river valley,mixed,Yes,No,No,"A programme of topsoil stripping and selective excavation over a 4ha area on the immediate floodplain of the River Coln revealed a Romano-British settlement dating 2nd-3rd C AD. The earliest features comprised a regular series of sub-rectangular enclosures, probably used for livestock management. During later 2nd C AD extensive re-modelling and first convincing evidence for domestic activity. A rubble platform was probably the base for a rectangular timber structure, and midden heaps lay nearby. Little evidence for activity beyond mid 3rd C, perhaps because of increased flooding. A trackway led to the site from the north-west and a stone lined channel suggests an element of water management, controlling flow into a pond."
14034,1,250,100,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,river valley,mixed,Yes,No,No,"Excavation and evaluation 1km north of the River Thames on the first gravel terrace revealed two substantial enclosures relating to separate phases of activity. Tentatively dated to the late Iron Age-early Roman period, a multi-ditched circular enclosure (c 55m dia) contained 6 postholes and probable pits, though the lack of finds suggests non-domestic activity such as a stock corral. A double ditched rectangular enclosure (0.22ha) to the south dates to 2nd-3rd C and would appear to be a low status farmstead, divided into two main zones and with an entrance gateway. It is likely that a gravel bank lay between the ditches. Field ditches and trackways known to have surrounded the site. Not activity beyond mid 3rd C AD."
14035,-100,120,1,,medium (4 - 8 ha),complex,Yes,2,,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,No,river valley,pastoral,Yes,No,No,"Two major open area excavations in 1985-9 and 2003-4 on the first gravel terrace in the Upper Thames valley revealed an extensive settlement dating from the early/middle Iron Age to the early Roman period. The settlement was firmly established by the middle Iron Age, comprising a number of separate ditched enclosures, pits and house gullies. Major changes occurred during the early 1st C AD with groups of conjoined rectilinear enclosures, an extensive outer boundary ditch and at least 2 roundhouses. The enclosure systems were constantly modified through to the early 2nd C AD, before the enclosures went out of use and substantial trackways and field ditches crossed and divided the landscape. Later Roman activity including burials was observed in the far south of the 2003-4 excavations, but relate to the Arkell's Land settlement (see ID 14099). The Arkell's Land excavations also picked up boundary ditches and enclosures of later 1st C AD, probably marking the southern limits of the Thornhill Farm/Coln Gravel settlement complex."
14036,75,420,150,360,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,2,Yes,No,Yes,Yes,No,Yes,plateau or plain,mixed,No,Yes,No,"Excavations between 1985 and 1996 in the southern Cotswolds revealed a winged corridor villa. The earliest phase dated late 1st C and incorporated a cella (4.2msq), lined with painted wall plaster, with two splay windows, niches in the south wall and an underfloor capstoned water channel system/drain, suggested as being connected with a possible lead tank in the middle of the room.  Suggested as a cult room. Also a significant bath suite, which included a natatarium (swimming pool), 13.7x2.2m long. Major alterations to building  in mid to late 2nd C (suggested as indicating a change in ownership), including an antechamber with stairwell going into cellar and re-building of the baths. A complete pottery vessel in the backfill of a drain is suggested as a rite of termination. An enclosed yard existed to the front of the villa. A further detached rectangular building immediately behind the main villa dates from the mid 3rd c AD. Further small alterations made to the building until c. AD 360 when the bathhouse complex was demolished and levelled, and cellar went out of use (a 'rite of termination' comprised a partially complete pot, animal jaws amphora fragments and a nail, all placed on the floor). This greatly reduced the overall area of occupation, though occupation in some form (timber-framed buildings?) appears to have continued into the post-Roman period.  Geophysical survey indicates other buildings in vicinity."
14037,-100,300,1,100,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"Excavation in the Severn Vale on sloping ground leading the valley of the Hatherley Brook revealed elements of a mid to late Iron Age settlement, which appears to have been abandoned prior to renewed activity during late 1st/early 2nd C AD. Mid to late Iron features comprise ditches, gullies and postholes, while the Roman features comprised part of a substantial ditched enclosure, which was re-defined c AD 200. Uncertain if domestic activity or agricultural focus during this phase. No evidence for 4th C activity."
14038,100,400,,,medium (4 - 8 ha),complex,Yes,,2,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,No,Yes,river valley,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Small scale Time Team evaluation trenches in three areas revealed parts of a substantial villa estate in the Cotswolds within the Coln Valley. To the west (Site A) lay the site of the previously known villa - a tripartite corridor villa with a bathhouse at the eastern end and rich mosaic pavements (including an Orpheus mosaic). Lying 300m to the east downslope near the river and linked by a trackway was another substantial L-shaped masonry building incorporating mosaics and a bathhouse - uncertain if another villa house or elaborate ancillary building within the wider estate. Geophysics revealed networks of enclosures, buildings and trackways around the site. A broad 2nd-4th date indicated by pottery, but the exact date of villa construction remains unknown."
14039,,,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,,3,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,No,Yes,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"Geophysical survey and very limited trenching on a gently rolling plateau in the southern Cotswolds revealed an extensive Roman villa complex comprising a major villa building (65x20m) facing two smaller buildings (c 20x12m) within a large (1.3ha) trapezoidal enclosure. In the eastern corner of this villa enclosure is a small paddock/enclosure. The excavation uncovered an apsed room on the northern end of the villa, revealing a well made late 4th C mosaic. No firm indications of earlier chronology or development, though at least five small circular features and two larger oval shaped enclosures and linear ditches within and adjacent to the villa enclosure may represent the site of a pre- or earlier Roman settlement. The building was abandoned following a catastrophic fire."
14040,,,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),complex,Yes,,2,No,Yes,Yes,Yes,No,Yes,river valley,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Small scale excavation in a cropmark complex 5.7km east of Cirencester, 300m west of the Ampney Brook on the fringes of the Upper Thames Valley, revealed part of a Roman villa complex with outer enclosures and trackways covering at least 5ha. A defined rectangular enclosure (c 0.4ha) with eastern entrance contained masonry buildings, one with an in situ hypocaust assumed to be the main villa (two rooms excavated). Evidence for tile production on site. No indication of chronology except later 3rd-4th C coins found in ploughsoil. Later keyhole excavation revealed a cremation burial within a lead container within a stone box, just on the periphery of the main villa enclosure."
14041,1,200,70,,medium (4 - 8 ha),complex,Yes,,2,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,No,Yes,plateau or plain,mixed,Yes,Yes,No,"A series of excavations in the 1980s 8km NNW of Cirencester on a south facing spur of limestone defined by the Bagendon Brook and River Churn investigated a large late Iron Age double ditched oval enclosure, within which were trackways, pits, ditched enclosures and an early Roman villa. The LIA features comprised many storage pits, fencelines and the outer then inner enclosure. Antennae ditches stretched from the main enclosure. During mid 1st C AD the inner ditch (and pits) was infilled and the first phase villa built c AD 70s (simple multi-roomed strip building), along with at least one ancillary building. In early-mid 2nd C, timber then stone corridors built around villa, and cellar constructed. In mid 2nd, 'wings' were added to become a classic winged corridor villa.  Evidence suggests villa abandoned in later 2nd C AD, perhaps after a fire, though pottery scatters indicate continued occupation in vicinity into the 3rd and 4th C AD. The site is part of a larger complex which includes the Bagendon later Iron Age oppidum dykes."
14042,-100,300,100,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,,No,No,Yes,"Pipeline excavation revealed an Iron Age-Roman settlement on a remnant 2nd gravel terrace of the River Avon. An extensive double-ditched rectangular enclosure (0.64ha) was dated mid to late Iron Age, with evidence for continuation into the early Roman period. A series of ditches, gullies and pits lay within the enclosure. During the 2nd C AD, a new enclosure cut through the existing one, on a different alignment, though abandoned by end of 3rd C at the latest. At some point in the 5th to 7th C a burial was inserted into the corner of the Romano-British enclosure, and other features contained early Saxon pottery."
14043,100,300,,,medium (4 - 8 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,river valley,mixed,Yes,No,No,"Pipeline excavation revealed elements of a Romano-British settlement known from cropmarks on a remnant 2nd gravel terrace of the River Avon. The cropmarks indicated three major rectilinear enclosures within c 400m, connected by a more complex series of boundaries, where the excavated strip lay. Features comprised ditches, limestone rubble and a truncated grave, radiocarbon dated 1st-3rd CAD. Pottery dated activity to 2nd-3rd C AD."
14044,100,200,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"Large scale excavations on the edge of the Cotswold Uplands and Evenlode Valley revealed three Romano-British enclosures (one at least partially double ditched) and elements of a surrounding fieldsystem. The lack of associated domestic refuse suggests that this was peripheral to any settlement, with the enclosures being utilised for stock. Pottery only broadly dateable, with an emphasis on the 2nd C AD."
14045,70,150,,,large (9+ ha),complex,Yes,,3,Yes,No,Yes,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Excavations within the Roman roadside settlement on a rise above the floodplain of the River Leadon revealed a series of timber structures (defined by postholes and beam slots, the largest 22.5x4.5m), pits and a possible sunken-featured building within a ditched and gated enclosure, all dating from the later 1st c AD. Some probably workshops associated with metalworking (iron smelting and copper alloy working) and others for occupation. The buildings and enclosure  were removed and backfilled during early 2nd C AD and a short-lived inhumation cemetery was established mid 2nd C, suggesting the main settlement had contracted in this area at least. Little evidence for activity post mid 2nd C."
14046,75,200,,,large (9+ ha),complex,Yes,,1,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,mixed,Yes,No,No,"Small excavation within the Roman roadside settlement on a rise above the floodplain of the River Leadon revealed late 1st century features comprising fencelines, gullies and refuse pits. These were succeeded during the 2nd C by a rectangular timber sill beam building (9.5x6.5m) and associated pits, possibly within an enclosure ditch. Beam slots of another timber building revealed. Evidence for Iron production. No evidence for 3rd-4th C features."
14047,75,360,150,300,large (9+ ha),complex,Yes,,12,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,plateau or plain,mixed,Yes,No,No,"Two excavations (250m apart) on a Cotswolds plateau revealed buildings and other features that seem to have been part of a wider villa estate centre (village?), incorporating trackways, fieldsystems, enclosures and  other masonry structures (estimated at over 75 buildings) spread over 30ha. The southernmost excavation revealed stone quarries dating from the later 1st to mid 2nd C, which were backfilled with domestic debris (and bodies of two infants) and subsequently built on with two rectangular drystone foundations buildings (10.3x7m; 6x5.2+m). The largest building contained an array of ovens and hearths along with bronze and lead working debris and iron tools and styli, interpreted as a metalworking workshop. The other building also contained ovens and hearths and had a screen division. Both buildings probably in use until later 4th C AD. The excavation to the north also contained quarries, dating early 2nd to early 3rd C AD, when at least 7 drystone foundation strip buildings constructed, set a right angles to a north-south road. In later 3rd/early 4th C, all bar one or two buildings demolished and 2 new masonry footed buildings (one aisled with mortared walls) constructed by the road. The aisled building soon completely modified with additional rooms, hypocaust and mosaics, and buildings enclosed within gated walled compound. One building remained outside and re-built with mortared stone, with corndrier inserted and two large millstones found associated. Main house burnt down c AD 360, though some activity continued."
14048,1,400,,,large (9+ ha),complex,Yes,,11,Yes,Yes,Yes,No,No,Yes,river valley,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Excavation of a Roman roadside settlement beside the River Coln in the Cotswolds, covering an area of c 12ha. Antiquarian and later excavations revealed masonry buildings (including a two roomed masonry temple), roads branching off the main road, stone troughs, ovens, gravel quarries, metalled surfaces, pits, ditches, stone-lined drains, beam slots, cremation and  inhumation burials. Most excavations not properly recorded except those at Syreford Mill undertaken in the 1970s in the north of the settlement, dealt with in this entry. Dating from this excavation and overall finds indicate a late Iron Age to late 4th C date for occupation."
14049,70,400,,,large (9+ ha),complex,Yes,5,20,Yes,No,Yes,No,No,Yes,river valley,uncertain,Yes,No,Yes,"Various small scale excavations and evaluations on the east side of the Fosse Way where it crosses the River Windrush (and joins with two other roads), have revealed elements of a Roman roadside settlement, which developed subsequent to the late Iron Age oppidum at Salmonsbury, 500m to the east. Features encountered comprised masonry buildings (at least 5 circular (5-11m dia) and 20 rectangular), two with hypocausts, timber structures (ill defined posthole and beamslot buildings) metalled streets (one leading towards Salmonsbury), paved surfaces, hearths, 5-6 wells, ditches, drains, pits, gravel quarry pits and ovens. Building remains at Bourton Bridge covered c1.6ha and interpreted as an imperial posting station but little evidence for this. One circular building interpreted as a shrine, but with no evidence. Potential kilns for pottery production recorded, but remains uncertain. Occupation appear to date from later 1st to later 4th C AD, but continues on from core of later Iron Age occupation at Salmonsbury and the Roman settlement certainly spreads along to this enclosure. Finds of Saxon pottery and at least one sunken-featured building."
14050,100,400,,,large (9+ ha),complex,Yes,2,4,Yes,Yes,Yes,No,No,Yes,river valley,uncertain,Yes,Yes,No,"Various small scale excavations over 30 years and aerial photographs of cropmarks revealed a Roman settlement on a gravel spread, NW of the Fosse Way Roman Road and c 1.2km north of the settlement at Bourton-on-the-Water and potentially part of the same settlement. The settlement is ill-understood but covers at least 10ha, comprising complexes of rectilinear ditched enclosures with various pits, wells (at least 11), T-shaped corndriers, metalled surfaces and buildings (rectangular and circular, mostly timber). One late 4th C masonry rectangular building (13x7m) had 6 rooms, painted plaster walls, paved floors and hearths. Two buildings/areas interpreted as iron forges. The 11 stone-lined wells produced many finds, some indicative of structured deposits (articulated animal remains, complete vessels, coins, hobnailed shoes, religious sculpture and altars). A shrine suggested within the settlement. Overall the finds suggest a 2nd-late 4th/5th C date for occupation."
14051,-100,300,100,275,small (<1 - 3 ha),complex,Yes,3,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,river valley,mixed,Yes,No,No,"Excavations on the first gravel terrace of the Upper Thames Valley revealed a middle Iron Age settlement, continuing into the late Iron Age/early Roman period. Features of the latter date comprise a number of possible roundhouses (defined by drip gullies) and larger enclosures, perhaps stock pens. During the early 2nd C, it is suggested that site was peripheral to the main area of settlement. Features comprised field boundaries and rectilinear enclosures along with a large T-shaped corndrier and waterholes. Soon afterwards (in the mid 2nd C) the whole site was re-organised as a series of rectangular enclosures/fields alongside two trackways which form a T-junction. A number of burials located alongside the N-S trackway. Enclosure and trackway system constantly re-modelled during 3rd C; another T-shaped corndrier and numerous pits belong to this phase. By later 3rd C the trackways had gone out of use, with new extensive field boundaries dug. No evidence for 4th C activity. Small assemblage of early Saxon pottery but no certain features of this date. Further excavation 700m to the west revealed 2nd-3rd C field boundaries and a hoard of iron currency bars."
14052,1,330,100,,small (<1 - 3 ha),complex,Yes,7,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,river valley,pastoral,Yes,Yes,Yes,"Large scale excavation within the broad Valley of the River Severn, 3.5km east of the river revealed a complex Roman farmstead, originating in the Iron Age. The earliest underlying settlement comprised a middle Iron Age enclosure, going out of use c 2nd C BC. In the early 1st C AD, was an unenclosed farmstead comprising a number of roundhouses (2 excavated and at least 4 seen just to the south by geophysics and evaluation) surrounded by individual drainage ditches. This was succeeded in the 2nd C AD by a major rectilinear ditched enclosure (105x50m; 0.52ha) with at least seven internal subdivisions and a trackway on its southern side. The various sub-enclosures have been argued as used for stock pens, storage, crop processing and habitation. Structures included a roundhouse, a stone-lined well (with minimum of 6 complete pottery vessels and many animals), hearths, 4-post structure and keyhole shaped corn-drying oven. The structured deposit of a complete pottery vessel from the lowest fill of a ditch dates to the very earliest phase of the re-structured developed farmstead. The settlement continued until at least the late 3rd C, but by then most of the ditches had silted up. The final much reduced phase of activity dates to the early 4th c AD, with a partial extension of the easternmost enclosure and a small fenceline. It seems that the farm operated a mixed agrarian regime but with a strong emphasis on pastoralism. Evidence for various adult and neonate burials interred around the settlement. 6th century burials on the abandoned farmstead."
14053,75,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,Yes,No,"Excavation on the edge of the valley of the River Chelt in the Severn Vale revealed a Romano-British fieldsystem, together with a number of pits and postholes. The fieldsystem was in use from 1st to 4th C, though the main co-axial elements were laid out in the 2nd C AD. One 2nd/3rd C ditch contained a complete cattle skull and chaff from the early stages of crop processing. In the 4th C two inhumation burials were interred and further pits and ditches were dug. Another complete cattle skull recovered from a late Roman gully. The associated settlement probably lies very close to the north or east of the site."
14054,-100,375,1,125,small (<1 - 3 ha),complex,Yes,4,4,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,Yes,river valley,mixed,Yes,Yes,No,"Excavations from 1999 to 2008 on the first gravel terrace of the Upper Thames Valley revealed a long-lived farmstead dating from the middle/late Iron Age to the late Roman period. The earliest settlement on that site comprised an extensive rectilinear palisade enclosure (encompassing c 0.7ha) containing a waterhole and possible fodder stand, while just to the south lay an unenclosed domestic focus comprising a waterhole and 3 roundhouse gullies. In the early 1st C AD a major transformation took place with a new ditched enclosure (1.32ha) replacing the earlier features. This contained pits, waterholes, animal pens and a small central enclosure. A single possible roundhouse and sunken-floored building also lay within. In the early 2nd C the farmstead developed a more complex morphology with formalisation of specific functional zones within the farmstead - domestic (evidence for beam slot structure), stock pen (waterhole), crop processing (2 corndriers. One large double T-shaped (dated by pottery and radiocarbon to 2nd C AD), one small T-shaped), industrial (iron smithing) and potential ritual central enclosure with articulated sheep burial in a pit. Trackways ran either side of the farmstead and a network of paddock and field boundaries were observed. The final phase of settlement in the later 3rd-4th C saw further reorganisation with settlement contracting somewhat, but having evidence for at least two stone-footed rectangular structures (c 8x6m), timber-lined well and a small inhumation cemetery focused on an earlier Bronze Age barrow. Occupation is thought to have ceased in the later 4th C AD. Evidence for late 6th-7th c Saxon activity."
14055,50,350,100,250,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,2,No,No,No,No,No,Yes,river valley,uncertain,Yes,Yes,No,"A 33 trench evaluation on the first gravel terrace of the Upper River Thames, c 600m north of the river, revealed a trackway and fieldsystem, along with an area of domestic occupation on a slight rise to the NW. This area contained at least two buildings, one with masonry foundations, interpreted as a modest 'Romanised' farmstead and dated by pottery from late 1st/2nd to mid 3rd C AD. This area was not part of the subsequent 6ha excavation, which revealed elements of an irregular early Roman fieldsystem (associated with cremation burials), superseded in the early 2nd C by a very regular layout of trackways, seemingly linking the newly established settlement with other settlements in the vicinity (see ID 14034) and with wider fieldsystems. Further burials and an articulated horse burial associated with this phase. After a possible hiatus in the 3rd C, the trackway was redefined, probably at a time when the main domestic focus and other nearby settlements had gone out of use. A substantial post-built stockade (minimum 21x8m but much probably outside of excavation area) is contemporary with this trackway and inhumation burials were found in association. A waterhole lay adjacent to the trackway, opposite the late Roman burials. The ceramic chronology continues up to the early 4th c AD."
14056,-100,100,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,2,2,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,,No,Yes,No,"Excavations on a plateau close to the junction of the Cotswold dip slope and the Upper Thames Valley revealed  farmstead originating in the middle Iron Age and continuing until the early Roman period. Middle Iron Age features comprised a series of pits, while in the late Iron Age a ditched enclosure, 20m across was constructed, containing a rectangular post-built structure (10x5m). Charred grain from the ditch gave a radiocarbon date of 90 cal BC - cal AD 64. An infant burial came from the ditch. A curving boundary ditch subsequently cut through the enclosure, with a possible post-built roundhouse associated. The boundary ditch was replaced in early/mid 1st C AD by a much larger ditch, semi-circular in form and probably forming part of a substantial enclosure  (c 1.5ha) along with a narrow southern gully. Another roundhouse and possible rectangular beam slot structure were associated. Further augmentations to the enclosure ditch occurred in 2nd half 1st C AD, along with quarry pits to extract clay and limestone. Very little evidence for activity beyond end of 1st C AD (around same time as Corinium established c 0.5km to the SW, except for a cremation burial and a probable late Roman field ditch."
14057,1,50,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,hill,pastoral,No,No,No,"Roadscheme excavation in the Cotswolds, to the west of Bagendon oppidum revealed what would appear to be part of a substantial rectilinear ditched enclosure (0.6ha) dating to the late Iron Age. Only part of the enclosure was exposed, lying obliquely to the line of Ermin Street which would appear to have cut across it. The exposed part of the probable enclosure was clearly of two phases and had no contemporary internal features in the area excavated, though the quantities of finds suggest domestic occupation within a wooded area. The pottery and small finds suggest a limited period of occupation, from the early 1st C AD to c AD 60-65, though as it is cut through by Ermin Street (conventionally dated c AD 45-50), it is perhaps more likely to have terminated by mid 1st C AD. Later quarrying may be related to the contraction or the re-surfacing of Ermin Street."
14058,1,50,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,hill,pastoral,No,No,No,"Roadscheme excavation of small parts of a rectilinear cropmark enclosure (c 2ha) on a gentle north facing slope in the Cotswolds, west of the oppidum at Bagendon. The enclosure may have been open to the west and lay obliquely to Ermin Street road, which probably cut its NE corner. The enclosure ditches were up to 2.5m deep and 4m across and may have been preceded by a number of more ephemeral field/enclosure ditches. No trace of structures in the area excavated, but a large quantity of finds. Occupation appears to have been relatively brief, centred around the mid 1st C AD. The enclosure ditches were later cut by extensive quarrying, probably connected with the contraction and/or maintenance of Ermin Street in the mid/later 1st C AD."
14059,75,400,300,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Roadscheme excavation of a series of cropmarks adjacent to Ermin Street Roman road in the Cotswolds revealed a series of extensive quarries, a probable roadside funerary enclosure and a trackway leading from the main road. The earliest features seem to have comprised the quarry pits, c 10 m east of the road and possibly used in its construction and/or maintenance. South of the quarries, a ditched enclosure (10m sq internally; ditches 3.8m wide, 1.1m deep) lay immediately adjacent to Ermin St. It contained a probable central cremation burial and is dated by pottery in the ditch fills to later 1st/early 2nd C AD. Soon afterwards (early 2nd C AD) a roadside ditch was dug, incorporating the enclosure ditch, and a trackway led off to the east, probably  to a settlement seen by cropmarks 400m to the east. At some point (3rd C?) the roadside ditch was recut, blocking off access to the trackway, and an area of metalling dating early 4th C seems to represent part of a larger scale road widening episode at this time."
14060,75,400,,,medium (4 - 8 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,Yes,river valley,mixed,No,Yes,No,"Rescue excavations in advance of road construction on a gravel ridge in the Severn Vale revealed a Romano-British settlement potentially spreading over 8ha. Features noted comprised gravel surfaces, pits and boundary/enclosure ditches, along with spreads of building debris and occupation material. Also 3 hearths and a stone-lined well, which contained pottery and two sandals (structured deposit?) in lowest fill. The datable material indicates late 1st to 4th C occupation. The overall nature of the site is difficult to determine, but it seems primarily to have been agriculturally based and due to its size is interpreted here as a village type settlement with timber and potentially masonry footed buildings.."
14061,100,400,,,medium (4 - 8 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Roadscheme salvage excavations revealed a Romano-British settlement  on a slight clay rise in the Severn Vale, 4.5km SE of Gloucester and 1.7km south of Ermin Street. Pottery indicates a 2nd-4th C date for activity. Excavated features comprise pits, a hearth, metalled surfaces and a 3rd/4th C AD T-shaped corndrier (which re-used part of a masonry window cornice/mullion). The nature and extent of the site remains uncertain, but could potentially extend over 6ha. However, it is here interpreted as a farmstead."
14062,100,300,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,1,Yes,No,Yes,Yes,No,Yes,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Roadscheme salvage excavation 6.4km south of Gloucester on the edge of the Severn Vale revealed part of a probable villa complex. Excavated features comprised series of pits, a limestone metalled surface and part of a substantial multi-room masonry building (at least c 30x17m; sandstone roofing tiles, tesserae, wall plaster, stone-lined channel (part of a corndrier?) pilae tiles). Badly robbed and plough disturbed. The pottery indicates occupation in the 2nd and 3rd C AD and excavators suggest this is more likely to be an ancillary building than the main villa, though this is uncertain."
14063,100,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Roadscheme salvage excavation revealed part of a Roman settlement, potentially linked to a Roman villa complex near to the River Frome in the Severn Vale (3.6km east of the Severn). Excavated features comprised 26 pits containing domestic and organic material, with datable material mostly indicating activity in the 2nd-3rd C AD, and a 3rd-4th C metalled surface. High status building materials and late Roman coins previously found 100m to the east suggested a probable villa. Auguring confirmed masonry buildings, though no further details. A coin hoard also found near the 'villa'."
14064,150,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,4,Yes,No,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,hill,uncertain,No,No,No,"Antiquarian investigations  revealed a large Roman courtyard villa (with bathhouse) on an east facing hillslope in the Cotswolds, overlooking the valley of the Beesmore Brook. The villa incorporated fine mosaics and a paved courtyard. Further investigations in advance of a new pipeline in 1968, 50m south of the villa, revealed the outline part of another masonry building (8.84x12.19m) of well-built faced mortared limestone blocks, terraced into the hillslope. The purpose of the building is unknown and is only conjecturally agricultural. Shallow refuse pits found to the west. Very poorly dated later 2nd-4th C AD."
14065,300,375,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,2,Yes,No,Yes,Yes,No,Yes,hill,uncertain,No,No,No,"Excavations in the 1960s of a Roman villa on a spur of level ground (a springline) overlooking the valley of the Sherborne Brook in the Cotswold hills. The earliest villa comprised a simple three-roomed building (c 30x10m), dated by coins to the early 4th C AD.  A corridor and wings were added, and then a bathsuite, possibly during  the mid 4th C AD. The bathsuite lay in the east of the villa, except a curious additional 'cold plunge bath' which lay in a room abutting the north-western part of the building. This may have had an alternative function and had a drain leading from it to the north. Against the east end of the main building a 'barn' was added, with the overall complex being 39x24m. A T-shaped corn-drying oven later inserted into the barn. A substantial room abutted the rear of the villa at a late date, perhaps a livestock barn. The villa buildings had been considerably disturbed by recent ploughing. The villa is wholly dated by coins to the 4th C AD though pottery suggests a possible earlier origin."
14066,50,200,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,coastal,uncertain,No,No,No,"Roadscheme excavation in 1962 revealed elements of a Romano-British settlement on a promontory rising above the Severn estuary and the alluvial flats. Features comprised spreads of domestic material, and part of a ditch or pit. The nature of the settlement is uncertain. Approximately dated by pottery to 1st-2nd C AD."
14067,,,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,No,No,No,"Excavation of a deserted medieval village in a valley within the northern Cotswolds revealed Roman occupation in one part of the site. Features securely assigned a Roman date were scares, comprising probable surface spreads and a potential timber building. The rich concentration of finds indicates occupation, potentially of 1st to 4th C AD date."
14068,70,420,150,,medium (4 - 8 ha),complex,Yes,,3,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,No,Yes,river valley,mixed,Yes,Yes,No,"Excavations c 4km east of Gloucester just north of Ermin Street and south of a brook revealed a Romano-British villa of corridor plan, with overall dimensions of c 33x17m. The centre block was thought  to have been built mid 2nd C AD (though with possible 1st C AD timber-framed predecessor), with additional rooms then being built at the ends, and wings and bath buildings projecting to the west. Occupation is argued to have continued into the 5th C AD, with a coins of Theodosius found beneath one of the mosaic pavements. Excavation to the south of the villa  revealed stone footings, probably for  half-timbered outbuildings belonging to the early life of the villa. Much later archaeological investigations and geophysical survey in the 1980s and 1990s to the east of the villa revealed a series of trackways, field ditches and enclosures forming a large complex villa estate, mostly dating 2nd-4th C AD. In 1993-4 excavations found a Roman masonry footed building 80m NE of the villa and other nearby lengths of walling and a T-shaped corn-drying oven. A evaluation to the south of the villa in 1998 revealed a large Romano-British quarry pit, field/enclosure ditches and a hearth. All dated 1st-4th C AD. Further evaluation in 2011 immediately south of the villa revealed an extensive rectilinear system of 2nd to 4th C ditches, interpreted as boundaries enclosing Romano-British fields or paddocks associated with the villa complex. Tentative evidence for the presence of structures, in the form of two possible rubble wall foundations and a possible beam slot, was also recorded."
14069,150,350,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,Yes,No,Yes,No,No,Yes,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Excavation in 1957, 3.2km east of Gloucester, south of Ermin Street Roman Road and c 1km south of the villa at Hucclecote (ID 14068) revealed part of a badly robbed Romano-British bathhouse, including an apsidal room. The bathblock is believed to have been part of a small villa mainly lying to the north, and included part of a drain. Pottery dates to construction to sometime after c AD150, being destroyed c mid 4th C AD.  A ditch was found to the south of the bathhouse, possibly part of a wider enclosure ditch. An inhumation burial in a stone coffin was found nearby. A watching brief in 2012 found walls of the bathhouse."
14070,125,420,300,,medium (4 - 8 ha),unclassified,Yes,,6,Yes,No,Yes,Yes,No,Yes,river valley,mixed,No,No,No,"Excavations in the 19th C and at various points in the 20th C revealed a substantial courtyard Roman villa built in a small steep-sided valley/combe opening at its eastern end into the Coln Valley, in the Cotswold hills. The earliest phase of the villa is ill-understood, but appears to have comprised three separate rectangular masonry buildings around the head of the combe, probably dating to the early 2nd C AD. These buildings were then incorporated into the 'great rebuilding' of the villa c AD 300 with galleries connecting and unifying the 3 wings, and a cross gallery being built to separate an upper from a lower courtyard, probably linked with increased status. The extent of the ranges was greatly increased, with fine mosaics, hypocausts and two separate bath suites. A nymphaeum shrine was built in the corner on the site of the main spring, with an octagonal basin. Chi-Rho symbols inscribed into 3 of the basin coping stones indicates later Christian use. Other buildings known in and around the Combe were part of the wider estate. A Romano-Celtic temple lay 900m to SE on a hillslope overlooking the Coln (see ID 14072), and a building was found 155m NW of the villa on the ridge overlooking the combe, which may well have been a mausoleum, though evidence is lacking. The villa was at its most developed in the mid 4th C AD, after which there was a decline, though (inferior quality) mosaics still being laid in late 4th C AD. A hearth later built on top of a mosaic and evidence for industrial activity. It probably survived as an agricultural centre well into the 5th C AD, even if the opulence had long gone."
14071,-100,100,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Geophysical survey and a 52-trench evaluation south of the Tirle Brook revealed three small subcircular enclosures, two of probable middle-late Iron Age date, and one of likely early Roman date. Associated features of this enclosure that were excavated comprised ditches, pits and postholes. It is suggested that the range of artefacts associated with these enclosures, including pottery, fragments of fired clay from oven structures and animal bone, indicates that they represent the remains of small-scale settlement activity rather than, for example, simple stock enclosures."
14072,150,350,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,Yes,No,Yes,No,No,Yes,river valley,uncertain,Yes,Yes,No,"Antiquarian investigations and subsequent excavations in the 1920s revealed a masonry temple on a terrace into a slope overlooking the River Coln, which lay immediately to the north.  A trackway from the river seems to lead up (with steps?) to the terrace and temple. The badly disturbed building comprised a substantial masonry footed square structure, 12x12.5m internally, with large well cut ashlar masonry in situ in one corner. If this represents the inner cella of a Romano-Celtic temple, with the outer ambulatory not surviving, then it would be among the largest of such temple types in Britain. Alternatively, it may have comprised only the central cella, possibly with a small attached building. Architectural embellishment is shown by provision of limestone columns and stone voussoirs from an arch. Just inside the north wall of the temple was a circular stone lined pit (1.5m deep) containing red deer antlers. The site lay 850m ESE of Chedworth Roman villa, and is undoubtedly part of the wider villa estate. Other structures are thought to have lain near to the building, particularly further up the slope away from the river. The dating is very poor but thought to be mid 2nd - 4th C AD."
14073,25,75,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,No,No,No,"Excavation of a sub-rectangular earthwork enclosure in the Cotswolds failed to establish it's date (though it was thought to be medieval), but found that in some places it cut an earlier ditch that may have been part of a late Iron Age/early Roman settlement. The V-shaped ditch was substantial, at 5m wide and over 2m deep, though it remains uncertain it formed a continuous enclosure. The main settlement is believed to lie to the south as domestic material found in sewer trenches in this location. Pottery is all very late Iron Age/early Roman and it is possible that the whole settlement was post-conquest. High status pottery recovered. Little evidence for activity beyond the later 1st C AD."
14074,-100,420,275,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,,4,Yes,No,Yes,No,No,Yes,hill,uncertain,No,No,No,"Excavations in the 1920s and 1980-1 revealed a major Romano-British religious complex on a promontory in the Forest of Dean overlooking the River Severn.   A promontory fort (c 2ha in extent) was established in 1st C BC, then occupied as far as the 2nd and possibly 3rd C AD, engaging to some extent in iron-mining. During the later 3rd C the religious complex was established, with a substantial rectangular basilica-like temple building (24.6x18.4m), an associated bathhouse, a long building divided into many rooms (stoa or abaton) and a huge courtyard building interpreted as a guesthouse. An entrance into the complex led from the bathhouse/guesthouse area through into the promontory fort, where there was a watertank and drain leading to the baths. Another entrance in front of the temple led down the scarp towards the main road (and possible villa) near the River  Severn. The complex was well appointed with many mosaic floors and painted plaster walls. It stood until c AD 370 until part of the temple superstructure collapsed and much of it was rebuilt, more in the style of a Romano-Celtic temple with defined cella and closed off ambulatory and side niches. The coin evidence suggests that the cult continued into the early 5th century AD."
14075,100,400,,,medium (4 - 8 ha),complex,Yes,,1,Yes,No,No,No,No,Yes,river valley,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Limited excavation and cropmark survey indicated a Roman roadside settlement along Akeman Street in the Cotswolds, probably centred on the crossing of the River Coln. Ditches and potential buildings revealed by cropmarks and many surface finds of pottery, coins and worked limestone blocks. Excavations revealed the rammed gravel road surface (10m across with central gutter), which contained much pottery and animal bone and many coins. Some wheel tracks still visible. A substantial stone wall bordered the river side of the road, with curb stones on the other side. The coins and pottery from the excavation were predominantly of 4th C date, as would befit the latest use of the road, but overall the finds suggest a 2nd-4th c AD date."
14076,250,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"A small salvage excavation undertaken when two bath stone coffins found when digging a sewage trench 75m east of the River Boyd along the crest of a scarp above the river terraces. The first coffin was very disturbed, but both were on the same N-S alignment. No indications of surrounding settlement, though another stone coffin found, c1km to the north, thought to have been relocated. Dating is approximate."
14077,100,400,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,1,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,No,No,No,"Pipeline excavation in 1953 in the Forest of Dean revealed a Romano-British settlement on a hillslope whose principle economic concern seems to have been iron smelting. Features comprised 'occupation layers', metalled surfaces, a rectangular post-built building (c7x3m) with rammed earth floor and hearth, and the base of a probable furnace. Large quantities of smelting slag around this feature in particular. A spring further down the down contained Roman pottery and may have been utilised. The evidence from pottery suggests activity from at least 2nd C to the end of the 4th C AD."
14078,100,425,,,medium (4 - 8 ha),unclassified,Yes,,6,Yes,No,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Antiquarian excavations by Lysons in 1790s revealed a large Roman villa in a valley on the edge of the Cotswold escarpment overlooking the Severn Vale. A total of 65 rooms were recorded ranged around three axially planned courtyards with monumental gateways. At the head of the inner courtyard, the central room (with hypocaust) contained largest mosaic (Orpheus charming beasts) yet found from Roman Britain (225 sq m). Also 13 other mosaics of the Corinium school, dating early-mid 4th C AD.  Includes potential agricultural aisled buildings (granaries?) and corndriers as well as bath suites, though main bathhouse is yet to be found. A stone-lined aqueduct is thought to be associated with the villa. Further small scale excavations in 1973 revealed something of the structural sequence. The largest most complex phase of the villa dates to the 4th C AD (and there are still other parts of this complex not revealed), though evidence indicates earlier phases from at least the later 2nd C AD, possibly earlier 2nd C AD based on use of opus sectile building materials and 2nd C AD pottery/brooches. This all points to a long history of structural development, though the villa was quite lavish even from an early stage. The centre and outer courtyards are believed to have been built c AD 200, while inner courtyard built in early 4th C. Archaeological evidence for the end of the villa is slight, but is thought to have been at least the end of the 4th C AD and probably into the 5th C and later."
14079,150,400,275,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,1,No,No,Yes,Yes,No,Yes,hill,uncertain,No,No,No,"Excavations in 1969 and 1976-7 revealed a Roman villa on a terrace cut into a hillside overlooking the River Severn. The villa building measured at least 30x16m and had three major phases. Initially it comprised a block of 2-3 rooms, one of which had an accomplished geometric mosaic, fronting onto a corridor/veranda. This was dated to the later 2nd C AD. A major re-modelling and extension of the villa came in the later 3rd C AD, with hypocausted wing rooms. One may have been a bath suite. The corridor was later converted into three rooms. Numismatic and ceramic finds from the latest levels date 3rd-4th C AD. Evidence for associated iron production in near vicinity."
14080,150,400,,,medium (4 - 8 ha),unclassified,Yes,,4,Yes,No,Yes,Yes,No,Yes,hill,mixed,No,No,No,"A Time Team excavation of a courtyard Roman villa known from cropmarks on a promontory with a dry valley to the west and rising ground to the east. The villa was 140x80m in extent (1.12ha) with a series of further structures including a rectangular building 60m SE on the hillside. The main villa complex is arranged around three courtyards, aligned on a N-S axis with the inner courtyard to the north. The inner and middle courtyards are separated by a cross range, and a gateway leads from the middle courtyard to the southern outer courtyard. A perimeter wall surrounds the north, east and west sides of the villa. A bathhouse was contained in the central range.  A bowl furnace and flue of a small hearth in the middle courtyard is associated with evidence for copper alloy/lead working, while an area of ironworking is indicated C100m west of the villa. A clay quarry pit also found. Pottery recovered indicates that occupation of the site started from the later 2nd C and continued in use until the end of the 4th C, with major alterations in the 4th C AD. A spring rising on the hillside, had waters channelled through a culvert of possible Roman date to emerge as a stream to the south of the site of the detached building south-east of the villa."
14081,100,200,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,No,No,No,"Small scale building work during 1955 in the Cotswolds revealed a crouched inhumation burial, with associated 2nd C AD pottery. No indications of further burials or surrounding settlement."
14082,50,200,,,large (9+ ha),complex,Yes,,1,Yes,No,No,No,No,Yes,coastal,uncertain,No,No,No,"Small strip excavation in 1954 within the Roman sea port town of Sea Mills revealed an area of paving and a pit. The presence of tesserae and opus signinum indicates a building of some status in the vicinity. The dating was generally 1st-2nd C AD. Three further evaluations (2005, 2007, 2008) in advance of housing at Hadrian Close revealed more Romano-British features, comprising a ditches, hearths, pits, cobbled yards and structural remains (beam slots and masonry wall footings, including an interior mortar floor), all dated 1st-2nd C AD. The area appears to have been re-used for burial in the late-sub-Roman period."
14083,150,420,300,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,2,Yes,No,Yes,Yes,No,Yes,hill,uncertain,No,No,No,"Excavations of part of a Roman villa complex from 1948 to 1951 in the Cotswolds, on the sloping east bank of the Whittington Brook. Three phases of Roman activity were identified. The earliest phase, dated 2nd C AD, comprised an L-shaped bathhouse (c 13x7m) of 3 rooms and an octagonal cold plunge bath and associated stone carved drains. No associated villa house was found. In the early 4th C the building was incorporated within a small house comprising 7 rooms/corridors in total, most with tessellated floors and some with hypocausts. One room was apsed. It remains uncertain if this had now become the main villa house or was subsidiary. During the mid/later 4th C AD, a separate large rectangular building (15x3m, with mosaic pavement) built to the SE and connected at a strange angle to the main building by a corridor. A further corridor ran around the house through the demolished bath block. Many Theodosian coins suggest activity into the 5th C AD, and a gradual fall into decay. A hearth lay on the floor surface of one room."
14084,150,400,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,2,Yes,No,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,hill,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Excavation of a courtyard Roman villa complex in the late 19th C lying between two streams on a slope within the Cotswolds. The main complex covered 0.36ha, with buildings on three sides of a courtyard with a bath suite on the south, living quarters on the east and its main reception room in the centre opposite an entrance. A substantial bank and ditch ran behind the villa, while at the junction of the two streams that run on either side of the villa are the remains of stone revetting; it seems probable that the road to the villa ran in this direction. Outside the courtyard, 30m to the west lies an aisled building (16.42x10.47m with a western extension). The villa was at its height in the 3rd/4th C AD, though appears to have started as a corridor type villa, which then developed into a winged corridor and finally a courtyard villa. The dating of the earlier phases is poorly understood but is thought likely to have began in the (early/mid?) 2nd C AD."
14085,60,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Excavations in 1917-1920 c 3.5km SE of Gloucester alongside Ermin Street revealed part of a Romano-British mixed rite cemetery, possibly set within ditched enclosures. An area of burnt stones may represent the site of cremation pyre. The dating appears 1st to 4th C and it is suggested that the cremation burials were all early with the inhumations being later, this being partly supported by stratigraphic relationships. Little specific information."
14086,70,400,100,,small (<1 - 3 ha),complex,Yes,2,,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Excavations in the 1970s c 6km SE of Gloucester and 350m north of Ermin Street revealed a Romano-British settlement spread over 0.81ha lying near the foot of the Cotswold escarpment. Much of the settlement was truncated by ploughing, but what remains suggests a regular network of ditched and fenced enclosures. At least two roundhouses defined by circular gullies (10.5 & 8.6m dia), dated later 1st-mid 2nd C AD. The main ditch and fence system constructed as a planned episode during early 2nd C AD incorporating the roundhouses. It is suggested that further rectangular buildings existed perhaps on the number of rubble platforms found during the excavation. The overall occupation appears to have been from c AD 70 to the later 4th/5th C AD. An evaluation in 2011 revealed further elements of a late Iron Age and Romano-British farmstead c 200m to the north but it remains uncertain if the two sites are part of the same settlement (see ID 14166)."
14087,200,400,,,medium (4 - 8 ha),complex,Yes,,1,Yes,Yes,No,No,Yes,Yes,river valley,mixed,Yes,Yes,No,"Two areas of excavation, 100m apart, in the Severn Vale revealed parts of a Romano-British settlement. Cotswold Archaeology excavations in 1997 revealed ditched enclosures (with a double sheep burial in a pit within one), a possible masonry (aisled?) building and part of a small inhumation cemetery, all dating to the late Roman period. Also evidence for extensive iron smithing. It appears to have been all agricultural/industrial/funerary in nature with minimal if any domestic occupation on site. Foundations Archaeology excavations in 1998, 100m further east, revealed a series of steep-sided ditches, some forming part of enclosures, others perhaps trackways, along with pits, postholes and a stone hearth. Two layers of 'spread material' contained significant volumes of occupation debris, all dated 2nd-4th C AD. Most features had an emphasis on the later Roman period (especially 4th C AD), and early Saxon pottery on site suggests continued occupation. No full specialist reports published for this excavation. The Roman features on both of these excavated sites may well relate to an expansion of activity from the settlement at Home farm/Gilder's paddock, 300m to the east (see ID 14011). Within most of the excavation reports these areas of settlement are interpreted as potentially part of a villa estate. However, to date the evidence remains inconclusive and the fact that occupation appears to be spread (at its height in the late Roman period) over c 8ha suggests a nucleated village type settlement."
14088,200,420,380,,medium (4 - 8 ha),unclassified,Yes,,4,Yes,No,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,hill,mixed,Yes,No,No,"Excavations in the 19th C, 1930s and in 1960s and 1970s revealed parts of an extensive villa complex now known to be of double courtyard type, terraced into a slope of the Cotswold escarpment overlooking the Severn Vale. Although an Iron Age ditch points to some earlier activity, there is no evidence for any sustained settlement prior to the first masonry villa building in the early 3rd C AD. The core of the villa buildings comprises an H-shaped layout of equal sized wings linked by a central range of rooms around a courtyard to the south (a second courtyard later revealed by field survey). The west wing was dominated by two sets of baths, the lower originating as a separate building. A complex system of stone-lined drains provided water for the villa from springs in immediate vicinity. The whole villa building was extended and further aggrandised during the later 3rd and 4th C AD, including incorporation of a complex aisled structure in the SE range. The final years of the 4th C saw a marked change of use, at least as seen in the west wing where the baths went out of use and floors re-paved in rough stone. Hearths, corndriers and occupation debris within the villa all point to change in status at this time, though occupation may well have continued well into the 5th C AD. Recent field survey showed that the villa was set in a landscape of auxiliary buildings including minor industrial activity, possible tile production and some metalworking (including lead smelting in the villa building)."
14089,20,60,,,large (9+ ha),complex,Yes,,,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,No,river valley,mixed,Yes,No,No,"Excavations in the 1950s and 1980s revealed small parts of a huge polyfocal complex usually described as a 'territorial oppida' covering 80-200ha centred on the Bagendon Brook, a tributary of the River Churn. It is partially defined by a series of substantial dykes which appears to have developed in two phases, both focussing on the creation of elaborate entrances into the complex. Recent geophysical survey and excavation by the University of Durham have revealed numerous new elements to the complex, including  significant dense occupation in the Bagendon valley, areas of occupation, including earlier occupation beneath Cutham dyke and identification of two new 'banjo' styles enclosures dating to the middle Iron Age. The 1950s excavation revealed an area of activity focused around a road into the interior, which included evidence for coin production and metalworking (including bowl furnaces for iron smelting), dating either side of the Roman conquest. Geophysical survey indicated this continued along the valley. Two possible roundhouses, though these have been recently refuted. Only the 1950s excavations have been fully published so significant specialist details still awaited."
14090,175,380,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),complex,Yes,4,4,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,Yes,hill,mixed,Yes,Yes,No,"Roadscheme excavation revealed a small Romano-British roadside settlement covering over 1ha on a south facing slope of a shallow dry valley in the Cotswolds, adjacent to the course of Ermin Street Roman road. Established in the later 2nd C AD, it comprised a series of rectangular enclosures or partial enclosures containing stone surfaces, wells, ovens, pits, middens and a widely dispersed group of structures sited on small terraces into hillslope. The earliest structures comprised a roundhouse (13m dia; later re-built on same spot), a series of other potential curvilnear structures and a possible rectangular structure. Around mid 3rd C, the earlier structures went out of use and were replaced by slightly different structures on the same sites, including a stone-founded roundhouse with pitched stone flooring (c 11m dia). A complete pottery jar was placed in pit in centre of doorway threshold. Also of this phase were lengths of masonry walling, a further timber roundhouse (with horse skull deposited in gully), and a rectangular stone founded building with stone floor. A T-shaped corndrier was placed in a relatively isolated position in the north of the site. Further changes occurred in the early 4th C with many structures going out of use and being replaced with further ill-defined masonry footed buildings, circular and rectangular. This coincided with a substantial widening of Ermin Street road. The settlement was apparently abandoned c AD 380. Evidence for bronzeworking."
14091,-50,50,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Small scale excavations in 1945 on an area of gravel east of the River Isbourne in the Cotswolds revealed two inhumation burials, one within a grave lined and covered with limestone slabs. The tentative dating evidence from pottery suggests a late Iron Age date and late Iron Age and early Roman pottery has been found scattered in the immediate vicinity of the graves suggesting as associated settlement."
14092,100,300,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,No,No,No,A crouched Roman burial found in 1937 near to a probable Roman road in the Cotswolds. No indications of any surrounding features and dated by pottery to the 2nd-3rd C AD.
14093,300,400,,,medium (4 - 8 ha),unclassified,Yes,,1,Yes,No,Yes,Yes,No,Yes,hill,uncertain,No,No,No,"Antiquarian excavations in 1845 revealed a villa in the Cotswolds, 10km west of Cirencester. The villa buildings covered c 1ha and comprised 29 room with mosaics and hypocausts. Little is known of the origins or development of the villa though a late 3rd C coin hoard was found buried in a pot underneath a tessellated floor, indicating that least major refurbishments took place at this time. Further excavations nearby in 1938 found midden deposits thought to have been associated with the villa, along with at least four inhumation burials."
14094,-50,420,50,275,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,3,2,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,No,Yes,river valley,mixed,No,No,No,"Excavations in the gently sloping valley of the Broadmead Brook in the southern Cotswolds revealed a late Iron Age settlement that developed into the Roman period, eventually culminating in a small  corridor villa in the later 3rd C AD. The late Iron Age phase comprised a timber roundhouse and adjacent boundary ditches. The roundhouse was re-built in drystone walling in the 2nd half of the 1st C AD (c 8.5m dia), within internal hearths, painted plaster walls, articulated sheep remains in the foundation layer and infant burials (and a flagon) in a pit cut through the floor. This is interpreted as a shrine, though given the complete sequence of occupation this would appear unlikely, though these are probably to be interpreted as 'special deposits' within an essentially domestic setting. An unusual network of metalled and curbed pathways led from the circular building, one going towards a gateway within an outer enclosure wall to the north.  Near to the structure was a  complete storage jar set into the ground and to the south was  a potential post-built mortuary enclosure (9x10-5m), with an adult inhumation burial. Two other infant burials in pits are also of this phase. In the later 3rd C the site changed quite radically with a 3-roomed corridor building (10x23m; 'cottage' villa?) being constructed over the demolished circular building. Ovens were found in two of the rooms (one potentially a corn drying oven) and it was probably of two storeys with a sandstone tiled roof. In c AD 360 there were extensive refurbishments and it expanded to well over double the size, with 17 rooms, painted plaster walls and a small heated bathsuite. Also evidence for ironsmithing and a  corndrier within the building. One room had semi-articulated sheep/goat and articulated hare burials in pits. Other contemporary features in near vicinity comprise large areas of paving, foundations for a possible water tank, a mortar mixing tank, limestone quarry pits, a well and lined drains. Further to the south was a masonry wall and part of another rectangular building, south of which was an inhumation cemetery. A well built Y-shaped corn-drying oven lay c 40m to the east, with adjacent oven just to the north. A masonry footed circular building lay to the north and other traces of walls point to further buildings in the vicinity. The settlement appears to have continued in use into the 5th C, though the mains buildings were in structural decline."
14095,-100,400,25,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unenclosed,Yes,1,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,hill,mixed,No,Yes,No,"Excavations on the high dip slope of the Cotswolds on a spur of land near a confluence of two headwater streams of the River Windrush revealed a mid to late Iron Age settlement, with continuity of activity in the Roman period. A middle Iron Age farmstead c 250m to the west at The Park was abandoned in the 2nd C BC when the earliest settlement was established at Bowsings. This comprised a substantial trapezoidal enclosure (0.48ha with V-shaped ditches 3m wide and 2m deep), with a 10m wide eastern entranceway, incorporating a gate structure. Inside was a single roundhouse gully and a group of 15 pits, dug in the 2nd C BC, and then silting up, the upper layers containing Roman domestic material. A large grain storage pit of 2nd/1st C BC date also found. The enclosure ditches were mostly filled in (by slighting the rampart) by late Iron Age/early Roman period (radiocarbon date of 45 BC-AD 65). The Roman phase of activity is less easy to define and may have comprised a largely open farmstead. Spreads of occupation material (and concentrations of slag in places) were found across the interior and in the uppermost fills of the enclosure ditch. Limestone roofing tile is argued to have come from a timber-framed rectangular building of sill-beam construction. Overall dating from the finds suggests 1st-4th C activity with an emphasis on the 2nd-4th C.  In the 3rd C AD (dated AD 200-270 by archaeomagnetism) were at least two T-shaped corndriers, one built into the top of the enclosure ditch, the other in the entranceway. Probable structured deposits comprise cattle skulls in the mid fills of the enclosure ditch near the entrance terminals."
14096,175,350,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,1,Yes,No,Yes,Yes,No,Yes,hill,uncertain,No,No,No,"Excavations in 1903 revealed a Roman villa on a valley slope in the south Cotswolds. It was a villa of irregular courtyard type with an isolated room in the middle of the  courtyard, mosaic and opus signinum floors, and a bathhouse. It appeared to date from the late 2nd C, and then fallen into decay, perhaps being used for agriculture at some point in the late Roman period. Evidence for late burning."
14097,270,370,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,1,Yes,No,Yes,Yes,No,Yes,hill,uncertain,No,Yes,No,"Excavations in 1899 on a south-west facing hillside revealed a winged corridor villa, measuring 40x23m in size. The report suggests that it had at least ten rooms and a bath area with hypocausts, stone drains and mosaic floors. It appears to have had associated small-scale metalworking. A stone-lined well was also revealed near the bathhouse, mostly filled with villa building rubble in the upper layers, but with large numbers of animal bone, pewter vessels, other metal objects and pottery in lower layers, along with human remains. The villa chronology, based on coins and pottery, suggests a relatively short occupation, late 3rd to late 4th C AD, though earlier activity may have gone unnoticed. A later evaluation in 2005, c 50m west of the villa, revealed a possible boundary ditch containing a partially articulated adult horse skeleton. A pit cut into the backfilled ditch contained quantities of 3rd C AD pottery, suggesting the ditch was Roman or earlier."
14098,150,380,250,,medium (4 - 8 ha),unclassified,Yes,,6,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,coastal,mixed,Yes,No,No,"Excavations between 1932 and 1935 on the right bank of the Severn Estuary revealed parts of an elaborate winged corridor villa complex with residential ranges and a bathhouse (20+ rooms), set within an extensive masonry walled courtyard with ancillary buildings. One rectangular building had a stone-lined drain and two large millstones. The pottery suggests that the many structural phases dated from the  mid 2nd to 4th C AD. Subsequent finding a dense area of tap slag 50m to the SW of the villa led to geophysical surveys and excavations in 1987 to 1991, which revealed an extensive iron production site. Features comprised metalled surfaces,  a timber framed aisled building constructed on pad stones (16.5x8.2m), within which were two iron smelting furnaces, pits and stone settings, perhaps used in ore crushing. The furnace sites became buried by slag, charcoal and fragments of furnace-lining. The industrial area lay within an enclosure (0.25ha) and ditches outside this enclosure were interpreted as defining fields or paddocks as well as trackways. The course of a double aqueduct or leat for the villa can be traced running high up the valley slope. A watermill is suggested. The major phase of iron production was between mid/late 3rd C and late 4th C AD, though there was activity including minor iron production prior to this, though probably still dating to the 3rd C AD. The lack of Theodosian coins suggest main occupation ceases prior to end of the 4th C AD."
14099,120,350,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),complex,Yes,,,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,No,river valley,mixed,Yes,No,No,"Gravel quarry excavations c 750m north of the River Coln and straddling the south-west edge of the First Gravel Terrace of the Upper Thames Valley revealed a Romano-British settlement covering c 1ha. Ceramic evidence suggests initial agricultural activity and possible settlement in later 1st C AD, comprising remains of two rectilinear enclosures and a boundary ditch. These align with early Roman features in adjacent Coln Gravel excavations and probably represent the southern limits of this settlement (see ID 14035). The principal Arkell's  Land settlement is dated from early 2nd C AD and comprises a complex series of trackways and rectangular ditched enclosures, showing an increasing concern with the definition of areas or zones. A 10m wide trackway that ran adjacent to the settlement (with an entrance leading into it) connected with an associated settlement to the NE at Claydon Pike and continuing in a SW direction through the lower marginal lands to a trapezoidal enclosure 200m from the settlement. This enclosure (43x31m) was defined by a ditch and internal fenceline and contained 2 postholes and a waterhole surrounded by limestone flagstones. Uncertain function but possibly a stock pen. Outer field boundary ditches also noted.  Little structural evidence survived in the settlement though a limestone surface may have been a building platform. Six 2m diameter annular gullies have been interpreted as 'stack rings' or fodder stands. Large numbers of pits within the settlement probably functioned as rubbish pits, post-pits, gravel quarries and waterholes. Elements of the settlement were significantly reworked in the late Roman period with a double boundary ditch on its NW side (found in Coln gravel excavations, where a small inhumation cemetery was also observed). The scale of activity seems reduced in the late Roman period, and based on ceramic evidence it is unlikely that significant activity continued too far into the 4th C."
14100,50,200,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Gravel quarry excavations on the First Gravel Terrace of the Upper Thames Valley 3km south of Corinium revealed a largely open agricultural landscape of occasional field ditches, a single enclosure and clusters of postholes of uncertain function (suggested as some form of racking used for drying purposes?). A trackway is also revealed probably originating in the Iron Age and continuing into the Roman period. The close proximity to Cirencester makes it all the more surprising that  there is so little visible Roman activity (compared to the extensive middle Iron Age settlement), and most of the meagre assemblage of pottery dates to the early Roman period."
14101,75,200,,,large (9+ ha),complex,No,,3,No,No,No,No,No,No,coastal,uncertain,No,No,No,"Excavations in five areas on the slopes of a hill on the southern fringes of the Roman port town of Abonae revealed extensive areas of 1st-2nd C AD quarry pits and subsequent inhumation burials. Also a number of possible early rectangular timber structures of uncertain function, perhaps temporary. On the hilltop itself was found a small 1st-2nd C cremation cemetery."
14102,50,325,120,,small (<1 - 3 ha),complex,Yes,3,,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,No,river valley,mixed,Yes,No,No,"Extensive excavations 5.5km east of Gloucester just north of Ermin Street Road and south of the Horsebere Brook revealed a Romano-British settlement spanning 1st to 4th C AD. The earliest settlement of the mid 1st c AD was seemingly unenclosed, comprising pits, 3 roundhouses (c 11m dia) and a rectilinear enclosure to the east. In the early 2nd C a series of linear gullies and fencelines established as previous features went out of use. These were soon replaced (also in early 2nd C AD) with a series of ditched and fenced enclosures linked to Ermin Street by a 320m long trackway. Geophysical survey indicated an extensive enclosure network spread over 1.5ha. A small inhumation cemetery towards the northern fringes of the settlement dates to this period. Other features comprised a 3rd C AD midden (within which was an articulated dog), pits and probable waterholes. The settlement continued until at least the early 4th C AD. A later evaluation of 39 trenches in 2000 just to the north revealed further elements of this settlement, comprising enclosures, a possible trackway, ditches, and a soil spread. Geophysical survey suggests the whole settlement covered c 2ha."
14103,25,420,120,380,medium (4 - 8 ha),unclassified,No,,9,Yes,No,Yes,No,No,Yes,hill,uncertain,No,Yes,No,"Excavations in 1977-9 revealed major parts of a late Iron Age and Roman religious complex  on the edge of the Cotswold escarpment, overlooking the river Severn,  100m south of a Neolithic long barrow and 300m SW of Uley Bury hillfort. The late Iron Age cult site comprised a large (50x15m) sub-rectangular enclosure, partly re-utilising two Neolithic ditches with timber palisades added. A series of postholes towards the centre appear to have been part of a square structure (8.2m sq.), with a central pit. At a later point (mid/later 1st C AD), the whole complex was re-modified with a possible second structure positioned over the northern enclosure ditches, along with a clay-lined pit. Structured deposits occur within some of the enclosure ditches and pits. At some point in the early/mid 2nd century AD, the site appears to have been levelled, and replaced by a substantial masonry Romano-Celtic sub-type of temple and surrounding ancillary buildings, sharing a similar orientation to their structural predecessors. A large masonry building, interpreted as a guesthouse, lay to the north, while to the SW and SE were two further multi-roomed buildings. One later building was probably used in the production of cast-copper alloy rings. Geophysical survey indicated further elements of the complex spread over 8-9ha. The buildings were all subject to much change and development from the 2nd to 4th C AD, including adding a podium to the front of the temple. The final structural phase of the temple (c AD 380) resulted from its partial collapse and subsequent 'L-shaped' form, utilising the remaining ambulatory corridors. This phase appears to continue into the early 5th C AD. Evidence from the cult statue and many curse tablets indicates the primary deity worshiped at this complex was Mercury."
14104,,,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,4,Yes,No,Yes,Yes,No,Yes,river valley,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Excavations during the 1950s in the Forest of Dean, 1.5km west of the current River Severn and 1.2km east of Lydney Park temple revealed part of a potentially substantial Romano-British villa complex. Only a summary of the excavation is available, but it appears to comprise at least four rectangular buildings, potentially enclosed by a masonry wall. The main building (25x14m) contained 11 rooms, with at least 3 rooms having a tessellated floor and one with opus signinum floor. A large broken millstone found in one room. Another building 8m to the west (18x12.5) comprised two main rooms but was only partially revealed, and had stone flagged floors and a stone-lined drain leading from it. The other buildings were smaller and were not excavated. Ceramics suggest a date primarily from the 2nd-3rd C AD (to the late Roman period?). A metalled road leading from the complex led in the direction of the Lydney temple. It is suggested that the site may also have been part of a harbour site for boats on the Severn estuary, but there is little to sustain this. Some evidence for ironworking but unsure of extent or if actual iron production."
14105,250,400,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,No,,1,Yes,No,Yes,No,No,Yes,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"A small excavation in 1985 of a possible villa building known from cropmark evidence  on a plateau in the Forest of Dean, 3.5km east of the River Wye. A 1x2m trench focused on part of the building and a 5x5m trench lay just to the SE. The building was 20x15m in size, comprising 11 rooms, with pottery suggesting a later 3rd-4th C AD date. A number of gullies, pits and postholes lay in the trench to the SE. Evidence of iron smelting slag.  A later aerial photographic mapping survey identified a number of other possible small buildings to the south, east and south-east of the building, suggesting that it was part of an extensive complex covering at least 2 hectares. An evaluation in 1996 less than 50m east of the building revealed postholes, pits and gullies  with pottery dating 1st to 4th C, associated with iron smelting slag. Whilst the building may well have been a villa or at least part of a wider villa complex, there is as yet no evidence for any level of architectural pretention and so here is interpreted as a farmhouse."
14106,300,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,No,No,No,Small scale excavation on high ground 2km east of the River Wye revealed a Romano-British iron smelting shaft furnace and clay extraction pit. Two furnace bases were noted and the activity was tentatively dated to the 4th C on the basis of pottery and a coin found in the immediate vicinity. It is likely that other furnaces and associated structures lie in the same area.
14107,200,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,1,No,No,Yes,No,Yes,Yes,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"Rescue excavations in the Forest of Dean revealed elements of a Romano-British settlement that appears to be concerning primarily with iron production and pottery production, as indicated the presence of much smelting slag and pottery wasters. A large stone founded timber framed rectangular building (c 14x26m) was found with an apse (10m wide, 4.5m radius) at its western end. Essentially it was an elaborate aisled building with timber aisles supported the roof. This was suggested as a shrine but little basis for such an interpretation. Part of a ditched enclosure found affixed to the rear of the building. The dating from ceramic and coins is all late Roman with a construction date in the 3rd C AD and possible refurbishment in the 4th C AD ( a coin of AD 330-5 sealed underneath (secondary?) cobbling)."
14108,250,400,,,large (9+ ha),unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"A 33-trench evaluation on the gravels, c 1km west of the River Severn revealed elements of a Romano-British settlement most probably primarily concerned with iron production. Features comprise pits, postholes and ditches and most dating evidence points to activity after mid 3rd C AD. Also evidence for smithing. A later 42-ternch evaluation across 22ha 600m north of the site produced similar evidence for ditches, pits, postholes, gullies and large amounts of smelting slag, all of a similar date. This suggests a very extensive iron production complex, occurring in amongst defined plots and structures during the 3rd to 4th-centuries AD."
14109,-100,400,50,270,large (9+ ha),enclosed,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,No,No,No,"A 21-trench evaluation within a 13 ha bivallate iron Age hillfort on a natural promontory projecting from the main Cotswold escarpment, revealed foundations of a Romano-British wall  on the outer edge of the hillfort's south-eastern terrace, confirming that use of the site was re-established in the Roman period. A radiocarbon date obtained from a carbonised cereal grain found sealed in the construction layers of the upper terrace suggests that the hillfort was constructed, or was undergoing remodelling, in the 3rd C BC. A late Iron Age coin and pottery suggests some continuity into this period, though no evidence for further activity until the late Roman period with a late 3rd C coin coming from the limestone wall footing. The nature of this activity is uncertain."
14110,50,400,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,1,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,Yes,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"A 77-trench evaluation over 56ha in an area of alluvium adjacent to Dean Brook and on the Second Terrace of the River Avon revealed an intensive zone of Romano-British settlement activity  within the south-western part of the site. Features included ditched enclosures, a possible corn drying oven and the foundations of a stone-built Roman building. The earliest activity was dated ceramically to the 1st-2nd C AD, and the probable drying oven dates to this period. A buried soil horizon with 2nd-3rd C AD pottery lay above this. The main series of ditches and pits date 2nd-4th C, with many modifications during this time. The excavated features are argued to represent the remains of small fields, paddocks and enclosures.  The stone-built building incorporated a series of parallel wall foundations which raised the floor above ground level and is interpreted as a granary, dated 2nd-3rd C AD. A series of external floor surfaces were observed to the north of the structure. Possible small scale smelting also noted in one area, and it remains the possibility that distinct activities are taking part in separate areas of the site. A further zone of probable Romano-British settlement was identified 300m to the SE, defined by ditches and pits, with field ditches in-between. The southern activity is probably related to settlement features (pits, ditches and gullies) found in a small 7-trench evaluation immediately to the south in 1991. It remains uncertain if and how these settlement features may be related the potential village type settlement located 700m to the SE (see ID 14011)."
14111,200,400,,,large (9+ ha),complex,No,,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Excavation and Watching Brief in the northern area of the roadside settlement at Bourton-on-the-water revealed a major Roman boundary ditch (thought to be part of a wider system of paddocks/enclosures on the periphery of the settlement), other smaller ditches/gullies, a number of pits, a posthole and a shallow channel with signs of intense burning. The meagre pottery suggests a 4th c AD date. Further excavation to the east in 2009 revealed part of a large sub-rectangular Roman enclosure, also dated late Roman. Excavation of 0.1ha in 2011 revealed a few pits and ditches, along with 21 Roman inhumation burials; Radiocarbon dating, pottery and a coin suggests the cemetery was in use from the mid/late 2nd to late 4th-centuries AD."
14112,1,300,100,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"A series of huge area excavations on the first gravel terrace of the Upper Thames Valley revealed a landscape of Romano-British trackways, fieldsystems and enclosures, relating one or more of the many settlements known from the vicinity (e.g. Stubbs Farm  and Multi-Agg, Kempsford). There is evidence of development of the landscape pattern over time, with and initial layout of late Iron Age fields being replaced in the early 2nd century by a more regular network of tracks and fields. Finds are mostly very sparse, but most where datable belong to the 2nd-3rd C AD."
14113,100,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Large scale excavations near the eastern edge of the Severn Valley revealed a complex of Roman field boundaries, probably related to the late Roman settlement partially revealed, c 200m to the south (ID 14175). The field ditches were shallow and badly truncated but the whole fieldsystems appears to have been laid out in two blocks with slightly different alignments, the southern block being delimited by a larger curvilnear ditch. Pottery from the field ditches dated broadly mid-late Roman, though 1st C AD pottery recovered from tree throws and a pit."
14114,-100,1,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,hill,mixed,No,No,No,Excavations on an east-facing hillslope overlooking the Windrush Valley revealed parts of an enclosed middle-late Iron Age settlement. The rectangular enclosure (c 0.24ha) had previously being revealed by geophysical survey and contained 44 pits and 28 postholes in the area excavated. A 15m wide entrance faced east and had evidence for a wooden gateway. Ceramic chronology indicates a late middle Iron Age to early late Iron Age date.
14115,100,350,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,1,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"Roadscheme excavations lying 300m west of the Fosse Way on a plateau in the Cotswolds revealed elements of a Romano-British settlement, thought to have covered c 1.5ha (from previous fieldwalking). Excavated features comprised postholes, metalled areas, a ditch, linear gullies/beam slots (some possibly creating a rectangular building 10x4.75m), hearths and two rectangular pits. Also a single urned cremation burial. The overall finds (pottery and metalwork) suggests occupation from early 2nd to mid 4th C AD, though it is possible that some form of activity occurred prior to this. It is possible that this forms part of a small roadside settlement"
14116,1,400,175,300,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,2,No,Yes,Yes,No,No,Yes,plateau or plain,mixed,Yes,Yes,No,"Geophysical survey and small scale excavation in the southern Cotswolds revealed a Romano-British settlement including a multi-roomed masonry building. A trackway defined the eastern side of an enclosed area (c 1ha), seemingly with at least some areas of sub-division, though the nature and scale of this remains uncertain. Within the complex, excavation targeted a masonry building (c11x15m) in the centre comprising three rooms - a main room and two small annexes flanking a cobbled entranceway which were later additions. A simple mortar and flagstone floor lay in the main room, with a centrally placed well-built hearth and a substantial oven/corndrier along the rear wall. This was interpreted as a possible 'smoker'. Structured deposits of sheep skulls/forelegs were placed under the thresholds of both original entrances to the building. A large Malvernian pot had been sunk into the floor partly under the southern wall of the building. Painted wall plaster indicated in the annexe rooms and one also had a niche in one wall. A second possibly earlier drystone walled building (with one curved end) lay immediately to the east but was only partially exposed. Sections of the surrounding enclosure ditches were also excavated, suggesting some activity from the late Iron Age but with most activity dating from the later 2nd to 4th C AD. The main stone building is argued to have been built in the 4th C AD. Field ditches and another trackway could be seen further to the east."
14117,150,400,250,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Excavations 90m north of the River Swilgate/Tirle Brook near the confluence of the Avon and Severn and 250m east of a probable Roman road, revealed part of a Romano-British settlement dating mid 2nd-4th C AD. The earliest feature comprised a small three-sided enclosure (12m in width; ditches 1.2m wide & 1m deep) with an entrance to the NW, dated 2nd-3rd C AD. Large amounts of pottery and animal bone came from the ditch. Suggested as an animal corral but finds indicate domestic occupation. Within enclosure were a few pits, postholes (which may have formed a fenceline) and a probable hearth. One possible well. Also an infant burial just to the south of the enclosure. At some point in the mid/later 3rd C this enclosure was cut through by trackway ditches and late field ditches cut through the trackway."
14118,1,400,75,225,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,1,1,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,Yes,Yes,No,"Geophysical survey and extensive excavation in 2010-11 at the foot of the Cotswold ridge on the edge of the Severn Vale and 200m north of the River Frome revealed elements (probably the northern end) of a Romano-British settlement. The settlement probably originated in the late Iron Age as concentrations of pits and postholes of this date were found in one area of the site (an open settlement?). In the later 1st C AD the settlement was transformed, with most of the excavated features being contained within a rectilinear enclosure (c 0.4ha), open on the west side and with a trackway/holloway entering from the north. Features within the enclosure comprise ditches, possibly delimiting different zones, middens, a T-shaped corn-drying oven, lying adjacent to a probable rectangular post-built structure (c 10x4m), a circular post-built structure (6m dia; 2nd C AD in date) and many other postholes, which may represent buildings and fences. It is likely that the main core of the settlement lay to the south, with quantities of building material from this area suggesting higher status structures. 14 burials also revealed, all except one within the  outer enclosed space. One area with burnt pits may represent an 'industrial' area, and there is evidence for smithing and smelting. Some possible evidence for structured deposits of  pottery vessels in pits. The pottery and other finds suggest most settlement activity dates to the early-mid Roman period (later 1st to late 2nd/early 3rd c AD), with more sporadic evidence for later Roman activity (including burials). It is likely that the main enclosure ditch had largely silted up by this point."
14119,150,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,1,No,No,Yes,Yes,No,Yes,hill,uncertain,No,No,No,"Small scale excavation in 1968 and subsequent geophysical survey, fieldwalking and metal detecting survey in 2007 revealed a winged corridor villa on the south facing gentle slopes of Norton Hill on the edge of the Cotswolds, looking towards Gloucester. Mosaics and a hypocaust revealed during the excavations though no explicit dating. Subsequent surveys recovered material of (later?)2nd-4th C AD date, with a late Roman emphasis."
14120,200,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,Excavations in the Cotswolds in the 1950s revealed part of a probably larger late Roman rural inhumation cemetery. No evidence for direct associated settlement. Only very loosely dated late Roman.
14121,100,300,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Evaluation and excavation immediately south of the River Thames in the Upper Thames Valley revealed a number of palaeochannels with 2nd-3rd c AD pottery within, along with pits, gullies and ditches, which would not seem related to domestic habitation rather than field drainage ditches and possible waterholes. The ditch system indicated two phases and most of the meagre dateable pottery assemblage suggested 2nd-3rd C AD."
14122,100,300,,,large (9+ ha),complex,No,,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Small scale excavation between the main focus of Roman settlement at Bourton to the west and the late Iron Age/early Roman settlement Salmondsbury Camp 100m to the NE revealed a series of ditches, along with two stone features/deposits of unknown function (drystone walling defining paddocks?) and a small number of shallow pits, all dated 2nd-3rd C AD. It is unclear exactly how this excavated area relates to the surrounding areas of settlement, and may well be on the periphery with limited domestic activity. Nevertheless it is interpreted here as part of the larger nucleated settlement."
14123,200,350,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,1,No,No,No,No,No,Yes,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Small scale excavation on the lower slopes of the Severn escarpment just west of the river revealed part of a Romano-British settlement. The earliest phase comprised a cobbled surface of uncertain function, thought to be possibly early Roman. This was succeeded by a small stone-built structure (3.5x1.5m), associated with a ferricrete deposit, as well as a cobbled pavement and a large refuse pit, all datable to the 3rd ? 4th century AD. This phase was associated with evidence for iron processing."
14124,-100,50,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"A 9-trench evaluation over 4.2ha in the Severn vale revealed elements of a mid to late Iron Age settlement comprising ditches, pits and a posthole. Possible evidence for iron smithing. Roman field ditches cut across the site, probably relating to the potential village type settlement lying 400m to the south (see ID 14011)."
14125,100,400,,,medium (4 - 8 ha),unclassified,Yes,,1,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,No,Yes,hill,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Excavations in the 1950s in the northern escarpment of the Cotswold Hills adjacent to a brook revealed a Roman villa, including rooms with tessellated floors and a bathsuite. A drain built of very large dressed stones led out of the bathsuite. No further information on this villa (its form remains uncertain), but a 5-trench evaluation 150m to the north revealed a series of Roman 2nd ? 3rd C AD ditched fields, trackways and enclosures. A number of ephemeral features, which included gullies and a  possible posthole, along with evidence for metalworking, were also present. A later Roman cemetery, which post-dated some of the fields and enclosures, was also identified. Further stone walls, hearths, postholes and ditches were recorded 550m to the west, all dated to the Roman period and possibly part of the wider villa complex. The overall dateable finds suggest a 2nd to 4th C AD date, though exact date of villa construction uncertain."
14126,75,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,3,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,Yes,hill,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"A 33-trench evaluation over 12ha on a Cotswold hillside just south of the Fosse Way Roman road revealed elements of a Romano-British settlement and fieldsystem. Two broad phases were identified, the earliest, dating later 1st-2nd C AD, comprising a large masonry building of unknown form or function. Structures dating 3rd-4th C were found in other evaluation trenches, all with clay and rubble foundations. The number of structures is uncertain, but they had been terraced into the hillslope. Boundary/field ditches also recorded, dating to the later Roman period, while part of a cemetery revealed in one trench spanned both phases of occupation.  Although interpreted as a farm in the report, its location and nature of the archaeological evidence suggests that this is the site of a Roman roadside settlement. No finds quantifications or reports."
14127,250,400,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,Small excavation on the north banks of the River Frome revealed elements of a Romano-British settlement. Features comprised a small number of pits and an adjacent gully. One pit was found to contain more than 5kgs of iron slag while domestic occupation is indication by other finds. All pottery dated late Roman.
14128,100,400,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),complex,Yes,,,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,Yes,river valley,pastoral,Yes,No,No,"Evaluation and subsequent excavation just below the Cotswold escarpment, 5km east of Gloucester and c700m south of Ermin Street revealed a Romano-British farmstead, established in the 2nd C AD. The settlement comprised a complex of rectilinear enclosures spread over 1.2ha, with the excavation examining the fringes, in particular the south-western boundary and parts of internal enclosure divisions. Elements of the main farm were glimpsed in the evaluation trenches, including timber framed buildings, which were indicated by foundation trenches, beam slots, and postholes. Roofing tiles and limestone masonry also suggested a stone building. Outside the main boundary ditch there was only one Roman feature: a prone inhumation burial. Trackways also noted on the geophysical survey.  It is suggested as primarily a stock-rearing farm due to the lack of cereal evidence. The dating evidence (ceramics) suggests 2nd-4th C AD."
14129,50,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,Yes,Yes,No,"Small scale excavation in 2001 on the first gravel terrace of the River Thames in the Upper Thames valley, 400m east of the Thames/Leach confluence, revealed early Roman ditches, possibly defining fields. Many fragments of a single early Roman pottery jar came from a ditch, perhaps originally a complete vessel. A L-shaped trackway was seen just to the west as a cropmark and further cropmarks lay c 150m m NE. A large quantity of metal finds were recovered by metal detecting associated with these cropmarks and further south (Leaze Farm and Cottage Field), covering an area of c 4ha in total. There is no evidence to indicate the nature of the site, and the objects are too widespread to have been a single hoard. The nature of the finds does suggest the possibility that they could have been ritual deposits, although this is far from certain. The finds suggest a 2nd to 4th century date, although a small number of coins do hint at earlier activity."
14130,250,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,No,No,No,A 13-trench evaluation over 2.2ha on the edge of the Cotswolds revealed remains of a late Roman co-axial fieldsystem. Finds suggest that an area of settlement may lay nearby. Subsequent excavation revealed two Roman ditches that were part of the fieldsystem.
14131,100,250,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"A 106-trench evaluation over 63ha north of the Tirle Brook in the Severn Vale revealed the peripheral parts of a Romano-British settlement in one small area to the NW. Features comprised ditches (some substantial up to 3m wide), gullies and pits. The evidence overall suggests 2nd/3rd C AD occupation in the immediate vicinity on the basis of pottery. Two inhumation burials from ditches, which may be outer settlement ditches and/or field/paddock ditches."
14132,50,150,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"A small 3-trench evaluation over 0.24ha on the eastern bank of the River Severn revealed elements of a probable early Roman settlement. Features comprised ditches and a pit, with pottery suggesting a  1st to early 2nd C AD date."
14133,100,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,4,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"An 18-trench evaluation on River Severn gravels 1.5km east of the river revealed outer elements of a Romano-British settlement, possibly that of the Olympus Park Romano-British villa complex found to the north of the site in 1994 (no information available). Features in the evaluation comprised a pit and a ditch, while the remains of four Roman timber buildings (`U' shaped parallel ditches associated with stony surfaces and metalled areas with stone packed postholes and beam slots) were recorded previously at Quedgeley Farm, 250m to the north, dating to the late Roman period. The buildings, ditches and pits were all possibly part of the outlying villa estate but too little information to be certain."
14134,1,100,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"A substantial 52 trench evaluation over 136ha east of the River Severn revealed elements of an early Roman farmstead within 3 trenches. The features comprised a number of substantial ditches, possibly enclosure ditches, with a number of other lesser ditches and gullies. A significant quantity of pottery and a small quantity of animal bone were recovered. It seems likely that these features represent the outer margins of a small, short-lived farmstead, perhaps, but not certainly, with late Iron Age origins."
14135,,,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,Yes,No,"An extensive Watching Brief 3km SE of Gloucester just north of Ermin St revealed an articulated inhumation burial, another incomplete burial and a scatter of disarticulated human bone in the subsoil. It is probably part of the same cemetery revealed adjacent to the road, 150m to the south (see ID 14085). Also the articulated remains of a partial cow skeleton in a pit which may be contemporary. Only loosely dated as Roman."
14136,250,400,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,1,Yes,No,No,No,No,Yes,hill,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"A small 4-trench evaluation on the edge of the Cotswold escarpment adjacent to Ermin Street Roman road revealed Roman features probably relating to a small roadside settlement of unknown form. Features comprised a cobbled surface, along with trenches, limestone walls (with painted plaster) and mortared floor surfaces indicative of several phases of domestic occupation. Previous investigations in 1917-18 recorded Roman walls, painted wall plaster, and a hypocaust tile and it has been interpreted as the remains of a villa, though this is far from certain. Interpreted here loosely as a high status 'settlement' comprising masonry buildings around a cobbled yard. Quite possibly an official mutatio (changing station) by the roadside. Dated by stratified coins to later 3rd-4th C AD."
14137,-50,100,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,Yes,No,"Small 4-trench evaluation over 0.47ha, 1km north of Gloucester and 100m north of the Roman fortress at Kingsholm revealed late Iron Age activity characterised by a metalled area and a large (c 4m dia) stone lined pit. The pit and surface were associated with pottery and brooches and are suggested as having had some ritual significance. The pit was backfilled during the early Roman period, when the area was divided by a number of enclosure ditches (livestock pens?), presumably contemporary with the fort. The site then reverted back to a single open space, suggested as a market place. This phase was succeeded by two distinct clusters of possible rubbish pits before the land was given over to successive episodes of agricultural use from the 2nd century AD."
14138,,,,,large (9+ ha),complex,Yes,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,Yes,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Small 3-trench evaluation over 0.23ha within the Roman roadside settlement on an outcrop of Lower red Sandstone, above the floodplain of the River Leadon revealed postholes, gullies, ditches, a pit and a possible robbed out wall. No specialist information in report and no specific recording of chronology other than 'Roman'."
14139,1,375,150,250,large (9+ ha),complex,Yes,,5,Yes,Yes,Yes,No,No,Yes,plateau or plain,uncertain,Yes,Yes,No,"Two areas of archaeological investigation, Inns Court to the west and Filwood Park 300m to the east, revealed elements of what is thought to have been a single substantial Romano-British settlement on the western edge of a spur of higher ground. At Inns Court excavation revealed pits, postholes, gullies and occupation layers, generally dating later 1st-2nd C AD, though with two gullies containing late Iron Age/early Roman pottery, suggesting earlier origins. There was increased occupation during the later 3rd C with stone-lined drains and parts of three stone founded buildings, within a ditched enclosure. Two of the buildings (linked a courtyard) were substantial and at least one had 2+ rooms, a stone tiled roof and flagstone floors. The other building contained a small furnace and outside of this was an inhumation burial. The third building was separated by a boundary ditch and comprised only a short length of wall and a cobbled floor. Occupation until c mid 4th C AD.  At Filwood Park to the east, the main occupation spanned mid 2nd C until later 4th c AD. This part of the settlement centred on a ditched enclosure and trackway, which contained at least one stone-founded building, as well as areas of packed metalling - further possible structures? A v-shaped drain ran through the enclosure to a limestone water tank and much metalworking debris recovered. A further stone building to the south as well as another enclosure (possible double ditch with stone bank), bounding an area of cobbling with evidence for metalworking and pottery kilns (mainly 3rd C AD).  It is suggested that the settlement as a whole comprised a series of such ditched enclosures and buildings spread over at least 12ha. Further watching briefs and evaluations in 1997-8 to the east of Inns Court revealed outer ditches possibly relating to fieldsystems."
14140,100,300,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,No,,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,coastal,uncertain,No,No,No,"A limited watching brief near the Severn estuary revealed a Romano-British ditch with 2nd-3rd c AD pottery. The ditch lay adjacent to an undated cropmark enclosure and may well be related to it as part of the wider agricultural around landscape around a 2nd-4th C AD settlement near Crooks Marsh Farm, c 400m to the SE. There is little specific information about this farmstead apart from its chronology and all artefactual data presented here is derived from the watching brief record."
14141,250,350,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,1,No,No,No,No,No,Yes,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"A watching brief on a limestone plateau 3.7km NE of the River Avon revealed part of a late Roman masonry building. A single 5.5m length of wall was observed (faced limestone with a rubble core), with large deposits of rubble and domestic material adjacent. Deposits of coal found, but almost no other evidence of industrial activity, and so a domestic function is most likely, either part of a villa estate or a higher status farmstead. Dated by pottery later 3rd to mid 4th C AD."
14142,25,375,100,250,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"A two-phased 21-trench evaluation 3.3km NE of the River Avon revealed evidence for early and late Roman activity.  A small number of late Iron Age-early Roman ditches were probably some distance from the domestic settlement core and may have been field ditches. A substantial metalled Roman road and adjacent ditches was aligned NE-SW and may have been that linking the port of Sea Mills (Abonae) with Gloucester (Glevum). A stone-lined drain was associated with the road, which went out of use by mid to late 4th C AD. Several ditches recorded immediately east of the road may represent elements of an adjacent double-ditched late Roman rectilinear enclosure seen on geophysical survey. An inhumation burial was found nearby and can probably be related to six further burials found there in 1982. The enclosure and burials all suggest that this is the periphery of a late Roman farmstead adjacent to the main road. Aside from the road there is no evidence for mid Roman activity."
14143,150,400,,,large (9+ ha),unclassified,Yes,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,hill,mixed,No,No,No,"A 10-trench evaluation over 2.3ha and subsequent excavation on the upper SE facing slope of the west side of the Malago Vale revealed limited evidence for late Iron Age/early Roman activity and more sustained evidence for a mid-late Roman settlement. The earliest feature comprised a pit revealed in the evaluation containing sherds from a single LIA/early Roman ceramic vessel; the overall context of deposition remains unclear. Subsequent to this, the excavation revealed a number of features dating from the 2nd to 4th centuries AD that appear to have been part of a settlement. These included part of a large boundary ditch containing much pottery and other occupation debris. The ditch (1.6m wide, 0.8m deep) was straight sided and flat bottomed with a band of un-mortared limestone slabs and rubble set into the upper fill. Four pits and two possible beams slots were found within the enclosed land to the east of the boundary."
14144,50,200,,,large (9+ ha),complex,Yes,,1,Yes,No,No,No,No,Yes,coastal,mixed,No,No,No,"A small 3-trench evaluation within the Roman port town of Sea Mills (Abonae) revealed a series of substantial cut soil features interpreted as large postholes and associated ditches. The postholes are thought to relate to substantial post-built structures. All the features produced significant amounts of Roman pottery and other domestic material, mostly dating to 1st  AD, and therefore contemporary with early Roman military activity at Sea Mills. A watching brief in 2011 revealed evidence for at least three phases of Romano-British activity spanning the late 1st to 3rd C AD. Features comprised scattered pits and a drystone masonry building constructed during the late 1st/early 2nd C AD, located just inside an enclosure defined with a ditch and bank. The enclosure and building were  abandoned later in the 2nd C, when the landscape was reorganised and a new field or enclosure partly defined by a recut ditch was laid out on a differing alignment. This was short lived and the site was abandoned by end of 2nd C, except for a single 3rd C cremation burial."
14145,1,400,100,250,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,2,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,mixed,Yes,No,No,"A 16-trench evaluation over 14.9ha, geophysical survey and subsequent areas of excavation 1.9km north of the River Avon and 3km east of the Bristol Channel revealed evidence for a late Iron Age/early Roman settlement, probably unenclosed. Features comprised two roundhouse gullies with associated postholes, and several isolated ditch or pit features; the roundhouses were truncated by a large enclosure/boundary ditch in later 1st C AD, possibly marking the end of settlement. After a hiatus, activity on site resumed in the later 3rd to 4th century primarily represented by a sequence of boundary ditches forming part of a larger fieldsystem. Significant concentrations of iron slag and hammerscale indicates some metalworking in immediate vicinity, suggesting settlement was not far away. Some of the field ditches were, in turn, also replaced by a large enclosure ditch. In addition to the fieldsystem was a contemporary metalled trackway, constructed from a large volume of metalworking waste."
14146,100,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,mixed,No,No,No,"Excavation on high ground on the edge of the Severn Valley 1km to the east of the Bristol Channel revealed evidence of Romano-British settlement activity. Features comprised stone surfaces, possibly foundation pads for former timber buildings, along with a stone-lined well and a small number of stone quarries and ditches. Although there is some late Iron Age/early Roman material from the quarries, the majority of the features dated to between the 2nd and 4th C AD."
14147,1,250,,,medium (4 - 8 ha),unclassified,Yes,,2,Yes,No,No,No,No,Yes,plateau or plain,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"A watching brief in 1995 during housing development revealed part of an extensive Romano-British farmstead comprising stone spreads (perhaps for buildings), beam slots, postholes pits, ditches and hearths. Also a number of inhumation burials and ditches of a surrounding fieldsystem. Features mostly date 1st to 3rd C AD, with indications of origins in the late Iron Age. Other (unpublished) excavations in vicinity revealed walled boundaries and droveways and at least two masonry footed buildings (one associated with infant burials in destruction deposit). A 6-trench evaluation over 1.1ha immediately to the south in 1996 revealed a single 1st-2nd C AD ditch, probably forming the southern boundary of the settlement."
14148,275,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,1,Yes,No,Yes,No,No,Yes,hill,uncertain,No,No,No,"Evaluation on the southern facing flank of Rodway Hill, Mangotsfield revealed elements of a late Romano-British settlement. Features comprised an extensive boundary ditch, postholes,  rubble spreads and a single cist burial. Also the masonry foundations and lower wall courses of a building with flagstone floors and probable internal partitions (c 18x7m). , The volume of tap slag suggests iron smelting on site."
14149,200,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,5,Yes,No,Yes,Yes,No,Yes,plateau or plain,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Geophysical survey and small research excavation of a Romano-British villa situated on a slight spur overlooking Hawkesbury Common. The geophysical surveys revealed a villa complex including at least three large buildings linked by walls forming a courtyard surrounded by a series of curving and rectilinear ditches. Excavations within the northern building (25x15m) indicated occupation from the 3rd C AD and collapse sometime in/after the 4th C AD. A cobbled surface lying outside the structure and a cobbled trackway were also revealed. The southern buildings were both 40x20m and remain unexcavated. To the east of the villa are the remains of a wall (possibly a boundary wall), within which (and appended to the east wing of the villa) is another masonry building, c 10x15m. Another small rectangular structure lay to the south."
14150,100,200,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"A geophysical survey and  5-trench evaluation over 1.84ha on the edge of alluvial wetland (Severn Levels) revealed elements of a Romano-British settlement, comprising ditches and pits. It is suggestive of low intensity (perhaps temporary?) settlement during the 2nd C AD. The site was later effected by alluviation."
14151,150,400,300,,medium (4 - 8 ha),unclassified,Yes,,1,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,No,Yes,plateau or plain,mixed,No,No,No,"A geophysical survey and small excavation in 2002 on a gentle north-west facing slope beneath the western edge of the Cotswold scarp revealed part of a villa complex. Further fieldwork between 2003 and 2008 confirmed the character and form of the monument. The well appointed villa measures 70mx60m and includes two ranges of buildings to the SW and NE, within a large courtyard with a possible gatehouse. A detached bathhouse (20x15m) lay 95m west of the villa and close to natural springs. Geophysics revealed ditched enclosures between villa and baths. A T-shaped corndrier dating the 2nd-3rd C also revealed. Limited ceramic dating indicates later 2nd-3rd C AD for primary occupation of villa and bathhouse. Postholes and a hearth cut into one of the mosaics in the SW structure, together with metalworking debris, suggest that the villa was reused/continued(?) in the late Romano-British period and may even have continued in use as a working industrial site into the early post-Roman period."
14152,200,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,coastal,uncertain,No,No,No,"Pipeline evaluation revealed elements of a Romano-British settlement in a single trench adjacent to the Severn estuary. The features comprise a series of intercutting ditches (including a substantial boundary ditch) and stone-packed slots indicating timber buildings. Three phases of activity were identified, all dated ceramically to the 3rd-4th C AD."
14153,100,400,250,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,coastal,uncertain,No,No,No,"Five trenches and geophysical survey within a pipeline evaluation by the Severn estuary revealed elements of a Romano-British settlement. Features comprises pits, rubble spreads and boundary ditches (up to 5m wide) associated with extensive spreads of burnt debris. Beamslots and stone-packed postholes indicate timber buildings. Evidence for iron production. Although most dating evidence (pottery) indicates 3rd-4th C AD activity, features in one trench date from the 1st/2nd C AD, suggesting the expansion of a settlement over time."
14154,100,400,,,large (9+ ha),complex,Yes,,12,Yes,Yes,Yes,No,No,Yes,river valley,mixed,Yes,No,No,"Extensive geophysical survey and five small trenches revealed an extensive Roman roadside settlement  on a low ridge close to the Laddon Brook covering c 18ha, for 800m along the road. Originating in the 2nd C AD as a smaller core area (4ha) surrounded by a square defensive ditched enclosure, it expanded along the road beyond the ditches, continuing in use until the later 4th/early 5th C AD. Masonry and timber buildings and other features (pits, gullies, postholes, metalled surfaces) were contained within a series of rectangular ditched enclosures/plots, fronting on either side of the metalled and kerbed road (10m wide). Three of the masonry buildings were confirmed by excavation. One building comprised a 3-side courtyard complex (25x25m), interpreted as a possible mansio. Another building was of possible winged corridor shape. Most other buildings were of simple strip type. Also large numbers of potential ovens/hearths/kilns, and evidence for iron production, iron smithing, copper alloy working and some lead working."
14155,100,400,,,medium (4 - 8 ha),enclosed,Yes,,1,No,No,No,No,No,Yes,hill,uncertain,No,No,No,"A watching brief on a cable trench that cut through a univallate hillfort (5.7ha) of probable prehistoric origin on the east facing slope of a low hill revealed evidence for extensive Roman activity including at least one inhumation burial. Features include ditches, postholes and probable elements (walls) of masonry-footed buildings. All Roman pottery and other finds indicates settlement from the 2nd C AD onwards and no evidence for earlier activity found."
14156,-100,200,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"A 36-trench evaluation over 32ha near the Severn estuary revealed part of a mid to late Iron Age settlement, adjacent to Romano-British occupation. The Iron Age features comprised two substantial ditched boundaries with other intercutting and parallel features. Roman features comprised ditches, pits and stone-packed postholes suggestive of at least two areas of occupation, one of which was centred on a possible enclosure. Several features contained iron smithing waste. The pottery largely dates to the late 1st to 2nd C AD, although earlier and later pottery was also present. Uncertain if break between later Iron Age and Roman occupation."
14157,75,400,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,No,No,No,"Roadscheme evaluation revealed the fringes of a Romano-British rural settlement in the southern Cotswolds 6km north of Bath. The main features (visible in four trenches) comprised two ditches, a pit and a posthole, along with a cobbled surface covered with charcoal and fired clay, probably the remains of ovens. Pottery of 1st to 4th C date was recovered, with a greater emphasis on the later Roman."
14158,100,300,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,Yes,plateau or plain,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"A geophysical survey and 46-trench evaluation over 5ha revealed elements of a Romano-British settlement. Features comprised a series of rectilinear ditched enclosures to the north (with pits, metalled surfaces and timber structures, indicated by gullies and postholes) and a possible trackway further south.  A sarcophagus burial clay close to one of the boundary ditches. Also evidence for iron smelting. Quantities of building rubble and stone roof tile indicate masonry footed buildings. The ceramic assemblage dates the settlement to the 2nd-3rd C AD."
14159,1,300,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"A 57-trench evaluation over 8.82ha near the eastern edge of the Severn Valley revealed parts of a Roman-British settlement comprising postholes, pits, ditches and a large waterhole/pond. These features were dated ceramically to the 3rd C AD. Subsequent targeted excavation revealed a few late Iron Age features (ditch/gully and pit), possibly representing a peripheral agricultural landscape, and Roman features of 1st to 3rd AD date. The domestic debris from Roman ditches and pits suggests settlement in the immediate vicinity."
14160,50,380,130,,medium (4 - 8 ha),complex,Yes,1,8,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,river valley,mixed,Yes,No,No,"Excavations in the 1950s, 1960s and 1980s on the second gravel terrace of the Upper Thames Valley between the Rivers Leach and Thames, revealed an early Roman settlement characterised by a roundhouse  gully, pits, postholes, a well and livestock pens, all within a rectangular ditched enclosure (0.16ha). During the early/mid 2nd century AD the settlement was completely transformed when it was replaced by a villa complex of at least two buildings. One was an aisled building (probably part domestic and part agricultural) with an apsidal end and the other (only partially revealed), a multi-room rectangular building with painted plaster walls and tessellated floors - probably the main villa house. This early villa complex may have been at least partially enclosed by a ditch. During the early 3rd C AD a further substantial ancillary (aisled?) building constructed within the complex, which was re-built in a much more grand style during the later 3rd C, possibly becoming the principal villa house (or part of the range), with hypocaust rooms and tessellated floors. The villa courtyard was bounded by a wall at this time and a further building was constructed in early 4th C AD, along with a possible bathhouse. Outside the villa complex were three further buildings, one an aisled building, one a possible bathhouse and one an ancillary agricultural building. These were set within a network of paddocks, trackways/droveways and fields covering at least 15ha and probably laid out in the later 2nd C AD. Other features in this outer landscape comprise corndriers, ovens, pits, wells/waterholes and small groups of late Roman burials. Occupation of the villa complex continued into the last half of the 4th C AD but perhaps not to the end."
14161,100,400,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,1,No,No,No,No,No,Yes,river valley,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"A limited salvage excavation in 1979 on the first gravel terrace of the Upper Thames Valley near to the confluence of the Thames and the Coln revealed elements of a Romano-British settlement. Features comprised a masonry-footed building (no further details) and a stone-lined well filled with domestic material. Ceramic and coin evidence suggest a 2nd-4th C AD date, and it may well be connected with the settlement at Claydon Pike c 800m to the west. A trackway was seen in cropmarks leading between the sites."
14162,-100,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"A 96-trench evaluation over 28.5ha along the foot of the Cotswold scarp revealed a zone of probable later Iron Age-Roman occupation along with associated fieldsystem ditches. Features comprised pits and ditches and while no definite structural remains were discovered, the density of features and large quantity of pottery recovered suggests domestic occupation. The pottery dated to the Iron Age and throughout the Roman periods, with particular emphasis on the middle or late Iron Age and the late Roman period."
14163,-100,300,100,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,No,river valley,,No,No,No,"Excavation on the Second Terrace sand and gravels of the River Avon revealed the peripheral parts of a later Iron Age-Romano-British settlement. Features consisted of pits, linear and rectilinear ditches forming stock enclosures and/or boundaries, limited evidence for structures (a number of postholes and an undated possible eaves drip gully), and a small cemetery of five inhumations. Ceramic evidence indicates the origin of occupation lies in the mid to late Iron Age and it remains uncertain if there is any chronological gap between this phase and the main Roman phase which is dated from end of 1st C AD through to at least the 3rd C AD. The Roman phase of occupation is much more extensive than the preceding Iron Age."
14164,-100,300,75,150,medium (4 - 8 ha),unclassified,Yes,,1,Yes,Yes,Yes,No,No,Yes,river valley,uncertain,Yes,Yes,No,"Excavations in 2007-8 and immediately to the north a 29-trench evaluation and geophysical survey in 2009 on ground sloping to the east towards the River Isbourne in the Cotswolds revealed part of a middle to late Iron Age settlement and elements of a probable Roman villa/farm complex.  Initial Iron Age activity was characterized by small scale ditched enclosures, which were superseded by a larger rectangular ditched enclosure (0.32ha; 5m wide ditch). This probably continued into the early Roman period, when it was either abandoned or its defences removed; the area to the north was subject to agricultural activity. Towards the middle of the 2nd C parts of the eastern side of the site were terraced and  built up into 'platforms' used to construct masonry buildings/rooms of a modest villa/farm complex with, tiled roofs, painted plaster and opus signinum floors (no certain evidence for recognisable villa building with full architectural embellishment, so recorded as farm here). Subsidence appears to have soon occurred (late 2nd/early 3rd C AD?) requiring a major phase of rebuilding, some of it probably of timber construction. To the north of the building complex was a series of contemporary enclosed areas, possibly fields and animal pens. Trackways appear to have existed between these and possibly linked them to the buildings. The site appears to have been in decline from the later 3rd C and abandoned by the 4th C AD."
14165,1,400,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),complex,Yes,,,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,No,river valley,mixed,Yes,No,No,"A 487-trench evaluation over 250ha on the gravel terrace of the Upper Thames valley, close to the Ampney Brook, revealed a well preserved late Iron Age to late Roman complex of ditched enclosures, with associated trackway/droveway. Further dispersed Roman activity (trackways, field boundaries and enclosures) was noted across the site, probably indicative of agricultural activity.  The pottery dates activity late Iron Age to late Roman. The site lay 1.5km east of Roman Ermin Street."
14166,1,350,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,2,,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,mixed,Yes,No,No,"An 86 trench evaluation and geophysical survey over 51ha near the foot of the Cotswold scarp and north of the Horsbere Brook revealed a focus of late Iron And Roman occupation along with outer trackways and field ditches. The earliest activity comprised extensive late Iron Age features including several circular features which appeared to represent roundhouse drip gullies, along with pits, postholes and ditches. Elements of the late Iron Age landscape continued into the Romano-British period, when a system of enclosures and trackways/droveways was created (probably a complex type farm), perhaps related (i.e. same settlement) to the farmstead 200m to the south (ID 14086). Also evidence for small scale gravel extraction and a high density of pits and postholes. Dating evidence is suggestive of a shift in occupation away from the site during the second half of the 4th C AD."
14167,-100,350,50,,small (<1 - 3 ha),complex,Yes,,1,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,Yes,river valley,mixed,Yes,No,No,"A 69-trench archaeological evaluation and geophysical survey over 34ha in the Severn Vale revealed a series of prehistoric and early Roman enclosures in the SW and NW of the site, with a series of regular, later Roman enclosures either side of a trackway within the NE part of the site. The SW enclosures were established in the middle Iron Age and continued in use into the late Roman period, while the NW enclosures were established late Iron Age and abandoned during the early Roman period, replaced by the NE linear settlement. The enclosures  of this settlement show a strong degree of formality in their layout and also continued into the late Roman period. A further, NW-SE trackway formed the northern extent of this activity, and close to the junction of the two main trackways a  wall foundation of a building was identified (15x6m). Uncertain if domestic or agricultural, though a nearby pit with cereal processing waste suggests the latter.  A spread of Roman pottery and iron smelting slag indicate industrial activity on site. Limited previous excavation in 2010 to the south of the Roman settlement revealed 2nd C AD fieldsystem ditches."
14168,1,120,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"A 13-trench evaluation and geophysical survey over 2.2ha in the southern Cotswolds revealed the presence of well-preserved later Iron Age/early Roman settlement deposits, which comprised ditches, gullies, postholes, a pit and possible limestone quarries."
14169,100,350,150,300,small (<1 - 3 ha),complex,Yes,,2,No,Yes,Yes,No,No,Yes,river valley,pastoral,Yes,Yes,Yes,"Large scale excavations on the Second Gravel Terrace of the Upper Thames Valley revealed a Romano-British settlement and extensive cemetery. The first phase of activity comprised the laying out of a trackway in the early 2nd C AD, along with part of a field boundary and an enclosure. At some point around the middle of the 2nd C, there was a significant re-organisation of the landscape, with evidence for settlement activity within a main enclosure, linked with the trackway. The enclosure contained an unusual masonry-footed building with projecting 'wings', along with smaller enclosures. The building was replaced by a stone-footed rectangular building in the second half of the 3rd C AD, but that is unlikely to have lasted long into the 4th C. Other features associated with the settlement comprise pits, two probable simple linear corndriers and waterholes. However, the relative lack of finds suggests a small resident population, perhaps only with occupation on a seasonal basis. Seven inhumation burials distributed around the periphery of the building enclosure. A more organised cemetery lay c 100m to the east within an enclosure and dated from the mid 3rd to mid 4th C AD. There is also evidence for 6th/7th C graves and an extensive early Saxon settlement."
14170,1,350,70,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,No,river valley,mixed,Yes,No,No,"A 188-trench evaluation and geophysical survey over 120ha in the Severn vale north of Gloucester revealed three principal areas of archaeological activity. A double-ditched enclosure of late Iron Age/early Roman date was located to the north, and contained shallow linear gullies along with small pits/postholes - possibly evidence of structures. This enclosed farm was abandoned in early post-conquest period. Within the central area (200m  further south) were a large number of ditches forming rectangular enclosures, suggested as a probable farmstead (but limited investigation); large quantities of pottery dated from the 1st to 4th C AD, with an early-mid Roman emphasis. A trackway/ droveway led from this settlement to the NW. In the south-east corner (c 300m from the farmstead) were further inter-cutting ditches and pits/postholes suggestive of another possible settlement, mostly beyond the limits of the evaluation. Away from these concentrations were Roman field ditches."
14171,120,250,,,large (9+ ha),complex,Yes,,2,No,No,Yes,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Excavations on the western edge of the Roman nucleated settlement at Dymock near the River Leadon revealed a roadside ditched plot containing one definite and one possible timber building (defined by postholes and beamslots, including dividing wall) and a small number of pits and gullies. The ceramic evidence suggests that occupation started later than other excavated sites at Dymock (2nd C AD), perhaps representing a westward expansion of the original settlement, and continued in use after some other areas had been abandoned (c mid/late 3rd C AD). Evidence for iron smelting."
14172,120,400,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),complex,Yes,,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,fen,mixed,Yes,No,No,"A 20-trench evaluation over 6.37ha and subsequent targeted excavation within the Avonmouth Levels (former salt marsh) revealed part of a Romano-British farmstead (on an alluvial island), dating 2nd to 4th C AD. The settlement comprised a series of interconnecting coaxial enclosures (animal pens?), fields and droveways suggested as part of a managed landscape that saw frequent periods of reorganisation (especially late 2nd/3rd C AD), perhaps in response to environmental and sedimentary change. The final phase in 3rd/4th C saw development of larger enclosures, with a possible decline in activity at this time.  No clear structural evidence was identified and other contemporary features comprised a small number of pits, midden dumps and two disturbed spreads probably created as the result of animal trampling. A few small pits suggest some activity in the 1st C AD - perhaps seasonal exploitation of the levels prior to larger scale drainage. Further elements of this farmstead (main domestic zone?), or perhaps another farmstead lay 200m to the east where were was evidence for enclosures and roundhouses of 2nd-4th C AD date."
14173,100,350,,,medium (4 - 8 ha),complex,Yes,,1,Yes,No,Yes,Yes,No,Yes,plateau or plain,mixed,Yes,No,No,"A Time Team evaluation of 11 trenches and geophysical survey revealed an extensive Romano-British villa complex on a plateau in the Cotswolds overlooking the Churn Valley and 2.5km NE of Ermin Street. The earliest villa was of corridor type, dated 2nd C AD, and at some point wings were added to create an H-shaped building, 75x50m in size. A mosaic found during excavation is dated from the late 2nd to early 3rd C AD, and ceramic dating suggests reduced activity in the 4th C. Evidence of tile production was found in the SE corner of the villa complex. The geophysical survey shows that the villa is set within a rectangular, ditched, enclosure with an eastern entrance and associated trackway leading away. The wider villa complex is also bounded by further ditches (enclosures?) to the south and east."
14174,1,300,100,,small (<1 - 3 ha),complex,Yes,1,1,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,Yes,river valley,mixed,Yes,Yes,No,"Time Team geophysical survey and 6-trench evaluation over 4.95ha on the valley floor of the River Severn near the Cotswold Scarp revealed a late Iron Age-Romano-British farmstead. The settlement comprised a complex of small subrectangular ditched enclosures arranged around what appears to be an open central area, with associated trackways, gullies, pits and cobbled surfaces. The settlement originated in the late Iron Age, and a roundhouse gully (c 15m dia) belongs to this phase. A series of objects had been placed in the roundhouse gully entrance terminal: several pots (some placed in a stack), animal bone, burnt  & unburnt stone, fired clay, iron nail & slag, as well a small dump of fine ashy material. The exact form of the settlement at this time is uncertain, as most of the ditched enclosures and trackways can be dated 2nd-3rd/4th C AD, suggesting major changes at this time. The boundaries were continually modified through the 2nd and 3rd C AD, and there is little indication of much activity far into the 4th C. Part of a rectangular stone founded building (large undressed and unmortared limestone and sandstone blocks and tiles) belongs to the Roman phase."
14175,250,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,1,No,No,No,No,No,Yes,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,Yes,No,"Excavations on a plateau within the Severn Vale revealed the northern fringes of a late Roman settlement, close to the projected line of the Gloucester-Sea Mills road. Features comprised a stone-lined well and a cluster of 31 pits. An almost complete samian vessel came from one of the pits. All but one of the pits contained mainly 3rd-4th C AD pottery and animal bone. The lower fills of the well were not excavated. Earlier investigations 120m to the south identified the remains of small rectangular stone building of 2nd-4th C AD date. Excavations 200m to the north revealed mid-late Roman fieldsystems (ID 14113)."
14176,1,100,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,hill,mixed,No,No,No,"Excavation on the pronounced hill of Purdown revealed parts of a late Iron Age-early Roman settlement. A substantial V-shaped ditch (1.4m wide, 1.4m deep) may have been part of the settlement boundary, and to the north of this lay three large pits (one rectangular), along with stone-lined postholes and stakeholes, probably timber structures."
14177,100,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"A limited Watching Brief and small scale excavation revealed elements of a Romano-British settlement, said by the excavators to have probably been part of a villa estate. Features comprised gullies and ditches, dated by pottery 2nd-4th C AD. Previous evaluation and watching brief immediately south revealed further ditches and gullies, along with a dwarf column base, roof tiles and box tiles, interpreted as enclosures surrounding a villa house. The evidence remain insufficient to classify as a villa here."
14178,150,425,250,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,1,Yes,No,No,No,No,Yes,river valley,,No,No,No,"Excavations on a hillslope above the River Frome revealed parts of a Romano-British settlement dated ceramically to the late 2nd-late 4th/5th C AD. Most Roman features were badly truncated and the extent of the settlement remains unknown. Later 2nd to mid 3rd C AD features comprised just a single gully/timber slot. During the later 3rd C and 4th C a series of gullies, postholes and occupation layers were observed, along with pits and at least one building with stone foundations. This building was associated with a furnace and occupation deposits. The quantities of iron smelting slag from the site suggest iron production on a fairly large scale, also indicated by a bowl furnace."
14179,1,380,275,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,No,1,,No,No,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Excavation on the brow of a hill on an outcrop of limestone revealed a spread of quarry pits dating from the late Iron Age to the later Roman period. A total of 14 fairly small early quarry pits were backfilled with industrial and domestic debris in the late 1st/2nd C AD suggesting a settlement in the immediate vicinity, probably to the south. A number of neonatal skeletons then interred during the 3rd C AD. During the later 3rd C AD, quarrying resumed on a much larger scale, possibly associated with construction of a road, part of which (with cambered agger) was found within the excavation area. The projected line of the road led directly SE to the centre of Blaise Iron Age hillfort, 400m distant, which contained a possible late Roman temple and settlement. The earlier quarry pits (and burials) were sealed by metalling, abutting a circular timber structure/stockade by the road, which was only partially revealed. Many coins recovered from this area and it remains a possibly that this represents a roadside shrine (not suggested as such by the excavator). By the late 4th C the site appears to have been abandoned."
14180,1,200,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Small scale excavations north of Gatcombe Roman settlement on a hillslope were centred upon a linear earthwork thought to have been the remains of a Roman road towards Sea Mills. This remained uncertain, although a few sherds of Roman pottery were recovered. Adjacent to the possible road was discovered a rectangular area enclosed by a stone bank, within which was an area of metalling presumed to be a floor surface and a hearth. All the pottery dated 1st-2nd C AD."
14181,175,400,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,1,4,Yes,Yes,Yes,No,No,Yes,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"Two adjacent excavations, 1.5km east of the River Avon, revealed parts of a Romano-British farmstead. The earliest evidence dates from the later 2nd to early 3rd C AD and is defined by a series of ditched enclosures, possibly paddocks on the periphery of the settlement. Quantities of ironworking debris and a nearby bowl furnace indicate that iron production was a significant activity on site, at least during the later 3rd to early 4th C. A masonry-footed horse-shoe shaped structure  of this date was thought to have been used for industrial purposes. At some point during the early 4th C major changes took place on site and the ironworking either ceased, was greatly reduced or was carried out in a different area. A substantial masonry footed multi-roomed rectangular building was built, probably within a walled enclosure with other structures (timber and masonry). The building had stone slabbed and rammed gravel floors and is thought to have had both a domestic and agricultural use (possibly housing livestock in the larger room with a drain) To the south a new network of ditched enclosures was created. Evidence for occupation until the later 4th c AD"
14182,100,350,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,2,Yes,Yes,Yes,No,No,Yes,plateau or plain,uncertain,Yes,Yes,No,"Excavations on level ground revealed two areas of a Romano-British farmstead. To the south lay the unmortared masonry footings of a substantial rectangular building with rounded corners. The building was not fully revealed but a room in the north of the building had a well-preserved stone floor in which was set an upright pottery flagon containing a coin of Diocletian. The walls were demolished and robbed before the end of the Roman period, being overlain with dark soil containing six infant burials.  A little to the NE further walls represent a second structure. It is suggested that both buildings had an upper timber superstructure and thatched roofs. Another excavated area 80m to the north contained a complex of walls thought to have defined a series of yards, paddocks laid out either side of a trackway. A general 2nd-4th C date is provided by pottery."
14183,-100,300,50,250,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,,1,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,No,No,No,"Limited excavation of an Iron Age multivallate hillfort (3ha) overlooking the Avon Valley. The evidence suggests that the large inner rampart was built in the mid/late Iron Age, with occupation continuing until the mid 1st C AD. Features within the hillfort of this phase included a rectangular timber structure, pits and a number of hearths. After a break the site appears to have been re-used during the middle to late 3rd C AD, with evidence for ephemeral timber structures. There is no evidence of occupation into the 4th C AD."
14184,-100,400,300,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,,1,No,No,No,No,No,Yes,hill,uncertain,No,No,No,"Excavations in 1918 and 1957 of a multivallate hillfort enclosing c 2.4ha on the NW rim of a limestone ravine overlooking the Severn valley. The hillfort was intensively occupied in the Iron Age and there is also evidence for extensive Roman activity including a possible masonry rectangular building, though this could be medieval in date (though Roman plaster, mortar and tile are found in the vicinity). Other Roman features comprise postholes, and inhumation graves, the latter being concentrated around the masonry building. The nature of the site remains uncertain, though it has been interpreted by some as a possible late Roman temple site and also as having some military connection (a signal station?) The coins and pottery span the 1st to 4th C AD"
14185,,,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,2,Yes,No,Yes,Yes,No,Yes,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"Antiquarian excavation of a winged corridor villa with extensive additional northern range and at least one outbuilding. Further trial trenching and geophysical survey in 1980, but nothing is known of the chronology or development of the villa buildings. The villa included mosaic pavements and hypocausts, the latter possibly part of a bathsuite."
14186,100,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,2,Yes,No,Yes,No,No,Yes,hill,mixed,No,No,No,"Geophysical survey and limited 4-trench evaluation revealed part of a potential villa complex terraced into the Cotswold scarp NW of Bath, with extensive views to the south-west. The corner of one large stone building (mortared limestone foundations) and adjacent stone-lined drain were revealed while a second large building further to the west ('enjoying the finest view from the terrace'), was hinted at through the geophysical survey. The substantial nature of the masonry building(s) and finds of painted wall plaster hint at possible villa architecture, though this remains uncertain. Most of the ceramic assemblage would appear to date from the early 2nd through the later 4th centuries AD, though there are hints of earlier 1st C AD activity."
14187,75,250,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,1,2,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,mixed,Yes,No,No,"Rescue and salvage excavations in 1974 in the lower Severn Valley revealed elements of a Romano-British farmstead covering at least 0.25ha. It appears to have been established during the later 1st C AD, with at least two structural phases, and occupation ceases during the early/mid 3rd C AD. Features comprise a series of enclosure ditches, pits, a metalled trackway, three probable timber buildings (2 indicated by rectangular stone spreads c 2.5x5m, and the other by a circular gully, 10m dia) and a T-shaped corndrier."
14188,50,200,,,large (9+ ha),complex,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,mixed,Yes,No,No,A single trench evaluation within the roadside settlement on a gravel terrace above the River Leadon revealed the main  metalled Roman road (with a possible wheel rut) and roadside ditch as well as a number of pits and other features. A small amount of slag and coal was also identified hinting at the presence of industrial activity in the area. Ceramics and finds dated activity to the later 1st-2nd C AD.
14189,100,400,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,mixed,No,No,No,"A 9-trench evaluation and geophysical survey within the low-lying alluviated flood plain of the River Severn (Avon levels) revealed a  number of ditches datable to the Romano-British period, suggesting a degree of occupation and utilisation of the landscape during the 2nd to 4th C AD. No direct structural features were noted, but the quantity of domestic debris suggested settlement within the evaluation area."
15001,60,400,250,,large (9+ ha),unenclosed,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"""The Alice Holt Roman Pottery exists as a large number of kiln sites broadly dating from the 1st to 4th centuries AD, spread across an area of around 50ha of the Alice Holt Forest (see plan 10029_1). The main area of Roman Kiln mounds lies within the south end of the forest, which is situated at the north end of a large outcrop of gault clay.  Most of the kiln-mounds are on the north-east side of a tributary valley of the southern branch of the River Wey. The existence of these mounds has been known for many years and is noted by Long in 1839. A summary of earlier comment and work in the area is contained in the 'Alice Holt Forest' by Wade in 1949. In the late 1950's the area was adopted by the Alice Holt Pottery Research Group, though only some of those findings are published.  The site excavated by Bennett et al. (1963) was one of a group upon a terrace overlooking the valley, perhaps chosen for drainage since the natural gault clay is covered by a thin deposit of water-worn pebbles.  Investigation of 82 waster dumps at Alice Holt provided ample material for a relative dating sequence for the pottery products, and a search through museums provided evidence for a distribution pattern (see Lyne and Jeffries 1979). There was no large-scale production before 60 AD. From a medium-sized industry in the latter half of the 1st century, the Alice Holt potteries declined in the 2nd century, but then revived to become one of the major production centres in the country in the mid-3rdC AD, whilst in the 4thC AD it captured the London market.  Visible features in the area include large irregular mounds of black-earth and pottery, probably covering the site of a kiln, a scatter of pottery associated with slight mounds of 'natural soil', possibly dumps or storage sites. In addition, a number of disused pond-bays on the two streams that run through the area may be contemporary.  The scheduled area includes most of the known Roman industrial area including all the dams, by-pass channels and sluices which it is suggested are Roman in origin, as well as the whole of the Goose Green Deer Park. It excludes the Forestry Commission college at Forest Lodge """"but not the ground beneath""""."""
15002,40,120,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,No,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"Located in a field just south of the modern boundary of Alice Holt Forest, a substantial pottery waster dump was excavated in difficult conditions in 1974. The waste dump took the form of an oval area of dark earth and pottery. Three phases of pottery production were identified spanning the period from the Roman Conquest or slightly before to c.AD120. The excavated evidence consisted of pot-drying sheds, working areas, a clay pit and firing structures."
15003,50,275,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,No,,1,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"Lying in the mid-eastern part of Alice Holt Forest, waster dump 52 is one of 95 known features of this type. Dump 52 was excavated between 1977 and 1979 after looting took place on the site.  Excavation revealed a number of kilns which had been in use under cover of a substantial timber-framed structure. Further buildings were also present including a number of drying sheds and other related buildings. The main structure suggest that pottery production had been a full-time occupation at the site, at least between c.AD50-100, since indoor kilns and heated drying sheds circumvented the problem of 'winter potting'. Structures dating to later phases were numerous, at least 10 were identified, though their less substantial nature suggested to the excavator that pottery production at the site may have reverted to being a seasonal activity after the 1stC AD, up until the end of the use of the site beyond the middle of the 3rdC AD."
15004,50,250,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"Test-pitting of a waster dump found in the main area of Alice Holt kilns. Test pit 9 was positioned at the edge of the dump, whilst test pit 10 over its centre."
15005,75,400,,,large (9+ ha),complex,Yes,,24,No,Yes,No,No,Yes,Yes,river valley,mixed,Yes,Yes,Yes,"A large area of investigation on a gravel terrace on the north bank of the River Wey, close to Alton, revealed extensive evidence for a Roman small town. The settlement is estimated to have covered an area around 14 hectares following the courses of the two principle roads, the Silchester-Chichester and Winchester-London routes (a further road leading east to Alice Holt was also identified). However, the roads were considered to have been poor in quality and there was no evidence of a planned road system to the town.  Occupation of the site was continuous from the 1stC AD onwards, but an intensity in activity appears to have focussed upon the 3rd and 4th centuries when evidence for structures is at its greatest (though evidence for earlier buildings may have been destroyed by later activity). Buildings varied in construction technique and were mostly timber-built, though remains of two late Roman masonry structures were identified by crude chalk block constructions. These seem to have been utilised for bronze-smelting.  Although limited excavation was carried out in the northern area of the settlement, the discovery of a double-ditched enclosure covering c.2.5ha was shown to have been bisected by the north-south road and had been interpreted as either a mutatio or a mansio. A large aisled timber structure was excavated from within, whilst tesserae and hypocaust tiles suggest that a more substantial structure had also been present. Further enclosed 'plots' of land along the roads suggest individual land holdings.   A cemetery with at least six burials was located at the southern end of the settlement on the slope leading down to the River.  Two early Saxon SFBs indicate activity in the early Saxon period."
15006,-100,200,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,pastoral,Yes,No,No,"Now under the M3 motorway but previously hidden by dense woodland, an Iron Age-Roman banjo enclosure was located towards the east end of a slight chalk ridge.  The main phase of activity occurred in the early and middle Iron Ages, but continued into the late Iron Age/early Roman phase when the upper parts of the banjo ditch and many of the pits became filled in, plus a series of banks and ditches were constructed outside the enclosure. One large straight-sided, flat-bottomed pit may have been used as a grain store. Activity seems to have been focused in the northern area of the site where several hearths were located. Substantial quarrying began in this phase, presumably for chalk.  Minimal evidence for late Roman use was found in covering layers, though the site may have continued to have been used for quarrying, plus an inhumation burial with hobnails dated to this period."
15007,-100,350,150,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,arable,Yes,Yes,No,"Located on slightly sloping ground, dipping into a dry valley, evidence for late Iron Age and Romano-British settlement activity was uncovered. The site lay adjacent to the Winchester to Silchester Roman road, only c.1 mile southwest of Winklebury hillfort, which would have dominated the local landscape.  Iron Age activity was difficult to date specifically from the site, but it is thought that it continued from the early/middle Iron Age, through to the early Roman period, though some it appears that the focus of activity had shifted across the site over time.  A number of structured deposits in large grain storage pits were encountered from this phase of differing size and varyingly included animal skeletons (deer and cattle were prominent), disarticulated human bone, quern stones, worked wood, and other material relating to domestic activities. A late Iron Age D-shaped enclosure and trackway were encountered in one area, which appears to have been of the 'banjo' type, though most contemporary features were outside this.  Part of a large rectangular enclosure was revealed to have been constructed in the early Roman period and appeared to have been on alignment with the banjo enclosure, suggesting a degree of continuity across the transition and a number of recuts of old boundaries were identified. The rectangular enclosure seems to have gone out of use by the early 2ndC AD. Along with early Roman pottery, disarticulated human remains (both adult and neonate) were recovered from the ditch fill, suggesting 'special' treatment during backfilling. A roadside ditch was also dated to this phase.  An exceptionally large pit was then excavated into the top of the backfilled enclosure ditch, the fill of which included little material, though at the base an inhumation burial had been placed (adult female) with a late 3rd/4thC AD funerary vessel. Due to the size of the pit, it was suggested that it was primarily for chalk quarrying."
15008,-100,75,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,1,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,mixed,Yes,No,No,"Located on a gentle sloping plateau overlooking an undulating and wooded landscape in southern Hampshire, late Iron Age/early Roman activity was found to focussed on two large ditched enclosures and an associated activity area, together with boundary and trackway ditches. The site lies in an area with almost no immediate evidence for Iron Age or Roman activity. A small ring-gully possibly represents a small roundhouse, and a four-post structure may have been for storage.  Minimal middle Iron Age activity is noted and may have reflected a small unenclosed settlement, though developed with fencelines and the construction of the enclosures; one trapezoidal and one circular. A number of other ditches probably represent an associated field-system. The site appears to continue unaffected in this form into the post-Conquest period and appears to have gone out of use by AD50-75."
15009,-100,75,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,Yes,No,Yes,"Site with a rectilinear enclosure, probably with an adjoining field-system and evidence of trackway ditches. The features look to be truncated, perhaps through ploughing activities though the ditches appear to have silted up by the middle of the 1stC AD, whilst pottery dating no later than c.AD60-70 was found.  An early Saxon SFB was encounter in the middle of the enclosure."
15010,-100,50,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,No,1,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Lying in an area close to the mouth of the River Test a middle-late Iron Age cemetery was established on the site of a previously existing Bronze Age settlement. The cemetery consisted at least seven barrows of varying form, two unenclosed flat graves, a post-built structure and enclosing ditches.  The barrows were situated on the highest part of the gravel ridge, visible from the east and west. The forms ranged from circular, sub-circular, penannular, and square, and each contained a grave, though acidic soil conditions had destroyed the skeletons. The absence of bone material and associated grave goods makes them difficult to date, though evidence points to, at least some of them being late Iron Age. Some of the barrows cut through features of either Bronze Age or middle Iron Age date, whilst a circular barrow grave contained a spearhead, sword, shield handle and ornamental boss, plus two rings from a baldric.  Posts of a roundhouse structure cut a middle Iron Age grave, suggesting the presence of a building on site. This grave was also cut by a ditch which contained late Iron Age pottery, and which may have represented an enclosure boundary to the cemetery."
15011,175,400,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,arable,No,No,Yes,"Located on lowland chalk at the southern end of the Thames floodplain, excavation revealed the southern end of a rectangular enclosure with several internal features including three corn-drying ovens. The enclosure could be phased into late 2nd/3rdC and 4thC AD periods.  The enclosure ditches were recut in more substantial fashion in the 4thC AD and two of the three corndriers were added in this phase. A well was excavated down to nearly 2m in depth and a borehole indicated that its full depth lay c. 23m down. A third area of excavation lying c.200m to the east of the enclosure revealed a few further contemporary features including two 'cremation-related' deposits.  A few sherds of early Saxon pottery were recovered from the upper fills of the enclosure ditch."
15012,1,200,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Situated on the floodplain of the River Test, a series of associated linear feature appear to mark enclosure boundaries and trackways, likely representing part of a late Iron Age/early Roman farmstead, though the associated settlement was unidentified."
15013,-75,375,200,300,medium (4 - 8 ha),enclosed,Yes,,3,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,hill,mixed,Yes,No,No,"Occupying the crest of a low hill c.2km southeast of Danebury hillfort, an early Iron Age settlement re-emerged, after a hiatus in activity, in the 1stC BC with the development of a rectangular enclosure and probable paddock. Though the interior of the enclosure was not fully excavated, associated material culture suggests that domestic activity took place therein.  The linear features of late Iron Age date were clearly adhered  to with respect of later phases of building at the site and whilst clear developments take place, the evidence can be seen to show distinct continuity in occupation from the late Iron Age until abandonment of the site  in the late 4thC AD.  The 2ndC AD saw the construction of a timber building, fencelines and two T-shaped corndriers. The timber structure was replaced by a large masonry aisled hall in the late 2nd or early 3rdC AD. Paddocks appeared to lay to the south of this building, whilst 50m to the north a second simpler masonry building was constructed, which was probably contemporary as indicated by similarities in architecture. The aisled hall probably represented the main dwelling residence at this time, being of considerable size and status.  The mid-3rd to mid-4th centuries saw the development of the aisled hall, most notably with the insertion of a bath suite; a new room was externally added to the second masonry building, which was also internally divided; and a third large and  multi-roomed 'strip house' was constructed to the eastern side of the open area between the first two buildings. New wells were also dug in this phase. The conventional interpretation offered was the strip house became the main residence of the villa estate, whilst the isled hall became secondary, providing baths, bakery, storage space, and possibly accommodation for servants/slaves. Though the continuation of the aisled hall as the main residence cannot be ruled out.  The site went out of use by the second half of the 4thC AD when the buildings were robbed away, after a period of industrial activity in all three buildings, particularly the aisled hall, and a large chalk quarry was dug between the aisled hall and the strip house."
15014,-50,400,50,300,medium (4 - 8 ha),enclosed,Yes,,5,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,hill,mixed,Yes,Yes,No,"Located in the chalk uplands of west Hampshire, the site of a late Iron Age-Roman rural farm settlement was located c.1km south east of the hillfort at Quarley Hill. The site showed evidence of continuous occupation throughout the period, but exhibited three primary phases of development, beginning as a banjo-enclosure, which developed into an early Roman farm, and a late Roman villa estate (first recognised in 1910).  Being sited on clay-rich calcareous soils, the land is very fertile for arable agriculture, but until very recently the area was thought to have been very wooded.  Crop mark evidence suggests that settlement features cover around 15ha whilst the geophysical survey indicates that the banjo-enclosure was encompassed within a complex of 'sinuous' field boundaries and enclosures. This system is thought to have been supplanted by a large rectilinear enclosure represented by a far more substantial ditch (plan 15014_4). Field systems also exist to the south and appear to be associated with both early and late settlement features.  The banjo-enclosure included a number of pits and linear features ('special deposits' were found in two late Iron Age pits and two ditches - one pit included a horse leg, pin fragment, an iron tool, bone spindle whorl, quernstone, pierced pebble, and oven brick; another pit included at least three neonates; cow skulls and pottery were revealed in the banjo ditch). The early Roman settlement saw further ditches dug, a gravelled road, a well and a large twin-flue corndrier. Postholes underneath the villa suggest a contemporary structure. The villa phase comprised four/five large masonry buildings, including aisled hall and crop processing buildings, fence alignments, indicating internal divisions of space, oven complexes and an area of quarrying. The villa buildings respected the area of the banjo-enclosure."
15015,-100,450,250,350,medium (4 - 8 ha),enclosed,Yes,,2,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,river valley,arable,No,Yes,Yes,"Located on the west bank of the River Anton in the Hampshire Downs, the site of a D-shaped Iron Age enclosure, Roman villa complex and associated field system was identified by AP and excavation.  Trial excavation across the Iron Age enclosure ditch showed that it was in use during the mid to late Iron Age, whilst a 1stC BC/AD Nauheim-derivative brooch found in a nearby lynchet suggests contemporary use of the local farmland. The existence of 1st-3rdC AD pottery in the soil layers close to the late Roman enclosure indicates continued arable exploitation and the geophysical survey suggested that an early Roman settlement probably lay in the vicinity.  Around the mid-late 3rdC AD the villa establishment developed on the edge of the valley floor initially defined by a large rectangular enclosure ditch. Within this a 'hall-house' was built towards its northern end, with a well immediately behind. Further ancillary buildings may have been present, though the excavated area was limited. To the east of the hall-house a canal was dug to feed water from the River Anton upstream of the villa to the site of two watermills, c.50m south of the villa. One of the mill ponds may have been used for votive deposition (see coins).  Towards the mid-4thC AD a sumptuous winged-corridor villa house was constructed deliberately aligned alongside the canal, but centrally within the enclosure, and some evidence to suggest a bridge went from its front over the waterway is evident. It is argued that the villa was built to utilise the canal as a water feature but also to overlook the water meadows of the river and the hills beyond. With the construction of the winged villa, the hall house converted in function with a corndrier being inserted, possibly used for both malting and parching, and ovens for baking. The mill remained in use throughout the 4thC AD.  The main villa gets re-used in the early 5thC AD, when a corndrier and hearth are built into the floor, and chaff-tempered pottery is also found."
15016,1,450,200,375,medium (4 - 8 ha),complex,Yes,,1,No,Yes,Yes,No,Yes,Yes,river valley,uncertain,No,Yes,Yes,"The site of a Roman settlement (usually cited as a villa) was discovered in the early 19thC in the Hampshire downs on a west-facing slope overlooking the valley of the River Anna. The site has a very unusual and slightly complicated history.  The area is known from aerial photography to include two large enclosures on both sides of the valley, and which are both thought to be Iron Age. Two ditches were found to have been dug on the main site originally in the late Iron Age, though some material suggests earlier activity. Around this time, an early 1stC AD inhumation and a nearby deep shaft were dug close to the presumed late Iron Age settlement. The shaft included organic deposits at its bottom, though remained open probably until the 4thC AD.  The site appears to have developed into the Roman period with the centre of the settlement likely lying to the north of the excavated area, where rubble surface spreads were identified alongside geophysical survey of a ditched complex. Dating is unclear due to Victorian excavations, but an isled hall and a large southern enclosure leading from the hall were exposed and may originate in the 2nd/early 3rdC AD. The structural detail of the building paralleled that at Houghton Down. Evidence suggests that it began as a domestic dwelling, perhaps serving a larger villa settlement to the north, though the building developed in the second half of the 4thC AD with three rooms added to one end, with corndrier and ovens added to the main room and one of the three compartments used as a smithy.  About this time a fenced enclosure was constructed between the hall and the southern enclosure ditch, encompassing the early grave and the ritual shaft which may have still been open to some level. In the top layer of the shaft the bone of a purported aurochs was recovered. It was argued that the grave was still known about and the area was a 'sanctuary'.  In this final phase, the aisled hall was largely demolished apart from the smithy room which became reused and floored with a highly elaborate mosaic (now in the British Museum, the mosaic had a Victorian cover building placed over it - now displaced). The room and enclosed area are argued to have been used as a shrine, with the room being utilised as a dining room for special occasions and feasting. 5-7 late 4th/early 5thC AD inhumations were then dug through the foundations of the hall on the opposite side of the 'dining room' to the sanctuary area, representing a probable sub-Roman cemetery. Chaff-tempered sherds and a spearhead were recovered from the area."
15017,-50,200,50,,small (<1 - 3 ha),complex,Yes,,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,hill,pastoral,Yes,Yes,No,"Located on the upper slopes of the Hampshire downland, just west of the River Anton the site of a substantial early-middle Iron Age enclosure settlement appeared to go out of use until the late Iron Age (mid-1stC BC) when a smaller enclosure gets constructed in the north-eastern corner of the preceding settlement and the trackway gets redefined.  Deliberate animal deposits were placed in prominent parts of the enclosure boundary (see zooarch data), and a large quarried area was identified within the enclosure. At the base of the quarry had been carefully placed a horse's leg, a large rotary quern, and two large flint nodules. Late Iron Age pottery and animals were contained in later fills of this feature, which is thought to have backfilled over a number of years. The enclosure is interpreted as either a settlement, though no buildings were identified, or an enclosure used seasonally for feasting and gatherings.  In the early Roman period, the LIA enclosure is abandoned a series of much larger and complex interlinking enclosures which are laid across the area of the early Iron Age settlement. These are presumed to be paddocks, and they respect the line of the original road. A small quarry was excavated in one of the enclosures. This system goes out of use by the early 3rdC AD."
15018,-50,400,75,275,large (9+ ha),enclosed,Yes,,8,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,hill,mixed,Yes,No,No,"First excavated in 1854 the site of a villa complex was located on the crest of a ridge within the gently rolling chalk downland of Hampshire.  Geophysics has since shown that the settlement included a number of phases and comprised extensive enclosures, paddocks, fields, trackways and other boundaries. Despite the distinct phases of development, excavation has shown that the settlement was continuously occupied from the 1stC BC to the end of the 4thC AD. The core of the settlement is shown by survey to have been c.14ha.  The first phase of occupation is represented by a banjo-enclosure. This feature continued to occupy a prominent position and was respected throughout the remainder of the life of the settlement. In the early Roman period an extensive double-ditched and straight-sided polygonal enclosure encompassed much of the site, and was laid out in the late 1stC AD. A complex system of paddocks and trackways, along with at least one large timber building, were laid out within the enclosure.  The first masonry building was constructed in the early 3rdC AD and probably existed alongside a number of associated timber structures. However, it was in the late 3rdC AD that this building gets demolished and is replaced by a strip house. This structure is gradually accompanied by a separate bath-house, a massive aisled hall which measured 37m long 15m with a central nave lit by a high clerestory light, and a garden complex within which a hexagonal structure thought to have been a shrine. The aisled hall had a hypocaust room built at one end and included elaborate wall paintings.  Further large masonry building were shown by geophysics to delineate the extent of the complex outside the excavated area, and at least 7 structures were part of the estate centre during the late Roman period. Some buildings appear to have similarities to the grain processing buildings found at Grateley South.  In the second half of the 4thC AD the establishment is rebuilt on an even grander scale. The main house is demolished and replaced adjacently by a large winged-corridor villa and the garden enclosure is cleared to make way for an even bigger aisled hall. The foundations of the house wings suggest that it may have been three storey's high. The courtyard and gardens were redefined by walls and fences. Further modifications took place soon after, with a new bath suite added to the aisled hall and new rooms also constructed. New corndriers were placed in and around some buildings.  No evidence of 5thC AD chaff-tempered pottery is found at the site as at nearby sites, and it appears that Dunkirt Barn villa was abandoned by the end of the 4thC AD."
15019,-50,450,100,300,medium (4 - 8 ha),unclassified,Yes,,8,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,coastal,mixed,Yes,No,No,"Overlooking the English Channel in the east of the Isle of Wight the Roman villa at Brading is situated part way up the chalk ridge which dissects the island across its centre from east to west. The villa was positioned just north of the now silted up estuary and floodplain of the River Yar which leads out to the sea at Bembridge Harbour. Historical evidence suggests this estuary was flooded prior to the later medieval period.  The villa was first exposed in 1880 and has undergone further small-scale interventions since.  More recent investigations between 2008-2010 have shown that an extensive and highly developed late Iron Age settlement was present, with a number of enclosures and trackways. Finds retrieved suggest that this landscape may even date back to the Bronze Age.  Settlement continuity could be demonstrated from at least 50BC and some of the Iron Age features continued into the Roman period, whilst new boundaries and enclosures were laid out as the Roman-period settlement developed. Excavation of a large ditched enclosure to the east of the later villa suggest substantial activity, as evidenced by a range of imported dining wares dating immediately pre-Conquest to the Flavian period.  In the early 2ndC AD an aisled hall was constructed on the site, to which was added a three-roomed structure and a separate bath-house. To begin it seems likely that the aisled hall was originally the principle building of the villa (see Danebury environs villas). By the beginning of the 3rdC AD the aisled hall was dismantled, leaving the remaining structures and a new aisled hall, twice the length of the last was built just to the north. In the late 3rd/early 4thC AD a large winged-corridor villa house was constructed at right angles to the aisled hall and other buildings forming a three-sided range. The villa complex eventually comprised at least 8 masonry structures, composing at least three main ranges which surrounded a central courtyard, seemingly for the layout of a formal garden. A possible 4thC AD sunken-feature building was identified to the east of the courtyard.  It appears that the villa continued in use into the 5thC AD but had, by this time, undergone substantial structural and functional changes, with T-shaped corndriers being added to the main building and a considerable build-up of domestic and industrial waste had ensued, including burning, antler-working, and animal bone/marine shell debris. A new timber building is thought to have been built on the earlier baths and may have been sub-Roman in date, whilst burials may hint that some of the site may have been used as a shrine similar to that at Thruxton, Hampshire. The final date of use of the villa is unknown though no evidence of 'Saxon' activity had been identified."
15020,-100,150,50,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,No,,,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,Yes,No,"Located on the north slope of a low spur at the head of a long dry valley which eventually led to the River Test, the site of an Iron Age banjo enclosure was sited in an archaeological landscape rich in Iron Age and Roman activity.  After a period of inactivity, and possibly abandonment, of the original early/middle Iron Age banjo the ditches of the site were recut in the 1stC BC. Postholes suggest that fences or perhaps buildings were present within the enclosure during this phase. Large quarries were excavated just outside the enclosure during this phase also, most likely to retrieve chalk, perhaps for consolidating surfaces, making daub or marling fields. Some deposits in the late Iron Age features could be interpreted as 'special deposits'.  The late Iron Age enclosure had silted up by the mid-1stC AD, and new linear features suggest the site gets turned over to agriculture and/or pastoral use during the early Roman period. This activity may be related to a Roman settlement just to the south-west."
15021,-100,40,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,mixed,No,No,No,"Located close to the River Somborne along the east valley side of the River Test, the site a late Iron Age D-shaped enclosure was identified from the strip and sample of relatively large area, which also included an area of middle Iron Age quarrying. The south-facing entrance overlooked the Somborne Valley. The inception of the enclosure ditch was not clearly datable since no pottery was recovered from the primary ditch fill and it may have been recut and cleaned out a number of times. It was finally filled in however, indicating the final use of the site, somewhere between the 1stC BC and the mid-1stC AD. The density of finds from the internal area of the site suggests that domestic activity was present, though no internal features were identified."
15022,-50,50,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unenclosed,Yes,10,,No,No,No,No,No,No,coastal,uncertain,No,No,No,"The site of a late Iron Age salt-panning site with an associated contemporary settlement was identified on the Hampshire shoreline in advance of gravel quarrying. The settlement was located to the north of an extensive area of medieval salterns and would likely have sat just beyond the tidal range. The evidence for occupation comprised roundhouses, ditches and pits, some clay-lined and suggested to have been for holding brine. The excavators argue that the site would have been used for a range of economic activities, including salt-production, which utilised the salt-marsh location."
15023,-100,400,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Occupying the crest of a ridge overlooking the Wallop Brook valley, the site of a early-middle Iron Age enclosure appears to have come into use again during the Roman period, primarily because a road was constructed travelling broadly west-east through the northern section of the boundary ditch.  The excavation of the site was restricted due to it being for a pipeline. Excavation suggests that part of the enclosure ditches were probably still open during the Roman period since domestic refuse was recovered from the upper layers. This material was dated from the 2nd-4thC AD, though a small number of other contexts may suggest some earlier activity. A corndrier of 'simple' (keyhole) type also dated to this later period. Traces of unenclosed settlement and trackways were noted from outside the settlement from cropmarks. These are presumed to have been Iron Age, though the date is uncertain."
15024,150,400,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unenclosed,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Lying just above the eastern edge of the River Test floodplain, an open Roman cemetery of 'typical rural type' was discovered. One of the early graves was placed within a singular enclosure. In accordance of the mitigation strategy most of the features were planned but left in situ, apart from eleven inhumation graves. Cremations were thought to have been present, but were not excavated.  Two phases of burial activity were narrowed down to the mid-2nd-3rdC AD and the 3rd-4thC AD."
15025,-100,410,250,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,No,,,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,No,coastal,arable,Yes,No,Yes,"An arable site was located just north of Portsmouth Harbour between Portchester and Fareham. Some time after 200BC saw the development of a field-system and a number of four-poster storage structures and associated pits, implying local agricultural activity. The site layout appears to have changed very little and the field-system was maintained through the early Roman period. A trackway was in use just to the east of the fields during this phase.  By the mid-3rdC AD the field-system seems to have gone out of use. Part of an, apparently, small rectilinear enclosure was built in the northern part of the site. To the south of this, a number of 'working hollows' and a sunken-feature building were also excavated. Pottery from the SFB dates to the mid-4thC AD. Samples from the feature also contained animal bone and a small quantity of charred plant remains. A beam slot, post pad, and a number of postholes suggest further structures were present, also dating to the late Roman phase. Storage pits were also identified. Early Saxon evidence was sparse, though three postholes contained 5th-6thC AD pottery."
15026,-100,175,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,Site with evidence of middle and late Iron Age activity overlain by a number of linear features dating to the early Roman period. Material culture from these features likely indicate a nearby settlement. The site may have converted to an area of agricultural activity due to an overlaying of dark silty clay soil.
15027,75,275,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"Excavations during road repairs in the Alice Holt pottery production settlement revealed the remains of a double-flue updraught kiln with mortar base, stone walls and a clay lining. It final firing was dated, archaeomagnetically, to AD220-280. It was overlain by an extensive dump of late Roman wasters. Other waster dumps were also investigated, spanning in date from the late 1stC AD to the mid-late 3rd."
15028,50,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,arable,Yes,No,No,"Excavation and geophysics in advance of a gas pipeline on a flat chalk plateau north of the River Dever, revealed evidence of an extensive and complex middle Iron Age settlement including a number of enclosures, trackways and field-systems. This settlement was abandoned at the end of the middle Iron Age. However, the 2nd half of the 1stC AD saw reuse and adaptation of the pre-existing Iron Age settlement landscape, such as the recut of a ditch pertaining to an irregular enclosure. Activity continued into the later Roman period with features, such as a large T-shaped corndrier, suggesting intensive agricultural activity in the area. Redeposition of pottery during the construction of the drier suggests it may have been 3rd/4thC AD."
15029,-100,75,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,mixed,Yes,Yes,No,"A series of enclosures dating from the middle Iron Age to the early Roman period was identified via trial trenching by Wessex Archaeology and further revealed by TVAS during later excavation. The site lies on the chalk downland. Sunken-feature buildings may have been evident during the late Iron Age within the enclosure system, though these could have been working hollows. One late Iron Age or early Roman pit contained a neonate and a bone-handled knife - the feature may have originally been for grain storage.  Phase I = mid-Iron Age; II = mid-late Iron Age; III = late Iron Age/early Roman; IV = post-Conquest"
15030,200,400,,,medium (4 - 8 ha),unclassified,Yes,,3,Yes,No,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,plateau or plain,mixed,No,No,No,"Occupying an upper spur of a chalk ridge, the site of a prehistoric settlement and Roman villa were excavated during difficult conditions in advance of chalk quarrying. A winged-corridor villa house was identified, but poorly dated and poorly preserved through plough action. Associated features suggest it was in use at least in the 3rdC AD, whilst an associated aisled hall was in use during the 4thC AD as evidenced by a large T-shaped corndrier which had been inserted in its foundations. It was not certain whether the aisled hall had been in use prior to the corndrier being constructed. A third masonry Roman building was also identified. It is presumed here that the villa was constructed at the beginning of the 3rdC AD, but it could have been earlier, and lasted until the end of the 4thC AD. A middle Iron Age settlement is also known from the site, but little evidence in the intervening period was recovered."
15031,-50,400,75,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,,1,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,mixed,No,Yes,Yes,"The site of an extensive Iron Age/Roman enclosure was located on a low chalk spur of the Hampshire Downs. The site, enclosing an area c.2.2ha, was constructed in the 8th or 7thC BC within an Iron Age landscape replete with a number of local settlements and conjoining trackways, and may well have been associated with the nearby hillfort to the east at Danebury. However, the pottery sequence suggests that the settlement was abandoned between 270BC and 50BC.  The site was well defined by a number of, though not contemporarily in use, ditches. The earliest ditch appeared to be early Iron Age in date, whilst backfilling of the innermost ditch could be dated to the mid-1stC AD, with quantities of amphora being placed in the upper fills (links with the Poole Harbour industry were also noted here). The outermost ditch, which was different in profile to the first two and on a much larger scale, appears to have been constructed and in use by the middle of the 1stC AD. This feature was not maintained by constant recutting and was left to silt up naturally. Structured deposits were very evident in a number of pits within the enclosure, dating throughout the late Iron Age and into the early Roman period, and included two partial human bodies, alongside animal bone and pottery (a list detailing all special deposits is included on the microfiche).  Whilst occupation continued into the early Roman period, evidence suggests that certain changes represented a break from the previous phase of activity during the late 1stC AD. The extensive outer enclosure ditch had been deliberately levelled with chalk rubble. However, the boundaries of the early Roman settlement were not defined and it cannot be shown that it was 'open'. A rectangular timber building was identified to this phase and a 2ndC AD cremation was dug into the fill of the outer ditch.  Features of late Roman occupation of the site included groups of several small bread ovens and a number of 'working hollows'. An inhumation burial was dug into the fill of the outer ditch and a large T-shaped corn-drying oven was in use within the settlement. The excavated evidence suggests that a late Roman domestic farm was in use, though Cunliffe also suggests that the features may represent the peripheral activity of a local villa site, mostly from the recovery of hexagonal roofing stone.  The recovery of a early-mid 6thC AD buckle belt suggests early Saxon activity at the site."
15032,-100,400,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"The Iron Age hillfort at Woolbury lies at the highest point on an elongated ridge of chalk downland 2km to the east of the River Test, and overlooks much of the western Hampshire/eastern Wiltshire chalkland.  By the late Iron Age the major defensive enclosure of the hillfort had largely silted up and a ditched enclosure was laid out within the earlier boundary in the eastern part of the hillfort, marking a significant change in use of the site and the beginning of a period of domestic occupation (the Iron Age hillfort had little evidence of domestic activity) lasting into and throughout the Roman period.  The reuse of the site in the LIA is suggested to follow a short period of abandonment, one which is also noted at other nearby sites, particularly at Bury Hill. During this phase, much of the interior space of the old hillfort appears to have been ploughed out. How continuous occupation was until the end of the Roman period was is difficult to say, but it appears to extend until that point in time.  The principle features of the site include expanses of gravel metalling, a series of timber structures (mainly four-posters), and a deep quarry or pond. The latter feature may have been for the extraction of an area of clay, though Cunliffe suggests that its use as a pond may have been more likely."
15033,-100,75,-50,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,mixed,Yes,No,No,"Located on undulating chalk land in the North Hampshire Downs, two enclosed Iron Age/early Roman domestic settlements (Site B/C and Site K) were identified through cropmarks, geophysical survey and extended trial trenching. Whilst these were clearly separate farms, the finds from the excavations were reported on as unified assemblages, and so these settlements are recorded here as one site. Both sites appear to have been contemporary, however, with similar settlement chronologies. Both began around 5thC BC and lasted in use until the latter part of the 1stC AD.  The chronology was broken into three main phases, the last of which is detailed here and can be considered as 50BC-AD75. The development of Site B/C into this final phase consisted of an increase in activity and by the construction of a number of enclosures, including fields, forming a system. Little differentiation could be observed between the different areas, though only a sample had been excavated. Site K also included a level of recutting of existing ditches which defined the final phase of settlement. A large trackway was also identified leading south from Site K, perhaps linking the two settlements together."
15034,-100,400,100,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,mixed,Yes,Yes,No,"Located on a slight slope c.5m east of the head of the River Test in the Hampshire downs, the site of a late Iron Age/Roman sub-rectangular enclosure was first excavated by Millett and Russell in the 1970s and in 1999 by HAT, which revealed a much larger area of the settlement. Gullies, pit and postholes were identified, and a droveway was found to run to the southern end of the enclosure.  Occupation of the site began in the 3rdC BC as an 'open' settlement, and with a number of structured deposits of human burial associated with a number of complete animal carcasses. However, the HAT excavations produced further spatial and artefactual evidence which suggested that the human and animal burials were, in fact, later in date and were associated with the enclosure ditch which was constructed during the 1stC BC. The period dating from the 1stC BC and 1stC AD included the most intensive activity at the site, with further pit digging and evidence of domestic activity, and the construction of the droveroad.  Whilst occupation of the continued until the 4thC AD, the level of activity appeared to be far reduced beyond the 1stC AD, when the ditches slowly silted up and did not get maintained on a regular basis. However, the only evidence for timber structures appear to date to this period, situated within the enclosure."
15035,50,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,coastal,uncertain,No,No,No,"A site located on the cliff edge on the south-west coast of the Isle of Wight had long produced prehistoric flintwork and Roman pottery. Due to the site gradually eroding into the sea, an examination of the cliff-face section revealed a number of stratigraphic levels relating to prehistoric activity, Roman cultivation of the area, and late medieval ploughing activity, each utilising the fertile greensand soils. Each of the layers became sealed by later hillwash. The Roman material suggests the presence of a nearby domestic site as indicated by the pottery and ceramic building materials. The pottery assemblage indicates that activity spanned from the late 1stC AD to the end of the 4thC AD."
15036,-100,100,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,No,No,No,"Located on a low hill in southern Hampshire, a reasonably large area of excavation was opened in advance of housing development and after an extensive programme of fieldwalking. The excavation produced sparse evidence of multi-period activity, though a number of late Iron Age/early Roman pits and a ditch indicated contemporary land use in the area. The nature of this land use is uncertain, but it is notable that the features were found in an otherwise featureless area."
15037,-100,125,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"Minimal excavation produced evidence of late Iron Age/early Roman settlement in the form of ditches, pits and postholes, plus a crouched inhumation. Activity potentially dates back to the middle Iron Age. Whilst pottery suggests a later date around the early 2ndC AD.  Mid-late Iron Age features included some structured deposition, such as a horse burial in one pit, whilst another contained a human skull and other animal body parts. No such deposits were clearly LIA/ER however."
15038,50,150,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,coastal,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Lying on the bank of the River Itchen across the river from the Roman defended settlement at Clausentum, a Roman settlement with significant iron working evidence was identified in advance of small-scale housing developments. The site appears to have been quite short-lived beginning around the mid-1stC AD, but seemingly being turned over to agriculture by the 2ndC AD. The site seems also to have been located just north of a Roman road, identified by metalling and associated flanking ditches. Imported pottery on the site may relate to trading activity. Beam slot features suggest the presence of early Roman structures on site. The overlying agricultural soil included 3rd-4thC AD pottery."
15039,-100,400,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),complex,Yes,,1,Yes,Yes,Yes,No,Yes,Yes,hill,mixed,No,No,No,"The site of Balksbury Camp is situated on a low chalk spur overlooking the Rivers Anna and Anton. The site is dominated by a substantial ditch enclosing an area of around 18ha. The enclosure ditch is univallate in form and was originally constructed in the 9th-8thC BC and the site has, in general, a long and complex history of occupation and use which leads right up until the end of the Roman period.  The site also has a long history of excavation, but it was those in 1973 and 1981 (Wainwright and Davies 1995) within the centre of the enclosure, the line of which may have only been used as an outlying boundary in this phase, which produced the first conclusive evidence of intensive settlement relating to late Iron Age and Roman activity. Features included internal enclosures, pits, circular post-built structures, four- and five-post structures, and inhumation burials. A late Roman masonry structure, possibly of 'aisled' type, was also identified along with an associated corndrier.  Later excavations between 1995 and 1997 revealed further evidence of the late Iron Age/Roman settlement including further revealing of the masonry structure and another T-shaped corndrier."
15040,50,400,,,medium (4 - 8 ha),unclassified,Yes,,2,No,Yes,Yes,Yes,No,Yes,river valley,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Located c.500m to the south-west of Carisbrooke Castle on the Isle of Wight, on the western side of a sheltered valley, a Roman villa was constructed overlooking the watermeadow in the base of the valley. The villa was first excavated in the mid-19thC, though the building was robbed by local farmers. Later aerial photos revealed a rectangular enclosure in the water meadow to the south of the villa and it was suggested that the villa complex extended down to the edge of Lukely Brook (a river tributary). Geophysical survey shows that the main villa is of the winged-corridor type.  Extensive geophysical survey and trial trenching by EH in the 1990s showed that the settlement originated in the mid-1stC AD, whilst a road was lain at the site soon after. The trenches did not expose of the villa building, but did identify an associated timber structure to its south. It is not known when the late Roman villa complex began in that form. During the 3rdC AD extensive surfaces were laid out towards the valley bottom, associated with the enclosure identified earlier, and likely relate to stock enclosures. The site appeared to have been abandoned by the 4thC AD."
15041,60,400,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,No,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"The site of three Roman pottery kilns at the southern end of Alice Holt Forest, one previously unrecorded, were recorded during a watching brief along with associated waster dumps and structures. The structures were interpreted as workshops servicing the kilns. Together, the features dated from the late 1st to the late 4thC AD, though differentiation in dating was notable across deposits highlighting the complex nature of the site."
15042,270,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Discovery of a late Roman cemetery during excavations of medieval features just south of Andover revealed nine inhumations, two of which were placed in a timber-lined mortuary chamber. Further inhumations and a single cremation were found to have been disturbed, increasing the size of the known area of the cemetery. Dating is problematic due to the 'incomplete nature of the evidence', though based on the range of pottery recovered from the backfills is likely to have been within the period AD270-400. The burials were all lain in broadly the same orientation and were quite closely grouped. The excavators found comparisons with inhumations at Lankhills, Winchester. Further inhumations have been found to the north and west of Andover, and the Winchester-Cirencester is known to have run close by the site, crossing another road c.2km to the north. Very little is currently known about Roman settlement within Andover as yet."
15043,50,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,coastal,uncertain,No,No,No,"Located due west and across the river from the defended coastal site at Clausentum lies a site with evidence for Roman period land-use covering two chronologically distinct phases of activity from the 1st-2ndC AD and the 3rd-4thC AD, though no significant temporal changes in land-use could be discerned. The evidence, in the form of linear field boundaries and pits, appears to be related to small-scale settlement activity nearby. The evidence is sparse, but important, because it shows Roman rural occupation in an area where it is otherwise unknown."
15044,-50,200,60,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,No,1,1,No,No,Yes,No,No,Yes,coastal,uncertain,No,Yes,No,"Located on Hayling Island on the south coast within the Portsmouth/Chichester Harbour estuary complex, the site of a late Iron Age shrine and subsequent Romano-Celtic temple (derivative?) was excavated between 1976 and 1981. The site is said to be situated on high ground and the shrine/temple is likely to have been visible from the Chichester-Winchester Road on the mainland. The presence of the religious site and the apparent lack of settlement evidence on Hayling has led to the suggestion that the Island itself was a sacred place.  The middle of the 1stC BC saw the construction of an open-air enclosure set within an outer enclosure, which later saw the replacement of the inner enclosure with a sub-circular structure focussed upon a large pit, identified as the foundation of the shrine. Evidence for the zonation of deposits, including coinage, metalwork and faunal remains, demonstrate the ritual character of the site.  The late Iron Age shrine later gets replaced and rebuilt around AD60 by a circular Roman temple set within a colonnaded temenos, possibly with a much larger outer 'temenos' boundary ditch (identified by geophysical survey). The Roman temple is said to have had significant links with Gaul in terms of its architectural form and construction style. The site goes out of use soon after AD200, though quantities of late Roman coinage suggests later activity in some form. A middle Saxon settlement was also evident over the site.  An evaluation and watching brief during the laying of a pipeline c.160m to the north of the site revealed evidence of Roman period land-use and a cremation burial."
15045,60,370,250,,medium (4 - 8 ha),unclassified,Yes,,3,No,No,Yes,Yes,No,Yes,coastal,uncertain,No,No,No,"A Roman villa at Langston was first discovered in the 1920s in one of the residential gardens on Langston Avenue and is sited just north of Langston Harbour, not far from the modern crossing over to Hayling Island.  Amateur excavations soon revealed part of the attached bathhouse as well as deposits of pottery, indicating domestic activity. Further excavations in the 1960s by Margret Rule substantiated further evidence for part of the buildings plan and some evidence for chronology. The earliest construction of the villa took place in the mid-late 1stC AD, built with flint and rammed chalk. This structure may have overlie an earlier timber building, but the evidence was difficult to substantiate. In the mid-3rdC AD, the early villa building was demolished and two new masonry structures constructed on the same alignment as before. One of these had a central, corridor courtyard. A further series of rooms were also identified. The building was demolished some time in the 4thC AD."
15046,200,410,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,,1,No,No,No,No,No,Yes,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,Yes,"Immediately north of the River Dever floodplain lies an enclosed settlement first identified by aerial photography and further investigated by geophysical survey and evaluation trenches. Coin and pottery finds show that the enclosure complex was in use during the 3rd and 4thC AD, whilst geophysics and excavation revealed the foundations of a Romano-British masonry strip building. These foundations were thought to have formed a relatively small building and may have supported a timber superstructure. The recovery of box-flue tiles may suggest a hypocaust was in place nearby.  The excavation of two sunken-feature buildings demonstrated occupation on the site into the 6thC AD, after analysis of associated pottery. Further material evidence showed that 5thC AD activity occurred in the area, perhaps from a nearby cemetery, and suggests possible continuity in occupation. An 'end date' for the 'Roman' occupation is purely speculative."
15047,50,150,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,mixed,No,No,No,"In an area of prehistoric settlement activity, an early Roman field-system and ditched settlement enclosure was excavated in the lower Test Valley. It is suggested that the site may have been related to the significant settlement activity located just to the south-west discovered in the 19thC during construction of the railway. The Victoria County History notes the presence of a Roman village from the discovery of pits, wells, and many coins, brooches, and ornamental weight.  Most of the excavated features could be dated by pottery c.AD60-130. Settlement began with the development of a number of large rectangular plots delineating a field-system, and this activity was superseded by large enclosure ditches which encompassed a number of settlement features including pits and postholes.  A number of further ditches on the same alignment suggest that the enclosure increased in size through time."
15048,50,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Lying to the north of Southampton water along the course of the River test, excavations revealed two parallel ditches which appeared to delineate the line of a substantial droveway. Adjacent to this feature lay the remains of a, probably contemporary, large but shallow gravel quarry pit. The extraction may have been used in road surfacing, though no evidence of the upper layers of the droveway could be discerned, possibly destroyed by later activity. Little of the pottery could be closely dated and the assemblage appeared to span the full extent of the Roman period; so too, perhaps, did the use of the droveway."
15049,250,350,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Sited on a gravel flood plain adjacent to the River Avon, evaluation trenching revealed evidence for a number of closely-spaced and Roman-dated settlement features including ditches, pits and a possible stone structure though likely to have been a corndrier or oven since some of the construction material had been burnt. Postholes were also identified, possibly indicating timber buildings. The site was dated broadly on the basis of the pottery assemblage to the late Roman period.  Two sherds of early Saxon pottery was also recovered."
15050,-100,400,75,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,mixed,No,Yes,No,"Located on a north-facing slope of the Hampshire chalk downland, a large site dating and possibly continuously occupied from the early/middle Iron Age to the end of the 4thC AD, perhaps into the post-Roman period, was identified in advance of expansive and fast-paced residential development north of Basingstoke in the 1960s. The site was brought to the attention of employees from the Willis Museum after 1stC AD cremation burials were recovered. The same staff were allowed on site by the building contractor to carry out a watching brief whilst the works were undertaken.  An early-middle Iron Age settlement appeared to have been extensively developed and enlarged during the late Iron Age and early Roman periods. One of the most important features of the site, and one of the few to have been extensively excavated, was the identification of a large well first dug out in the late 1stC AD. The settlement continued to be occupied, though at a lower level of intensity over time, through until the 4thC AD when the site appears to have gone out of use. This is also indicated by the final backfilling of the large well by this phase.  The well is noted for having evidence for a number of structured deposits, including pottery, animal carcasses, human remains and other items, spread through its full life."
15051,75,400,300,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,,,No,Yes,No,No,No,Yes,plateau or plain,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"A series of enclosure ditches were laid out at a similar date to the development of the Oakridge II/IV site, a short distance east, and could be seen to have two phases of occupation - an early Roman and a late Roman phase, though some late Iron Age activity is possible. The site was also excavated under the same difficult conditions as that at Oakridge II/IV (see Site 15050 site summary). During the 4thC AD a bathhouse was constructed in the east of the site, as evidenced by the partial excavation of a hypocausted, apsidal room. This may have been part of a later villa development, evidence for which was not conclusive, but this may have represented a late Roman development of the site."
15052,50,300,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,pastoral,Yes,No,No,"Lying in an area of known Iron Age and early Roman activity, site X/Y at Brighton Hill South was noted from cropmark though evaluation by Wessex Archaeology, when the sites B/C and K were excavated, suggested the site held limited potential for settlement evidence. Later excavations by the same company in advance of further house building revealed an early Iron Age settlement, likely to have been unenclosed, but with the laying out ditches in the very early Roman period. Based on the cropmark evidence, these ditches appear to relate to a double-ditched enclosure though with limited domestic activity, a field-system, a possible paddock, and a large trackway. Phosphate analysis shows that the area inside the enclosure gave low readings, compared to higher readings outside the enclosure, and suggest that the site may have been used for pastoral purposes. The ditches get backfilled in the late 3rd-early 4thC AD."
15053,-100,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"18th and 19thC sand quarrying produced a large number of late Iron Age and Roman dated finds, many of which are described as 'exotic' and imported from the Mediterranean world. Much of the material is thought to have been votive and, on this basis, the site is thought to have been a religious settlement, possibly even a Romano-Celtic temple or a derivative, but which was destroyed by the quarrying activities. Other Roman coin hoards have been recovered from the vicinity.  The site lies c.700 from the proposed Winchester to Southampton Roman road.  A wide late Iron Age and Roman date is given here for the site and is based on the finds, but this must be taken as very tentative since no features or contexts have been examined."
15054,50,400,300,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Sited on a south-facing escarpment, an enclosed Romano-British settlement was identified through geophysical survey and trial trench excavation in advance of road construction. Features of the site include a droveway, evidence for iron working and burial.  Activity appeared to have been most intensive during the 3rdC AD, when much of the metal-working debris dates to as well. The ditches of the settlement become backfilled prior to the 4thC AD, though the excavators state that material culture evidence suggests continuity in activity in the later century and the activity may instead reflect a change in settlement morphology at the site."
15055,200,400,,,large (9+ ha),complex,Yes,,3,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,mixed,No,No,No,"Construction of a residential area in Holybourne was observed by watching brief over an area of the Roman small town of Neatham immediately to the east of the centre of the settlement, previously excavated by Millett and Graham. The watching brief provided evidence of continuing land-use and settlement to the south of the Winchester-London Roman road and along a side road of the Silchester-Chichester route. Activity continued in the form of timber structures fronting the roads, along with wells and pits being identified. It appears that there was only enough time to excavated layer dating to the later Roman period.   The site plan given here covers both the Bourne Place and the Vindomis Road sites."
15056,200,300,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,The digging of a latrine pit for a Guide camp revealed a single 3rdC AD inhumation burial.
15057,300,400,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"On gently sloping ground near the modern town of Odiham, the site of a late Bronze Age/early Iron Age agricultural settlement was reused in the 4thC AD for a small rural inhumation cemetery. A concentration of burials within a lynchet suggests that the prehistoric feature may have been a deliberate focal point for the Roman site. Little evidence for Roman settlement is known from the immediate area."
15058,150,400,,,large (9+ ha),complex,Yes,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,mixed,No,No,No,"Lying to the south of the main area of Roman occupation at Neatham small town, further evidence of ribbon settlement was revealed along the Silchester-Chichester Roman road, including mortared footings of a courtyard wall, probably belonging to a large building or buildings. A large Roman building is known to exist under Neatham Manor, c.0.3km to the west."
15059,50,175,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"Located close to the route of a supposed Roman road in south-east Hampshire, notably off of the chalk downland, the site of an early Roman settlement was identified from a number of surface finds with evaluation trenches exposing as number of ditches and other features. The excavators suggest that the settlement engaged in agricultural production, smithing, and possibly pottery production as well. The possible remains of a kiln were identified from a ditch fill.  It appears that the settlement was enclosed, though the presence of large trees limited the extent of the excavations. However, comparatively large quantities of tile, pottery and daub were recovered."
15060,250,350,,,medium (4 - 8 ha),unclassified,Yes,,1,Yes,No,No,No,Yes,Yes,river valley,arable,No,No,No,"A Romano-British agricultural settlement complete with aisled hall, corndrier, and pottery kiln were found in association with an excavated but unpublished villa at Crookhorn Farm. Site of a possible mill (see finds). The lies on the south-facing slope of a dry valley north of Langstone Harbour, though this water is not visible to the site. It also lies just north of the Roman Road between Havant and Wickham (Chichester-Clausentum). The site also lies on a watershed which provides a spring supplying a tributary of the Pur Brook. During the Middle Ages the site was managed as part of the Forest of Bere, some of which survives today. It is possible, though uncertain that the woodland was extant also during the Roman period.  The tile kiln appears to have been constructed in the early 4thCAD, after the aisled hall, was associated with a cover building (apparently unique in Roman Britain at the time of writing). It was also found to have produced a rare form of hexagonal tile, alongside more common forms of brick and tile. The corndrier was of twin-flued T-shaped design. A large subrectangular feature in use during the 20thC as the local pond was found to have been the clay quarry pit supplying the Roman tilery, and extensive working yard contained waster pits and a possible drying shed.  Whilst the date of this site is late 3rd-early 4thC AD, and it is thought to have formed part of a wider villa estate (argued in the report to have been similar to Stanwick), this dating does not necessarily reflect that of the villa itself."
15062,150,400,,,medium (4 - 8 ha),unclassified,Yes,,1,No,No,Yes,No,No,Yes,hill,uncertain,No,No,No,"Located on the edge of a band of upper greensand, overlooking a steep drop onto gault clay was sited a probable Roman villa. First discovered and excavated in 1818, the remains of a bathhouse were revealed and graphically recorded.  The site was re-excavated in the 1970s to relocate the structure and to 'assess the accuracy of the original excavation plans and sections'. The re-examination of the site was thus restricted to removing the 19thC backfill, though some surviving stratigraphy was uncovered in some rooms and the subsequent finds made for useful analysis. The pottery suggests occupation to date from the mid-2nd to the 4thC AD."
15063,100,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,1,Yes,No,No,No,No,Yes,plateau or plain,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Situated in the central part of Micheldever Wood, a reasonably well-known Roman building was originally though only partially excavated at various times during the 19th C and early 20thC. The site has not been subject to modern excavation, however, but the surrounding earthworks were included in the MARC3 survey in advance of the construction of the M3 motorway in the 1970s.  The building is described as a 'corridor-type' building make provides the suggestion that it is a Roman villa, though this supposition requires substantiation. It measures 60m by 10m and comprised flint-footed walls. The dense nature of the surrounding woodland precluded survey of the whole area of the suspected settlement.  Three large pits nearby are suspected of being chalk quarries, though these are not conclusively dated. One of the 'quarries' does cut a defined area of black soil containing a large amount of Roman pottery, dating from the 2nd-4thC AD, and including mainly wares from the New Forest and Alice Holt industries. Early exploratory work is said to have produced in region of 1400 Roman coins including issues of Gratian, Theodosius I and Arcadius, as well as a 1stC AD brooch. The date of the building is, of course, unknown."
15064,100,375,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Sited on the west banks of the Sweatford's Water (a tributary of the River Avon), excavations produced evidence in the form of a waster dump for a pottery production site. The large villa at Rockbourne lies c.1 mile upstream and the 3rd/4th New Forest pottery kilns lie c.4 miles to the east. The excavation was very limited in scale, though the dump appeared to have been placed within a ditch terminal. Geophysical survey suggested the presence of a nearby kiln. The pottery and coin evidence suggest a 2nd-4thC AD date for the site."
15065,-100,300,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"Part of a gravel extraction site near Hook in Hampshire was found to contain ditches relating to enclosures and fields dating from the Bronze Age to the Roman period, an areas were subsequently excavated at the behest of the Ministry of Works. A number of linear features dated specifically to the Roman phase of occupation and these are described in the report as part of a Romano-British enclosure, though may perhaps reflect a field-system rather than a settlement. Pottery from the ditch features suggest that occupation spanned contiguously from the LIA through to the end of the 3rdC AD."
15066,50,400,250,,medium (4 - 8 ha),unclassified,Yes,,1,No,No,Yes,No,No,Yes,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"Following the discovery of ploughed out building materials on a sloping farmland plateau, excavations revealed evidence of an agricultural settlement which possibly originated, based on the pottery, as early as AD50 and included remains of a corndrier (F50). A detached bathhouse formed the main feature of the site and itself appears to have been built sometime around AD300 (possibly slightly earlier), so represents a late Roman addition to the site. Without a wider area of excavation more detailed phasing is difficult to observe."
15067,-100,400,50,300,medium (4 - 8 ha),enclosed,Yes,,2,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,No,Yes,plateau or plain,mixed,Yes,No,No,"A complex Iron Age and Roman settlement stretching up the side of a dry valley and onto its plateau summit. The site appears to consist of three main phases: early Iron Age activity which develops into a middle-late Iron Age banjo enclosure on the hill slope, perhaps part of a larger complex, which sees significant site development in the 1stCAD, and the construction of a large courtyard-type villa into the 4thC AD.  The excavations carried out between the 1960s and the 1980s primarily focussed on understanding the chronology, form and function of the banjo enclosure and, to a lesser extent, its associated field boundaries. The transition into the Roman period is not well understood. Whilst occupation of the site may have been continuous across the late Iron Age/early Roman transition, backfilling of older ditches and recutting of new ones perhaps suggests a substantial reorganisation of the settlement. Artefactual evidence certainly suggests that activity during the second half of the 1stC AD was relatively intensive. If the banjo enclosure represented a central part of the site, and this is by no means certain, then the core of the settlement appears to have shifted north-west during the 1stC AD.  The villa was excavated in the 19thC after its discovery in 1823, but is poorly recorded, and was not subject to any investigations during the 20thC. Ranges extended around three sides of the complex, one containing a bathhouse. Notes on the excavation report seven rooms and a corridor, two having fine mosaic pavements and heated by hypocausts, with walls covered in painted plaster. The mosaics recovered in the former (now destroyed), however, suggest that this building was a 4thC AD development, though it may have had earlier precedents. Early excavations suggest an earlier villa lay beneath the 4thC AD construction, perhaps dating c.AD50/100-250/300.  In full, occupation is noted spanning the early Iron Age to the end of the Roman period, but just how continuous this was remains open to further investigation."
15068,40,100,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"The recovery of a richly furnished early Roman cremation burial in 1860 provided the indication that an area of modern Alton consisted was archaeologically important. In advance of road construction in 1980 further areas were excavated which revealed a further 8 graves, all of which were very well furnished, suggesting that this site represented an elite burial plot.  The site lies on a gravel terrace of the River Wey, and the cemetery may be associated with the possible Roman settlement running through Alton."
15069,75,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,No,No,No,"Lying on a southwest-facing slope of Hampshire downland, c.90OD, a site containing evidence of middle Iron Age activity in the form of a beehive pit and extensive Roman occupational activity dating from the late 1st to the late 4thC AD. Features included chalk quarry pits and hollows, two inhumations, and a corndrier with an L-shaped flue. The corndrier was dated by pottery c.AD150-420. Floor surfaces and postholes were also encountered."
15070,-100,25,,,medium (4 - 8 ha),enclosed,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,No,No,No,"Discovery of a large D-shaped enclosure on Holybourne Down covering an area of 5.4ha, and called a hillfort by the excavator, was first discovered by aerial photography in 1947. Now mostly ploughed out the enclosure is difficult to see from the ground, but it occupies the highest point on the Down and has extensive views of the countryside to the north. The site lies c.3km north of the Roman small town at Neatham.  The settlement was suspected as possibly being an Iron Age antecedent to the small town and an evaluation trench was placed through the ditch. An early date for the feature could not be discerned, and a number of recutting episodes were apparent, but it is apparent that the ditch was quickly and deliberate backfilled in its final phase. Based upon recovered pottery, this took place during the late Iron Age, possibly in the 1stC AD. The land then appears to have been ploughed during the subsequent Roman period."
15071,-100,125,10,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,mixed,No,No,Yes,"Lying just above a tributary of the River Anton on a chalk spur, a multi-period enclosure settlement was identified by aerial photography and excavated in the 1970s in advance of housing development.  Seven chronological phases were identified from the late Neolithic through to the early Saxon period (c.6thC AD). Site occupation was largely continuous from the early Iron Age to the early Roman period (c.early 2ndC AD). Then a hiatus in activity ensued between the mid-Roman and immediate post-Roman period. The site is predominantly defined by a large enclosure covering c.1.2ha, which enclosed buildings, pits and quarries, though the enclosure had largely filled up by the Iron Age and would have been visible only as a depression.  At the beginning of the 1stC AD a new enclosure was cut into the southwest corner of the prehistoric boundary, utilising part of the line of the larger filled-in feature. This new boundary slowly backfilled naturally up until the end of the 1stC AD, whilst the latest dating features extend to around c.AD120. (This late Iron Age/early Roman phase is presented as Phase 6 in the report and only finds information is recorded here from that entry. No data from the preceding middle Iron Age phase is recorded here)."
15072,50,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Excavations along the line of a linear feature which turned out to be the line of a Roman trackway/road also revealed a group of at least eight inhumation burials found associated with a land boundary, marked by a ditch and a line of postholes, running from the roadside. The road may have been Iron Age in origin, but the cemetery and the postholes appear to have been late Roman (the latter possibly even later)."
15073,50,400,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,,,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,mixed,Yes,No,No,"Occupying a salient and commanding views over the Hampshire Downs to its north and over the River Test to its west, the site of a ditched enclosure complex was partially excavated and geophysical surveyed. The quantity of pottery from the ditches suggests that they encapsulated a domestic settlement, whilst stock-control is also possible. Four-poster structures were identified within the settlement, suggestive of storage. Other postholes also suggest further buildings.  The ditch system is dated by pottery to the mid-1stC AD, and forms square or rectangular enclosures. Further sub-divisions of the site were also dated to the l.3rd/4thC AD suggesting a long period of occupation of the site and development in the later Roman period, although no substantial reorganisation or change in function was recognised. Ditches along one side of the enclosures suggest a trackway."
15074,-50,400,150,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,1,No,No,Yes,No,No,Yes,hill,uncertain,No,Yes,No,"Located near the summit of a north-facing slope of a 'major east-west ridge', the foundations of a Roman-dated structure and peripheral, but not necessarily contemporary features.  The earliest evidence for activity proved to be late Iron Age, perhaps 1stC BC, including a linear feature, a layer of flint cobbling, a pit with the butchered remains of a lamb, a pierced pot and associated burnt material, directly next to the grave of a neonate. A second phase saw the overlaying of the earlier features with a rammed chalk floor, with further evidence for gullies and pits/postholes. This phase dates to the mid-1st-2ndC AD. A third phase of activity saw the construction of the masonry structure (recorded here as AD150 based upon dating evidence from the footings). This appeared to consist of three rooms in a linear arrangement, perhaps a cottage-style villa house. Limited excavation meant that the date of demolition of the building is very uncertain, but activity at the site appears to have continued until the 4thC AD.  Aerial photography has indicated a nearby area of linear boundaries, trackways and enclosures, most likely of Iron Age and/or Roman date. The site also lies very close to an Iron Age banjo enclosure. Field walking of the site produced quernstones, whetstone, around 500 fragments of CBM and around 450 sherds of Roman pottery, with some IA pottery too."
15075,25,200,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,No,No,No,"On the site of a modern chalk quarry a LIA/ER settlement was partially sample excavated in very poor and limiting conditions (weather and time), and due to the fact that much of the settlement had already been destroyed. Minimal sampling of features meant that little material was produced. The work, none-the-less, provided evidence for linear boundary features, postholes, pits and two cremation burials, together suggesting the existence of farm settlement. A few sherds of late Iron Age pottery suggest that activity began pre-Conquest, though the site seems to have been abandoned by the 3rdC AD. The features also appear to have been part of a larger complex of unknown form.  In 1996 a substantial find ofn256 late Iron Age and early Roman gold coins plus some pieces of Roman jewellery known subsequently as the Alton Hoard was made at the site. An evaluation of the site was made soon after to trace to position of the find spot and record its context. Although working with the finder of the hoard, the find spot could no longer be located, but the evaluation picked up part of a trench and a posthole, both of which appear to have been part of the settlement previously identified. The pottery dates to the same period."
15076,-100,400,40,250,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,5,,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,mixed,No,No,No,"A multiperiod site occupied from the middle Iron Age (c.5thC BC) to the late Roman period (4thC AD), located on gentle sloping chalk downland, was strip and sample excavated in advance of housing development.  The Iron Age settlement became enclosed by a large irregular 'kite-shaped' boundary ditch surrounding many features indicating substantial settlement activity, particularly large pits and many postholes. About 5 possible roundhouses were identified as probably late Iron Age.  After a break in occupation of c.100 years, by the middle of the 1stC AD, a large rectangular enclosure was set within the earlier Iron Age boundary. By the end of the 1stC AD the southern end of this enclosure had been recut with a new boundary constructed half-way across the rectangular feature forming a two-part enclosure. This may have been a land ownership division, though a lack of features in the southern perhaps suggests that it was a stock enclosure. No postholes could be attributed to the early Roman phase, but this may have been affected by the difficulty in assigning dates to such features. The presence of very fine daub in early Roman ditch features suggests the presence of buildings in this period.  Once more a period of abandonment ensued from around the early 2ndC AD. Evidence of late Roman occupation appeared to be much diminished compared to the late Iron Age and early Roman phases. The mid-late Iron Age enclosure ditch was recut in the late 3rd/early 4thC AD. Levelling of earlier pits occurred at this time and the only occupational evidence came from a series of postholes in the centre of the enclosure, from where some window glass was recovered, and a few surrounding pits. A large (possible) cess-pit was identified at the southern end of the enclosure."
15077,25,350,,,medium (4 - 8 ha),complex,Yes,,3,No,Yes,No,No,No,Yes,hill,mixed,Yes,No,No,"A site with substantial earthworks representing a Roman village settlement covering an area of at least 4.5ha. The site lies on an east-facing slope of the Hampshire Downs. A preserved trackway can be seen to lead up to the village from the valley bottom.  In general, the settlement appears to be divided into a number of 'compounds' each of which forming a rectangular platform. Two of these features were excavated to find that they were hut platforms with buildings dating to the mid-late Roman period (one masonry; one timber). Other areas turned out to be agricultural plots or lynchets demonstrating cultivation on the hillside as well as further down the slopes into the valley. It appears that activity began in the 1stC AD, perhaps the very late Iron Age, with the digging of a number of ditches, whilst the settlement developed gradually into its final form by the late 2nd/3rdC AD. An Iron Age settlement is known to lie just to the south of the village."
15078,-100,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,Yes,No,"Site of a pre-Roman and Romano-British site on the east bank of the River Avon. The site has a spring located near the confluence of the River Avon and the Millersford Brook where at least two wells with evidence for votive deposition have been recovered, amongst other evidence for prehistoric and Roman activity.  Some of the finds from around the site (some from the wells, though it is not certain which) include a horse skull, a small IA coin hoard, two thumb pots and a carved wooden head. Buildings were evidenced by packed floors and postholes. The excavator also argues that iron smelting and other activities were also carried out at the site."
15079,200,300,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"A 3rdC AD coffin of chalk (malm rock) was recovered in the 19thC in Binstead, and likely represents the inhumation of an individual of some wealth. The size of the space inside the coffin suggests it may have been made for an adolescent. No record of human remains survive, but the coffin contained no less than 7 miniature pots all of Alice Holt manufacture. Nothing is known of the context of the find but it lay not far from the bathhouse site at Wyck."
15080,275,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Two New Forest Roman pottery kilns and associated waster dumps. Kiln 1 was possibly the earlier of the two, perhaps l.3rd-4thC AD, whilst kiln 2 may have been late 4thC AD."
15081,350,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"A New Forest Roman pottery kiln and associated waster dump located c.100m south of two others, one probably contemporary, on the opposite side of the valley floor."
15082,200,300,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Two pottery kilns in the New Forest below soft blackish earth filled with pottery and fire-cracked flints. One was particularly well preserved and contained a permanent oven floor perforated by vent-holes and supported by pilasters. Dating the kilns is difficult due to intrusion of outlying pottery, but they are thought to have been broadly in the 3rdC AD."
15083,200,300,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,A New Forest Roman pottery kiln was excavated in 1955 on the gentle rising yellow Bracklesham sand about 100m east of a spring. The kiln was badly disturbed by badger digging.
15084,-100,375,-50,150,medium (4 - 8 ha),unclassified,Yes,,4,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,plateau or plain,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Sparsholt villa lies on a slight chalk spur in an area of modern woodland and was excavated between 1965-1972. The final season of excavation located an Iron Age enclosure dating between 400-50BC and consisting of a complex of pits and ditches recut a number of times.  The villa began as an aisled building in the mid-late 2ndC AD and developed through the next century into the courtyard plan complex. The early building consisted of a three-room bathsuite with painted plaster which was seen to imitate a mosaic.  The subsequent villa estate was enclosed by a well-built perimeter wall. Three ranges were identified, including a main corridor villa house (probably built in the early 4thC AD), a new aisled building with a new bathsuite and a third masonry structure on the opposite range. The aisled hall directly overlay the earlier aisled building and appears to have stood in use during the 3rd and 4thC AD. The villa included mosaic flooring of the Corinian school and a hypocaust.  Beyond the perimeter wall to the south-east lay another rectangular masonry structure interpreted as a 'hall', within which an infant burial was lain. This structure was located next to a hollow-way and lynchets, whilst a field system (undated) has been identified to the west of the villa by aerial photography.  The final years of site use came post-AD330. The end rooms of the aisled hall remained standing whilst must of the rest of the building had been demolished. It is argued that the hypocaust continued to be used, but for corn-drying."
15085,-50,50,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"An extensive series of well-preserved earthworks, obscured by woodland, formed a late Iron Age/early Roman sub-rectangular enclosure with formal entranceway. In advance of the construction of an access road, the Ministry of Works carried out limited investigations, focussed around the entranceway. About 100m to the southeast lay a barrow which contained a contemporary high-status cremation burial, originally found in 1905. The barrow burial was compared to the elite tumulus burial at Lexden, Colchester. The size and elaboration of the earthworks also suggest an enclosure of some status."
15086,50,150,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"A pottery kiln was discovered by excavation after a trial trench revealed gullies and quantities of ash and potsherd wasters. The site was sited c.75ft above sea level, on wooded ground on a slope leading down to a nearby stream. The kiln was constructed on a purpose-built terrace platform. The kiln is thought to have been at least late 1stC AD in date, based upon comparative analysis of the pottery forms."
15087,50,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,1,No,No,No,No,No,Yes,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,The site of a Roman building with a 'rough' tessellated floor was discovered and is though to have been associated with the local pottery industry. Dating of the structure is tentative.
15088,1,350,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,No,No,No,Poorly understood site lying on a broad clay ridge known as the Causeway at Horndean. The site received limited excavation after workmen recovered pottery and quernstone. Activity at the site dates from the early 1stC AD to the 4thC AD.
15090,40,150,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,No,,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,hill,mixed,Yes,Yes,No,"Situated high on a sloping downland two possibly associated enclosures and trackway were excavated in advance of housing development. The enclosures were each sited at roughly equal heights with one placed c.200m north of the other. The site may also have been associated with an agglomerated rural settlement about 500m east towards the bottom of the dry valley at Marnell Park (Site ID 15091).  A number of pits and four-poster structures were found both in and outside the enclosures, interpreted as possible granaries, and at least two wells were partially excavated at the larger southern-most enclosure. Likely chalk quarries were also excavated in the area and further trackways could also be discerned from wider fieldwork.  The enclosures were interpreted as livestock enclosures rather than being domestic settlements. Datable material suggests that the enclosures date to the late Iron Age, perhaps around the time of the Conquest, though the absence of Samian and BB1 wares suggest the enclosures had gone out of use by the middle of the 2ndC AD, perhaps by the end of the first quarter. A quarry in Area A South contained a complete cattle skull, hinting at special deposition.  It is important to note that the enclosures were excavated in Area A at the site though finds from nearby Areas B and C are also included here."
15091,50,400,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),complex,Yes,3,,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,No,river valley,mixed,Yes,No,No,"Towards the lower level of a dry valley north of Basingstoke lies a Roman settlement consisting of a number of intercutting and continually reworked ditches, along with trackways and pits. The settlement may have been associated with a number of early Roman enclosure sites due west (Site ID 15090), up the hillside, though this settlement extended the breadth of the Roman period.  The settlement also included at least three roundhouses, cremation burials, a corndrier, four-poster structures and a waterhole."
15092,-50,100,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,hill,mixed,No,No,No,"Excavations areas on the upper chalk ridge at Twyford Down immediately south of the Iron Age hillfort of St Catherine's Hill. Just to the west of Twyford Down are the grazing lands and watermeadows associated with the Itchen Valley floodplain.  Investigation revealed a series of ditches forming enclosures and trackways on the hillside. A lack of structural evidence suggested to the excavators that these were used primarily as paddocks and that the remains formed parts of the periphery of a larger settlement. Previous excavations and survey in the 1930s recorded a number of lynchets and field-systems, and the authors reported finding a number of large pits and 'ponds'.  Despite significant Bronze Age activity it is notable that middle Iron Age evidence was lacking, with the late Iron Age/early Roman occupation forming a small window of activity."
15093,1,150,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),complex,Yes,,6,Yes,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,plateau or plain,mixed,Yes,No,No,"c.800m east of the River Itchen lies a multiperiod site on the upper chalk, 30m above the valley bottom. The settlement, focussed on Winnall Down, existed as late Bronze Age and early Iron Age enclosure settlement, a middle Iron Age open settlement, and a late Iron Age/early Roman linear settlement formed of a number of conjoined enclosures linked by a ditched trackway.  The Iron Age open settlement appears to have gone out of use by the late 2ndC or early 1stC BC, whilst the LIA/ER linear settlement seems to have started in the first half of the 1stC AD. Feature of the site included at least six rectangular timber post-hole buildings, burials, four-post structures, pits, and fences suggesting internal divisions of space within the enclosures. The buildings were found both inside and outside of the enclosures.  The excavator suggests that the enclosure system was primarily for corralling livestock. However, the pottery specialist is of the opinion that the site was occupied as a domestic farmstead due to the presence of finewares and a high proportion of table wares. This evidence tallies with other features already mentioned. Nothing in the pottery assemblage need be later than the mid-2ndC AD."
15094,,,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"Watching brief of an area adjacent to a banjo enclosure, probably late Iron Age in date and known from cropmarks, produced evidence for Roman activity and possible occupation from the number of ditches and pits and possibly a hearth which produced Roman pottery. No secure date could be taken for the beginning and end of the settlement."
15095,-100,100,60,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,hill,mixed,No,Yes,No,"Located on a gentle southward-facing hill-slope, excavation revealed two separate enclosures with outer boundary ditches in advance of proposed residential development. The excavation covered an area previously characterised by cropmarks, geophysical survey and trial excavation of the nearby Brighton Hill area. The Northern Enclosure was occupied between 700BC and 500BC, and was replaced by the Southern Enclosure, which was constructed in the middle Iron Age and enlarged in the late Iron Age. During the Conquest period c.AD43-60, the enclosure was remodelled into a 'banjo' form with a more elaborate entranceway. There are few signs of structures within the enclosure, though the volume of domestic refuse in pits suggests domestic occupation. A single inhumation is of late lron Age/early Roman date. During the final phases of activity (c.AD60-100) the site use of space changed with the enclosure being abandoned and shallow gullies crossing the site appearing to form a rectilinear enclosure or field-system. The settlement was abandoned around AD100.  Two pits, assigned to the late Iron Age phase, one just inside the southern entrance and the other in the opposing corner, produced a significant quantity of finds and three or four instances of the deposition of partial carcasses of immature livestock, including two neonatal calves in separate layers and the remains of two piglets in a single deposit.  The site's occupants practised a mixed agricultural regime. A variety of cereal crops were cultivated, and spinning and weaving of wool is indicated by the presence of loomweights and spindle whorls. The site is unusual in that it includes a variety of exotic Gallo-Belgic and Central Gaulish pottery imports of both late lron Age and pre-Flavian date, but no Samian ware. This could suggest that the inhabitants were of high social status."
15096,1,425,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Field evaluations and limited area excavations revealed evidence for late Iron Age and Roman settlement activity on a south-facing slope of a low promontory leading down to the River Test. Cropmarks show two areas of activity with associated trackways. The form of these settlement/s is uncertain, though the southernmost site appears, at least, to have been an enclosure.  No conclusive evidence for dwellings were found, though an oval terrace with associated stake holes may have supported a structure of some kind. Activity involved extensive quarrying in two areas, which were separately dated to the early and late Romano-British periods. The quarrying appears to have ceased by the end of the 4thC AD. A few finds of sub-Roman and Saxon pottery, associated with cultivation soils, were the only evidence for later activity. A small cemetery was located by the contractors during the grading of a house plot after the main excavations were completed. It consisted of four confirmed graves, of which two were undisturbed by the machining. The two undisturbed inhumations were accompanied by complete pottery vessels, which may date to the 2ndC AD."
15097,-100,50,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unenclosed,Yes,3,,No,No,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,No,No,No,"An area of land upon Portdown Hill overlooking the English Channel was opened up during construction of the M27. A number of features relating to an Iron Age site were identified and a rescue excavation was subsequently allowed. Much of the site had been heavily damaged by construction and many of the features had been obliterated before they could be recorded. Around 90% of what remained was recorded but few contexts could be fully investigated due to time restrictions. A long stretch of ditch was identified along with three probable roundhouses, storage structures and pits. The site was occupied during the 5thC BC through to the end of the Iron Age when occupation appears to have ceased during the 1stC AD."
15098,-100,1,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,coastal,uncertain,No,No,No,"Lying on an eroding cliff edge, over-looking the Solent Channel, the site of a probable late Iron Age salt-working site was identified by ground scatters of 'Belgic' pottery. Subsequent rescue excavation produced evidence for a small truncated gully, which ran inland, a small number of postholes, possibly relating to structures, and two hearths at the bottom of the gully. The two areas of burning within the gully produced daub, pottery and briquetage. Another area containing deliberately broken and placed pottery sherds appeared to form a possible soak-away or flue.  It is suggested that primary salt-drying took place at the cliff bottom in salterns, with 'saltcakes' being brought up the cliff-side for secondary processing."
15099,50,350,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,No,No,No,"Rescue archaeology in advance of a multi-storey office carpark excavated a segment of ditch from which a quantity of finds strongly suggested the presence of a Roman settlement. The site lies on the highest point of a south-facing slope which extends down to the estuary of the River Wallington. Occupation of the site is attested by material dating to the mid-1st and 2nd centuries, whilst the ditch seems likely to have bee cut and in use during the 3rd and 4th centuries. The feature appears to have been levelled by the mid-4thC AD."
15100,325,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,arable,No,No,No,"A large and well-preserved T-shaped corndrier was fully excavated after discovery of the buried stonework during ploughing. The feature post-dates AD337 and is ascribed to the mid-4thC AD based upon coin and ceramic evidence. It is assumed here that the dryer existed as part of a farm settlement, perhaps a villa though no associated evidence currently exist for any possible associated settlement. After excavation the dryer was dismantled and reconstructed on permanent display at Newport Roman Villa. The dryer appears to have been contemporary with similar structures at Brading (2) and Rock Roman villas.  Since the discovery of the corndrier, fieldwalking of the site over an area of 4ha produced a relatively large collection of pottery and CBM. This assemblage indicated evidence for activity spread over a much wider time span, from the late Iron Age to the 4thC AD. Possible early/mid-Saxon activity was also noted by the presence of chaff-tempered wares. The nature of this activity cannot be characterised without further excavation; thus, the site is dated on the basis of the corndrier alone.  It should also be noted here that, in the same field as the corndrier, a pit filled with a LIA pottery assemblage. The pit appeared to resemble a grave, though no human remains were recovered (Tomalin 1998 - PIWNHAS)."
15101,75,150,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,coastal,uncertain,No,No,No,"Located on top of a Sheer cliff at Redcliff some 45m high the site of an early Roman salt-working site was excavated on an area which probably formed the Isle of Bembridge during the Roman period. Features consisted of a domed structure, postholes, an adjacent hearth and a salt-working gully, leading inland. These feature were found with associated briquetage containers."
15102,,,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,Yes,Yes,No,Yes,coastal,mixed,No,No,No,"Lying on the western side of the tip of the Isle of Wight overlooking the Solent the site of a villa was discovered and excavated in the late 19thC AD by a local, Mr Edwin Smith. The site is now lost to the sea.  Records detailing the excavations came light in the 1980 from a descendant of Mr Smith, as well as a letter from William Spickernell who observed some of the early work. These documents revealed that the excavations uncovered a tessellated corridor of at least three rooms with stone tiles and pottery, plus a further two rooms forming part of a likely bathhouse. In total the excavated building measured c.70m long, including the five uncovered rooms. The structure was bisected by an earthwork associated with the nearby Henrician fort There is no evidence to date the building properly."
15103,-100,75,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,coastal,uncertain,No,No,No,"Test pitting in advance of housing development revealed evidence for activity on a site where Iron Age midden deposits had previously been discovered. Some of the test pits duly cut through one or more of the middens, producing relatively substantial amounts of pottery as well as marine shell and animal bone. The features are interpreted as being part of a local settlement based upon animal husbandry and marine resource exploitation. Whilst the midden was proven to have started in the middle Iron Age, the majority of material dated to the late Iron Age and early Roman periods, at least up until c.AD75."
15104,200,350,,,medium (4 - 8 ha),unclassified,Yes,,2,Yes,No,Yes,Yes,No,Yes,hill,uncertain,No,No,No,"Cut into a hillside, the site of a 3rd/4thC AD villa was first excavated in 1910 and re-excavated between 1968 and 1971. The site is thought to have been sited within an enclosure, though the evidence for this is slight. Pre-villa evidence was not observed, but not necessarily absent. An elaborate dolphin mosaic was observed in the bathhouse."
15106,-50,300,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"The site of an sub-circular enclosure was identified by workmen in advance of quarrying. Subsequent recording of the plan of the site and sectioning across the ditches were later carried out, producing a number of finds and dating continuous occupation between the late Iron Age and the 3rdC AD. No features were noted from the interior of the settlement. The site lies on the lower western slope of West Harting Down looking across to Chalton Down on the other side of the valley."
15107,100,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Lying just to the south of a scheduled Iron Age and Romano-British field-system located on the steep northern slopes of Hazel Down, a watching brief revealed evidence of a land boundary and occupation spread, likely associated with a nearby Roman settlement. The site lies c.750m due north-west of the River Test. Based on the pottery, the settlement dates from the 2nd to the 4thC AD, though a small quantity of Iron Age pottery suggests earlier activity.  The scheduled field-system lying further up the hillside comprises a series of rectangular fields between 0.2ha and 0.6ha in area. Individual fields are defined by lynchets running along the contours, whilst a trackway runs up the slope delineated by two lynchets at the eastern end of the site."
15108,43,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,Yes,plateau or plain,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Possible evidence, from a pipeline excavation, of roadside settlement south of Silchester on the higher ground at Latchmere Green. The settlement lies near the junction of the Silchester to Winchester and Silchester to Chichester Roman roads. Surface finds have been recovered from this area for several years, suggesting some form of occupation. Groundworks revealed an area of activity stretching 400m wide from the Silch./Chich. Roman road to some 150m west of the Roman road from Silch./Winch. Quantities of pottery, ceramic building materials, quernstones, slag, glass, animal and human bone were recovered, both as surface finds and from features.  Flint foundations from three walls were also uncovered. There is some evidence, from the presence of wasters, that pottery and tile production may have been carried out on or near the site as well as smithing.  The main report states that occupation in the area began in the Late Iron Age. However, the pottery specialist states that pre-Roman material is absent at Latchmere Green. There was no early Belgic grog-tempered ware, although some of the flint-gritted Silchester ware of the following period could conceivably be pre-Conquest in date. Given, however, that the Latchmere Green settlement seems to have grown up at a road junction it is unlikely that it existed before the roads were constructed. Occupation continued through to at least the 4thC AD, though activity appears to have been most intensive by the late 2nd and 3rdC AD. An area to the west of present day Ash Lane showed evidence of a new phase of activity in the late 3rd century, possibly associated with the building of the stoned defences of Silchester about AD260-280."
15109,50,350,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,1,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Located on a north-west facing slope close to the River Meon, a Roman settlement was identified during the laying of a watermain. The main feature of the site was a timber roundhouse of two phases of construction, with a possible porchway. Other features included three hearths and shallow pits. Pottery dated the occupation phases of the roundhouse to the late 2nd/early 3rdC AD and the later 3rdC AD. This dating was supported by archaeomagnetic dating of samples from the hearths. The pottery recovered spans the mid-1st to mid-4thC AD. An earlier Roman phase of activity was identified from two ditches, through which the roundhouse cut. The author of the report suggests that these may have delineated a Roman road, which was purported to run through the site, though evidence of this route was not found during excavation."
15110,150,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"An evaluation and later watching brief at Bar End, c.1.75km southeast of Winchester (Venta Belgarum) produced evidence for co-axially aligned ditches, possibly relating to enclosures, but more likely representing part of a field-system. The presence of Roman building materials within the ditches and more generally across the site suggests the presence of a substantial structure nearby. The tile and brick recovered was of 1st/2ndC AD date, though only undiagnostic Roman grey ware was also recovered along with animal bone. Together this would suggest a late Roman date for the site, but this is very tentative."
15111,40,425,75,200,medium (4 - 8 ha),unclassified,Yes,1,7,Yes,No,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,river valley,mixed,Yes,No,No,"Site of a substantial 4thC Roman villa complex situated in valley bottom beside Rockbourne stream. The site was discovered in 1942, and was excavated between 1956 and 1974, with a few later works focussing on conservation of mosaics.  Unfortunately, most of the site had not been excavated beyond its upper layers, leaving our understanding of the structural sequence limited, and much of the finds excavated prior to 1978 were not recorded to context. Some remains show that the site was probably robbed during the medieval period. However, a broad chronology exists. The site has been shown to have had late Iron Age origins with the discovery of a timber roundhouse with chalk floor in use immediately prior to and across the Roman Conquest. Further postholes also in the later courtyard area suggests other early structures.  The roundhouse was overlain by the first rectangular masonry structure of the site, representing a small 'cottage-style' villa house, likely built in the late 1stC AD. The remains of an early probable bathhouse were also found, isolated just to the north. A new villa house was constructed just to the west around AD150, which consisted of a new bath-suite added to the back of the house in the second half of the 2ndC AD. An aisled building also dated to this phase on what was to become the south range.  The extensive north range was built in the early 3rdC AD and was directly linked to the existing west range. Further considerable extensions and modifications took place throughout the 3rd and 4thC AD. In its final incarnation in the 4thC AD, the villa consisted some 40 rooms set within its buildings, together arranged 3-sided around a central courtyard. A number of roads, paths and ditches were also associated with the settlement. Building 49 and Room 57 were found to have been smithies.  Finds and evidence of maintenance suggests that occupation likely lasted into the early 5thC.  The existing site record is deposited with Hampshire County Museums Service and all surviving finds are in the site museum."
15112,50,410,250,,uncertain,complex,Yes,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,Yes,Yes,No,"Investigations in advance of housing development identified a range of Roman archaeological features. The site lies very close to the junction of the Silchester to Old Sarum and Winchester to Cirencester Roman roads.  Fieldwalking produced concentrations of Romano-British material, and the desk-top survey suggested the site may have been part of the small town of Leucomagus, though recent historical research apparently disputes this claim. Continued excavations by AC Archaeology across the area surveyed by ASE have provided evidence which generally supports the findings of the latter. AC argue against the presence of a small town, but suggest dispersed roadside settlement associated with the crossing of the Icknield Way and the Portway. Evidence for Romano-British activity was reduced in trenches further from the crossroad.  The earliest Roman phase is represented by four linear features, all of which produced small assemblages of 1stC AD pottery including some residual later Iron Age material. It appears likely that these formed part of field-system with two defining a track or droveway. Only 'background noise' was suggested for the evidence from 2nd and 3rdC AD material, with the majority of features dating c.AD240-400+. This period witnesses a major intensification of agricultural/industrial activity with at least 12 malting kilns/corndriers being constructed within the excavated area. The 1998 gradiometer survey undertaken prior to excavation indicates that further kilns or ovens exist beyond the stripped area. In addition to the corndriers, a large number of pits, linear features and two inhumation burials were excavated and assigned to this phase.  A number of the kilns produced deliberate 'closure' deposits placed in the mouth of the flue, including an articulated horse leg and complete horse skull, half a mid-4thC AD BB1 vessel, part of a large circular stone with iron loops set in lead, quern fragments, and a possible dispersed coin hoard c.AD275. Where full excavation was possible, all structures with one exception were T-shaped. The exception comprised a U-shaped chamber, open to the south and may have had a different industrial function. Another could only be partly examined, as extended beyond the excavation, but it appeared to be of more robust construction with a walled stoke-pit and could be a double T-flue variant."
15113,50,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"A site of likely Roman occupation was identified from a 'scatter' of contemporary features and material culture. The site lies c.1.5km east of the Silchester to Winchester Roman road, in an area of undulating arable downland and adjacent woodland. The focus for the possible settlement was not identified from the watching brief area. 1st/2ndC AD linear features were noted, though majority of the evidence appeared to indicate 3rd/4thC AD activity. Postholes and a possible hearth were also identified."
15114,50,200,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,An extensive evaluation across 40ha of Hampshire farmland revealed evidence of at least 6 linear features of Romano-British date. The character of the site is difficult to ascertain based on the current evidence. The Romano-British features were concentrated on slightly higher ground at the north-west of the Site. The frequency and size of some of the pottery fragments found in one of the ditches suggested that RB settlement occupation exists in the vicinity.
15115,-75,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"A watching brief of geotechnical test pits and an archaeological evaluation on the proposed site of the South Winchester Park and Ride was located c.2.5km south of Winchester city centre, and bounded to the west by Otterbourne road, postulated to be on the alignment of the former Roman road between Venta Belgarum and Clausentum. Material culture suggests activity dating from 100BC to AD400.  The northern part of the site had been used as utility compound during the construction of the M3 during the 1990s and this clearly affected the geophysical survey results. However, the evaluation showed that the site had not been as truncated as expected, producing evidence of postholes and ditches of LIA/RB date.  Four fragments of Roman pottery were recovered from above the cobbled surface, and a coin was also recovered directly from the surface of the road which showed evidence of wheel-ruts.  Investigations in the southern area was targeted towards a anomalies found on the geophysical survey, and trenches confirmed the presence of a Romano-British enclosure next to a droveway. Occupation debris recorded from the enclosure ditch suggested settlement activity. A large pit associated with the enclosure, may have been a well."
15116,,,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Archaeological features investigated comprised a pair of parallel ditches interpreted as a trackway of Romano-British date. The ditches were aligned roughly north east/south west and extended the length of the mitigation area from the north eastern corner. A second ditch, aligned north east/south west, was located at the southern end of the stripped area and this feature split into two at its north eastern extent. Discrete features comprised a number of small pits and two large quarry pits. All features appear to be Romano-British in date.  No concise details regarding dating were given in the report."
15117,70,200,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"Site of an early Romano-British field-system and a possible enclosure was cut through by a gas pipeline. Site features included three linear ditches extending across the area and a single, curving ditch which extended into the area from the northern baulk. Discrete features were defined by pits and several large tree throw hollows. Three earlier Iron Age inhumations predated the field-system. The probable enclosure ditch may indicate a small settlement north of the mitigation area that is also indicated by crop marks on aerial photographs. The pottery form the field boundaries is exclusively early Roman (late 1st-2ndC AD)."
15118,-50,125,,,uncertain,enclosed,No,,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,No,No,No,"Located on a prominent position overlooking the Test Valley, a double ditch enclosure of late Iron Age date with associated ditches, gullies, discrete pits and postholes were identified during a watching brief. At the extreme south of the mitigation area several ditches of early Romano-British date suggested the presence of a field-system. To the north, several shallow pits containing burnt deposits and a small amount of iron slag, which appears to represent metalworking. Pottery from the ditches dated between the 1stC BC and the early 2ndC AD."
15119,-75,100,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"Evaluation and excavation work on land to the south of Little London near Silchester, Hampshire, revealed an enclosure and ditch system dating from the 1stC BC to the 1stC AD. The site had uninterrupted views of the hills to the south towards Basingstoke.  The enclosure was possibly appeared rectangular in plan with at least one entrance on its northern side. It contained pottery and smithing waste. A series of further contemporary ditches likely relate to associated with field-systems and stock enclosures."
15120,150,375,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,coastal,uncertain,No,No,No,"The watching brief of a school development site, located equidistant from the Southampton water estuary to the east and the Solent channel to the south, produced good evidence for Romano-British activity. Two linear features may have formed a rectilinear enclosure, within which three large pits which may have been quarries and/or water holes were partially excavated along with two probable hearths. Quantities of pottery and CBM were excavated from the features, the former dating c.AD270-AD325/350. The reports notes that the available SMR data and the results of the watching brief show that significant Romano-British settlement activity exists in the immediate locale."
15121,250,400,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,3,Yes,No,No,No,No,Yes,river valley,arable,No,No,No,"Early 20thC survey of a west Hampshire downland earthwork enclosure and adjacent winter spring, situated on the lower slope of a now dry valley, revealed evidence of Romano-British settlement and agricultural activity. The enclosure was sub-pentagonal in shape and covered an area of 96 acres (c.39ha). Its construction consisted of two large parallel ditches with a central embankment with large postholes, some with preserved wood, indicating the presence of a stockade.  A number of prehistoric barrows inhabit the enclosure and the immediate vicinity, and the excavation of one of these features in the north-eastern area of the enclosure turned out to be early Bronze Age, though the area had also been used during the Roman period with finds of animal bone, pottery and other items indicating domestic occupation which derived from a ditch fill leading from the barrow. Cutting through one part of the ditch was the remains of an H-shaped corndrier, described in the report as a hypocaust. Within the flue of the dryer were noted the remains of wheat and charred calf bones. It became clear that the smaller ditch enclosed an area within the main enclosure associated with the corndrier.  On the opposite side of the large enclosure, around 120 yards from the internal enclosure, a second small enclosure was identified containing a V-shaped hypocaust (again, possibly a corndrier, though the excavator suggests that this was a heating system for a dwelling). The foundations of a mortared flint walling surrounded the structure. A smaller T-shaped corndrier was noted outside this area. This structure included rammed chalk flooring and flint walling. Grains of charred wheat were said to have been 'found in every shovelful of burnt stuff' from this dryer.  The size and elaboration of the enclosure and the construction of the corndriers/heated rooms, suggests the presence of an agricultural settlement of some status. Dating of the enclosure and the settlement features suggests 3rd-4thC AD habitation; no brooches were recovered during the excavation."
15122,175,425,250,,medium (4 - 8 ha),unclassified,Yes,,3,Yes,No,Yes,No,Yes,Yes,river valley,uncertain,No,No,Yes,"Mostly unpublished site of an important mid-late villa only detailed in a Hants Field Club newsletter and short notes in Britannia. Excavations have uncovered the remains of a multi-storied aisled Roman villa measuring 15m by at least 30m. The structure had been built in or after the mid-3rdC AD over the burnt remains of a 2ndC AD structure. Indeed, the earliest remains date to the late 2ndC AD. The walls were constructed of flint and chalk blocks and a new elaborate facade and hypocaust were added in the early 4th century. The façade was exceptionally well preserved since it was excavated in the position it collapsed in, and no subsequent robbing appears to have taken place. The architectural details portray an upper floor, including two tiers of round-arched clerestory windows which had been blocked before the collapse of the facade. Though little late 4thC AD activity is noted at the site, the collapse of the façade must have taken place between c.AD400-500, since the wall sealed a layer containing late 4thC AD coins, but was cut through by early-mid Saxon postholes. A few sherds of Saxon grass-tempered wares were recovered from the layer above the Roman demolition layer, though no evidence for Roman-Saxon continuity was observed."
15123,25,400,350,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unenclosed,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,No,No,Yes,"During development work on the A3, on gently sloping downland, just north of the village at Horndean and close to a known early Bronze Age barrow, workmen came across evidence of inhumations, immediately south of the prehistoric monument. The Ministry of Works subsequently funded excavations to find a large Saxon cemetery of 33 inhumations, interspersed with 3 late Iron Age burials. The late Iron Age burials were distinguished from the Saxon graves by being lain upon the natural chalk layer, not within it as the  Saxon burials were, whilst also including early-mid 1stC AD pottery as grave goods. One of these burials was also cut by a later Saxon grave.  A small Romano-British cemetery of late 4thC AD date, consisting 6 inhumations was also located close to the roadside, clearly set away from where the Saxon burials lay. A single early Bronze Age inhumation was also located within the centre of the barrow."
15124,-100,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,hill,arable,No,No,No,"Rescue work of a group of Bronze Age barrows on Ashey Down on the Isle of Wight revealed evidence for extensive agricultural use of the Down during the late Iron Age and Romano-British periods. Scatters of abraded contemporary pottery were found in the ploughsoil, whilst the presence of many 'foreign stones' in the same plough layer are argued to have been brought onto the hillside after being inadvertently gathered during the collection of manure in lower lying areas to the south, closer to Brading villa where the geology of the stone originates.  Furthermore, earthworks just to the west of the barrow group had previously been argued to have been remains of late Iron Age and Roman field-systems and lynchets. The excavated evidence from the barrow area suggests that the farmed area may have been more extensive than previously known.  Further field survey also suggested the presence of a small Romano-British settlement on the Down just south of the barrow group.  The east side of the Down falls into a now dry valley, which then rises once more onto Brading Down."
15125,25,375,50,300,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,No,hill,mixed,Yes,No,Yes,"Excavations on the North Hampshire chalk downland were undertaken in advance of housing development close to Basingstoke. The investigations revealed extensive multi-period occupation stretching from the Bronze Age to the post-medieval period, including early-middle Saxon occupation.  The site was known prior to work carried out from extensive crop marks on the down, which leads down to the flood plain of the River Lodden. Late Iron Age and Roman activity covers the period from the 1stC AD to the 4thC AD and divides into three clear stratigraphic phases: 3A - LIA/ER, 3B - ER, and 3C - LR.  The earliest phase is defined by a straight lined but turning ditch, thought to represent part of an enclosure. The ditch could not be shown to fully enclose the proposed area, though it is argued that final parts of the ditch had been truncated. Pits and quantities of material demonstrate domestic activity.  The second phase of activity saw a much larger rectangular enclosure with a supporting fenceline and an entrance gate structure replace the earlier feature in the same area. Further linear features suggest a droveway leading to the entrance of the settlement. Further evidence for paddocks/stock enclosure were found external to the main enclosure from postholes. The main enclosure appears to have been in use from the mid-late 1stC AD into the early 3rdC AD. The quality and range of pottery types from this phases was suggestive of high-status.  The final phase of activity saw the abandonment of the large enclosure ditch and the imposition of at least three linear features, thought to represent a major land boundary, a pit complex, and burial activity. Stratigraphic evidence suggests that the fenceline of the earlier enclosure may still have been in use whilst the new field boundaries were put in place. Plus, the droveway appears to have continued in use, but was perhaps extended to the ridge top. Three inhumation graves to the east of the excavation may be part of a larger cemetery. In full, it appears that the main focus of the settlement had shifted to a new area during the later Roman phase; molluscan evidence suggests that the area had converted to arable. However, the early medieval settlement shows a complete break from the late Roman phase of activity; no late 4thC AD pottery was identified."
15126,-100,400,200,,medium (4 - 8 ha),complex,Yes,,,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,No,hill,mixed,Yes,Yes,No,"A complex, multi-period site located on chalk downland which slopes northerly into a valley with a number of springs. The site produced elements of Neolithic, early Bronze Age and early Iron Age activity. However, the main period of occupation begins in the late Iron Age and continues through to the end of the 4thC AD. This settlement was sited at a point where heavy and light soils meet, with access to both local arable and pasture was apparent.  After a period of limited middle Iron Age occupation, the late Iron Age brings considerable changes to the site with a series of large enclosures being constructed. The earliest phase of activity includes the expansion of the settlement over 10-15 acres, and includes enclosures covering the spur of land on which it sits. The most notable enclosure consisted of a banjo with a trackway leading from the complex south to the valley bottom and to the Corhampton-Winchester road; this feature continued in use into the early Roman period. The enclosure ditch was recut in this period; the primary silts produced numerous finds including bead-rim vessels, tazze, butt-beakers, a terra rubra cup, terra nigra, Hofheim flagons and a Langton Down brooch.  A cemetery also dates to the late Iron Age and includes a 'warrior' burial along with late Iron Age cremation deposits set within rectangular enclosures set to the north of the banjo enclosure. Chalk quarrying took place with some large pits being used as grain stores. Two square structures were interpreted as granaries. Some of the pit complexes were filled with quantities of material including imported wares, coins and brooches.  The early Roman phase included further recutting of existing ditches as well as the construction of new enclosures and trackways, demonstrating continued development and continuity of the settlement. Once more, large storage pits continued to be excavated and used, several containing quantities of charred grain and some dating into the 2ndC AD. One pit included the skeleton of an immature sheep, found in association with a small pot and a bronze coin. Two keyhole-shaped ovens dating to the 2ndC AD were thought to have been corndriers.  In the later Roman phase, the rectangular enclosures to the north continued in use. A number of cesspits of this date included potential structured deposits. One inside the enclosure contained the skeleton of a duck, a late Roman bowl and an ornate La Tene III brooch; another contained two cat skeletons and a hawk, a heap of cattle skulls and one each of a dog, a horse, and a sheep, with an organic layer containing fruit pips, parasite remains, and insect larvae; another pits included a thick organic deposit with a large group of carbonised grain, a butchered cow, skulls and feet from a number of sheep, rodents, amphibians, and a human skull. The late Iron Age enclosure to the south was clearly still in use since late Roman coins and pottery were recovered from the upper fills. A T-shaped corndrier had been inserted within the enclosure and was suggested to have been roofed over; nearby postholes containing similar material indicates that this may have taken the form of a long building with the corndrier inserted in one end. Another 4thC AD corndrier had been excavated on the site prior to the main works being carried out. To the east of this area, the inhumation of a young woman and two infants were the only evidence of late Roman activity.  The excavation was one of the first to use extensive sieving. As a consequence, large quantities of animal bone and charred plant remains were recovered. Unfortunately, the lack of a full and inclusive excavation report leads to much conflicting discussion, a general absence of finds data, confusing descriptions of the burial evidence, and a lack of cohesion between details of faunal remains in the interim reports and the data provided by the extensive contextual analysis presented in the animal bone report."
15127,275,410,,,medium (4 - 8 ha),complex,Yes,,1,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,mixed,No,No,No,"The site lies towards the periphery of the Roman small town of Neatham, Vindomis, just south of the projected line of the Roman road, and is located on a gentle slope leading down to the River Wey, c.2km to the south.   Two parallel ditches and a small post-built timber structure form the main features of the site. Pottery and coins date most of the activity to between the late 3rd and the late 4th, possibly early 5th, centuries. Whilst earlier activity may have been present, the finds and features are suggestive of activity which took place as a result of the suggested reorganisation of the small town during the late 3rdC AD (suggested by Millett and Graham 1986). The finds and environmental evidence indicate that both domestic activity and possible malting and brewing were carried out on site. The ditches appear to comprise a roadside and rear plot boundary."
15128,275,400,,,uncertain,unenclosed,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"The site is located towards the bottom of the steeply sloping northern side of the valley of the River Slea, just south of Alice Holt Forest. Strip, map and record excavation revealed evidence for multi-period activity. The truncated remains of a single-chambered, twin-flue kiln, typical of the Romano-British Alice Holt pottery industry and dating to the late 3rd-4thC AD, was recorded in the south of the site. The kiln was dismantled after final firing, because none of the floor or structure survived, though fragments of locally occurring heath stone recovered from the chamber were probably part of the superstructure. The chamber and the stokeholes produced significant quantities of late 4th century AD pottery including fired wasters, abundant charcoal, vitrified lumps of organic material. The kiln was bounded to the south by three pits or postholes and by a truncated ditch. These features all contained contemporary Romano-British pottery.  Also of significance was midden spreads including large quantities of pottery, coinage, and other artefacts, probably deriving from kiln waste and occupational debris."
15129,50,200,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),complex,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"A large area surrounded by woodland was stripped in advance of gravel extraction to reveal an early Roman settlement which appears to be a developed farmstead, though only early stage results of the excavation have so far been made available (some Bronze Age features were present in the main area, whilst medieval occupation is evident to the south). Thus, the layout of the site and its dating are preliminary. The site includes two corndriers, one T-shaped, and a grave. Other features include field boundaries, postholes and pits, all of 'early Roman' date."
15130,75,200,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,coastal,uncertain,No,No,No,Evaluation and subsequent excavation of a small area investigated in advance of proposed development revealed evidence of a low-status rural 1st/2ndC AD settlement with a possibly associated field-system. The site is located on the Gosport peninsula where little Roman remains have previously been recovered.
15131,200,300,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"A site in the modern town of Alton, situated c.3km due west(-south-west) of the small town at Neatham along the Roman road to Winchester. HER records suggests the area includes a high potential for Roman activity and previous work indicates that a number of inhumation and cremation burials have been recovered from along the road. A small evaluation trench revealed a single and apparently undisturbed 3rdC AD masonry feature cutting into the natural gravel. Two parallel unmortared chalk and sandstone walls were constructed within the base of a larger cut. The feature is broadly parallel to the high street which is thought to run the original route of the Roman road. The site may be contiguous of roadside settlement running down from Neatham."
15132,240,400,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unenclosed,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"Excavation in advance of building work adjacent to the A325 between Bordon and Farnham exposed three Romano-British pottery kilns belonging to the Alice Holt industry, together with a pit containing an earlier Iron Age saddle quern, an earlier prehistoric/Romano-British field boundary and an undated trackway. The site sits upon the south face of an east-west running ridge, and the area had been previously identified by Lyne and Jeffries (1979) as being involved with pottery production."
15133,200,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Located less than 1km from the west bank of the River Itchen close to where  it flows through the estuary into Southampton water, evaluation trenches uncovered remains of Romano-British linear features, most likely forming part of field-system. Buried soil layers dating to the medieval and post-medieval periods overlie the linear features. Pottery suggests a late date for the field-system."
15134,300,500,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,Yes,"The site of a Bronze Age pond barrow was reused as a late Roman and early Saxon cemetery incorporating both inhumations and cremations, with some evidence for associated mortuary structures/monuments. The site lies on a spur of free draining chalk land, which drops steeply to the flood plain of the River Itchen to the south.  The site was first discovered in the 1984s by workmen laying a gas pipeline. A sword was found which was later identified to have come from a grave. This feature was then entirely excavated and found to also contain other grave goods datable to the mid/late 5th century AD, including an iron socketed spearhead, iron knife, bronze chape and two bronze belt fittings. A further nineteen graves were identified along the gas main trench, but were not investigated.  Two graves were later investigated in 1986: one containing a burial accompanied by grave goods of typically Late Roman date, including a coin and hobnails.  In 1991, evaluations over a much larger area, in advance of development proposals, revealed over 60 graves and a small number of cremation burials; none were excavated. The graves were arranged in rows and at least one was contained within a circular enclosure. The cremations were also identified as lying within small enclosures.  Four evaluation trenches excavated in 2010 over the site of the barrow revealed three north-south aligned inhumation graves, one containing a cremation vessel, and all almost certainly of Romano-British date, were found on the monument's western side.  The various evaluations have shown that the cemetery extended quite extensively to the north of the barrow, though burial features were lacking to its other three sides. In total the cemetery appears to cover an area c.0.4ha. Dating of many of the graves is insufficient, but the cemetery is thought to represent a clear continuation of funerary practice from the 4thC through the 5thC AD ."
15135,250,400,,,uncertain,complex,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Three associated ditches, appearing to form a late Roman land boundary, were excavated as part of watching brief in advance of the construction of a new Church centre in St Denys, Southampton. The site is located c.250m from the west bank of the River Itchen and around 700m north of the walled settlement of Clausentum which lay on the opposite side of the river. The ditches may have been part of a field-system though the quantity of pottery and CBM recovered from the fills suggests a nearby settlement. The vast majority of finds recovered from the ditch fills were Roman in date, and most could be assigned to the 3rd-4thC AD. The presence of a wide variety of roof tiles, floor tiles, flue tiles (from a hypocaust/under-floor heating system) suggests the demolition of a substantial nearby structure.  It is hypothesised that the Roman road from Clausentum to Winchester ran through the area after crossing the river.  The site is recorded here as a 'field-system' since the nature of the features are unknown. However, it is quite possible that the remains relate to roadside settlement, and may be related to the conversion of the early Roman iron-working site found just to the south to agricultural land (Site 15038)."
15136,100,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"A large open area excavation in advance of gravel quarrying on flat plain of land situated within the valley of the nearby River Avon, c.3km to the north. Aerial photography previously identified Bronze Age and medieval features, whilst the excavation part of large rectangular Romano-British field-system with an entranceway and associated pits (waterholes??) and postholes, though no evidence for domestic structures were found. One pit dated to the early-mid Iron Age. The features were well sealed by episodic flooding of the River Avon. Of the Roman pottery, 27 sherds were dated as 'Late Roman', whilst the rest were simply 'Roman'. A tentative date of 1st-4thC AD is given here."
15137,-50,400,200,,uncertain,unclassified,No,1,1,No,No,No,No,No,Yes,hill,uncertain,No,No,No,"The site of a small 'promontory fort' and later Roman settlement was evaluated and surveyed by a local unit and later by Time Team and a community project run by the local council. Investigation of the site focussed upon the eastern and southern slopes of a small hill that located to the north of Yaverland, near Sandown. Reclaimed land to the west of the site would once have been flooded, forming Brading Haven, and would have been surrounded on three sides of the hill.  A Bronze Age ring ditch was discovered on the hill, whilst late Iron Age activity was represented by a large ditch, interpreted as forming the earthwork rampart for the promontory fort, plus evidence for a timber built roundhouse. Further ditch and gully features produced late Iron Age ceramics and large quantities of oyster shell. Little evidence for 1st/2ndC AD activity was encountered; the area may have been used for agricultural purposes, evidenced by ploughing out of the earthwork and small quantities of contemporary pottery in the ploughsoil.  A free-standing late Roman structure was also identified further down the hill slope, identified from a mortar-packed floor and masonry wall. The floor surface was sealed with dark brown silt containing a large quantity of occupational and industrial material waste. A large square post-hole was aligned on the termination of the stone wall suggesting it could represent a door post, supported by the discovery of an iron latch-lifter and key."
15138,-100,400,200,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,2,,No,No,No,No,No,No,coastal,uncertain,No,Yes,No,"A site located during evaluations along a pipeline towards the eastern end of the Isle of Wight, c.1km south of the Solent Channel coast and east of the River Yar. Aerial photographs first identified activity in the area from a number of cropmarks and evaluation revealed evidence for two phases of activity: a LIA/ER (up to the 2ndC AD) and a LR phase (c.3rd-4thC AD).  The report only gives a very basic overview of the features excavated but suggests that two early phased enclosures were identified along with further linears, pits and two possible roundhouses. A pit with a partial cattle skeleton was also recovered from this phase.  A rectilinear enclosure is suggested to have been present in the late Roman phase with large pits, thought possibly to have been quarries. One of the pits contained a large quantity of marine shell."
15139,-50,100,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,Site located along a pipeline revealed four roughly parallel gullies containing late Iron Age/early Roman pottery likely represent part of a field-system.
15140,-50,50,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,Site located along a pipeline revealed a number of ditch and pit features representing domestic occupation.
15141,200,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"A late Roman site found along the laying of a gas pipeline with evidence for at least 7 kiln structures, each typically consisting of a central chamber with steep sides and a flat base with a narrow, steep-sided flue. They were all cut into the natural clay, which had been burnt. A gully and irregularly shaped pit were located immediately to the south-east of the kilns. The south-east end of the gully had a return to the south-west, which suggested it may have defined an enclosure area. The site produced a significant late Roman pottery assemblage, iron-working material, Roman roof, floor and wall tiles, a fragment of quernstone, and assorted items of metalwork. The site seems to have been characterised by lead and iron working; the pottery associated with the various kilns is quite sparse in quantity and lacks definite wasters."
15142,75,400,200,,medium (4 - 8 ha),unclassified,Yes,,1,No,No,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"The erection of a residential garage in 1926 unveiled the remain of a winged-corridor villa with attached but elaborate bathhouse. The site lies at the base of a slope leading towards the River Medina which flows directly into the Solent through the northern centre of the Isle of Wight, a feature which the villa directly faced.  The main house included a number of tessellated rooms and at least three hypocaust systems. The villa was observed to have been inhabited from the 3rdC AD, whilst earlier settlement was noted but not successfully diagnosed. Coin evidence suggests activity from at least the early 2ndC AD, whilst pottery from a ditch which underlay the villa house dated to the late 1stC AD. Evidence of late/post Roman metal-working and animal bone was found on the floors of the villa."
15143,,,,,medium (4 - 8 ha),unclassified,Yes,,1,No,No,Yes,Yes,No,Yes,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,Yes,No,"Site of a small Roman villa, now situated in woodland near West Meon, excavated between 1905-06 on a downland ridge north of the River Meon. The villa house was though to have had a slightly unusual plan, but included a small courtyard area with domestic rooms on one side and an attached bathhouse on the other, rooms of both sides including tesserae flooring and hypocausts. The main entrance was formed of an elaborate gateway was noted in the eastern wall.  The site was not dated."
15144,,,,,medium (4 - 8 ha),enclosed,Yes,,4,No,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Located on the floodplain of the River Rother the early 20thC excavation of a Roman villa complex was undertaken close to modern Petersfield. The settlement included an enclosure wall with an elaborate entranceway on one side, a 'group of bathhouses' on another. A large aisled building opposite the entrance appears to have developed into a winged-corridor house with heated rooms at its western end. On the eastern range was thought to have been a stable and a granary, whilst an octagonal building was situated between the aisled hall and the stable in the NE corner of the establishment. The function of this structure is uncertain.  No dating for the villa is given, nor any finds information."
15145,1,100,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"An evaluation and subsequent watching brief identified an area of archaeological features, primarily curvilinear and linear ditches with high incidences of inter-cutting. No coherent alignment was observed amongst the features and the main types of find from the site included 1stC AD local pottery, quantities of burnt flint, slag, and charcoal leading the excavators to suggest that the site formed part of an industrial settlement, the exact nature of which is unclear. Similar finds assemblages were recovered from the nearby soils indicating that the top layers of the ditches had been truncated with materials spread to adjacent areas, perhaps through ploughing.  The site was situated near the top of a slight valley, draining to the south-east. A spring lay just 100m to the northeast of the site, draining down into the valley. The underlying heavy clay impedes drainage at the site which is today used for livestock pasture."
15146,250,400,,,medium (4 - 8 ha),unclassified,Yes,,3,Yes,No,Yes,No,Yes,Yes,river valley,mixed,No,Yes,No,"Three seasons of excavation uncovered the remains of a later 3rd-4thC AD villa. The settlement appears to have grown in three main phases from a single aisled building to at least two complexes of buildings with attached baths, arranged around a central courtyard. Only the eastern half of the villa complex was excavated.  After the construction of the aisled building, a bath-house (c.AD275) was built adjacently but lay unattached. These structures were later conjoined by a hallway. The presence of two large furnace pits with quantities of slag, suggest that the aisled building, or part of it, may have been used as a metal-working workshop.  A timber building was constructed to the north of the aisled building, itself with an attached bath-house. A bank and ditch appear to have enclosed the whole complex. Around AD325, the northern bath-house was enlarged with a plunge pool added, whilst the southern bath-house was replaced with a new one. Shortly after AD350, an eastern block was added to the aisled building, and may have signalled a change in use of the structure; the metal-working pits had gone out of use by this time.  During the early 4thC AD a dog and a puppy were placed in a well above a collapsed sand layer.  A small scatter of pits/postholes included late Iron Age pottery suggesting some early occupation at the site. No discernible features were identified dating from the late Iron Age up to the late 3rdC AD. Small quantities of early Roman material was recovered either residually or in the top soil indicating that pre-villa settlement may have been evident nearby, but not directly on the site.  It is uncertain for how long the villa remained in use after the last phase of development at the site, but probably was abandoned by or shortly after the end of the Roman period."
16001,50,400,,,large (9+ ha),complex,Yes,1,8,Yes,Yes,Yes,No,No,Yes,river valley,mixed,Yes,No,No,"Geophysical survey and pipeline excavation immediately south of the River Windrush revealed peripheral parts of a Roman roadside settlement on either side of Akeman Street Roman road (a river crossing point). Originating in the mid 1st C AD, a complex sequence of stone and timber buildings (beamslot and posthole) was revealed aligned on Akeman St and a side street. On the settlement's southern margins a 2nd C ironworking area and a small late Roman cemetery were revealed. Possible early Roman military camp c 500m to the south-west and a circular structure near the roadside within the settlement (revealed by aerial photos) is interpreted as a possible shrine. Settlement probably reached maximum extent by mid 2nd C AD, with many timber buildings being replaced in masonry. Lack of late 4th C pottery or coins suggests contraction of settlement at this time, though supposed late 4th C coins found in central core of the settlement previously. Previous excavation in 1947 revealed a probable pottery kiln."
16002,-100,400,100,300,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,river valley,mixed,Yes,No,No,"Two main excavations on the Thames Valley gravels (c 200m apart), 0.4km from the River Ock revealed peripheral elements of a late Iron Age and Roman rural settlement. Sited on a previous early-middle Iron Age settlement, late Iron Age features mainly comprised field ditches, which developed into to the Roman period along with enclosures, trackways, pits, two stone lined wells and areas of cobbling. Main dating indicates 1st to 3rd C date, with trackways and new fieldsystems laid out early 2nd C AD. Also part of a small late Roman cemetery was found 200m to the south in a salvage excavation."
16003,50,120,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,,2,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,river valley,mixed,Yes,Yes,No,"A programme of archaeological evaluation and watching brief over c 18ha on the first gravel terrace of the River Thames revealed early Roman farmstead in use from around the mid 1st C AD and comprising a double ditched enclosure (0.5ha) with entrance structure encompassing potentially high status domestic occupation. At least 3 timber beam slot structures (two successive) within enclosure. The settlement was associated with rectangular fieldsystems, further enclosures and trackways, along with a few cremation burials. Occupation ceased around AD120, though some of the trackways and fieldsystems remained in use into the later Roman period."
16004,-100,350,70,200,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,1,2,No,No,Yes,No,No,Yes,river valley,mixed,No,No,No,"Small scale excavation and geophysical survey in the Cotswolds, 380m north of the River Evenlode and 2.75km south of Akeman St revealed part of what is interpreted as a villa complex. Earliest activity comprised early-middle Iron Age occupation and a late Iron Age ditched enclosure (and possible roundhouses), with the simple rectangular masonry building (c 34x9m) constructed late 1st C AD, overlooking the valley. Two further buildings formed part of the complex, one a circular building c 40m west of the main building (10m dia). Peak of activity in the 2nd C, but occupation on a reduced scale continued until the 4th C AD. The site is interpreted as that of a villa, though aside from painted plaster and tiled roof there is little else yet recovered that revealed high levels of architectural sophistication. Here it is interpreted as a wealthy farmstead."
16005,70,350,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,No,Yes,Yes,"Pipeline excavation on the northern slope of Lollingdon Hill on the edge of the Berkshire Downs revealed peripheral features of a Romano-British farmstead. Earliest features date to later 1st C AD, though residual late Iron Age pottery hint at earlier activity. Greatest density of features belong to the later Roman period and comprised pits, waterholes, postholes and ditched enclosures. Possible structured deposits in three pits. Site fallen out of use in the 4th C, though a single posthole is dated to early Saxon period."
16006,-100,350,1,50,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,No,No,No,"Pipeline excavation on the northern edge of Milton Hill, part of the Greensand step at the foot of the Downs, revealed early to middle Iron Age settlement, which appears to show continuity into the late Iron Age. Late Iron Age features comprised at least two roundhouses, ditches and pits. Probably abandoned by the 1st C AD, and thereafter site was bisected by series of ditched boundaries (probably part of fieldsystems) and an enclosure. Quantity of pottery suggests domestic activity. The ditches were frequently re-cut and activity was continuous from the 1st to 4th C AD. A well found within one of the fields and a single inhumation grave dates to the mid Roman period."
16007,1,400,100,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,1,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,Yes,plateau or plain,uncertain,Yes,No,Yes,"Pipeline excavation on the Corallian Ridge 550m north of the River Ock and the large temple complex at Marcham revealed a late Iron Age-Romano-British settlement. Late Iron Age features comprised ditches, pits and postholes and there appears to have been continuous activity into the Roman period. Reorganisation of the site in the early 2nd C with large ditches, possibly marking out enclosures and a hollow way. Structural remains, pits and a hearth in one part of the site. Activity continued until later 4th C AD. A TVAS evaluation over 28ha immediately south of the CAT excavation revealed a late Roman enclosure complex (already known from aerial photography), a late Roman masonry structure and occupation debris, as well as a few graves associated with the known late Roman/early Saxon cemetery further south (ID 16099). Saxon occupation deposits are also recorded, several of which are coincident with the late Roman cropmark complex"
16008,50,550,100,225,small (<1 - 3 ha),complex,Yes,,,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,pastoral,Yes,No,No,"Excavations in advance of sand quarrying on the Corallian Ridge revealed parts of a long-lived Romano-British farmstead. Established shortly after the conquest as a large and smaller enclosure (interpreted as stock corrals) along with rectangular fieldsystems further south. In early 2nd C the landscape was completely re-organised with a new (planned?) complex of small rectilinear enclosures and trackways created in the northern part of the site. Larger fields were evident beyond the settlement core. No buildings located, though a number of postholes found. Ditches of northern complex silted up by early 3rd C AD and late Roman activity restricted to southern part of site, comprising a large rectangular field and small inhumation cemetery - clearly well on the periphery of any domestic core. A separate small cemetery within a nearby pair of conjoined enclosures was radiocarbon dated to the 5th-6th C AD, implying continuity of occupation."
16009,-100,300,50,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,Yes,plateau or plain,mixed,Yes,No,Yes,"A total of 18 discrete areas of excavation, 1.25km north-west of the Roman town at Alchester and near to two major Roman roads (including Akeman St) revealed a number of settlement sites. A middle Iron Age settlement was abandoned in the late Iron Age, possibly shifting to the south-east, where the periphery of a LIA settlement was revealed, with enclosures, 4-post structures, and field ditches. This was abandoned during the early Roman period. A further complex of LIA-early Roman enclosures, gullies, postholes, metalled areas, ovens and pits was revealed to the north adjacent to the Roman road. Stone-lined tanks may have been used for malting barley and spelt. Also limestone quarries across the site (possibly used for road construction), a heavily robbed wall foundation and an early Roman corndrier. Trackways seen converging with N-S Roman road to the north of the excavated site. Activity greatly decreased by early 3rd C and mostly fallen into disuse by start of 4th C. Dispersed early Saxon features (pits) across site."
16010,100,350,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,Yes,No,"Small scale excavation at the foot of the Berkshire Downs revealed part of a Roman fieldsystem dating from the 2nd to early 4th c AD. At least three phases or re-organisation noted and pits also revealed dating to the 4th C, possibly signalling closer domestic activity at this time. Possible structured deposit with pig and deer bones in one pit."
16011,250,400,300,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,1,No,Yes,Yes,Yes,No,Yes,hill,uncertain,No,No,No,"Small scale excavation and geophysical survey on the north-eastern edge of the Cotswolds revealed a substantial well appointed villa first investigated in the 19th century. Only parts of the main range of a larger complex have been investigated, comprising 15 rooms with 10 tessellated pavements and high quality wall painting' along with a bath suite. Main villa appears to be mid 3rd C in date, though possibly overlying an earlier building. It was mostly re-built in the early 4th when it was at its grandest. A lead tank found 50m SW of the villa. No full report except on the tank."
16012,1,400,250,,uncertain,enclosed,Yes,,1,Yes,No,No,Yes,No,Yes,river valley,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Geophysical survey and a series of small trenches (including Time Team trenches) dug in and to the west of Castle Hill hillfort, near Dorchester in the Upper Thames Valley revealed activity from the later Iron Age to the late Roman period. This included a substantial trapezoidal ditched enclosure (c 70x50m) within which was a masonry building (c 25m in length) with painted wall plaster, roof tile and tesserae, presumed to be a modest villa (though this remains uncertain), dated c mid 3rd to 4th C AD. Other scatters of building suggest other possible buildings. Further ditches represent fieldsystems and trackways around the site. Also in the 4th C, the hillfort had renewed activity, with midden material in the rampart ditches, along with a partial dog skeleton. Within the fort were large rectangular pits and an inhumation burial."
16013,-100,50,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,hill,mixed,No,No,No,"Pipeline excavation in the northern Cotswolds revealed parts of one or more middle to late Iron Age settlements, along with part of the late Iron Age linear earthwork known as Aves Ditch. Two sub-circular enclosures lay 50m apart and appear to be enclosed farmsteads, while 150m further north-east may have been part of an unenclosed settlement of similar date. All features dominated by middle Iron Age pottery, with activity ceasing before the later 1st C AD. Burials of four infants recovered. Excavations of Aves Ditch itself (at least 4km long) indicated a probable construction date in the early 1st C AD, interpreted as a possible boundary of the Catuvellauni."
16014,100,325,200,,small (<1 - 3 ha),complex,Yes,,,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,mixed,Yes,No,No,"Excavation 3km NE of Alchester revealed part of a Romano-British farmstead, dating from the later 1st/early 2nd C AD to the early 4th c AD. Earliest settlement features comprise a system of rectangular enclosures and trackways, possibly aligned upon an earlier late Iron Age linear boundary. Part of the southern enclosures probably used for domestic occupation, with features including wells (one stone-lined) and pit groups, though no obvious structures (though one sunken area, 14x5.5m, may represent a building). Main domestic focus probably further south. Site underwent slight re-alignment in the 3rd C AD."
16015,1,400,150,,large (9+ ha),unclassified,No,,,No,No,Yes,No,No,Yes,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Excavations on the northern periphery of the Roman nucleated settlement at Abingdon revealed a small part of a probable wider cemetery (see below). Dating uncertain, but thought to be 4th C. An east-west Roman ditch also revealed in the north of the development site. Previous excavations (1988-9) at the Vineyard, c 250m to the south revealed an early Roman system of rectangular ditched enclosures, as well as pits and wells. By the mid 2nd C intense occupation ceased and a masonry multi-roomed building constructed (partially revealed) with painted plaster and tessellated floors. Building later used for industrial and agricultural purposes with evidence for ironworking and a corndrier. A stone-lined well lay immediately to the north and c 50m NW lay four inhumations, probably out of the outer cemetery. The 1993 excavation revealed part of the late Iron Age/early Roman defensive ditch (6.3m wide, 2.3m deep), along with later Roman ditches, pits and postholes."
16016,-50,400,100,,large (9+ ha),enclosed,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,mixed,No,No,No,"Excavations of the first gravel terrace of the Thames on a gentle slope down towards the tributary River Ock revealed part of the main boundary ditch surrounding the late Iron Age/early Roman oppidum/nucleated settlement. The enclosure, comprising 2-3 ditches, enclosed c 15ha in an arc from the Ock to the Thames and dated from the 1st C BC, remaining open until the end of the 1st C AD, when parts of it were filled in to cope with an expanding settlement. Activity continued into the 4th C, though features of this date were quite sparse in the excavation area."
16017,-100,400,70,250,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,No,river valley,mixed,No,No,No,"Pipeline excavation in the Upper Thames Valley revealed part of a settlement originating in the middle iron Age and continuing into the late Iron Age before terminating after the mid 1st C AD. LIA features comprise a series of small square enclosures, possibly either surrounding structures or for stock. A number of pits and waterholes were found along with postholes indicating structures of some kind. No evidence for occupation after mid/later 1st C AD, though field ditches indicate it remained part of an agricultural landscape. In the later Roman period, there was renewed activity in the form of major ditches, pits and two successive corndriers. An oven type structure nearby was interpreted as a possible smoke-box for preserving food. A settlement focus is likely to have existed very close by."
16018,-100,70,1,50,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,2,1,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,No,river valley,mixed,No,Yes,No,"Pipeline excavation in the Upper Thames Valley in the middle of a crescent of low hills and 2.5km south of Dyke Hills oppidum revealed part of a settlement originating in the early/middle Iron Age. Substantial changes during the late Iron Age with a new layout of ditches, including curvilinear enclosures and linear field ditches. Also much pit digging, some typical grain storage pits that contained structured deposits of animal remains. Further changes around mid 1st C AD, with a series of penannular enclosures, at least one roundhouse,  interpreted as a workshop not a dwelling and possibly another post-built roundhouse and rectangular structure. Also cremation burial. Settlement largely abandoned or shifted c AD 70, although many of the ditches re-used as part of an agricultural landscape of fieldsystems and waterholes. New, larger drainage ditches dug in later 1st/early 2nd C and most in use until the late Roman period. Also some early and late Roman burial evidence."
16019,100,400,250,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,1,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,mixed,No,No,No,"Small excavation in the Upper Thames Valley, c 200m west of the main Dorchester-Alchester road revealed the fringes of a Romano-British settlement, with possible middle/late Iron Age origins. Earliest feature on site comprised a single 2nd-1st C BC pit, though it was not until later 1st or start of 2nd C AD that a series of gullies laid out, probably forming part of an enclosure. In the 3rd C, the site was re-defined on a different alignment, with the corner of a large rectilinear enclosure ditch and a gully defining a possible circular building noted. The site lies in the middle of the main Oxfordshire pottery industries and although no indications of production on site, it is likely to have been part of an associated roadside settlement."
16020,50,120,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,mixed,Yes,Yes,No,"Small scale excavation on the gravel terrace of the Upper Thames Valley, c 700m east of the Thames, revealed the fringes of a short-lived early Roman settlement. An alignment of four pits dating to the mid 1st C AD possibly formed part of a wider boundary. One of them contained an articulated horse burial. In the later 1st C, the line of pits was replaced by a large ditched boundary, with a probable trackway laid out to the west and a few postholes and a gully identified. No activity after the early 2nd C AD."
16021,1,100,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"A Watching Brief on the Thames Valley gravel terrace, west of the River Cherwell revealed part of a late Iron Age/early Roman enclosure or fieldsystem (on a different alignment to an earlier Iron Age fieldsystem), and pit. A further change in alignment occurs in the mid/later 1st C AD, though all ditches appear to have silted up by end of 1st c AD."
16022,100,400,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,1,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,mixed,No,No,No,"Two excavations on the edge of the second gravel terrace of the River Thames revealed peripheral parts of a Romano-British settlement of unknown scale, much of which had been severely truncated by later features. Earliest evidence from the later 1st/early 2nd C AD comprises a system of ditched boundaries, some probably paddocks, along with some structural evidence (postholes and possible beam slot), and a probable stack ring (surrounding hay ricks). Activity continued to the later 4th C AD."
16023,-100,350,100,250,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,river valley,mixed,No,Yes,No,"Pipeline excavation revealed a late Iron Age-roman settlement on the edge of the Thames valley near to the Goring Gap. Originating in the Middle Iron Age, the LIA-early Roman features comprised 10 pits and a ditch with further pits indicating continuation to the later 1st/early 2nd C AD, , one of which contained a possible structured deposit (complete pot). Lack of evidence indicates possible hiatus from 2nd C to later 3rd C, when a large quarry hollow indicates renewed activity. Undated ditches and pits throughout excavated area."
16024,50,400,250,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,1,No,No,No,No,No,Yes,hill,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Pipeline excavations on the Berkshire Downs revealed part of a Roman settlement. Possible origins in the middle Iron Age (with a single pit filled with charred grain), it was during the 1st century AD that a series of field/enclosure boundaries and trackway ditches laid out. Ditches re-modelled on same alignments in the 2nd C AD and in the 3rd C more extensive alterations with ditches filled in, large pits dug (one clay-lined) and a masonry building constructed (two sections of flint wall remaining). Features out of use by end of 4th C AD."
16025,1,350,100,300,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,1,,No,No,No,No,No,Yes,plateau or plain,mixed,No,Yes,No,"Two adjacent excavations on the corallian ridge revealed extensive early and middle Iron Age settlement, little in the way of late Iron Age occupation, and renewed activity from the early Roman period. Roman features comprise pits, possible enclosures, a 2nd century corndrier, cobbled surface (trackway?) and a 2nd-3rd C AD circular masonry founded building (6.5m internal dia) interpreted as a shrine, though with little evidence to support this. Two pits contained possible structured deposits of pottery vessels. Overall, it seems to represent the fringes of a Roman farmstead. A later evaluation (0.2ha excavated) immediately to the south revealed an area of late Iron Age-early Roman settlement, possibly part of the same shifting settlement. Features comprised ditches, gullies, pits and possible postholes."
16026,50,400,100,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,1,No,No,Yes,No,No,Yes,river valley,uncertain,No,Yes,No,"Pipeline excavation on the fringes of the Cotswolds revealed part of a villa complex adjacent to the River Evenlode, within the area of North Oxfordshire Grim's Ditch. The remains of a masonry building (identified as a bathhouse) and adjacent yard dated from the later 1st or early 2nd C AD, though 1st C occupation debris on site. It had two phases and was not demolished until the 4th C AD. Main villa immediately to the west. To the NE a stone-lined channel was revealed, while further excavation to the NW revealed a dog burial with a two handled flagon, dating to the early Roman period."
16027,-100,100,1,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,1,1,No,No,No,No,No,Yes,river valley,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Excavations on the south-facing slope of the valley of the Frogmore Brook (tributary of the Ock), descending from the Corallian Ridge, revealed parts of an Iron Age and Roman settlement. In the earlier excavation, a middle Iron Age circular building, cobbled yard surface and small number of pits and ditches were replaced the late Iron Age/early Romano-British period with shallow pits and ditches as well as a trackway. The remnants of an ill-defined stone structure probably belongs to this phase. In the OA excavations further west, a possible ring gully and enclosure of M-LIA date succeeded in LIA by rectilinear fieldsystem, along with pits, postholes and an infant burial. Activity ceased by end of 1st C AD."
16028,70,300,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),complex,No,,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Pipeline excavation on the edges of the Upper Thames Valley on the 2nd gravel terrace revealed outlying parts of a late Iron Age-Roman settlement revealed in aerial photographs as an extensive enclosure complex. Features comprised later 1st C ditches and pit, a 2nd C trackway, and eight associated inhumation burials dating to the mid 3rd C AD. Also three cremation burials, other ditches and a possible well."
16029,100,200,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Pipeline Watching Brief on the edges of the Upper Thames Valley on the 2nd gravel terrace revealed a 2nd century T-shaped corn-drying oven, almost certainly belonging to a Romano-British farmstead.  1st to 3rd century pottery from the backfilled structure points to domestic occupation in the vicinity."
16030,-100,50,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,1,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Five small excavation areas on a promontory above the floodplain of the River Cherwell revealed a mid to late Iron Age settlement comprising enclosures, fieldsystems and possible structures (a roundhouse and two possible hayricks). The settlement did not continue into the Roman period."
16031,-100,100,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,river valley,mixed,Yes,No,No,"Various small excavations between 1970 and 1984 on the first gravel terrace of the Upper Thames Valley revealed a middle to late Iron Age settlement spread out along the terrace, comprising roundhouses, pits, field ditches and enclosures. Specifically late Iron Age features comprised a system of ditches and gullies, possibly defining fields and livestock paddocks. The site continued to be inhabited into the early Roman period, but little evidence for later activity except possible trackway and field ditches."
16032,-100,50,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,1,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,pastoral,No,Yes,No,"Excavation on the floodplain of the Langford Brook revealed an enclosed mid to late Iron Age settlement of at least two phase, surrounded by boundary ditches, pits and burials. The enclosure was greatly enlarged in its second phase, but still only enclosed a single farmstead, with a roundhouse gully and possible hayricks. Economy of the site appears largely pastoral, with unusually large cattle. Also evidence for metalworking, a cattle burial and other special deposits. Little evidence for activity beyond the conquest, except early Roman fieldsystem."
16033,100,350,150,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Evaluation and limited excavation on gently sloping ground towards the Northfield Brook within the wider Upper Thames Valley, revealed Roman boundary and enclosure systems and pits relating to a zone of pottery production - part of the Oxfordshire pottery industry. Seven probable kilns identified, with production concentrated in the later 2nd-3rd C AD, continuing to at least mid 4th C AD. Also stone-lined rectangular pits, possibly for storage of prepared clay. Curvilinear gullies may possibly indicate location of small workshops."
16034,250,300,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,1,Yes,No,No,No,No,Yes,river valley,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Evaluation and subsequent small excavation adjacent to the main Roman road from Alchester to Dorchester near the Bayswater Brook revealed part of asettlement dating to mid-late 3rd century AD. Features comprised ditches, gullies, pits, postholes and possible beam slots indicating structures. Also a drystone wall, possibly part of a building. The features were later abandoned and overlain by a metalled late 4th century road, thought to be a diversion route of the main road. It is suggested here as being part of a small roadside settlement, probably associated with the nearby pottery industry."
16035,50,200,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Small excavation on the second gravel terrace of the Upper Thames Valley revealed periphery of a probable early Roman farmstead, comprising a series of small linear gullies laid out in a regular pattern, along with a possible waterhole. Uncertain if occupation within excavated area. No indications of any activity beyond the 2nd century AD."
16036,-50,300,50,100,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,2,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,mixed,No,Yes,No,"Twelve areas of excavation (one by Oxford Archaeology) on the southern fringe of the Corallian Ridge in the Vale of the White Horse on the watershed of the Rivers Ock and Cole revealed parts of a late Iron Age/Roman settlement. Late Iron Age features comprised a substantial rectilinear enclosure containing a domestic focus. Pits outside the enclosure contained possible structured deposits. Other ditches, postholes and pits 350m to the NE may represent further occupation. New enclosure system laid out in early post-conquest period, with the main focus of occupation probably just to the north. This was in turn replaced by a substantial enclosure in later 1st/early 2nd C AD, most of which lay to the north and contained pits, ovens, a water tank and post-built structures. An enclosure 250m to the west  contained a small cremation cemetery. Activity continued until at least the end of the 3rd C AD."
16037,100,375,270,,medium (4 - 8 ha),complex,Yes,,4,Yes,No,Yes,No,No,Yes,plateau or plain,mixed,Yes,No,Yes,"Two excavations, 230m apart, within a substantial but ill understood Roman settlement on the western side of the Letcombe Brook in the Vale of the White Horse, near the projected line of a main Roman road. Earliest features comprised a metalled trackway with associated plot boundaries and pits, along with field boundaries dating from later 1st/early 2nd c AD. Also a well, a small timber building (interpreted as a granary), and another (domestic?) timber building constructed nearer the brook (Mill Street). A thick cultivation horizon accumulated across part of the Denchworth Road excavation area in 2nd-3rd C AD, upon which a multi-roomed stone building with corridor (18x12.5m) was constructed after c AD 270. Only part of the building lay within the excavation area and it may have been part of a more substantial structure, possibly within a ditched enclosure. At around the same time, the timber 'domestic' building at Mill St was replaced by a square stone structure, interpreted as a tower granary. The main building was comprehensively robbed in the post-Roman period. Uncertain if all part of a villa estate or a roadside settlement, but interpreted as a roadside settlement here. Evidence for early Saxon settlement at Mill Street."
16038,250,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,Yes,No,Yes,"Excavations on the 2nd gravel terrace of the Upper Thames Valley, c 300m NE of the small farm and subsequent villa settlement at Barton Court Farm, revealed a mixed rite Roman cemetery within the area  of earlier Bronze Age barrows. Cemetery possibly laid out along the lines of a north-south trackway through the barrows. Extensive early Saxon settlement on site (4th-early 7th C) with 22 post-built structures and 45 SFBs. Possibly related to another small cemetery, centred c 400m to the NE (Radley I)."
16039,100,400,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,river valley,mixed,Yes,Yes,No,"Excavations adjacent to the river Thames on the floodplain and partly on the first gravel terrace, revealed an extensive Roman enclosed settlement and fields aligned on a trackway leading to the river, probably through an area of hay meadows. Further smaller enclosures/paddocks lay by the trackway near the river. Other features comprised pits, waterholes, a stone-lined well and two late Roman corndriers (one well and two corndriers lay outside the main enclosure). No direct evidence for buildings. Structured deposits observed."
16040,-100,450,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,1,1,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,No,river valley,mixed,Yes,Yes,Yes,"Large scale excavations and evaluations over many years on the floodplain and lower gravel terraces of the river Thames revealed core parts of an Iron Age and Roman settlement on the edge of the 2nd gravel terrace, possibly shifting eastwards over time. Estimated that c 70% of the c 2ha settlement revealed. The late Iron Age and early/mid Roman settlement was marked by intensively re-cut ditched enclosures, possibly for stock, along with pits and two early Roman pottery kilns. No domestic structures identified in this phase. Enclosures gradually became more rectilinear over time, and during the later Roman period there was also a wider range of structures including 3 corn-drying ovens, a small circular building and a possible post-built structure 5x4m. Also a small mixed rite cemetery on east edge of site. Wider field boundaries, paddocks and trackways observed around the settlement. Occupation continued until at least the end of the 4th C AD and probably into the 5th C. Early Saxon occupation attest from the later 5th C."
16041,80,430,100,250,medium (4 - 8 ha),unclassified,Yes,2,4,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,river valley,mixed,Yes,No,Yes,"A series of excavations over many years in a shallow valley of a tributary of the river Evenlode revealed parts of a substantial villa complex. The first villa (winged corridor type with cellars) dates to the later 1st c AD (though an undated post-built circular structure may represent earlier occupation), and reached its greatest extent by the mid 2nd C AD. A significant expansion at the start of the 2nd C saw a detached bathhouse (converted to agricultural use by end of century) and substantial rectangular aisled masonry building (22x12m), 50m to the south, thought to have been initially for agricultural or industrial purposes. Main villa declined rapidly in mid 3rd C and southern building expanded (with integral bathhouse and metalled road), probably taking on the main domestic role (suggested as change in ownership or mode of exploitation) and attaining its greatest size in mid 4th C. Other features of note include an enclosure wall, other boundary ditches, circular masonry building of early-mid 3rd C date, timber and stone-lined pits, potential fish pond(s) and a later 4th C timber building. Occupation continued into 5th C (with burials of 5th/early 6th C AD date) and considerable early Saxon occupation in the area."
16042,75,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Excavations in the northern Cotswolds, 1.5km west of the Cherwell river, revealed Roman field ditches and a substantial trackway, partially aligned upon earlier Iron Age boundaries. Five inhumations within and aligned upon a field ditch near the trackway. Overall dating is quite vague."
16043,-100,50,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unenclosed,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"Excavations revealed part of a settlement, originating in the early/middle Iron Age and continuing into the late Iron Age. LIA features comprised pits and a possible oven or pottery kiln. Also, a substantial linear ditch of E/MIA date continued in use, though no evidence for any enclosure around settlement area. No evidence for activity much into the Roman period."
16044,1,100,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,No,,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,river valley,mixed,No,No,No,"A small excavation 1.5km SW of the river Cherwell and 2.5km NE of the Thames revealed part of a late Iron Age-early Roman settlement comprising a small concentric penannular ditched enclosure (10x12 internally) with associated ditches, pits and posthole. Thought to have been associated with animal husbandry. Uncertain if domestic occupation within area excavated."
16045,100,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,1,No,No,No,No,No,Yes,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Small excavation on the west bank of the river Thames revealed evidence for Roman settlement, in the form of the corner of a substantial rectangular building with chalk footings and an area of metalling. Dating is uncertain, but generally 2nd-4th C. Function of building is also uncertain and is loosely interpreted here as part of a farmstead, though it could be part of a larger settlement associated with a river crossing, 250m distant."
16046,-100,100,1,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Excavations on the first gravel terrace of the river Thames, 1.4km west of the river, revealed evidence for a middle Iron Age settlement, which may not have been occupied by the late Iron Age, instead being on the periphery with enclosures used for stock management. A formalised LIA/early Roman fieldsystem observed, along with a trackway. All activity had ceased by early 2nd C AD."
16047,150,300,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Excavation on the first gravel terrace of the river Thames near the foot of the Downs revealed two phases of a Roman fieldsystem, aligned upon the Thames and dated to the later 2nd-3rd century AD. The site lies on the junction of lower, wetter areas probably used for pasture, and higher, drier areas used for arable crops."
16048,1,120,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,2,1,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,mixed,No,No,No,"Small excavation (five strip trenches), c 200m west of the confluence of the Langford Brook and Pringle Stream and 1km NE of the town at Alchester revealed a late Iron Age to early Roman settlement. Features comprised a complex of ditches (enclosures), gullies and fragmentary structural features (two circular buildings and a rectangular structure represented by raised stone floor and foundation trenches) originating early 1st C AD and continuing until the start of the 2nd century. On site occupation was small scale and possibly periodic. Flooding in the 2nd C may have ended activity."
16049,1,100,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,,,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,No,river valley,mixed,No,No,No,"Excavation on the first gravel terrace of the Thames, 300m north of the river (and on edge of the floodplain), revealed a  late Iron Age to early Roman enclosed settlement. Earliest features comprised a series of penannular enclosures around a large D-shaped enclosure. This was superseded was rectangular enclosures, which were then replaced by a substantial new enclosure, with two subsidiary enclosures and a northern entranceway. No obvious evidence for structures. Abandoned by start of 2nd C AD & during the 2nd & 3rd C AD, the area used for arable. Towards end of 3rd C a new settlement established to the north (ID 16056)."
16050,-100,200,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),complex,Yes,,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,river valley,mixed,Yes,No,Yes,"Excavations on a small island of second gravel terrace north of the confluence of rivers Thames and Thame and the walled Roman town at Dorchester revealed a long-lived settlement, from the early Iron Age to 2nd/3rd C AD. The main focus of late Iron Age occupation was largely outside the area of excavation, but a series of rectilinear enclosures, trackways, pits, postholes and waterholes were evident, developing from MIA settlement features. Maintenance of the enclosure/fieldsystem continued throughout the 2nd C AD, with modifications. Little evidence for later Roman occupation, though agricultural activity no doubt continued. Evidence for low key early Saxon settlement (late 5th-7th C AD)."
16051,100,300,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,river valley,mixed,No,No,Yes,"Excavations on the 2nd gravel terrace of the river Thames, c 1km west of oppidum at Abingdon, revealed part of a modest Romano-British farmstead dating to the 2nd-3rd C AD.  Features comprised a system of ditches, gullies and fencelines apparently forming at least eight rectangular enclosures. No buildings found, but likely that at least some enclosures relate to domestic activity. Evidence for early Saxon SFBs."
16052,100,300,175,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,4,Yes,No,Yes,No,No,Yes,plateau or plain,mixed,No,No,No,"Excavation on the fringes of the Cotswolds and the Cherwell Valley revealed part of a Roman settlement originated in the late 1st/early 2nd C AD as  a number of ditches and ephemeral posthole structures. In the late 2nd C a large (7.9x12.5m, later enlarged) stone structure was built (internally paved and with a drain inserted), along with three light stone silled buildings, metalled areas and a small furnace/corndrier, all potentially within a precinct wall. Thought to have been part of a villa complex, but no evidence. No activity beyond end of 3rd C AD."
16053,100,250,200,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,river valley,mixed,Yes,No,No,"Excavations of the first gravel terrace of the River Thames near to the floodplain revealed a middle Iron Age enclosed settlement that was subsequently re-occupied in the late 1st/early 2nd C AD after an apparent period of abandonment. Other enclosures appended the main one, probably used for stock. Further enclosures and a trackway revealed 200m to the north. Reorganisation in late 2nd/3rd C AD with rectangular enclosure and trackway running through earlier main enclosure. Lack of occupation after mid 3rd C AD."
16054,275,400,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,mixed,No,No,No,"Pipeline excavation revealed late Roman activity on the Gault clay, near the foot of the Chilterns. Features comprised four large ditches, six pits and 12 gullies. This probably represents part of a settlement. Latest features included a pit containing a partially articulated horse burial, along with a posthole and further ditches."
16055,45,360,200,,medium (4 - 8 ha),complex,Yes,,5,Yes,No,No,No,No,Yes,hill,mixed,Yes,Yes,No,"A series of adjacent excavations in the heart of a nucleated roadside settlement spread 30-40m either side of Akeman St  for c 1km (covering c 5ha) on the periphery of the Cotswolds. Established during early post-conquest years along with the road, possibly with its origin as a quarry and road-builder's camp. Continuous growth of settlement up to the mid 2nd C AD (inc. limestone & clay quarries), but decline thereafter and only minimal occupation after AD 200, all occupation ceasing by c AD 360. Features excavated comprised five buildings (3 early post-built structures, early 2nd C beam slot building and mid 2nd C stone-founded building), a single well, stone-lined pit, a cistern, paved areas and a brick and tile kiln. A series of possible structured deposits comprising miniature, repaired, re-worked and deliberately damaged copper alloy and iron objects, together with a pot full of spelt chaff placed in 2nd C quarry pits."
16056,275,400,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),complex,Yes,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,mixed,Yes,No,No,"Excavation on the first gravel terrace of the Thames, 500m north of the river (and on edge of the floodplain), revealed a late Roman settlement established c 200m north of an early Roman settlement (ID 16049). Features comprised a sequence of enclosures, pits (including flax retting pits), and trackways which developed along a broad droveway, with outer fieldsystems also noted. Groups of postholes found but no structures discerned."
16057,100,350,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),complex,Yes,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Pipeline excavation in the Upper Thames Valley revealed traces of a Roman pottery production site, incorporating a probable domestic area (ditches, pits, postholes, stone lined well and infant burials), a 'workshop' area and a pottery dump. Pottery manufacture started c AD 100, increased significantly in later 3rd C, then declined again in the 4th C. Geophysical survey of site revealed a row of rectangular enclosures (covering c 1.5ha) with adjacent trackway."
16058,50,400,150,250,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Pipeline excavation in the Upper Thames Valley, 3km south of the Thames on the Greensand, revealed part of a Romano-British settlement. Features comprised a series of ditches, gullies, pits and a posthole.  Two phases of activity present, initially from mid 1st to mid 2nd C and then from mid 2nd to 4th C AD."
16059,50,150,100,,large (9+ ha),complex,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,Yes,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Small excavation within the late Iron Age-Roman nucleated settlement at Abingdon in the Upper Thames Valley revealed part of a masonry building and cobbled area presumed to be an external courtyard. Activity in the area dates from the mid 1st C AD, with the building being constructed late 1st/early 2nd C AD. Little evidence of activity beyond mid 2nd C AD."
16060,100,450,200,,small (<1 - 3 ha),complex,Yes,,1,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,river valley,mixed,Yes,No,Yes,"Pipeline excavation revealed periphery of a Romano-British settlement on the north bank of the river Thames on flint gravel terrace and floodplain in the Goring Gap. The site was divided up into a series of rectilinear enclosures and fieldsystems around a trackway running towards the river. Fieldwalking and a small trial excavation revealed a probable villa building immediately to the east. Other features comprised a cobbled yard and a corndrier. Possible activity continuing into the 5th C, based on pottery. A single sunken-featured building and pottery attest to early Saxon activity. Later excavations by South Oxfordshire Archaeology Group (SOAG) over many years (on-going) revealed large parts of the villa building and surrounding enclosure, which looked to be a corridor villa, possibly(?) originating as an aisled building. A small bath house/heated room (not stated definitively) on south end of range. The villa was believed to have been 3rd-4th C in date. Evidence for hearths on floor surfaces, after building had ceased to be actively maintained."
16061,1,125,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),complex,Yes,2,,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,Yes,Yes,No,"Excavation on the edge of a gravel terrace and floodplain in the Upper Thames Valley, c 1km east of the River Windrush, revealed an extensive (c 1.5ha) linear mid to late Iron Age and early Roman settlement. Features of the LIA-Roman phase (which lay adjacent to the earlier IA settlement) comprise a series of rectilinear enclosures, along with dispersed smaller ditched 'pens', ramped hollows, pits (including clay-lined), postholes and wells/waterholes. Little evidence for buildings except two possible oval structures. Area of metalworking (bronze) at edge of settlement. No evidence that settlement contained beyond the early 2nd C AD, except two later inhumation burials."
16062,100,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,Yes,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"An excavation in 1939 and watching brief in 1983 in the Upper Thames Valley within the known area of the Oxfordshire pottery industry revealed part of a production site. Features comprised a 2nd C AD enclosure ditch, pits, pottery drier, puddling holes, stokehole and part of kilns, and a number of waster dumps. Also possible part of a stone founded structure. Evidence shows a progressive southwards expansion in the later Roman period."
16063,75,350,,,medium (4 - 8 ha),complex,Yes,1,8,Yes,No,Yes,No,No,Yes,plateau or plain,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Pipeline excavation in a broad shallow dry valley in the Cotswolds revealed masonry buildings later revealed by aerial photography to have been part of a small nucleated roadside settlement (covering at least 4-5ha), aligned upon a southern branch road immediately south of Akeman Street. The excavations revealed mortared limestone walls upon pitched stone foundations and painted wall plaster. Also nearby were pits (including one stone lined) and two inhumation burials. Late 1st to early 4th c occupation material, with evidence of significant decline in the 4th C. Aerial photographs show many buildings along the roadside, along with a probable circular Romano-Celtic temple within a temenos, close to the junction with Akeman St."
16064,95,300,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Excavation of a timber bridge across the River Ray, c 3km south of Alchester, along the main road to Dorchester. Remains comprised stumps of seven timber (oak) piles and two lines of stakes, with an overall width of c 4.5m. Dendrochronology gives a construction date of after AD 95. No evidence for re-building suggesting it was not maintained until the end of the Roman period."
16065,350,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,No,No,No,"Small scale excavation in the Cotswold Hills, on the brow of a hill, revealed part of a late Roman inhumation cemetery.  At least five burials disturbed prior to excavation and three further graves excavated. No associated settlement. Dated by grave goods to the later 4th C AD."
16066,75,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,1,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,Yes,hill,uncertain,No,No,No,"Fieldwalking and small scale excavation on a south-east facing hill slope by an old springline revealed a probable Roman villa, partially terraced into the hill. Features comprised a masonry building with opus signinum floor, painted plaster and roof/flue tile. The exact nature of the building remains uncertain, so villa is not definitively assigned here. Concentrations of building material nearby indicate other buildings in complex. Thought to date from late 1st C to 4th C."
16067,1,400,100,,medium (4 - 8 ha),complex,Yes,,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,river valley,mixed,Yes,Yes,No,"Two main excavations (1969 & 1973) and a series of earlier investigations on the first gravel terrace of the River Thames revealed parts of an extensive Romano-British settlement, interpreted as a village, mostly known from aerial photographs. Trackways, field ditches and an enclosure system (incorporating a 'village green' type space) laid out in the 2nd C AD (though likely to have been later Iron Age occupation on site according to amount of pottery), continuing until late 4th C AD. Also five wells (including ones with wood and wicker linings) and a small inhumation cemetery. Earlier discoveries included hoards of late Roman coins and pewter."
16068,350,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Excavation on the 2nd/3rd gravel terrace of the Upper Thames Valley near the River Windrush revealed part of a late Roman cemetery adjacent to a trackway. No obviously associated settlement, but the site lies in an area of extensive fields, settlement and trackways as indicated by aerial photographs."
16069,1,250,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Road scheme excavations revealed part of a late Iron Age - Roman settlement by the river Windrush, on the gravel terrace by the edge of the floodplain. Features comprised pits, hearths, postholes and a few inhumation burials. Pottery indicated activity from the late Iron Age to the mid 3rd C AD."
16070,100,400,300,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,5,Yes,No,No,No,No,Yes,river valley,mixed,No,No,No,"Road scheme excavations revealed a Romano-British settlement by the Colwell Brook on the edges of the Upper Thames Valley. Features comprised ditches, pits, postholes, metalled surfaces and 'occupation spreads'. Traces of three stone/rubble and two sill beam timber founded buildings revealed. Occupation ceased by end of 3rd C and area used for inhumation cemetery."
16071,45,100,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,Salvage recording on a gravel terrace overlooking a tributary of the Evenlode revealed two early Roman pottery kilns. fieldwalking  and geophysical surveys around the site failed to note any associated settlement. Clay outcrops nearby.
16072,50,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,1,No,No,No,No,No,Yes,hill,uncertain,No,No,No,"Small water pipeline excavation on a low hill on the Corallian Ridge revealed the mortared floor and limestone walls of a building, along with an area of metalling and a pit. Most features unexcavated, but at west end of trench a human skull and cattle bones recovered.  Pottery dates 1st-4th C AD. Suggested as part of a villa estate, but no specific evidence for this apart from a few tesserae."
16073,100,400,,,large (9+ ha),complex,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,mixed,No,No,No,Excavations within the nucleated late Iron Age-Roman settlement by the River Thames revealed 2nd to 4th century ditches relating to the expansion of the settlement. Occupation in the excavated area was mainly late Roman in date and was badly truncated by medieval features. Evidence for well-appointed buildings in immediate vicinity.
16074,250,400,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,mixed,Yes,No,No,"Limited road scheme excavation revealed part of a late Roman settlement on a gravel terrace at the edge of the River Windrush floodplain.  Features comprised ditches, pits, postholes and a stone-lined well. The main part of the settlement was known from cropmarks as a trackway and associated rectangular enclosure, which was sub-divided. Structural evidence for substantial buildings in vicinity."
16075,50,400,250,,uncertain,unclassified,No,2,,Yes,No,No,No,No,Yes,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"A series of excavations on a sloping plateau adjacent to the Lye Valley within the wider Upper Thames region revealed significant parts of a Roman industrial landscape - part of the Oxfordshire pottery industry. The landscape was organised into a series of complexes with kilns, stone-lined wells, pottery dryers, and one or more buildings (including circular/oval masonry footed structures - workshops?). Possible evidence for 1st C AD kilns, but the main period of pottery production lies in the later 3rd and 4th centuries AD."
16076,100,150,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,No,No,No,"Small excavation on Boar's Hill revealed two 2nd century AD pottery kilns, one of updraught type, and the other of through-draft type. Both kilns produced grey wares, mostly jars. Another kiln previously discovered 400m away. No other evidence for structures."
16077,200,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"Road scheme excavation revealed a late Roman ironworking site on plateau gravel. Features in three separate groups, defined on two sides by ditches, comprised stone-built ovens/furnaces, flues, pits, postholes, stone-lined drains and spreads of burnt material. Attached to each group was a long rectangular structure interpreted as ore roasting ovens. Likely to have been smithing and smelting occurring, and possibly peripheral to an area of settlement."
16078,-100,50,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,6,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,mixed,No,No,No,"Limited road scheme excavation on plateau gravel revealed a middle-late Iron Age settlement comprising  six circular buildings (one excavated), and associated  ditches, possibly forming a surrounding enclosure. Structures ranged from 8-23m in diameter. Other features comprised pits and postholes. No evidence for Roman occupation. Large quantities of iron slag points to substantial ironworking."
16079,100,400,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"Road scheme excavation revealed part of a Romano-British settlement at the foot of the western escarpment of the Chilterns on the upland river plateau. Fieldwalking and cropmarks indicated  a dense scatter of building stone and a rectangular enclosure, while a stone walled structure was revealed during ploughing. The excavated features comprised boundary ditches, postholes and pits on the eastern side of the settlement."
16080,-100,50,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,No,No,No,"Road scheme excavation revealed a late Iron Age enclosure on the southern edge of the Chiltern escarpment ridge, below the hill crest and overlooking the Turville Valley. The enclosure (c 40m across) ditch was flanked by two banks and contained a large sarsen stone at its centre (possibly naturally occurring), which was surrounded by many burnt patches (with burnt sarsen and pottery fragments) and a large pit containing charcoal, pottery and a horse jaw. Overall interpreted as a temporary animal enclosure, though a ritual/ceremonial interpretation remains a distinct possibility and is favoured here."
16081,100,300,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"A Watching Brief revealed elements of a larger pottery production site, comprising a 2nd C Ad pottery dump, 3rd century stoke hole and pit. The main 2nd century product was mortaria, and 3rd century products were colour coated bowls."
16082,200,250,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"Digging for a water pipeline revealed a 3rd century Roman inhumation burial, c 5km to the north of Alchester. Subsequent small scale excavation revealed at least one urned cremation burial in close proximity. It is suggested that the pipeline ran through a larger rural cemetery though no known settlement nearby."
16083,300,400,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,No,river valley,mixed,No,Yes,No,"Early gravel pit excavations revealed a late Roman settlement in the Upper Thames Valley, c 1km north of Dorchester Roman town. Features comprised a complex of enclosure and field ditches, postholes, waterholes/wells (possibly with wicker lining) and pits. A horse skull with the back of the cranium broken in found at the base of the waterhole/well along with lumps of limestone - possibly a structured deposit."
16084,-100,400,50,275,large (9+ ha),complex,Yes,13,10,Yes,No,Yes,Yes,No,Yes,river valley,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Small scale excavations within an Iron Age hillfort on the north side of a Valley of the Swale brook (tributary of Cherwell) revealed late Roman re-occupation. Hillfort probably established in the middle Iron Age and still occupied in the mid 1st C AD, though soon abandoned, with settlement  moving into the valley immediately to the south-east. This settlement is ill understood but thought to cover at least 24ha along a road and contain at least 10 stone buildings, one of which had a mosaic, interpreted as a winged corridor villa, built late 3rd C AD (here, the whole site is interpreted as a villa and nucleated roadside settlement). About 13 early Roman circular buildings were gradually replaced with rectangular buildings  during the 2nd-3rd C AD. Also large numbers of storage pits. Evidence for ironworking in later Roman period, possibly smelting. Hillfort partly reoccupied in 4th C, especially from c AD350, with a levelled 'yard' area, presumed to have been for agricultural purposes."
16085,100,450,,,medium (4 - 8 ha),complex,Yes,,4,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,river valley,mixed,Yes,No,No,"Various antiquarian excavations  (in 1813-17 and 1910-11) and excavations in 1956-9 and the 1970s revealed a substantial courtyard villa in the Evenlode Valley, just west of the river. The early development of the villa remains uncertain, but it seems to have started in the 2nd C AD as a relatively small winged corridor building flanked on one side by a large barn/hall and on the other by baths. These were later conjoined into a more elaborate single structure, with further buildings along the NE and SW ranges (inc. another bath suite, along with buildings interpreted as stables and workshops), forming a courtyard. At some point the ranges were completely re-built (possibly not at the same time), with heated rooms and new bath suite. The courtyard developed further (including a new small bath suite to SW), until eventually it was enclosed all around (probably in 4th C AD), with provision for a gatehouse and lodge. It is suggested activity at the villa continued into the 5th C AD. Recent geophysical work has revealed a winged corridor building and another substantial rectangular building flanking a road leading south-west from the villa, along with a series of enclosures surrounding all sides. Another possible building lies on the north-west side of the villa."
16086,1,50,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"A small excavation in the Upper Thames Valley, near the bank of a stream, revealed a late Iron Age cremation burial, with accompanying grave goods. No obvious associated settlement."
16087,75,400,125,,medium (4 - 8 ha),complex,Yes,,3,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,No,Yes,plateau or plain,mixed,Yes,No,No,"Excavations of an earthwork complex on a Cornbrash plateau in the Cotswolds, within the North Oxon Grimm's Ditch, revealed part of an enclosure (over 3ha) with entrance gap surrounding a known villa complex. Metalling in the entrance indicates a roadway. Previous investigations in the interior had revealed building debris and masonry buildings with painted wall plaster and mosaic floors. Aerial photos suggest buildings on three sides of a courtyard, along with a large well in the courtyard. Other enclosures and potential buildings seen on aerial photographs around the villa enclosure and two major linear dykes lie to the east. Late 1st to 4th C date indicated, with suggestions that the villa farmhouse replaced an earlier timber building in the early 2nd C AD."
16088,-50,450,75,275,small (<1 - 3 ha),complex,Yes,1,5,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,No,Yes,river valley,mixed,Yes,Yes,Yes,"Excavation on the edge of the 2nd gravel terrace in the Upper Thames valley, c 0.6km from the river, revealed a late Iron Age to Romano-British farmstead that developed into a cottage-style villa in the later 3rd-4th C AD. Earliest settlement comprised a late Iron Age rectangular ditched enclosure (0.35ha) with a smaller enclosure within, which contained a post-built roundhouse and other structures. Also pits with possible structured deposits of animal remains. In later 1st C AD, a trapezoidal ditched enclosure laid over earlier farmstead. (0.43ha), containing large timber slot rectangular structure (30x8.5m), probably with plastered walls. 1-2 smaller posthole structures to the south, possibly used for storage. Possible abandonment mid 2nd C and re-occupation late 3rd C with construction of cottage villa (8 rooms and a cellar with tessellated floor) within a regular enclosure complex, surrounded by trackways, paddocks and fields. Two corndriers, two stone-lined wells (possibly with structured deposits of whole pots, animal bone, leather shoes, bucket, latch lifters and spearhead), a further stone-founded building and an infant burial ground also of this date. Reached its peak in late 4th C AD and activity continued into 5th C before dismantling. Uncertain relationship with early Saxon settlement defined by SFBs, timber structures and burials."
16089,100,400,,,uncertain,enclosed,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,No,Yes,Yes,"Excavations in 1913-14 on a prominent spur of the Berkshire Downs overlooking the Thames Valley revealed a possible Romano-British religious site, comprising a rectilinear walled enclosure (0.28ha) with an entrance to the east. More recent excavations revealed presence of internal timber enclosure, parallel to the first and possibly slightly earlier (late 1st/early 2nd C AD). The enclosure wall was built early/mid 2nd C. Probable activity on site previous to enclosure wall. The site had previously yielded many Roman coins, pottery and oyster shells and overall a religious interpretation is likely. A 7th C Saxon barrow lies near the enclosure and 5th-6th C burial in robbed out wall trench."
16090,75,200,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,,1,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,Yes,No,"Excavations in the 1940s and 1950s on the second gravel terrace of the Thames, within the Windrush Valley, revealed part of an early Roman settlement mostly revealed by cropmarks. The settlement was apparently established later 1st C AD (though possibly aligned on middle Iron Age ditches), and comprised a large rectangular enclosure with in-turned eastern entrance (0.64ha) and major boundary ditches. Another large enclosure lies to the east. Also smaller pens and scatters of pits/waterholes and postholes, though no specific evidence for buildings, except possible rectangular drainage gully (c 10x7m). No evidence for activity beyond 2nd C AD. Possible structured deposit of complete jar in ditch."
16091,1,400,40,200,medium (4 - 8 ha),enclosed,Yes,10,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Excavations on the left bank of the River Evenlode by confluence with the Thames revealed parts of a huge circular enclosure, mostly revealed by aerial photography. Covering 5.2ha, the enclosure has been classified as an enclosed oppidum and was constructed in the late Iron Age, recut in the 2nd quarter of the 1st c AD, then immediately levelled to some degree and allowed to silt up naturally. Six possible entrance gaps defined. Little recorded inside the enclosure except three late Roman inhumation burials and three pottery kilns of late 1st-late 2nd C AD date. Also, a series of circular structures along the inside of the eastern boundary probably represent roundhouses. Where dated these indicate a 1st-2nd C AD date, continuing after the main levelling of the enclosure ditch and have been interpreted here loosely as part of a type of village settlement. Little/reduced occupation after end of 2nd C until later 3rd and 4th C AD when quantities of occupation material increased and burials occurred. Also large late Roman cemetery to the north may be related (ID 16092)."
16092,300,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"An extensive late Roman rural inhumation cemetery site by the River Evenlode near to the confluence with the Thames, and just to the north of a substantial earthwork enclosure (Cassington 'Big Ring'; ID 16091). Very little information as excavated in the 1930s and never published. If not related to the Big Ring settlement then there must be another substantial settlement in vicinity."
16093,75,400,150,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,No,2,1,Yes,No,Yes,No,No,Yes,hill,uncertain,No,Yes,No,"Excavations in 1952 and 1965-6 on a hilltop overlooking the River Ray (tributary of the Cherwell) to the north revealed a rectangular Romano-Celtic temple off-set within a rectangular temenos enclosure. Two distinct structural phases, dated by pottery and coin evidence. The first temple belongs to the later 1st century AD, though  Iron Age activity on site. It comprised a small probable timber-framed cella (5x5.8m) with a clay floor and three hearths. The construction of the second temple, of typical Roman-Celtic form, is likely to have been contemporary with the masonry temenos wall (enclosing 0.2ha), in the mid 2nd century AD. The floor levels of the temple were raised over half a metre and thus do not survive, but the existence of a paved path surrounding the ambulatory is highly likely. The temple and temenos entrances faced east, and the latter was monumentalized. Possible posthole buildings by the temenos wall. Aerial photographs have shown circular structures either side of the main temple, the northern one aligned with the enclosure entrance. This area contained main many votive offerings, which spread along to the entrance. Continued use into the late 4th/early 5th C AD."
16094,1,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,Yes,Yes,No,"Excavation along a road widening in the upland Cornbrash region revealed a Romano-British settlement of uncertain form spread over a length of c 280m. Features comprises ditches, pits, heaths, postholes, 2nd C quarries, metalled surfaces and a T-shaped corndrier. Occupation lasted from the later Iron Age until the late 4th/early 5th C AD. Interpreted as a village rather than a farm, though this has to remain uncertain. The corndrier was in use during early 4th C, and unusual deposits of brooches and other early metalwork at the abandonment of the structure may be seen as structured deposits."
16095,250,375,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,1,No,No,Yes,Yes,No,Yes,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Excavations in 1909 and 1951 on the level crest of a rise on the edge of the Thames Valley, 2.2km west of the Thames, revealed parts of an extensive winged corridor villa. Probably started as a simple multi-room 'cottage' style villa and later expanded with corridor and bath suite. Dating remains very uncertain but possibly only occupied from later 3rd to mid/later 4th C AD, based on coin evidence."
16096,100,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,No,No,No,"Excavations on Foxcombe Hill revealed a Romano-British pottery kiln, of irregular shape and rather crudely made. Dating remains uncertain, but a broad 2nd to 4th C range is given, with emphasis on the later Roman period. No settlement in immediate vicinity."
16097,-50,100,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Excavations in a cropmark complex within the Windrush Valley revealed one enclosure within a larger settlement (though much of this may be later in date). The earliest phase comprised a sub-rectilinear enclosure (16x17m) with minimal evidence for occupation dating to the late Iron Age. The ditches had almost silted up before being recut larger (20x21m) with an inner conjoined sub-enclosure, probably dating early 1st C AD. This was again recut and occupation continued until the later 1st C AD."
16098,100,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,1,No,No,Yes,Yes,No,Yes,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"Antiquarian excavations just north of Akeman Street in the Cotswolds revealed a substantial Roman villa with elaborate mosaics, including one of Bacchus and a panther. Almost nothing is known of the site, though fieldwalking produced much material including coins and pottery. Dating is very uncertain but it appears to have been at its height in the 4th century. Finds of samian suggests earlier activity and a general 2nd-4th C date is given here."
16099,-100,450,75,,large (9+ ha),complex,Yes,1,6,Yes,No,Yes,No,No,Yes,river valley,uncertain,Yes,Yes,Yes,"Excavations in 1937-8, 1964-6 and 2001-11 revealed areas of a huge roadside settlement/ religious complex by the River Ock in the Upper Thames Valley. Extensive Iron Age activity was focussed to the SW and SE of the main Roman site.  Earliest temple (RC form) built later 1st C AD, with another circular masonry building within the extensive walled temenos. A distinct pathway led to a monumentalised temenos entrance, outside of which lay many structures - probably shops, workshops (with smithing hearths), subsidiary shrines and other buildings. A major focus was a huge possible amphitheatre/ritual pool to the east with a stone lined drain leading south to a water channel. Other spreads of Roman material further north may represent areas of domestic occupation attached to the religious complex. Evidence for ritual activity continuing until the late 4th/5th C. To the north of the main religious complex lay a late Roman and early Saxon inhumation cemetery."
16100,100,380,,,medium (4 - 8 ha),complex,Yes,,2,No,Yes,Yes,Yes,No,Yes,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Antiquarian excavations revealed a villa in the Vale of the White Horse less than 1km N of the river Ock, and west of the extensive cemetery and religious complex at Marcham/Frilford (ID 16099). The masonry villa (24x13.5m) comprised 12 rooms and a portico, with a hypocaust, wall plaster and tessellated pavement. A possible separate bathhouse and drain lies 30m to the east. Loosely dated by coins to 2nd-4th C AD. Cropmarks to the north possibly represent paddocks and fields associated with the villa."
16101,75,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,Yes,No,"Small scale intermittent excavation and observation in an area of ironstone revealed parts of a Romano-British settlement, comprising a well, pits, stone spreads and an inhumation cemetery. The circular stone lined well is suggested as being later in date, but contained Roman pottery, along with antlers and parts of the skulls of at least five red deer. Pottery and coins date from later 1st to later 4th C AD."
16102,70,250,100,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,1,3,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,No,Yes,river valley,mixed,Yes,No,No,"Excavations within the North Oxfordshire Grimm's Ditch in the north side of a small valley revealed a substantial winged corridor villa within a rectangular, walled and ditched enclosure 1.1ha in size. Originally a timber posthole building (15x10m) and other structures dating from later 1st C AD, the first winged masonry villa building was constructed c AD 100 (30x15m). It was subsequently enlarged before being destroyed by fire c AD 200 then replanned as a larger two storey winged corridor house. No significant evidence for late Roman activity. Within the enclosure was a substantial well, a circular stone-kerbed 'threshing floor' (or more likely circular masonry-footed building) and a granary, which replaced some earlier buildings. A fieldsystem and trackway surrounded the villa."
16103,100,400,,,uncertain,complex,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,Yes,No,"Excavations in the Upper Thames Valley, just east of the main Dorchester-Alchester road revealed a pottery production site - a southern part of the Oxfordshire pottery industry. Features comprised a kiln, puddling hole and pottery dump. Activity of site from the 2nd to 4th C AD, though the excavated kiln in use during later Roman period to produced red colour-coated wares. Part of a larger production site. Indications  from domestic refuse of occupation site in the immediate vicinity and a cremation burial also found."
16104,100,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Excavation in the Upper Thames Valley close to the Dorchester-Alchester road revealed a pottery production site - part of the well known Oxfordshire pottery industry. Features comprised a kiln, pits, ditches and possible structures (stone-floored 'hut surfaces'), some of which probably belong to an associated domestic site. The kiln appears to have been producing greyware jars, bowls, beakers and mortaria during the 2nd-3rd C AD and probably red colour coated vessels during the later Roman period."
16105,200,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,1,No,No,Yes,Yes,No,Yes,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Poorly reported excavation of a Roman villa on the edges of the Upper Thames Valley. No plan was retrieved but there was evidence of a hypocaust and painted plaster. Supposedly an 'underground passage, bending in a most unusual form, and lined and roofed with large stone slabs.' Pottery suggests 3rd-4th C date."
16106,100,400,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,,2,Yes,No,Yes,Yes,No,Yes,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"Antiquarian excavation revealed a corridor villa at the foot of the Berkshire Downs with views over the Vale of the White Horse. The villa building (c 27x12m) comprised five rooms behind a long corridor and included a hypocaust at the southern end, painted wall plaster and roofing tiles. The building was comprehensively robbed, but was of at least two phases. Parts of the outer villa complex, are visible as cropmarks, which show the main buildings enclosed by a double ditched enclosure (100x160m). Other  rectangular buildings are shown within this enclosure, including one which measures 30x15m. Coins and pottery date the villa to 2nd-4th C AD, with an emphasis on the late Roman period, though with substantial quantities of samian indicating a likely construction date in the 2nd C AD. It was believed that the villa was destroyed by fire."
16107,200,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,3,Yes,No,Yes,Yes,No,Yes,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Antiquarian excavations of a villa and detached bathhouse on the south-eastern slope of a hill, c 700m from the River Thame. Only the bathhouse was fully excavated, though remains of other masonry buildings in the vicinity were noted and planned. Only dating evidence comprises a few coins, 3rd- 4th c in date."
16108,300,450,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,Yes,hill,uncertain,No,No,Yes,"Antiquarian excavations of a Neolithic long mound on the ridgeway next the White Horse and Uffington Castle hillfort revealed it had been re-used as a focus for a moderately sized late Roman mixed rite cemetery. Likely to have all been 4th C in date. Also early Saxon burials. In recent excavations, late Romano-British pottery and other material also found in upper fills of the hillfort ditches and within the topsoil of the interior, and a posthole, pit and (simple corn-drying?) oven of late Roman date found within the western side of the interior. Also a late Roman period ditched enclosure lay outside the hillfort to the west. At some point this had a fence added to NW side only. The enclosure enclosed a Bronze Age ring ditch which was probably still visible and had a burial inserted. In all it does not suggest domestic activity and instead it is suggested that the site had a religious focus, with an emphasis on eating and drinking."
16109,100,300,200,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,,1,Yes,No,Yes,No,Yes,Yes,hill,uncertain,No,No,No,"Three seasons of excavation within a hillfort near the Ridgeway on the Berkshire Downs revealed what has been described as a small 'cottage style' Roman villa. Earliest activity comprised late Bronze Age ditches, then early-middle Iron Age hillfort. The first masonry building was situated centrally within the hillfort and probably comprised a suite of five rooms, built late 1st/early 2nd C AD. The wall construction was variable, with some  of large sarsen blocks with mortar and dressed chalk blocks and others with just mortared chalk blocks. The building was extended by a further room in the 3rd C, probably not too long before it was all abandoned at the end of that century. It is possible that the building was originally an aisled building (with thatched roof), with internal divisions created later, perhaps at the start of the 3rd C when it was extended and roofed with stone. Internal embellishments comprised mortared floors and some evidence for painted plaster walls. Ceramic tiles set into the corner wall of one room have been suggested as representing a small household shrine. A number of ancillary structures made of sarsen and tile found around the villa, probably used for agricultural and light industrial purposes. Although interpreted as a modest villa it is little in the way of architectural pretention and is here interpreted as a wealthy farmstead. The building sat in the  middle of a well managed landscape, probably of fields and open pasture. The occupation at Alfred's Castle is dated by ceramics, finds and radiocarbon evidence."
16110,150,400,300,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,1,Yes,No,Yes,No,No,Yes,plateau or plain,mixed,No,No,No,"Evaluation, excavation and watching brief on an Oxford clay plateau in the fringes of the Cotswolds revealed elements of a Romano-British settlement. Part of a late Roman masonry building revealed in one area (in form of a cellar), while further south were mid-late Roman ditches, pits and plough furrows or horticultural trenches.  The building had limestone, brick and tile walls and mostly lay outside of the excavated area. Other structural elements point to further buildings in vicinity. A possible clay chest may allude to a potential pottery in the vicinity, though no other evidence for production was found. Interpreted as a high status farmstead though few objects found."
16111,-100,400,,,medium (4 - 8 ha),complex,Yes,,,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,Yes,plateau or plain,mixed,Yes,No,No,"Quarry excavations on the Corallian Ridge revealed a substantial middle to late Iron Age and Roman settlement interpreted as a village. Very little information available for the main excavation though stone buildings, ovens, kilns and wells were found. A subsequent OA  evaluation 200m south of the settlement revealed outlying field boundaries. Later TVAS excavation on the periphery revealed a rectangular ditched enclosure with both double and triple elements present. Also other gullies and pits, all dating 2nd/3rd C AD. This area was almost certainly for agricultural use."
16112,1,150,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"Evaluation over 92ha on a gravel plateau overlooking the Thames Valley revealed a late Iron Age-early Roman farmstead. Features comprised substantial postholes, beamslots and ditches.  No definite building plans recognised, though building materials found in ditches point to reasonably well-appointed structures."
16113,300,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"A watching brief on sand and gravels of the Upper Thames Valley revealed a single grave containing the coffined remains of a young female, aged 25-30 years. The disarticulated remains of one subadult were also found within the grave. Dated to 4th C by pottery in backfill. A small late 4th C pit lay to the south of the excavated area. Two other burials found in vicinity during 19th C, so possibly part of a wider burial ground."
16114,100,400,,,large (9+ ha),complex,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Evaluation and Watching Brief just outside of the late Iron Age oppidum ditch at Abingdon in the Upper Thames Valley revealed Roman ditches (suggesting a rectilinear boundary system), pits, postholes and a hearth relating to the expansion of the nucleated settlement in the later 1st/2nd to 4th C AD."
16115,25,400,200,250,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,river valley,mixed,Yes,No,No,"Evaluation as part of the wider Abingdon reservoir project revealed part of a late Iron Age-Roman settlement, also highlighted by geophysical survey. The earliest dated features comprised a NE-SW alignment of enclosures and possible trackways dating from the early 1st century AD until the end of the 2nd C. Then a possible hiatus until renewed activity during later 3rd C AD, with further ditches, pits and a cremation burial. Limestone pieces and other building material in the upper fills of the features suggests the existence of at least one substantial, possibly stone-built building to the south-east of the site."
16116,1,200,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,No,river valley,mixed,Yes,No,No,"Evaluation as part of the wider Abingdon reservoir project revealed part of a late Iron Age-early Roman settlement, also highlighted by cropmarks. Features comprised pits, enclosures and trackways, with two possible foci. An area of intercutting pits overlaid by structural debris and bounded by parallel fenced ditches suggest a nearby building with associated yards, possibly set back from the trackway. Dating material indicates that the building was demolished and the area abandoned by the middle of the 2nd C. The other focus of activity continued until the end of the 2nd C AD. Pottery from the trackway ditches suggest that they were dug in the mid-1st C and redefined early 2nd C."
16117,75,150,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,river valley,mixed,Yes,No,No,"Evaluation as part of the wider Abingdon reservoir project revealed part of an early Roman settlement, also highlighted by cropmarks. These depicted a linear coaxial field/enclosure system running in a NE-SW direction, abutting a double-ditched trackway to the east. This system produced predominantly Romano-British pottery ranging from 1st-mid 2nd C AD. Occupation probably limited to northern part of site and no evidence for structures. It is likely that the evaluation trenches were not positioned over main domestic foci."
16118,1,350,100,,large (9+ ha),complex,Yes,,2,No,No,No,No,No,Yes,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"An archaeological watching brief revealed part of the Abingdon late Iron Age oppidum ditch (6m wide, 1.9m deep). Sealing the defensive ditches were the remnants of Roman occupation dating from early 2nd to mid/late 4th C AD. The occupation included pits, parts of two masonry buildings and a later path. The first building built early 2nd C, going out of use by mid 2nd C when it was replaced by the other. This went out of use by late 2nd C AD. Later Roman levels truncated, but a pit dug specifically to hold an Alice Holt storage jar may lie within a later building? Close by it was a hearth suggesting a kitchen area of a building."
16119,1,100,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Evaluation and geophysical survey on the southern fringe of the Corallian Ridge in the Vale of the White Horse on the watershed of the Rivers Ock and Cole revealed a small late Iron Age-early Roman farmstead. Features comprised a droveway, enclosures, postholes (some part of palisade fences), pits. Also two possible quarry pits. The pottery recovered indicated a date range from the late Iron Age/early Roman transition period through into the earlier Roman period. No specialist reports."
16120,1,200,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,1,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"A evaluation over 3.2ha on the fringes of the Cotswolds revealed a late Iron Age-early Roman farmstead, confined mostly to the area of glacial gravels. Features comprised ditches, possibly representing field boundaries, or delineating an area of settlement in itself. Also a circular gully, possibly part of a roundhouse, and a posthole. Little evidence for activity beyond 2nd C based on ceramic evidence."
16121,250,400,300,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,2,Yes,No,No,No,No,Yes,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Small evaluation of the first terrace river gravels in the Windrush Valley revealed the fringes of a late Romano-British farmstead, the focus of which lay immediately to the south as shown by a cropmark complex. Features comprised a field/enclosure system that appears to have been re-orientated at the end of the 3rd C, along with what appears to be the robbed out wall trench of a masonry building, and a posthole structure."
16122,-50,400,150,250,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,1,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"Evaluation and subsequent excavation on the fringes of the Berkshire Downs revealed a farmstead, which spanned the entire period from the late Iron Age to the late 4th C AD, with the late 2nd C onwards most strongly represented and perhaps the main period of occupation. Major boundary ditches associated with a sub-rectangular enclosure developed during the late Iron Age and, with some modification, maintained their significance into the early Roman period. By the late Roman period there are signs of a break with the earlier organisation of the settlement, with the principal focus of activity shifting away from the enclosure and a slighting of the boundary ditches. A T-shaped corndrier belongs to this phase. Features overall comprised postholes, pits, ditches, and a possible circular drip gully of a building."
16123,-100,50,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,2,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,mixed,No,No,No,"Evaluation over 5 ha  in the north Oxfordshire ironstone revealed an area of mid-late Iron Age/early Romano-British activity, probably part of a farmstead. Features included possible ring-ditch gullies, pits, and substantial ditches. Very little evidence of activity beyond end of the late Iron Age."
16124,-100,100,50,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Small excavation and watching brief on the south side of the valley of the Bayswater Brook less than 500m west of the line of the Dorchester to Alchester Roman road and associated occupation, revealed what was interpreted as an early to late Iron Age enclosed settlement, though very limited area of excavation. The enclosure ditch on the west side had a 5m wide causeway with gateway. Many pits, though most probably early-mid Iron Age. Three late Iron Age/early Roman burials represent the final activity, possibly occurring post-conquest on a site that was no longer used for domestic occupation."
16125,150,400,250,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,1,No,No,No,No,No,Yes,river valley,uncertain,No,No,Yes,"Excavation on the Thames 4th Terrace Gravels, c 1km south of Akeman St Roman road, revealed a system of mid 2nd -4th C enclosures/fields, encroached on by a series of later 3rd and 4th C pits. A building with stone foundations (4x7m; dressed square limestone blocks, flagstone floor) believed to be part of a late Roman villa (?) or higher status farmstead with an associated stone-lined well was also recorded along with ditches, pits and a cremation burial. Postholes under the masonry building may represent an earlier timber structure. Anglo-Saxon sunken featured buildings and a well on site."
16126,1,250,120,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,4,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Watching brief on the Summertown-Radley gravel terrace revealed a Roman settlement (probably the periphery of a farmstead), comprising a ground surface, ditches, several post and beam slot structures (one at least 4x5m), gullies and pits. Some of the post structures (inc. a 4-post structure) may have been for storage. Pottery suggested the site was in use from the late Iron Age/early Roman period until the 3rd C AD, though most features dated c 120-250."
16127,100,370,,,large (9+ ha),complex,Yes,1,10,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,Yes,river valley,pastoral,Yes,Yes,No,"Large scale excavations over many years on gravels of the lower Windrush valley revealed an extensive nucleated settlement arranged around two main paved roads and lesser trackways. Limited middle and late Iron Age activity gave way to the new settlement established in the valley bottom in the early 2nd C AD, covering at least 10 ha. The settlement plan was characterised by regular ditched enclosures around a large open area near the centre, perhaps a market place? The enclosures contained a variety of structural and other evidence including 5 stone buildings and many other more ephemeral timber structures including a sequence of circular structures defined by gullies interpreted as a smithy, with four or five hearths. Large numbers of pits are present in parts of the site, along with many stone lined wells. Cremation and inhumation burials are scattered around the margin of the settlement, and recently an early Roman cremation cemetery discovered. The economy of the settlement is likely to have been heavily biased towards cattle rearing and marketing. An important group of religious material suggests a shrine in the main focus of the settlement.  The density of finds deposition in pits was extremely variable and some of the richest deposits could have been placed in a ritual context. The coin and pottery evidence is consistent in suggesting that occupation of the settlement came to an end c AD 370."
16128,100,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Watching brief on a ridge of higher ground that runs east west, 1km south of the Thames, revealed the badly truncated remains of a Roman cemetery, believed to have been associated with an ill-defined Roman settlement further south. A minimum of four inhumations and one cremation are present although many more could lie in the vicinity. Dating is poor but a 2nd-4th C range is suggested on ceramic evidence."
16129,250,400,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),complex,Yes,,1,No,Yes,No,No,No,Yes,river valley,mixed,Yes,Yes,No,"Evaluation of a known cropmark complex as part of the wider Abingdon reservoir project. The cropmarks defined an extensive series of enclosures interlinked by trackways, and the evaluation trenches revealed 2-3 masonry walls, pits, metalled surfaces, ditches, postholes and three infant burials. Most pottery dates to the late Roman period. The high quality of the excavated features and volume of finds recovered within the few evaluation trenches that cut through this settlement indicates intensive and potentially high status occupation. Complete copper alloy dish from a pit may be a structured deposit."
16130,200,300,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,mixed,No,No,No,"Excavation of 55 ponds in creation of wetland reserve revealed Roman activity mostly of 3rd century AD date, probably associated with pottery production, though some earlier features are attested. Features comprised gullies and pits, along with one possible kiln structure. Previous evaluation work at the site had indicated small scale iron production and more extensive pottery production."
16131,1,250,50,100,small (<1 - 3 ha),complex,Yes,6,,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,No,river valley,mixed,No,Yes,No,"A 73 trench evaluation and subsequent excavation in the valley of the River Cherwell revealed a farmstead or other small settlement spanning the 1st to 3rd C AD,  originating in the late Iron Age as a sub-circular enclosure, a pit and an isolated hearth. The evaluation also revealed a cremation burial and possible placed deposit in a pit, with a near complete red ware beaker and 'Belgic'-type shell-tempered ware, dating to mid 1st C AD. After a period of apparent abandonment in the mid-late 1st C AD, the settlement developed in the later 1st/early 2nd C AD into a group of conjoined rectilinear enclosures of varying sizes. No structural features survived, but six possible locations of circular structures were identified (curving gullies). Two corndriers may have been the latest elements of the settlement (3rd C) to be constructed - one of simple form, the other T-shaped."
16132,-100,400,250,,small (<1 - 3 ha),complex,Yes,2,1,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,No,Yes,river valley,mixed,Yes,Yes,Yes,"Initial evaluation, fieldwalking and geophysical survey over 20ha on a broad Upper Greensand plateau on the edges of the Thames Valley revealed a few early Roman pits, along with a clearly defined 3rd C enclosure and a further possible enclosure in the southern part of the site. A significant number of pits and a concentration of domestic refuse lay inside the main enclosure. Further north, chalk built external walls of a Roman structure 13m wide were identified, with painted plaster and an area of hypocaust identified on its southern side. Interpreted as a villa, it showed evidence for modifications during its lifetime. Coins and pottery suggest a mid 3rd century or later date for the small villa structure, contemporary with the enclosures. Other probably contemporary features included a metalled surface, a ditch and a series of postholes within a slight hollow. These elements are likely to represent a yard/ track, a farmyard division and outbuildings respectively. Elements of a fieldsystem found further to the north. Previously an important hoard of 126 gold aurei coins were found on the site, deposited within a pottery container around AD 160, prior to the villa construction. A later evaluation on the site of 245 trenches over 188ha revealed later Iron Age/early Roman trackway, ditches, pits, and possibly postholes. The features appeared to represent some form of industrial activity, possibly tanning. Also revealed were ditches relating to the villa complex and a probable bustum burial. Excavations in 2010-12 (extent unrecorded in PX Assessment) revealed a complex of enclosures, pens and trackways to the south of the villa building.  Rich deposits of finds, including a large number of coins, were found in the entrance to the main Roman enclosure, associated with metalling. A second zone to the east revealed another series of enclosures on one side of a trackway, not clearly related to the villa complex, which were laid out (& associated with wells) in the early Roman period. The overall landscape  appears to have developed from the mid-late Iron Age (potential roundhouse gullies of LIA date have been found), and appears to have undergone significant development around the time of the villa construction. A  group of three corn-drying ovens were also found during the excavations, outside of the main enclosure and constructed in several different ways (one L-shaped in form with double-flue construction, one simple linear and one rectangular, all dating mid-late Roman). Also two further late Roman T-shaped corndriers. Other features included pits and wells and waterholes/ponds. The corner of the villa building was also revealed, and estimated to be 26m long. Early Saxon SFB and pits found."
16133,100,350,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Excavations 250m south of a tributary brook of the River Great Ouse revealed a long-lived and complex sequence of settlement  from the late 1st/2nd C until well into the 4th C.  The earliest elements consisted of a series of enclosures extending out of the excavation area. Shallow gully enclosures on the southern side of the site were probably contemporary. Later in the 2nd C the northern ditches went out of use and the main focus of occupation appears to have lain towards the centre, in an area devoid of ditches but containing pits and postholes. In the 3rd-4th C a sub-oval enclosure in the northern part of the site is the main feature, surrounded by a sub-rectangular pattern of ditches."
16134,50,125,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"An evaluation on the eastern edge of the North Oxfordshire Heights immediately west of the River Cherwell revealed elements of a small early Roman settlement comprising pits, postholes, a gully and a ditch. No structures were positively located. Dated by ceramics from mid 1st C AD to early 2nd C AD."
16135,100,400,,,uncertain,complex,No,,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"A substantial 119 trench evaluation over 31ha on gault clays near the base of Hadden Hill revealed peripheral settlement/agricultural features of Romano-British date. The features consisted of linear gullies, ditches and pits. The site is probably characterised by 'ladder' type enclosures, extending to the south and southwest. These may have functioned as stock enclosures or perhaps enclosed structures, although the amount of finds and the lack of datable structural features suggest this is less likely. Roman field boundaries and a trackway were previously recorded during an adjacent evaluation. Broadly dated by minimal pottery to 2nd-4th C AD."
16136,1,125,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,1,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Evaluation on the first terrace river gravels of the Thames revealed parts of a shifting settlement dating to the late Iron Age-early Roman period, which included a penannular gully, either a stock enclosure or house gully. The settlement went out of use by early 2nd C, to be superseded by further field ditches and perhaps an enclosure."
16137,100,350,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"A 58-trench evaluation over 11.5ha on low-lying land bounded on the north by the Northfield and Littlemore Brooks revealed a pottery production site - part of the wider Oxfordshire pottery industry. Features comprised 3 kilns, ditches, pits, postholes and pottery dumps. Also a Romano-British buried ploughsoil, field ditches, and possible settlement periphery pre-dating the main use of the kilns, dating 2nd-3rd C AD. Earliest kiln dated early 2nd C AD, with another dated mid-late 3rd C and last dated later 3rd/early 4th C AD. No evidence for production after mid 4th C AD."
16138,50,400,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"Evaluation over 59ha on a plateau of the Corallian Ridge, divided up by deep stream gullies and overlooking the river Thames, revealed at least one Roman settlement and possibly the fringes of another. The main settlement was defined by concentrations of postholes, along with pits, ditches and a hearth. Very poorly dated by pottery and few finds."
16139,125,400,,,medium (4 - 8 ha),complex,Yes,,2,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,Yes,river valley,mixed,Yes,Yes,No,"Two small evaluations and geophysical survey in a lowland vale north of the Berkshire Downs and south of the Corallian Ridge revealed elements of an extensive Romano-British enclosure system aligned upon a north-south trackway. A middle Iron Age settlement appears not to have continued into the late Iron Age (though some LIA pottery found) and Roman features date from early/mid 2nd to 4th C AD. Robbed out footings indicate at least two masonry buildings, though little to suggest higher status except opus signinum and a few tiles. Other postholes indicate further timber structures. The placement of a horse skull packed around with stones including a quernstone fragment and charred grain, on top of a ditch may indicate ritual activity."
16140,100,400,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,No,,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Substantial evaluation on the low lying first terrace gravel and floodplain bounded by the Windrush and a major loop of the Thames, revealed an area of mid to late Roman settlement, as shown by cropmarks. Features comprised enclosures, pits, postholes, wells, trackways and field ditches."
16141,100,400,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"Small 6 trench evaluation over 0.18ha on sloping ground near to the Dorchester-Alchester Roman road revealed evidence for Roman occupation dating between the later 1st/early 2nd and 4th centuries AD. Features comprised ditches, postholes, a dry stone wall and a dark brown 'occupation layer'. Mostly well -preserved, sealed beneath colluvium. Interpreted here as peripheral part of a larger but ill-understood roadside settlement, probably connected with the Oxfordshire pottery industry"
16142,100,400,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,No,river valley,mixed,Yes,No,No,"Small evaluation and geophysical survey in a lowland vale north of the Berkshire Downs and south of the Corallian Ridge revealed a rectangular enclosure and outlying fields and trackways/hollow-ways. The quantity of building material (including roofing tegula and imbrices as well as box tiles) led excavators to suggest a villa building in the central unexcavated part of the enclosure, but no definitive evidence for this. Pottery dominated by material of middle and late Roman date, with an emphasis on the later Roman period. See also site 16116 for possible earlier phase of this settlement."
16143,100,400,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"Evaluation over 0.25ha on the Corallian Ridge revealed elements of a Romano-British settlement or farmstead, the core of which probably lies to the SE. Ditches and pits date from the 2nd to 4th C, with an emphasis on the later Roman period. Three narrow ditches were provisionally interpreted as stock enclosures associated with the settlement."
16144,175,400,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"Pipeline excavation at the foot of the Berkshire Downs revealed ditches and pits (one clay-lined), belonging to a north-south aligned Romano-British settlement at least 45m across, possibly enclosed. Pottery dates from late 2nd-3rd and the 4th centuries AD."
16145,50,150,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,Yes,"An archaeological watching brief in the Vale of the White Horse, bounded to the south-east by the River Ock, revealed two Roman pits containing cremated human adult remains.  These might be associated with a known small Roman settlement previously identified in Stanford in the Vale. Roman pottery was also recovered as residual material within later features and from the topsoil. In most cases, the Roman pottery was only broadly dateable to the Roman period. A pit or ditch terminus of possible Anglo-Saxon date was identified."
16146,300,400,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,Yes,river valley,mixed,No,No,No,"Excavations between 1993 and 1999 in the Upper Thames Valley, c 1km east of the Thames, revealed a cemetery of 25 burials and a domestic settlement area, consisting of a ditch, a T-shaped corndrier and a tile and stone scatter, which are clear evidence of a building, probably a defended Roman farmstead or a high class farm with a surrounding ditch. Both areas date to the late 4th century, on the basis of pottery and coins recovered."
16147,20,100,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"A small Watching Brief on Northampton Sand Beds near to a minor Roman road (Portway) from Akeman Street, revealed a cremation burial contained within a wheel-thrown, 'Belgic' jar."
16148,1,100,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,No,No,No,"A Watching Brief in the Cotswolds revealed part of an early Roman settlement. Features comprised four gullies, two ditches, two possible further ditches and two postholes. Ditches seem to form part of an enclosure. All of the features containing pottery were dated to the 1st century AD, probably spanning the conquest."
16149,250,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"A small evaluation targeting cropmarks south of Abingdon revealed late Roman enclosure ditches, pits, postholes and a cremation burial. It seems unlikely that this represents settlement (within the trenches excavated), and probably relates to outlying stock enclosures, agricultural structures, fieldsystems and burials."
16150,1,100,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,No,No,No,"A small Watching Brief in  the Cotswolds, 100m east of the route of Aves Ditch, revealed settlement activity of the very late Iron Age and the early Roman period. Features comprised an enclosure, other ditches and occasional pits. Other Iron Age enclosures previously revealed in vicinity of site."
16151,100,400,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),complex,Yes,1,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Pipelines excavation through a cropmark complex in the Upper  Thames Valley, 1km south of the River Thames. Cropmarks and geophysical survey indicated enclosures and larger fields either side of a wide drove/trackway which opens into a funnel at its northern end apparently containing small ditched plots. The pipeline trench indicated the trackway originated in the Middle Iron Age, though the majority of features dated (by pottery) from the early 2nd to 4th C and included a re-alignment of the earlier trackway, along with adjoining enclosure boundaries, pits and a curvilinear ditch - early Roman enclosure or roundhouse gully?"
16152,250,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"A Watching Brief on the west side of Rose Hill revealed at least one, possibly two Roman pottery kilns, part of the well known Oxfordshire pottery industry. Pits and ditches also revealed, as well as a 4-post structure."
16153,100,200,,,large (9+ ha),complex,Yes,,1,Yes,No,No,No,No,Yes,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"A Watching Brief on Second Terrace Gravel on the northern periphery of the nucleated settlement at Abingdon revealed extensive occupation of 2nd C AD date. Features comprised surface layers, a shallow Roman quarry pit, postholes, gullies, and three parallel Roman walls orientated on a NW-SE direction. Two of these formed part of a building, which may have had a wooden front and back walls and a rubble stone floor - iron nails and slag  on the floor indicated this building may have been used as a workshop. The larger wall may have been a property boundary wall. The site was seemingly abandoned during the 3rd century AD."
16154,-50,50,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,Small evaluation of First terrace river gravels immediately north of a cropmark complex revealed a small late Iron Age enclosure along with contemporary pits and postholes. No evidence for substantial post-conquest occupation.
16155,300,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,Excavations in the Upper Thames Valley revealed a Romano-British inhumation cemetery within an area of Bronze Age barrows and c 400m NE of a larger mixed rite Roman cemetery (Radley II). A late Roman date is indicated.
16156,50,350,300,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"Geophysical survey and small scale excavation on a promontory overlooking the River Evenlode 2km to the south revealed a rectangular triple ditched enclosure with an entrance on the SE side. The earliest activity dates from the 1st C AD, and at the end of the 3rd C a large part of the interior was  filled with a layer of rammed stone cobbling, cut through by various pits and gullies. Stone roof slates indicate a more substantial structure but no evidence for this. The quantity and types of finds associated with the site generally lead to a religious interpretation, although this remains uncertain."
16157,240,360,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,2,Yes,Yes,Yes,No,No,Yes,river valley,uncertain,No,Yes,No,"Excavations on the gravel terraces of the Upper Thames Valley revealed part of what is assumed to be a Roman villa complex. The earliest feature comprised a substantial roundhouse (12m dia) but this probably dates to the mid Iron Age. Dating to the mid 3rd C were chalk-built foundations of a building which consisted of a large rectangular room with smaller rooms around the edges. The remains of a small two-roomed structure which comprised of an arched stokehole and a covered hypocaust were discovered to the east of the main building. The overall chronology of the site remains uncertain as yet, but coins and pottery suggest continuation into the 4th C. It also remains uncertain if this represents the main 'villa' building, or another part of the complex, as there was little in the way of architectural pretention. As yet the site is interpreted as a farm complex. A system of enclosures (paddocks and fields) were revealed around the buildings. No proper report as yet."
17001,50,400,150,370,large (9+ ha),complex,Yes,2,30,Yes,No,Yes,No,No,Yes,river valley,mixed,Yes,Yes,No,"Excavations in 1938 and 1956-1970 at the junction of two small but steep valleys, centred on the Fosse Way Roman road, revealed a Romano-British roadside settlement and temple complex. The earliest feature, a southern enclosure, was dated to the mid-late 1st C AD, and contained large quantities of fine pottery and brooches - an early religious focus? The subsequent building phase (mid/late 2nd C AD) began with the construction of a well-built circular shrine on top of a raised knoll by the river and associated rectangular building. The main part of the settlement was laid out from this point onwards, with particular emphasis on the 3rd C AD. Over 30 stone-foundationed rectangular buildings were constructed from the 2nd to 4th C AD, with interlinking gravelled streets, mainly on the west side of the Fosse Way. The buildings included subsidiary shrines, a possible courtyard guesthouse by the road and the possible remains of a water mill 100m to the east of the road alongside the Broadmead Brook. In the early 3rd C a substantial octagonal podium was built around the shrine and the river was partly canalised. The burning of the circular temple occurred soon after, and it was replaced by an elaborate octagonal temple. There is evidence for a decline in the temple during the later 4th C AD, and many of the buildings now appears associated with metalworking, including bronzeworking, iron smelting and manufacture of pewter. Occupation of sorts continued until at least the end of the 4th C AD."
17002,200,400,300,,medium (4 - 8 ha),unclassified,Yes,,4,Yes,No,Yes,Yes,No,Yes,river valley,mixed,Yes,No,No,"Antiquarian investigations and excavations in the 1960s revealed a major Romano-British courtyard villa on a terrace overlooking the valley of the By Brook, a tributary of the Avon.  The villa had at least 50 rooms, nearly half of which had mosaic floors, with many heated rooms and at least one bathsuite (with elaborate drains). It is suggested that the core of the villa (of winged corridor type) was constructed during the early 3rd C AD, though it seems very likely from pottery and building material that there was an earlier 2nd C phase of occupation, including a substantial masonry building. Towards the end of the 3rd C, the villa was massively aggrandised into a huge courtyard complex with a façade over 44m in length and a large apsidal hall. Additional elements of buildings are known in the vicinity potentially all joined up as part of the complex. One area with springs is suggested as a shrine/sanctuary. The limestone plateau to the south of the villa has extensive traces of fieldsystems and trackways."
17003,60,400,,,large (9+ ha),complex,Yes,,5,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,Yes,river valley,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"A pipeline excavation and geophysical survey to the east of Silbury Hill  revealed an extensive Romano-British settlement, potentially covering over 20ha, just to the north of a main Roman road, along the line of the Winterbourne Brook. The settlement comprised a network of ditched enclosures, with evidence for at least five masonry buildings and numerous pits. The settlement appears to have been occupied throughout the Roman period, with no firm evidence for late Iron Age activity. At least 3 Roman wells also found, next to Silbury Hill. It is suggested that the site may have had some religious significance. Further geophysical survey and trial trenching to the south of Silbury Hill revealed additional large areas of Roman settlement to the south of the road, all part of the same extensive roadside settlement (see ID 17012)."
17004,200,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,mixed,Yes,Yes,No,"A roadscheme Watching Brief on the Salisbury Plain revealed elements of a likely Romano-British settlement bounded by a hollow way to the west and a trackway to the east. The hollow way was flanked by a number of gullies and pits (one interpreted as a cesspit); one of the gullies contained a partial horse skeleton. Further east was the metalled trackway and other ditches, one of which produced a horse skull. The coin and pottery evidence suggest late Roman occupation."
17005,1,100,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"A roadscheme excavation on Salisbury Plain revealed a late Iron Age/early Roman inhumation burial within the apparent entranceway of three small ditches, likely to be of similar date. These and other ditches on site are probably the remains of fields/paddocks, with wider fieldsystems seen on aerial photographs around the site."
17006,50,125,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,Yes,Yes,No,"Roadscheme excavations revealed parts of an early Roman enclosed farmstead on a limestone hill adjacent to Ermin Street Roman road. Two parallel ditches to the south may represent a trackway or shifting boundaries, while c 10m further north lay a rectangular ditched enclosure, 25x36m, within which were a groups of pits and postholes. A possible entrance lay on the NE side. The enclosure was modified on a number of occasions, but activity did not seem to last beyond the early 2nd CAD, perhaps associated with the establishment of the major villa complex at Groundwell Farm, 1km to the west. A group of partially articulated sheep skeletons came from a single pit south of the enclosure."
17007,60,400,80,250,large (9+ ha),complex,Yes,,30,Yes,Yes,Yes,No,No,Yes,plateau or plain,mixed,Yes,No,No,"A series of excavations between 1966 and 1976 revealed parts of a Romano-British small town along Ermin St between Cirencester and Silchester, often identified as 'Durocornovium'. The site lies on low-lying ground on the very fringes of the wider Upper Thames Valley near the foot of the Berkshire Downs. The earliest features comprise Ermin St along with ditches and a large rectangular timber building of possible military function. The 'town' itself was not really established (at least in the areas excavated) until the late 1st/early 2nd C AD, with a series of timber buildings and one stone-footed building along the road frontage. This continued throughout the 2nd & 3rd  AD, though the main focus of the settlement probably lay further to the east where a probable mansio is seen in aerial photographs. In the later 3rd and 4th C the settlement was at its most expansive (c 25ha), though most of this was east of Ermin St. At this time substantial stone-footed timber framed buildings lined the main road, with others less densely packed further away (those of 4th C date were raised off the ground). Ermin St was widened and a formal street grid established (or extended into the area of excavations) defining insulae. Also extensive layers of cobbling. More sophisticated buildings are thought to have lain closer to the mansio. Crafting working and smithing appear to have been important activities, while at least one T-shaped corndrier was found in a stone-footed building. The settlement continued until at least the end of the 4th C AD."
17008,100,400,250,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,2,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,river valley,mixed,No,No,No,"Excavation on the western fringes of the North Wilts Clay Vale revealed a small Roman farmstead established late 1st/early 2nd C AD, which contained at least two roundhouses within a ditched enclosure. One of these houses was c 11m in dia, with numerous internal postholes and the other adjacent building was just 5.7m dia, and associated with craftworking tools. A conjoined enclosure to the south contained evidence for ironworking and south of this were a succession of major boundaries along the line of a relict palaeochannel. By the mid 3rd C the houses had been abandoned and replaced by a new set of enclosures, probably associated with the construction of a nearby villa. The earlier major boundary line was maintained. Inhumation burials were associated with this late phase as was a group of pits and an oven associated with potential light industrial activity. Spreads of stone rubble including column parts and other high status building material was found in the partially silted up late boundary ditch, undoubtedly debris from a nearby villa, perhaps used to consolidate this area of wet ground when the villa had been abandoned."
17009,100,350,300,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,1,No,No,No,No,No,Yes,plateau or plain,mixed,No,No,No,"A small excavation on an area of Upper Greensand revealed fringes of a Romano-British settlement. The earliest phase comprised part of a probable ditched enclosure dug and infilled during the 2nd C AD. Activity in the 3rd C AD is attested by pottery, animal bone and slag within a substantial hollow, while in the late 3rd/early 4th C AD a rectangular timber framed building (c 10x5m) was constructed on top of it. The building seems to have had irregular chalk and sandstone foundations around three sides and postholes along the fourth, with floors of crushed chalk and opus signinum. This is interpreted as an agricultural building/workshop. No evidence for activity into the later 4th C AD. In addition, a number of inhumation burials found on the site of the school in 1960, probably of late Roman date and associated with this settlement."
17010,50,400,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,No,No,No,"Metal detecting and geophysical survey on the western slope of Carvers Hill revealed a probable Romano-British ritual site. The finds included large numbers of coins and personal objects in addition to a figurine of Mercury, while the survey revealed a square enclosure (0.36ha) with an entrance to the SW facing the narrow valley below. The coins and other datable finds suggest activity from 1st to 4th C AD."
17011,50,350,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,mixed,No,No,No,"Small excavation in chalk downland at the confluence of six valleys revealed the probable fringes of a Romano-British settlement dated 1st-4th C AD. Features comprised early Roman ditches, a pit and an infant burial, along with a single large pit of late Roman date. The core of any settlement lay elsewhere."
17012,125,425,,,large (9+ ha),complex,Yes,,1,Yes,Yes,Yes,No,No,Yes,river valley,mixed,Yes,No,No,"Geophysical survey and five trial trenches south of Silbury Hill in land sloping down to the River Kennet revealed further parts of an extensive Roman roadside settlement, which had previously been partly explored to the north of the road (see ID 17003). The survey revealed three large sub-divided enclosures along with a network of trackways. A number of large stone buildings were identified by ground penetrating radar, and the trial trenches were positioned away from these, concentrating on one of the enclosures, away from the road. Occupation spans early/mid 2nd C to later 4th C and beyond, with some later 1st C AD pottery. It appears to have been laid out as a single planned episode in the 2nd C AD, though there is evidence for later modification to the enclosure boundaries. Excavated structural evidence is limited, comprising a rectangular timber building (wall trench and post-pads), found alongside a well and an infant burial. Evidence for crop processing, malting and smithing."
17013,50,300,,,large (9+ ha),complex,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Five areas of excavation 200m SW of the River Thames revealed the fringes of a Romano-British roadside settlement. The settlement was established along Ermin Street where it crosses the Thames, and the features in this excavation comprised rubbish pits and a posthole, dated 1st-3rd C AD. There was also a significant quantity of redeposited Roman building debris."
17014,100,400,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,mixed,No,No,No,"Roadscheme excavation on a ridge overlooking the River Ray, 400m to the NE, revealed the remains of a 2nd-4th C AD farmstead. Features comprised ditches, pits and possible timber structures, suggested by postholes. Most ditches are suggested as field/enclosure boundaries, set out on a co-axial alignment. Evidence for at least two phases of activity, with some pits cutting through ditches. Large amounts of Roman pottery indicates domestic activity on or very near the excavation area."
17015,70,425,250,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,8,Yes,No,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,hill,mixed,No,No,No,"Excavations in the 1980s on the Marlborough Downs on a ridge overlooking the valley of the Bedwyn Brook revealed parts of a Romano-British villa complex. The earliest activity is represented by ditches and timber structures (posthole and beamslot) of early Roman date. A beamslot structure was suggested as a granary. In the late 2nd/early 3rd C AD, a gravel terrace was constructed upon which were built a series of posthole structures, some of which may have had plastered wall and tiled roofs. In the mid 3rd C CAD a substantial masonry footed aisled building was constructed (c 40x13m; thought to be industrial in nature), and another masonry building to the SW (winged corridor?) was probably contemporary, forming the west wing of the villa. In the late 3rd/early 4th C the aisled building was completely replaced by another of similar dimensions, and this was soon divided during the early 4th C into a number of separate rooms, some of which had hypocausts, mosaics and wall painting. The west wing also developed at this time, with a number of rooms with mosaic floors and possible bath suite. By the mid 4th C AD the villa was at its height and appears to have formed a courtyard complex. The ill-understood south range is interpreted as a series of service rooms. A perimeter wall is thought to have existed to the east, thus completing the large courtyard. Occupation continued into the 5th C, albeit with evidence of decline."
17016,-100,400,300,,medium (4 - 8 ha),unclassified,Yes,,2,Yes,Yes,Yes,No,No,Yes,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"Geophysical survey and test pit evaluation on the Salisbury Plain revealed a number of small enclosures, bounded by a large enclosure ditch to the south in a landscape of fields. A small part of a multi-roomed masonry building was revealed, with a corndrier partially exposed in one of the rooms. 4th century pottery was associated with final use of the corndrier, but 1st to 4th C pottery was found in the  trenches and during fieldwalking to the west. A further small evaluation by Time Team in 2000 to the SW revealed 1-2 middle to late Iron Age banjo enclosures and a substantial Roman building closer to the corndrier. The small part of this building excavated had a chalk mortar floor, flint and plaster walls, and was surrounded by stone and ceramic roof tiles and flue tiles. It is been interpreted by the excavators as part of a villa complex (with one wing up to 45m long) at the head of a dry combe descending down towards the Avon valley, though there is no explicit evidence for this. It is suggested that there may have been a gap in occupation between the late Iron Age and early Roman period. The potential villa may not have been established until the 4th C AD, or at least was extensively refurbished at this date."
17017,80,325,,,large (9+ ha),complex,Yes,1,2,Yes,No,No,No,No,Yes,river valley,mixed,No,No,No,"Two small trenches in the northern part of the Roman roadside settlement, to the west of Ermin Street revealed Romano-British structures and other features under a 'dark earth' deposit. The earliest feature comprised a curving gully, possibly from a small roundhouse (5.4m dia), along with part of a rectangular stone-founded building, all dating to the early Roman period (previous excavations indicated stone buildings only appeared from later 2nd C onwards). It is suggested that the masonry building fronted onto a side street that ran SW out of town. A later phase of construction in this trench was represented by two possible stone joist supports, dating to the later Roman period. The latest pottery dates later 3rd/early 4th C AD and no coins found."
17018,50,150,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,No,,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"Excavation and a series of watching briefs south of Fishers Brook on an area of Corallian Clay revealed the fringes of a Romano-British farmstead. Features comprised a ditched enclosure (17.5x12.5m) in the corner of a larger  enclosure, whose overall dimensions remain unknown.  Three narrow drainage gullies ran into the larger enclosure ditch. A single pit found further to the west. Pottery from the features is dated mid 1st to early 2nd C AD."
17019,-100,150,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),complex,Yes,1,,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,mixed,Yes,No,No,"Excavation and watching brief on the high part of a flat spur of land above the river Ray revealed evidence for Iron Age and Roman activity. During the mid to late Iron Age an unenclosed settlement was established with a roundhouse (9.5m dia), another possible timber structure, a possible hearth and a number of pits and postholes. During the early Roman period a complex of ditched enclosures was created, along with a droveway. This system was modified and became more formalised into rectangular plots, with a major ditched boundary to the north. Other features comprised a few pits and a small partial rectangular gully above the earlier roundhouse, which may possibly mark the location of a rectangular building. The report suggests that these enclosures represent a fieldsystem, yet given their size and quantity of pottery it is likely that they are outlying enclosures of a farmstead. The pottery generally suggests an early Roman date."
17020,-100,300,,,large (9+ ha),complex,Yes,,1,Yes,No,No,No,No,Yes,river valley,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"A series of excavations and other archaeological investigations since the early 20th century within a multivallate Iron Age hillfort (c 12ha) near the River Avon. The hillfort was of early Iron Age origin, with occupation well into the Roman period, up to at least the end of the 3rd C AD. Features included elements of stone buildings (built of ashlar and flint). It is suggested that the site at Old Sarum became part of the extensive small town of Sorviodunum, which along with Stratford-sub-Castle to the SW (ID 17021) and Bishopstone to the SE  (ID 17022) covered between 36 and 45ha. This settlement lay at the junction of 4 major Roman roads."
17021,1,400,,,large (9+ ha),complex,Yes,,6,Yes,Yes,Yes,No,No,Yes,river valley,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Excavations during the 1960s and 1970s SW of Old Sarum hillfort revealed an extensive Romano-British settlement (16-25ha) along the line of a major Roman road, approximately where it crossed the River Avon. Cropmarks had shown evidence for a possible planned street grid and excavated features comprised the Roman road, a substantial late Roman multi-roomed masonry building (flint and ashlar walls; 19.8x6.2m), chalk floors and walls of other buildings, cobbled areas, ovens and timber structures. Further excavation in 1999 revealed early Roman pits and postholes sealed by a metalled surface, thought to be a building yard, dating 2nd-3rd C AD. A nearby evaluation revealed another substantial 2nd-4th C masonry building and 1st to 4th C AD pottery. The latest series of archaeological investigations during 2001-2008 revealed at least 3 further masonry buildings (mostly 2nd-4th C AD), along with ditched enclosures and pits, beamslots and a stone-lined well. In all the ceramic dating indicates late Iron Age to late Roman occupation and it is suggested as part of the overall small town of Sorviodunum, along with Old Sarum (ID 17020) and Bishopdown (ID 17022)."
17022,-50,400,,,large (9+ ha),complex,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Small scale excavations in 1955 to the SE of Old Sarum hillfort revealed what was probably part of the eastern fringes of the small town of Sorviodunum, near to the Roman road junction (see also ID 17020, 17021). An extensive midden layer was dated mainly to the later Roman period. Further excavation in 1957 revealed many later Iron Age/early Roman pits, while evaluations in the 1990s revealed more Iron Age and Roman pits, substantial ditches and trackways. The area of 'occupation' appears to have been at least 8ha, though it is thought to have been part of the larger settlement covering up to 45ha."
17023,-100,400,100,,small (<1 - 3 ha),complex,Yes,,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,river valley,mixed,Yes,No,No,"Large scale excavations between 2001 and 2004 on the first gravel terrace of the River Thames revealed areas of Iron Age and Roman occupation. Settlement activity originated during the early Iron Age, continuing into the middle Iron Age as a series of enclosures along with a major boundary and fieldsystems. During the late Iron Age a large ditched enclosure (25m sq) was constructed in the area of middle Iron Age activity, and just before the Roman conquest several burials were inserted into the partially silted enclosure ditches. Further ditches and pits attest to continued activity into the early Roman period, but then activity virtually ceased in this part of the excavated site. During the early 2nd C AD, a settlement was established c 200m to the east, adjacent to the line of Roman Ermin Street. Most of this settlement lay further to the south (visible as cropmarks), but trackways, quarries, pits, ditched enclosures and field boundaries represented the northern part of the settlement. Dense clusters of pits, gullies and postholes probably represent areas of habitation within the network of enclosures. At least three burials were also associated with this settlement. Pottery dates the settlement to the 2nd-4th C AD, with an emphasis on 2nd-early 3rd C AD."
17024,-100,400,50,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,No,,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Huge area excavations carried out in phases from 2006 to 2011 (and still ongoing) in advance of gravel extraction on First Gravel Terrace of the River Thames revealed evidence for an extensive middle Iron Age settlement in clusters across the landscape. Middle-late Iron Age occupation was limited to an unusual small 'D' shaped enclosure (Area 3 haul road, feature 14630; ditches up to 1.72m wide and 0.64m deep with entrance to NW) with probable 'structured' deposits in the ditch terminals, comprising a human skull fragment, pottery slabs, a silver finger ring and an iron brooch. A radiocarbon date from charcoal in this deposit was 186?46 cal BC. It remains uncertain if this enclosure was related to domestic settlement, but it seems likely, at least for a limited period. Also isolated pits, ditches, postholes and a cluster of cremation burials probably of later Iron Age date. Part of a rectangular enclosure (feature 21/37 & 38, c 0.2ha) of probable late Iron Age origin was revealed, which was recut in the Roman period. There appears to be an entrance system to the south with two gateways;  the function remains unclear - probably non-domestic (stock enclosure?). Other Roman features were scarce comprising trackway ditches tentatively dated to the 2nd C AD onwards."
17025,150,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,Yes,No,Yes,"A series of large scale excavations between 2004 and 2007 in advance of gravel extraction  in the Upper Thames Valley revealed a network of field ditches and potential trackways, probably linked with the Roman settlement at latton Lands just to the NE (see ID 17023). Within the north-western end of the site were numerous intercutting irregular shaped pits, probably quarries. The Roman features were mostly dated ceramically to the later 2nd-3rd C AD, with some continuity into the 4th C and probably beyond, as some of the field boundary lines continued until the post-medieval period. Ermin Street Roman road lay 0.5km to the west and the River Churn (a Thames tributary) lay to the east. Two concentrations of early Saxon features were also revealed."
17026,50,250,150,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Excavations c 0.5km west of Ermin Street Roman road on the fringes of the Upper Thames Valley revealed early Roman settlement features. A semi-circular ring gully (9m dia) may represent a roundhouse, while 30m to the NE lay a rectangular ditched enclosure (0.02ha), within which were postholes and two groups of pits containing early Roman pottery. A trackway lay at the northern end of the site and a scatter of other pits and postholes were found across the excavated area, along with a cremation burial. A rearrangement of the landscape occurred later in the 2nd century represented by a series of five parallel gullies/ditches, thought to have defined small fields. It remains uncertain if there was still any domestic occupation at this time. A further redefinition of the landscape during the 3rd C AD with fewer ditches perhaps defining larger field areas. No evidence for later 3rd or 4th C activity though field ditches may have continued in use."
17027,-100,300,50,150,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,6,,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,mixed,Yes,Yes,No,"Two excavations, 100m apart, on the Corallian ridge c 1.5km west of Ermin Street Roman road revealed parts of a later Iron Age-Roman settlement. Cotswold Archaeology excavations to the NW revealed the periphery of the settlement. The earliest feature comprised a single short length of curvilinear ditch dated to the late Iron Age. During the early Roman period (defined as mid 1st C AD) the site was divided by a series of shallow linear trenches. These ditches are argued to have defined fields, though the large amounts of 1st-2nd C AD pottery, fired clay and other objects suggests occupation in immediate vicinity, corroborated by the 9 pits and 7 postholes scattered throughout the excavation area. Further ditches on similar alignments contained 2nd-3rd C AD pottery, indicating a continuation of occupation. Possible waterholes were noted during this phase. Two neonatal skeletons were found together in the upper fill of a later Roman ditch. MoLA excavations 100m to the SE revealed what would appear to have been the main domestic core of at least the late Iron Age-early Roman settlement. The earliest features, dating to the late Iron Age, comprised two roundhouses (defined by drip gullies c 10m dia with entrances to E/SE) and associated enclosures. A pit adjacent to one roundhouse gully terminal contained a significant assemblage of animal bone (sheep/goat and a fragmented cattle skull). At least one of the roundhouses was contained within a large rectangular enclosure, while further small enclosure to the south was suggested as an animal pen. A potential contemporary trackway lay south of this.  During the early Roman period (c mid-late 1st C AD) the density of occupation across the site appears to increase, and this is associated with a development of the enclosure system. Three further roundhouses were built within a new central enclosure, and one of the original roundhouses was re-built within a southern enclosure. Another potential enclosure lay to the south (within which lay a waterhole) and the trackway may have remained in use. From the mid 2nd C AD onwards, the site appears to have been given over to large rectilinear agricultural enclosures and associated trackways, though the layout of this system was influenced by the earlier settlement morphology. A single potential roundhouse and associated external 'cooking pit' in the southern enclosure provide the only indications of domestic activity within the excavated area at this time. A waterhole also lay in this enclosure, and a complete Savernake jar (a waster/second) had been placed upright in the base.  Within a smaller excavation area c 120m to the SE, a pit and ditch group were revealed, containing substantial quantities of domestic material (ceramics dating 2nd-late 3rd C AD), including high status building material. Traces of masonry walls were clearly later than the ditches, but were not conclusively of Roman date.  No specialist reports in the published account of this site."
17028,150,400,300,,medium (4 - 8 ha),complex,Yes,1,5,Yes,No,Yes,Yes,No,Yes,hill,mixed,No,Yes,No,"Antiquarian excavations revealed a  courtyard villa complex on a relatively flat hilltop in the southern Cotswolds, 1.5km east of the Fosse Way Roman road. The main corridor villa building had 16 rooms including a bathsuite at its western end. To the south of this lay a hexagonal building enclosing a well-shaft which contained human remains, building debris and coins. These were both contained within a walled enclosure (with gatehouse) and further masonry buildings lay to the south, possibly within an outer walled courtyard. Lying 60m west of the complex  were a number (5) of masonry tombs containing inhumation burials in stone or wooden coffins along with an unurned cremation burial.  In 2003 a substantial detached bath-house was located 150m to the north of the villa, on the valley slope. Subsequent geophysical survey revealed at least one other building and a complex of other features and it was concluded that the entire head of the valley may have formed part of a managed landscape attached to the Truckle Hill villa. Dating evidence is almost entirely based on the sequence from the bath-house, with initial construction during the second half of the 2nd C AD and continued use until the 4th C, when it was robbed (perhaps superseded by the main villa baths?). A corndrier was then inserted into the abandoned shell. The final date of abandonment remains uncertain."
17029,-100,400,50,300,medium (4 - 8 ha),complex,Yes,5,4,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,No,river valley,mixed,Yes,No,No,"A programme of archaeological evaluation, watching brief and limited excavation on the First gravel terrace of the Upper Thames Valley revealed an extensive settlement occupied from the middle/late Iron Age to at least the end of the 4th C AD. Iron Age occupation comprised at least six small enclosures interspersed with areas of open settlement. Environmental evidence suggested a hedged landscape with an emphasis on pastoralism. Settlement continued with  a shift in location to the south during the early Roman period. The exact development of the settlement in this zone is ill-understood, but there appear to have been groups of enclosures and wider fields linked by trackways, with a major re-structuring in the later 3rd/4th C AD. Also evidence for waterholes and many pits. Five possible timber roundhouses were revealed (7-9m dia; at least one specifically dated late Roman), and 3 further small square posthole structures may have been grain stores. In addition, at least four possible rectangular structures indicated by gully enclosures (most measuring 10-13m across). Possible footing for a stone wall revealed but no definite evidence for use as a building, but the presence of much ceramic building material and plaster/opus signinum, suggests the presence of a more substantial building. Other features comprised a wood-lined well and a paved area by a waterhole. The quantity of type of material culture suggests the settlement attained a relatively high status. There is also tentative evidence put forward for a shrine, based purely on finds evidence (coins, rolled lead sheets and figurine fragments). Early/middle Saxon pottery recovered but no definite features."
17030,75,420,150,350,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,3,Yes,No,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,plateau or plain,mixed,Yes,No,No,"Excavations in the 1930s and 1970s on gentle sloping ground in the southern Cotswolds, to the east of Bath and just south of a major Roman road, revealed elements of a substantial villa complex arranged around three sides of a courtyard. The earliest structures are somewhat ephemeral, comprised at least one masonry multi-roomed structure along with a boundary wall and other smaller lengths of masonry. These were dated to the later 1st/early 2nd C AD. They were subsequently replaced by a number of stone buildings on the different alignment dated by pottery to the mid 2nd C AD. These comprised a north and an east wing, both multi-roomed rectangular buildings with a bath suite in the east wing. A wall completed the complex to the west. This villa complex then developed over the next 200 years, with substantial additions and alterations in the 3rd C AD, including the conjoining of the enlarged north and east wings (a bath suite was added to the west of the north wing), and the addition of an aisled building to the west (interpreted as for work/agricultural use, though of some architectural sophistication with window glass). A trackway led to the north wing from the south. Further enlargements came in the early/mid 4th C when the villa was at its height. In the mid/later 4th C there were substantial changes as the northern baths went out of use and sometime later part of the eastern baths were converted into a corn dying and storage facility. Four further coins dryers in other rooms may also date to this phase, and there is evidence for small scale industrial activity. Late Roman coins, glass, metalwork and pottery suggest activity continuing at least to the end of the 4th C and probably beyond."
17031,125,425,350,,medium (4 - 8 ha),unclassified,Yes,,1,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,No,Yes,river valley,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"A small excavation in 1969 on the slopes of a shallow valley on the Corallian Ridge and c 2km to the east of Ermin Street road, revealed part of a substantial masonry building incorporating a bath suite that was interpreted as part of a villa complex. A subsequent geophysical survey in 1997 revealed significant remains across the site, including potential trackways, enclosures and buildings. Other excavations nearby revealed patches of tessellated floor, with ditches and metalled road surfaces further away. Evidence for a construction date is very slight but suggested as early to mid 2nd C AD, while a mid 4th C date for destruction is more clearly indicated by pottery. However, occupation continued on site with indications of a timber structure whose post pits cut into the demolition debris. It is suggested that occupation continued into the 5th C AD."
17032,200,400,,,large (9+ ha),complex,Yes,,5,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,Yes,plateau or plain,mixed,Yes,No,No,"Excavation on a ridge of Chapperton Down on the Salisbury Plain revealed the northern fringes of an extensive linear village settlement aligned on either side of a major trackway. The earliest phase comprised  ditches defining enclosure plots, pits and terracing for masonry-footed and timber structures, and can be dated to the 3rd C AD, though earlier parts of the settlement may lie to the south. Layers of occupation debris accumulated (and an infant burial was interred) before many of the pits and gullies became infilled. A secondary phase of construction included the foundations of a more substantial masonry building. The final abandonment of the settlement appears to have been in the late 4th or early 5th C AD."
17033,-100,300,1,100,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Large scale excavation in advance of gravel extraction on the first gravel terrace of the Upper Thames Valley revealed a dispersed settlement of middle Iron Age date with field ditches and roundhouses. By the late Iron Age/early Roman period the roundhouses were abandoned and cutting across the middle Iron Age fieldsystem was a series of ditches on a totally new alignment (defining in places large (1ha+) rectilinear fields), representing a radical change in the use of this landscape.  These ditches may have been laid out in the late Iron Age, and stayed open long enough to receive small quantities of early Roman pottery in their fills. These land divisions were swept away in the 2nd C AD with the creation of a distinctive boundary ditch from which a series of small rectilinear fields or paddocks were laid out to its east. A substantial trackway/droveway was also in evidence. This fieldsystem may well have gone out of use before the end of the Roman period."
17034,-100,400,100,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,Yes,No,"A six-trench evaluation along with fieldwalking and geophysical survey over 5ha on the eastern end of a low spur just south of the Salisbury Plain (5.8km west of Stonehenge) revealed a sequence of settlement ranging from the early Iron Age to the later Roman period. A large (1.3 ha) oval enclosure encircled by a deep V-shaped ditch clearly contained an early Iron Age settlement, which continued in use, with roundhouses, burials, and pits. The settlement seems to have expanded in the late Iron Age with the creation of further enclosures to the south. There was no obvious break in activity into the Roman period, although it was thought unlikely that the oval enclosure was still in use. A small rectangular enclosure was added to the NW of the enclosure complex possibly in the early Roman period: the ditch of this enclosure was almost completely silted up by the late Roman period, when two graves were dug through the ditch fills. Other Roman features excavated include ditches and pits, scattered across the site. Overall, the nature, intensity and continuity of settlement during the Roman period could not be confidently discerned and occupation may have been on an intermittent basis after the 1st C AD. The site seems to have been abandoned as a settlement after the Roman period."
17035,60,420,170,360,medium (4 - 8 ha),unclassified,Yes,2,7,Yes,No,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,river valley,mixed,Yes,No,No,"A Roman villa complex within the Kennett Valley, just south of the river, was first discovered in 1727 when the Orpheus Mosaic and a coin hoard was revealed, and then rediscovered and excavated from 1978 to 1991. The earliest activity comprised a metalled road (Silchester-Bath) dated mid 1st C AD with a possible military camp by the crossing of the Kennett. A settlement (farmstead?) developed within the remains of the possible military enclosure during the later 1st C AD with a number (unspecified) of timber and masonry-footed circular buildings. One building with a porched entrance was interpreted as a shrine, though the reasons are not evident. Around c AD 100 a large rectangular timber building (aisled?) was built between the river and road. Within it were corndriers, ovens and timber-lined malting tanks; carbonised grain and millstones suggested brewing. By c AD 170 the road was re-routed and the settlement demolished. The site was cleared and substantial stone structures of a villa were erected. The villa complex comprises a main winged corridor building (with bath suite) to the west and other buildings to the north and south forming three sides of a courtyard. The buildings were interpreted as detached workshops, barns and a large gatehouse. Successive modifications and enlargements of the main villa building occurred over the next 100 years, including insertion of a corndrier into the northern barn. More significant re-building of the villa house occurred c AD 270-90. During the mid/late 4th C AD the northern agricultural building was completely converted into an elaborate and unusually shaped multi-room building, with much of the old barn forming an open courtyard. New rooms comprised a small bathsuite and attached 'tri-conch hall' with the Orpheus mosaic. This was interpreted by the excavators as a 'cult hall'. Many of the buildings were demolished or fell into decay in the late 4th/early 5th C AD, though sub-Roman timber structures were located."
17036,50,210,150,,small (<1 - 3 ha),complex,Yes,,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,river valley,mixed,Yes,No,No,"Evaluation and excavation in the Avon Valley, c 1km west of the river, revealed the fringes of an early to mid Romano-British farmstead. Earliest features dating from the mid/late 1st to mid 2nd C AD comprise a series of regular linear gullies, fence lines and pits probably representing the south-eastern fringes of a settlement (uncertain form), with possible outer fields and a single late Iron Age-early Roman crouched inhumation burial. During the mid 2nd C AD and enclosure and trackway system of a complex farm was laid out across the site. Within the enclosure system discrete features comprised a T-shaped corndrier, a well and a number of pits. Burials also found to the north-west of the site. Ceramics suggest no activity after early 3rd C AD."
17037,100,420,,,large (9+ ha),complex,Yes,,2,Yes,No,Yes,No,No,Yes,river valley,mixed,Yes,No,No,"An evaluation, fieldwalking survey and earthwork survey revealed elements of an extensive roadside settlement stretching for almost 1km alongside the Fosse way to the south-west of Cirencester, where it crosses the River Avon. Settlement appears to extend back 50m from the road frontage on both sides (within ditched plots) and contained at least one substantial stone building (a mansio?), along with timber structures. Pre-Roman activity comprises cultivation lynchets and trackways, but settlement develops as a result of the imposition of the Fosse way road, although probably only being established at some point after the road was constructed, in the later 1st/start of 2nd C AD. The settlement apparently never developed a more complex plan form, though it included stone buildings, some possibly with hypocausts. It appears to have prospered up until the end of the 4th C and evidence from timber slot buildings suggest activity into the 5th C. The late 3rd and 4th C was when the settlement appears most prosperous and most of the masonry buildings are probably of this date."
17038,1,400,,,large (9+ ha),complex,Yes,,1,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,Yes,plateau or plain,mixed,Yes,No,No,"A series of four evaluation trenches and test pits along the length of a large linear Romano-British village settlement defined by earthworks on the Salisbury Plain, at the head of a narrow dry valley. The earthworks are 500m long following a hollow-way on a NE-SW alignment. Numerous small sub-rectangular terraces have been interpreted as house platforms, while banks and lynchets further away are suggested as fieldsystems. The excavation trenches revealed a series of enclosed plots, some linked by pathways, on either side of the main hollow-way, probably formalised during the early Roman period and significantly re-modified during the later Roman period. Within the plots/platforms were evidence for timber buildings (postholes and beamslots), numerous pits and flint boundary 'walls'/markers (see below).  Other features comprised a masonry footed building (2 lengths of wall 8m apart with much limestone roof tile), chalk quarry pits, an elaborate late Roman drying oven (six linked chambers cut into the chalk) and spreads of what is interpreted as horticultural soil (plots defined by the low flint walls?), established during the later 4th C AD. The dating evidence from pottery is generally 1st to 4th C AD, though a radiocarbon date of 170 cal BC - cal AD 80 came from a pig tooth in a pit, pointing to possible late Iron Age activity, which is supported by 3 other radiocarbon dates and small quantities of Iron Age pottery. At some point in the late/post-Roman period the platforms were abandoned."
17039,50,150,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,Small excavation in 1955 in a narrow valley cutting the north-facing chalk escarpment of the Salisbury Plain revealed a disturbed prone inhumation burial now radiocarbon dated to the early Roman period (103AD+-51 years). No other confirms burials or settlement in the immediate vicinity.
17040,50,400,,,medium (4 - 8 ha),unenclosed,Yes,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,Yes,plateau or plain,mixed,Yes,Yes,No,"Evaluation trenching of an earthwork complex on the Salisbury Plain revealed a multi-period settlement. An early/middle Iron Age bivallate enclosed settlement had been abandoned by the late Iron Age, and there was no indication of any physical continuity with the earliest Roman features, which lay on different alignments. The nature of the early Roman settlement is not well defined, represented by a number of pits (quarry pits for flint?), and field ditches. Although large quantities of early Roman pottery were recovered, the majority of the earthwork features and occupation deposits date to the later Roman period and include a possible flinted wall foundationed building. These were concentrated mainly to the north of a hollow-way. It is described as an open village settlement, comprising a number of hollows, house platforms and terraces, but no obvious major ditched boundaries (though fencelines are suggested). Late Roman cultivation soils also found in most trenches. A midden deposit within a late Roman hollow contained a large complete bronze bowl associated with a coin of Gratian and a complete cow skull. A well preserved fieldsystem lay to the south-east with rectangular co-axial enclosures. The pottery from the earliest ditch fills was generally early Roman, with later Roman pottery indicating continued use."
17041,75,400,250,,small (<1 - 3 ha),complex,Yes,,2,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,No,Yes,river valley,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Extensive geophysical survey ahead of a pipeline excavation revealed a complex of ditched enclosures, masonry buildings, field boundaries and trackways, lying in the northern limit of the north Wiltshire clay vale above a small stream valley leading to the River Avon. The pipeline excavation trench revealed the out-lying southern and western parts of this settlement which was believed to represent a villa complex on the basis of the geophysical survey and fieldwalking. The suggested development is that the site originated as a farm with timber buildings in the later 1st C AD, with a ditched trackway leading out to the SW towards the better drained gravels of the River Avon. Sometime in the 3rd or 4th C a stone built villa house with hypocausts and tessellated floors was constructed to the east of a complex of paddocks. A range of rooms is indicated with a possible second building to the SE, forming part of a courtyard. Pottery from the excavation was 2nd-late 4th C, with an emphasis on the later Roman period."
17042,25,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"Small scale excavation in 1963 in an area of Greensand to the north of Salisbury Plain revealed a ditch, spreads of occupation material and four inhumation burials. It is thought to represent the fringes of a Roman farmstead, dated by large quantities of ceramics from the immediate pre-conquest period to the late 4th  AD, with an early Roman emphasis. Four other burials known from the site."
17043,-100,420,100,325,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,mixed,Yes,Yes,No,"Excavation on an area of Upper Greensand to the north of the Salisbury Plain revealed evidence for later Iron Age and early Roman settlement, along with later Roman features. The early settlement was confined to the northern portion of the site and comprised a cluster of storage type pits, postholes, a possible drainage gully and an E-W aligned trackway. It is thought to have been unenclosed. This phase is dated by ceramics to the middle-late Iron Age to the end of the 1st C AD when it appears to have gone out of use. Further activity was identified on site dated by ceramics and coins to the 4th-early 5th C AD. In the north  of the site were a small group of inhumation burials, while further south were probable settlement related features comprising two ovens, postholes, ditches and pits. A strong religious element of the site is attested by the character of the finds assemblage (which includes a curse tablet), much of which comes from an extensive midden deposit (0.115ha), demarcated by N-S aligned ditches. It is likely that the midden was formed over a relatively short space of time, possibly in the very late 4th or early 5th C AD, and may have derived from a shrine in the immediate vicinity (if a structure was present at all?). A nearby pit was partly filled with midden material and seems to have contained a 'special' deposit, of a deliberately crumpled garment collar, bronze spoon and curse tablet, along with large quantities of pottery and animal bone (inc. complete cattle skulls), and some human bone."
17044,-100,400,1,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unenclosed,Yes,1,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,mixed,Yes,No,Yes,"Excavations on three separate sites on an area of Upper Greensand on a slight scarp near the base of Jump Hill revealed evidence for a mid to late Iron Age settlement and subsequent Roman agricultural activity. The settlement was confined to the northernmost excavation area and comprised an 18.5m diameter penannular gully, interpreted as the eaves gully for a substantial roundhouse. To the west (in front) of the building lay a scatter of pits (including bell-shaped storage pits) and short lengths of gully which may define small enclosures. Further pits and postholes to the south, including a 4-post structure. The ceramics indicate a date from the 2nd C to 1st C BC, with the farm probably being abandoned some time before the Roman conquest. The farm may well have been unenclosed. To the north of the settlement lay two ditches of a Roman trackway (suggested as possibly having an Iron Age origin but probably cut in the 2nd C AD), dated to the Roman period. Roman field ditches lay further south. Two pits date to the early Saxon period."
17045,100,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,Yes,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Salvage type excavations in the 1990s at the foot of a slope marking the east end of an E-W ridge of Upper Greensand overlooking a small stream revealed elements of Romano-British farmstead. Features comprised a well-preserved T-shaped corndrier, possible stone structures (a short length of wall and the possible collapsed remains of others), a number of ditches (enclosure and/or field boundaries) and storage/rubbish pits, along with a small later Roman inhumation cemetery which included several cist burials. One burial cut through the corndrier. Dating evidence suggests occupation throughout much of the Roman period but with a distinct 3rd-4th C emphasis."
17046,,,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,Small salvage excavation on the fringes of the Salisbury Plain revealed one complete Roman inhumation burial and the disturbed remains of at least two others. No contemporary settlement noted and no specific date range given.
17047,300,400,,,medium (4 - 8 ha),unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Detailed open area excavation (and 12ha of strip and record) in 2002 and 2004 on the west facing slope of a low hill and across a dry valley revealed substantial numbers of late Roman burials in a number of groups, almost certainly linked to the extensive Roman village settlement at Butterfield Down 500m to the north (see ID 17048). No evidence for Iron Age activity and the earliest Roman features comprise two ditched trackways (2nd-4th C AD), one of which crossed a substantial later Bronze Age ditch (Wessex Linear Ditch) which stretched for 5km and was still a significant landscape  feature in the Roman period. Postholes by the trackway near this ditch suggest a timber bridge. Another  ditch (1.2m wide) aligned broadly parallel to the earlier Wessex Linear Ditch was dated to the 3rd-4th C AD. At the far western edge of the Site, a series of 16 intercutting quarry pits were also of a broad Roman date. The most important elements of the excavated site comprised four separate cemetery groups, along with a number of more isolated burials. Nearly all appear to be later 4th C AD in date."
17048,250,420,,,medium (4 - 8 ha),complex,Yes,1,2,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,Yes,plateau or plain,mixed,Yes,Yes,No,"A programme of evaluation, excavation, watching brief and geophysical survey on a flat topped ridge of Upper Chalk (Boscombe Down) revealed a late Roman village type settlement covering at least 6ha. Finds of earlier Roman pottery and other objects indicate settlement elsewhere in the vicinity, but all settlement evidence is dated by pottery and coins to the later 3rd and especially the 4th C AD. The layout is not well understood, but features include many pits and ditches along with slight evidence for rectangular masonry-footed buildings, a sunken-floored building (3.7x2.7m), postholes indicating fencelines (perhaps dividing areas into plots), a number of hollow-ways, ovens and at least one corndrier (possibly two; one a large well-built T-shaped structure). Some evidence for buildings with tiled roofs though probably not for buildings with a particularly high level of architectural sophistication.  A circular gully may well have surrounded a timber structure tentatively interpreted as a shrine, due to the presence of a sceptre head on the surface and an infant burial in one of the gully terminals. Further structured deposits indicated by a complete crow skeleton that appears to have been deliberately placed on the base of an elongated pit/ditch terminal. Also in another pit/shaft a horses head was placed on top of part of a sheep, with a facepot sherd found above this. Geophysical survey and evaluation trenches revealed associated enclosures and ditches around the settlement that may represent paddocks and fieldsystems. An early 5th C gold coin hoard suggests activity into the 5th C .  Two further excavations and an extensive watching brief undertaken in 1996-7 over an area of 9.5ha revealed southern part of this settlement (see ID 17054)."
17049,150,375,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,1,Yes,No,Yes,No,No,Yes,plateau or plain,mixed,No,No,Yes,"Excavations on a small ridge in the Upper Greensand plateau which runs parallel to the chalk escarpment of Salisbury Plain revealed what is probably the fringes of a Romano-British villa complex, with the main villa building being located by aerial photography c 200m to the west. Features excavated comprised a small (5.5x6.5) masonry footed structure with a mortared floor along with a small pit containing mid 2nd C AD pottery and a block of ashlar masonry. Prior to excavation a pit/ditch was observed nearby during the construction of an access road, and contained large quantities of late 3rd/early 4th C pottery along with roof tiles and animal bone. The nature of activity is uncertain though the quantity of pottery and coins (albeit often in later features) suggests domestic occupation. Extensive evidence for Saxon cemetery and settlement (late 5th-early 7th C)."
17050,300,400,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,hill,mixed,No,No,No,"Antiquarian excavation on a south-facing slope in the Berkshire Downs c1.8km east of Ermin Street revealed a rectangular ditched (and with dry stone wall?) enclosed settlement (1.2ha) of Roman date. Within the enclosure were at least 13 irregular pits/hollows, and a T-shaped corndrier lay in one corner. Ceramic tile indicated possible tiled roofed buildings. An inhumation burial also found adjacent to the southern part of the ditched enclosure. Three parallel ditches ran eastwards from the enclosure. Roman pottery recovered but no indication of specific date range. Constantinian coins provide the only dating."
17051,150,350,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,3,Yes,No,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"Antiquarian excavation in chalk downland revealed a Roman villa complex comprising at least three buildings. Part of what seems to be a winged corridor villa building was revealed to the north with another possible corridor type villa building with bathhouse to the south (this building also had a 2nd bathsuite), both possibly part of a courtyard complex. Both buildings had painted plaster walls, mosaic pavements and heated rooms. To the SW of this was an aisled building (36x11m), with a separate room at its western end. The main area had a chalk floor and was probably for agricultural use. It contained a hearth and what is probably a corn-drying oven. The dating is very approximate, based only on the coinage."
17052,250,350,,,medium (4 - 8 ha),unclassified,Yes,,1,Yes,No,Yes,Yes,No,Yes,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"Antiquarian excavations on the Lower Greensand revealed parts of a Roman villa complex. The building appeared to be a corridor type villa of at least 7 rooms with  tessellated floors, baths and hypocausts. The full extent of the villa complex is not known, but it may extend over an area of 4.5ha. The only dating evidence is from coins, which suggests later 3rd-mid 4th C."
17053,,,,,medium (4 - 8 ha),complex,Yes,,1,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,No,Yes,river valley,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Antiquarian excavation and modern cropmark survey in the Upper Thames Valley, 0.5km south of the Thames, revealed parts of a winged-corridor villa and associated buildings and enclosures. The excavation revealed parts of a red and white tessellated pavement, painted wall plaster, probable hypocaust and other structural material. The cropmark survey revealed the outline of the winged corridor villa building along with a series of enclosures (including a polygonal enclosure, 47m by 22m). A trackway and other probable buildings also revealed. The villa remains undated with just a single  coin of possible Constantinian date."
17054,200,400,,,large (9+ ha),complex,Yes,,4,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,Yes,Yes,No,"Two excavations (New Covert & Spine Road) and an extensive watching brief over 9.5ha revealed the southern part of an extensive Roman-British village, previously excavated further north at Butterfield Down (see ID 17048). The excavations revealed that much of this area was given over to crop processing, undertaken at the edge of the fields. Two well-constructed, T-shaped corndriers and what may be threshing hollows were excavated. Small garden plots (ditched and fenced) and storage compounds were revealed lining the trackways that led into the heart of the village. Severn ritual shafts were also excavated with 'special' deposits: a decapitated dog, parts of an articulated lamb and two other bone groups from one, which was 100% excavated. Iron nails and a complete small, globular jug found at the base of another shaft. All dated later 3rd/4th C AD. Other features comprised four possible rectangular post-built structures (uncertain if domestic), a four-post structure, chalk/flint quarries, many postholes and pits (including two large complexes of intercutting pits), gullies and 13 ovens/hearths. Most of the activity dated to the late Roman period."
17055,-100,70,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,Yes,Yes,No,"A pipeline excavation revealed two concentrations of middle/later Iron Age to early Roman features to the NE and E of Old Sarum hillfort. To east (in the vicinity of late Iron Age-Roman nucleated settlement at Bishopstone; see ID 17022) lay a possible oven along with four pits lying adjacent to each other, containing large quantities of animal bone along with pottery and some human remains. These are likely to be 'special' deposits. Lying c 400m further NW were ditches of a possible trackway, along with another ditch containing three crouched inhumations burials tentatively dated to the start of the Roman period."
17056,50,120,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Roadscheme excavation revealed part of Ermin Street Roman Road and extensive quarrying and trackway ditches in the Upper Thames Valley just north of Cricklade. The quarry pits flanked the line of the road for over 250m, while the trackway ditches (4.5-5.5m apart) were seen in cropmarks leading perpendicular from Ermin Street in a NE direction to a cropmark complex lying c 450m distant and presumed to represent a Romano-British farmstead (SAM 900). Cart wheel ruts were present on the trackway. Finds were generally sparse but most closely datable sherds dated 1st to early 2nd C AD, almost certainly reflecting the period of quarrying for the road construction and maintenance. It is possible that the quarries also provided some metalling for the trackway."
17057,200,360,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,,Yes,No,No,"Roadscheme excavation revealed fringes of a late Roman settlement alongside Roman Ermin Street near the crossing of the river Churn in the Upper Thames Valley. The principal features comprised extensive middens along with roadside ditches, boundary ditches and a gully. No structures were found, and the exact nature of the settlement remains unclear, but all of the dating evidence is later Roman. Extensive ditched trackways and enclosures east of the site, visible on aerial photographs, are likely to be Roman in date. Dating based on pottery and coins."
17058,100,300,,,,,No,,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,hill,,No,No,No,"A pipeline excavation revealed elements of a Romano-British field and enclosure system mostly seen from cropmarks on gently undulating ground in the southern Cotswolds.  No direct evidence for settlement, the features being interpreted as fields and paddocks, though Roman tile found while fieldwalking suggests possible structures in the vicinity. Limited artefactual evidence suggests activity in the 2nd-3rd C AD."
17059,50,250,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"Geophysical survey and a 15-trench evaluation over 8ha to the north of the Downs revealed a concentration of pits, ditches and rubble spreads of Romano-British date suggesting a settlement dated c AD50 ? AD250. These features seem to relate to boundary and enclosure ditches, metalled surfaces and possible structures; the presence of a substantial building is only indicated by finds of ceramic roof tile. Very little evidence for activity found outside of the settlement 'core'."
17060,75,400,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),complex,Yes,,4,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,No,Yes,hill,uncertain,No,No,No,"Amateur excavations in the 1950s on a south-facing slope above the By Brook in the Southern Cotswolds revealed an area of  Roman settlement debris over 2.5ha, including evidence for masonry buildings. Subsequent geophysical survey revealed a large symmetrically planned building to the north of the site and a group of other buildings arranged around a courtyard further south. The buildings are set within a complex of rectilinear and curved enclosures, probably of more than one phase, but the phasing for the whole site remains unknown. However, general dating by coins, brooches and pottery suggests activity from later 1st to late 4th C AD."
17061,1,350,120,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,1,Yes,No,Yes,No,No,Yes,hill,mixed,No,No,No,"Two pipeline excavations (1991 and 1995) cut through the fringes of a late Iron Age - Romano-British settlement on the eastern edge of Netheravon Down overlooking the Avon valley which drops down steeply to the river in the east. Geophysical survey had indicated a large ditch (7-8m wide) surrounding the settlement, which was dated by the excavators to the late Iron Age  and had largely filled up by the early 2nd C AD. Other features associated with this phase comprised a series of ditches, pits and traces of at least one timber structure in the form of postholes and beam slots. Settlement activity continued in some form after the enclosure had been infilled, into the 3rd/4th C, though its morphology becomes unclear after this. Features assigned to this phase comprise two probable corndriers (one T-shaped, the other rectangular), pits, ditches and parts of five structures represented by terraces cut into the hillside. There were also inhumation burials in two areas. One of the burials cut through a corndrier. Nothing to suggest occupation right to the end of the 4th C AD. Another geophysical survey revealed an apparent winged corridor villa within the enclosure, which probably relates to this latest phase of activity."
17062,-100,400,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,1,,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,mixed,Yes,No,No,"Pipeline excavations in 1989 and 1996 revealed elements of an Iron Age and Romano-British settlement on chalk downland at the edge of the Bourne Valley. The settlement was seen in aerial photographs as a series of regular ditched enclosures (paddocks and fields?) and the pipeline excavation revealed outer elements of this enclosure/fieldsystem. The earliest activity comprised a ditched sub-circular enclosure containing a settlement of early-middle Iron Age date. During the late Iron Age a roundhouse was observed within a sub-rectangular enclosure. A group of mid to late Iron Age inhumation burials were dug to the south of the enclosure and were broadly contemporary. Three isolated postholes also belong to this  phase. The settlement continued into the early Roman period, with infant burials and groups of irregular intercutting pits.  Later Roman activity comprised a corndrier, two boundary ditches and a possible ditched trackway. It remains unclear if occupation was continuous from Iron Age to late Roman period, but persistent occupation is certain. The exact end date of the settlement remains uncertain."
17063,150,400,300,,medium (4 - 8 ha),complex,Yes,,1,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,No,Yes,plateau or plain,mixed,Yes,No,No,"Small Time Team evaluation along with geophysical and earthwork surveys and fieldwalking on flat land overlooking the source of the Cowage Brook revealed a Romano-British villa complex. The geophysical survey outlined a substantial villa house with many rooms including an apsidal room and probable bathhouse, all within a courtyard with an octagonal entrance structure. This domestic range formed the NE side of a larger rectangular enclosed area bounded by a substantial ditch. There are possible structures along the SE and SW sides of the enclosure, but unconfirmed. A NW-SE trackway lay immediately south of this and other enclosures probably represent paddock and fields. The ceramic dating from the excavation and fieldwalking indicates occupation from mid 2nd to late 4th C AD, with an emphasis on the late Roman period. It was suggested that the main villa itself (at least in its most elaborate phase) dates to the 4th C AD."
17064,75,400,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,1,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,hill,mixed,No,Yes,No,"Small scale excavation towards the eastern end of the ridge of Old Swindon Hill revealed the fringes of a Romano-British settlement. Features comprised boundary fences and ditches, a possible post-built circular structure, a number of pits (including one with a complete 1st-2nd C AD pottery vessel set upright and in situ) and linear gullies. Over much of the site was preserved a 'dark earth' soil deposit containing fresh Roman pottery and other material. Other pits, postholes and ditches with later Roman pottery cut this dark earth including two infant graves. A large quarry pit also dug through the dark earth and into the sand beneath. Overall ceramic dating is later 1st-4th C AD. Further elements of this 'dark earth' deposit found in a small excavation by Cotswold Archaeology 100m to the NW, containing occupation deposits of Iron Age and Roman date."
17065,200,400,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,1,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,mixed,No,Yes,No,"Excavations on a chalk spur by a dry valley dissecting the southern edge of Salisbury Plain revealed part of a late Romano-British farmstead. Features comprised a small circular posthole structure (5.5m diameter), a series of six hearths a little to the NW of this, along with pits and further postholes, all adjacent to a ditched boundary lying to the SE. Also extensive chalk quarry pits. Six inhumation graves lay dispersed to the south and east of the main domestic features, while there is also evidence of cremation burial. An oval pit contained the articulated remains of a calf, while another pit contained the disturbed remains of a cattle skeleton and a pit within the hearth group contained articulated remains of five piglets. Ceramic dating indicates 3rd and 4th C occupation."
17066,100,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Fieldwalking and limited excavation on the western edge of Salisbury Plain revealed complexes of Roman features believed to have been part of a rural settlement. Features comprised a hollow-way and a number of pits, along with field ditches,  postholes, beamslots and a series of chalk and stone 'settings' of probable structural function, dating 2nd-3rd C AD. This has been interpreted as a yard and agricultural buildings set within a contemporary fieldsystem. A pair of substantial east-west ditches dated to the 3rd-4th C; a burial is orientated east-west between these two ditches. No specialist reports."
17067,50,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,1,Yes,No,No,No,No,Yes,plateau or plain,mixed,No,Yes,No,"A series of ten small excavation trenches in an area of Upper Greensand revealed what is almost certainly the fringes of a Romano-British farmstead. Features comprised a T-shaped corndrier (4th C AD date), ditches, pits, postholes, a masonry 'bread' oven, robbed out masonry walls (of a rectangular building?), chalk spreads and a number of inhumation burials. Also a shallow pit (not excavated) containing the skeletal remains of a (?) horse. A dog skull, half a shale bracelet and ceramic box tile came from the corndrier - a structured deposit? Overall dating from pottery suggests 1st-late 4th C AD activity."
17068,100,350,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,No,No,No,"A single small test pit evaluation within a cropmark complex on Boreland Hill took place in order clarify the context of a site where numerous metal detected finds had derived. The excavation identified part of an enclosure ditch, dated 2nd to mid 4th C AD, which would appear to be part of an extensive set of enclosure ditches, clear as cropmarks on aerial photographs. Considering the very small scale of the excavations, the quantity of finds was considerable."
17069,250,500,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,mixed,No,Yes,No,"Geophysical survey and a seven trench evaluation over 7ha on an Upper Chalk plateau revealed the presence of two Iron Age enclosures (2ha & at least 1.1ha), fairly densely packed with pits and postholes. The northern part of the southern enclosure was subsequently excavated (0.76ha). The V-shaped enclosure ditches were extremely wide, up to 12m in places, and 1.4m deep and with a probable internal bank. The ditches were probably dug in the early Iron Age (a large deposit of articulated animal remains lay under the putative line of the bank) and silted up during the early Roman period, but occupation had probably ceased by the middle Iron Age. The site remained unoccupied until the later Roman period, when a number of pits, heaths and postholes recorded within and outside the enclosure (which was probably still a feature). An oval gully (7.1x8.2m) within the enclosure may have been a shrine. Two pits at its southern end contained a collection of rare structured deposits including an iron saw, bucket handles, animal bone, iron nails and steelyard balance in one and a shale spindle whorl, quern fragment, pottery, animal bone, hobnail and Neolithic flint core in the other. An inhumation grave also discovered  on the edge of the former enclosure. A well-preserved T-shaped corn-drying oven also found built into the hollow of the silted up enclosure ditch. Early Saxon pottery and a radiocarbon date (AD 335-535) suggested continued activity into the 5th C. Following its abandonment a human skull was placed in the back of the flue and other finds include a charred human skull fragment and two red deer antlers. Outside the enclosure was an oven, pits and spreads of material, all bounded by a ditch to the north."
17070,50,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,mixed,No,Yes,No,"A 12-trench evaluation over 4.5ha of a  gently undulating chalk landscape on the Salisbury Plain revealed elements of a Romano-British farmstead comprising ditches and pits. Some of the features cut through colluvial layers and yet others are covered by it. A small pit cut into the colluvium contained a complete Roman pottery vessel. Although there are slight indications of a later Iron Age origin, the evidence generally suggests a settlement that originated in the Romano-British period. The ceramics indicate a 1st to 4th C AD date."
17071,100,350,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,2,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"Evaluation and subsequent excavation in a clay vale to the north of the Berkshire Downs revealed elements of a Romano-British farmstead. Principal features comprised two timber roundhouses defined by penannular gullies (6m and 9m dia), associated with an area of external burning (suggested as an area used for cooking?). It was thought that the larger roundhouse succeeded the smaller one, at some point in the 2nd C AD. Other features excavated included 17 postholes, seemingly forming fences with the settlement, and 28 shallow irregular pits of uncertain function. A number of linear ditches may have formed outer and sub-boundaries within the settlement, but the morphology remains uncertain. The dating evidence, mainly from ceramics, indicated occupation from the 2nd into the 4th C, with the 2nd-3rd C being most intensive."
17072,,,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"An extensive linear evaluation (along 34km) for a road widening across Salisbury Plain revealed evidence for Romano-British field lynchets and ditches along with a single inhumation burial in the same area.  The lynchets are probably part of a wider strip lynchet system on the lower slopes of a large coomb or dry valley. Minimal ceramic dating evidence from the ditches, but they included late Roman New Forest wares. The nearest known remains of a Romano-British settlement to the burial/fields are the well-preserved earthworks of a village at Chisenbury Warren, c 1.75km to the east."
17073,50,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,1,No,No,No,No,No,Yes,plateau or plain,,No,No,No,"Amateur excavations (2008-10) and fieldwalking survey in advance of golf course development, 7km east of Bath, revealed parts of a Romano-British settlement. Little details of the site are available, but at least one substantial masonry building is indicated (walls up to 2m thick and 38m in length). Structural finds do not suggest that the building was very well appointed and it may have been agricultural in nature, perhaps within a wider villa estate. The significant finds assemblage indicates activity from the 1st to 4th C AD."
17074,200,400,,,large (9+ ha),complex,Yes,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"An archaeological watching brief around building footprints revealed numerous pits and possible ditches or gullies, all part of the known area of Romano-British nucleated settlement (see ID 17048). The ceramic assemblage is broadly late Roman in date."
17075,75,350,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,,No,No,No,"A 26-trench evaluation over 31ha on gently undulating ground crossed by stream channels revealed nine Roman features in one part of the site comprising ditches, gullies and pits. The substantial linear ditches may represent sub-rectangular enclosures. The quantity of domestic material and evidence for crop processing suggests a small farmstead. Previously (in 1942) a Roman limestone coffin containing an inhumation burial and a nearby midden pit had been found in the same site. Ceramics from the evaluation suggests a later 1st-3rd/4th C date for activity."
17076,75,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,No,No,No,"Small excavation on the North Wessex Downs near the Ridgeway revealed a substantial east-west early Romano-British ditch (1.7m wide and 0.7m deep), probably a field boundary. An inhumation grave had been cut into the deposits of the ditch, probably dated mid-late Roman."
17077,75,250,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"A 55-trench evaluation over 25ha on a slightly sloping terrace of fluvial sands and gravels above the floodplain of the River Avon revealed Roman activity in two areas where cropmarks had been observed from the air. To the north enclosure ditches,  gullies and trackways were revealed, dating later 1st and 2nd C with some activity into the 3rd C AD. The material from the features suggests a small farmstead. Further south lay another group of cropmark features tentatively dated to the Roman period. Field boundary and enclosure ditches were revealed, with trackway ditches heading from the south-west to the river."
17078,-100,400,1,250,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"Small excavation in 1956 on a chalk ridge  flanked on the east by the River Bourne and on the west by the River Avon revealed the remains of a masonry structure (possibly a corndrier?) dated to the later Roman period by associated pottery and coins. A subsequent watching brief a little to the north in 1995 revealed further elements of this settlement along with postholes, pits and ditches of a middle to late Iron Age settlement. It remains uncertain if there was any continuity between the settlements but it appears unlikely."
17079,50,400,250,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,1,No,Yes,Yes,No,No,Yes,river valley,mixed,Yes,No,Yes,"A 9-trench evaluation in 2000 and adjacent 4-trench evaluation in 2011 over a total of 2.5ha in the Upper Thames Valley to the south of Cricklade and west of Ermin Street Roman road, revealed the periphery of a Romano-British settlement. Early Roman features (mid 1st-early 2nd C AD) comprised ditches, many of which contained iron slag and vitrified hearth or furnace, suggesting industrial activity in the vicinity. There is a general absence of mid Roman pottery suggesting a possible hiatus in activity.  Later Roman features were more prolific in the earlier evaluation, comprising field/enclosure ditches, a pond/waterhole,  trackway ditches, gullies and pits. These are likely to relate to the probable villa building revealed in 1952 less than 200m to the east by Ermin Street. The masonry building contained a channelled hypocaust and is dated later Roman, but very little other information is available. Early to mid Saxon features found."
17080,250,400,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,1,Yes,No,No,No,No,Yes,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"A 65-trench evaluation over 99a in the Upper Thames Valley, just north of the River Thames, revealed parts of a later Roman settlement, still visible as earthworks. The nature of the settlement remains uncertain, but seems to have included at least one substantial masonry building, probably of some architectural pretention given  the finding of quantities of opus signinum, hypocaust tiles and ceramic and stone roof tiles. Only a short section of actual stone wall foundation/robber trench was discovered (undressed limestone bonded in mortar). Ceramics suggest 3rd-4th C occupation, though lower levels not always reached so activity may have began prior to this. In other parts of the evaluation, were largely undated field ditches, which may have related to this settlement or that at Cleveland Farm Ashton Keynes, c 1km to the SE. Overall there may be enough evidence to suggest that this is the site of a late Roman villa, though such buildings are rare in the Upper Thames region and such an interpretation is not readily substantiated."
17081,300,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,No,No,No,"Small scale evaluation on a low hill overlooking the upper Wylye valley, on the site where metal detectorists had found a Roman lead coffined burial and a hoard of coins within a ceramic vessel. Two trenches were dug around these discoveries but no further features discovered. Coins and pottery dated 4th C AD."
17082,-100,400,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,mixed,No,No,No,"A 23-trench evaluation over 60ha and geophysical survey on chalk downland of Salisbury Plain, east of the River Avon, revealed a settlement with apparent continued activity from the early Iron Age through to the later Roman period. A large sub-circular ditched and banked enclosure (c 100m dia) dates to the early to middle Iron Age, with activity continuing into the Roman period (an outer ditch was dated 2nd C AD+); it contained a large concentration of internal features (pits, postholes, gullies etc.; some Iron Age, others Roman) and is respected by three later subrectangular enclosures that may be Roman in date. Later Roman (3rd/4th C) material from the tertiary fill of the main enclosure ditch indicates continued activity. The flue of a possible early Roman (1st-2nd C) corndrier was found in one trench."
17083,100,400,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,1,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,mixed,No,No,No,"A 108-trench roadscheme evaluation and geophysical survey on the Upper Greensand terrace at the northern edge of the Salisbury Plain. revealed a large area of Romano-British settlement activity. The geophysics revealed a complex series of ditches and associated features, and evaluation trenches revealed a possible settlement enclosure and associated pits and postholes, along with a possible roundhouse gully. Three burials were also encountered on the fringes of the settlement, by the start of possible field boundaries.  Further to the south were more ditches of a Roman fieldsystem, along with a substantial waterhole. The pottery assemblage suggest a date range at least from the 2nd to 4th century AD."
17084,50,150,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,No,No,No,"Excavation on the brow and southern slope of a low hill 140m west of the River Wylve revealed elements of an early Roman settlement, cutting through an early Bronze Age barrow. The Roman features were mostly disturbed by modern army trenches, and comprised ditches, gullies and many pits. Some of the ditches were also revealed in aerial photographs relating to a sub-rectangular enclosure. No firm evidence for structures. Two Roman villas recorded between 350 and 500m NW of the site (less than 300m apart)."
17085,60,120,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"Small scale excavation on a clay ridge above The Brook, a tributary of the Avon, revealed evidence for a Roman tile and pottery production site. Features comprised rectangular tile built structure (a kiln or drying structure), pottery/tile dumps and more systematic stack of tiles. Production appears to have begun before AD 70 and it is suggested this this was a military precursor to the civilian kilns at Minety to the north. Most production ceased by AD 75, but it continued in use until the early 2nd C AD."
17086,-100,1,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,Yes,No,"Excavations in 1966-8 and 1991 on a ridge of Upper chalk overlooking the Avon Valley, 150m north of Durrington Walls henge revealed a rectilinear enclosure (c 0.5ha) of probable middle to late Iron Age date. Very few features were recorded within the enclosure, these comprising a few pits, one of which contained many fragments of three querns along with a spindlewhorl - structured deposit? Few finds, so the nature of this settlement remains uncertain."
17087,250,400,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,mixed,No,No,No,"Excavation on the fringes of the Avon Valley, 0.5km wets of the river and immediately west of Durrington Walls Neolithic enclosure, revealed parts of a late Roman farmstead. Large numbers of postholes (at least some probably forming fenced enclosures), pits, ovens, gullies and ditches were assigned to this date, though no coherent structural evidence, and it was suggested that the core of the settlement lay on higher ground to the west. Two enclosures were identified in one part of the site, one of which contained a well-built T-shaped corn-drying oven. To the south of the kiln was an arc of postholes thought to act as a windbreak. Two infant burials also found within the settlement."
17088,200,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"A small scale excavation in the southern Cotswolds revealed a Romano-British inhumation burial within a stone sarcophagus. The precise dating within the Roman period is not provided and there is no immediate context for the burial, though large numbers of villas are known from the surrounding region including one at Colerne Airfield 1.5km to the south. Another stone coffined inhumation was previously found in 1961, c 190m to the north, and many late Roman coins, along with pottery and building materials were found in the immediate vicinity. On this indirect evidence, the burials have been dated to the late Roman period."
17089,75,425,300,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,1,Yes,No,No,Yes,No,Yes,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"Amateur excavations between 1959 and 1965 on a south-facing slope of Upper Greensand revealed a Romano-British settlement dated by pottery and coins to the late 1st to late 4th/5th C AD. Most details of the excavations are lacking but there is evidence for at least one stone-founded building with wall plaster and tiled roof. Together with a fragment of mosaic set within opus signinum, this suggests that this is a site of a villa.  A large limekiln was dated to the 4th C AD (also assumed to be the date of the potential villa) and the quantity of pottery wasters suggests production. Also evidence for limited iron smelting."
17090,1,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Small scale excavations of a bank and ditch complex (Middle Ditch Chase) along the Ox-drove Ridgeway, a chalk ridge that forms part of the southern chalk uplands of Wessex. A cross ridge dyke at least 450m long had a gap at its southern end where a trackway (with wheel ruts) went through. The four excavation trenches cut through this dyke revealing it to be of late Iron Age date, associated with occupation continuing until the later Roman period. Other features comprised pits and postholes. Another bank and ditch complex was excavated c 1.5km further east (Great Ditch Banks) and six (all defined mainly by cross ridge dykes) are known in total along the line of ridge, spread over 2.5km, along with probable associated fieldsystems and trackways. Although not excavated it is thought that all the major ditch complexes emerged in the late Iron Age."
17091,100,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,1,No,No,Yes,Yes,No,Yes,hill,uncertain,No,No,No,"Small scale excavation of a known Roman villa site on a knoll of chalk drift overlying Upper Greensand, adjacent to a springline. At least one mosaic was revealed along with robbed masonry walls which had been terraced into the hillside. Earlier wall footings revealed beneath the mosaic indicated several phases of re-building, though exact dating is uncertain. The villa is thought to have been occupied (based on pottery evidence) from 2nd to 4th C AD. The mosaic featured a hunting dog panel (with later hearth destroying much of it) and an area of geometric decoration, associated with the Durnovarian school, probably dating to the mid 4th C AD. No finds reports."
17092,250,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,1,Yes,No,Yes,Yes,No,Yes,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Limited excavation within the chalk alluvium of the Pewsey Vale, 700m east of a tributary of the River Avon, revealed part of a Romano-British villa complex. Parts of an elaborate geometric mosaic (late 3rd/early 4th C) and partially robbed masonry walls were revealed, along with a possible corridor with a red tessellated floor. Further trenches indicated a building at least 50m in length and other buildings, probably forming part of a courtyard complex. The phasing remains uncertain, though later Roman pottery is recorded. Fragments of opus signinum suggest a bathhouse, though no direct evidence. No finds reports."
17093,250,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"A metal detectorist located a Roman lead coffin on sloping ground 400m NW of the base of the steep escarpment of Westbury Hill. The area immediately around the coffin was subsequently excavated, but the coffin was not opened and remains in situ. A single sherd of late Roman pottery from the grave fill is the only dating evidence. Another lead coffin found in the vicinity in 1910 suggests this was part of a larger cemetery. A scatter of limestone rubble and Roman roof tile 50m from the grave also suggests associated settlement."
17094,100,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,1,No,No,No,No,No,Yes,hill,uncertain,No,Yes,No,"A 9-trench evaluation over 2.5ha on a north-westerly facing lower slope of the Lambourn Downs, south of the small town at Wanborough and west of Ermin St Roman road, revealed a Roman agricultural landscape. Features comprised field ditches and three walls of a masonry building and surface, along with the burial of a goat in a pit, along with a few sherds of Roman pottery. The quantity of domestic material was small there is little indication of direct occupation on site. The small ceramic assemblage suggests activity of 2nd-4th  AD date."
17095,1,400,100,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"An 83-trench evaluation over 160ha just north of Berkshire Downs revealed elements of a small late Iron Age/early Roman settlement, and 200m further south parts of a mid to late Romano-British settlement (both here as a single record as specialist reports not separated). The late Iron Age to early Roman settlement comprised ditches (seemingly forming a number of enclosures), pits and the remains of probable timber structures (defined by postholes, though form uncertain). The area of Roman period settlement contained a dense complex of features but few were excavated due to the wet weather conditions. Occupation levels and structural features (postholes) were observed, and pottery of 2nd to 4th C AD was recovered. Geophysical survey plots of rectangular features to the north-west are interpreted as masonry buildings, possibly of Roman date given the finds of roof and flue tile on site."
17096,50,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,1,No,No,No,No,No,Yes,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"A geophysical survey and 7-trench evaluation over 3.1ha on a spur of land that protrudes southwards towards the river Marden revealed elements of a Romano-British settlement. Features comprised a stone lined culvert (not certainly of Roman date) and two N-S walls of a probable Roman masonry building (dated by the recovery of Romano-British pottery, roof and floor tiles, tesserae and small finds). The form and nature of the settlement remains uncertain though tile kiln and pottery wasters were recovered. Tesserae and painted wall plaster indicate a high status building in the vicinity. The pottery dates 1st to late 4th C AD."
17097,250,370,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),complex,Yes,,2,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,No,Yes,hill,mixed,No,No,No,"Antiquarian investigations along with a geophysical survey and trial excavation in 1969-72 in the Lambourn Downs revealed parts of a Romano-British villa complex set within a system of enclosures covering 2.25ha. Hypocausts and mosaic floors were revealed in the some of rooms exposed in the main villa house (classified as a halled/corridor villa house; 11.5x23m), with other features comprising stone drains. Another trench was dug through a rectangular masonry building 30m to the west, revealing chalk, flint and mortar walls, painted plaster walls , stone roof tiles and a mortared floor. A late 3rd C AD date for the foundation of the villa is suggested, though earlier occupation is hinted at. Destruction of the villa c AD 350-70 suggested by pottery within the heating system."
17098,50,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"Salvage recording in advance of motorway construction on an east facing clay slope in the southern Cotswolds revealed the fringes of a Romano-British settlement. Ditches (4.5m wide) forming the south-east corner of an apparent enclosed settlement contained 1st-2nd C occupation debris. Possibly unrelated to this, a Romano-British stone coffined burial was subsequently found to the NE of the enclosure. Late Roman pottery was found in surface spreads in the excavation area but the nature of any associated settlement remains uncertain."
17099,200,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,2,Yes,No,Yes,No,No,Yes,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"Two areas of excavation less than 100m apart on a knoll of Greensand in the Pewsey Vale revealed evidence for two masonry buildings of Romano-British date. Four small trenches on the northern site revealed chalk rubble and flint foundationed walls, with slots for timber uprights, along with cobbled flint floors. The nature and form of this building (or multiple buildings?) remains uncertain. Further south were additional chalk wall foundations, and probing revealed a four roomed rectangular structure (23x12m), though no indications of any architectural refinery (except roof tiles) to suggest a villa house. The only well dated pottery was later Roman New Forest ware and so the buildings have been tentatively placed in the 3rd-4th C AD."
17100,100,150,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,No,No,No,Small scale rescue excavation on an elevated Upper Greensand escarpment overlooking the Avon Vale revealed a group of four inhumation burials within the space of around 10-15m of each other. The somewhat meagre dating evidence from pottery suggests an early 2nd C AD date for internment. No known associated settlement.
17101,200,450,300,,medium (4 - 8 ha),unclassified,Yes,,6,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,No,Yes,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Excavations in 1976 and 2002-4 in the Avon Valley to the north of the river, revealed major parts of an extensive Romano-British villa complex, the core of which spread over at least 4ha.  The 1976 excavation revealed a bathhouse, while subsequently cropmark evidence and geophysical survey revealed two adjacent (30m apart) winged corridor type villa buildings (38x18m) both facing southwards as well as other elements of a substantial complex. Excavations showed that the two villa buildings were contemporary in their final form, dating from the later 3rd/4th C into the 5th C AD, though with the first stone buildings dated later 2nd/early 3rd C AD (and possibly a late Iron Age/early Roman phase prior to this; pre-building ard-marks were found).  One of the buildings included fine 4th C AD mosaics (dated AD 350-80). The other 'villa' type building is thought to have been of lesser status, perhaps at least partly used for agricultural/industrial purposes. A hypocaust in this villa is thought more likely to have been associated with a smokehouse for curing meats. A well-built corndrier also occupied the central room in this building. A single inhumation burial was also found to the west. In addition, previous small scale excavations between 1907 and 1964  mostly within an area of c 2-300m to the east of the villa revealed six Romano-British inhumation burials, all within stone coffins. A post-Roman (5th-6th CAD?) circular stone founded structure lay within one of the rooms of the main villa house (while it was still standing), directly onto a mosaic floor. This is interpreted as an early Christian baptistery."
17102,,,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"In 1965, an inhumation burial was discovered within a lead coffin which was in turn encased in a stone sarcophagus, dated approximately to the Roman period. No evidence for associated settlement."
17103,,,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,1,Yes,No,Yes,Yes,No,Yes,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"Antiquarian excavations in the southern Cotswolds, 750m east of the Fosse Way Roman road, revealed a substantial winged corridor type villa building, 26x18m. It faced southward and had 12 rooms including a well-appointed bathsuite to the NW and mosaic floors (one with an image of a charioteer and words 'SERVIVS'). Remnants of other masonry buildings also found. No specific dating except 4th C AD coins."
17104,50,200,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,mixed,Yes,No,No,"Earthwork survey and small scale excavations on Overton Down revealed an early Roman trackway and fieldsystem, lying over a late Bronze Age/early Iron Age settlement. There is some indication for activity in the late Age (two pits), though the field and trackway ditches appear to have been laid out during the post-conquest period and continue in use until at least the later 2nd C AD. This involved re-marking of old, and the marking of new, field boundaries, with sarsen stones placed along the existing prehistoric lynchets. Some of the many ard marks across the site are thought to date to the 1st/2nd C AD, indicating arable production. 'Cultivation' layers of this date also revealed. There is evidence for some activity continuing into the later Roman period, but it is generally suggested as pastureland at this time."
17105,75,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"A pipeline excavation revealed elements of a Romano-British fieldsystem in chalk downland, c 1km west of Ermin Street Roman road. Two distinct, if subtle ditch alignments were identified and though most remain undated, Roman pottery was recovered from some ditches. One feature appears to have been a localised pond or marshy area. Although a few later Iron Age pottery sherds were recovered, most pottery dates from the later 1st to 4th C AD."
17106,330,430,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,5,Yes,Yes,Yes,No,No,Yes,plateau or plain,mixed,No,Yes,No,"Excavations between 1966 and 1968 on Overton Down revealed a late Roman farmstead, occupied from early/mid 4th C into the 5th C AD. It was defined as a group of at least five and as many as twelve, possible 'building platforms' overlying earlier fieldsystems. The timber and stone-founded buildings were robbed for stone at a later, unknown, date (wall foundations were composed of unmortared, irregularly-shaped sarsens with some smaller flints). The buildings were in a very regular layout, which respected the position and alignment of an earlier ditched boundary. One building was square and suggested as a workshed possibly devoted to hand-milling. The others were rectangular and at least one had two rooms, one with a hearth. Another had a rectangular stone-lined kiln (corndrier?) from an early phase and a clay oven from a later phase. It was suggested that the group of buildings may represents a single unit, comprising house, barn, work-shed and work areas, possibly related to grain-processing, i.e., storage, drying or parching, threshing and baking. A deposit of coins (some early), animal bone, glass and other metalwork in a pit beneath one of the buildings (buried early 4th C?) is suggested as a structured (foundation?) deposit. Other possible special deposits comprise two coins and fragments of glass and some animal bones in a gap in the centre of the south east wall of the 2-roomed building, covered over with sarsen stone chips, 3 cattle skulls found near the corndrier (exact context uncertain), and the crushed skull of a large (horse-sized?) animal near the oven in another building. The settlement lies 150m NW of Overton Down South (ODS) settlement defined by extensive linear earthworks and may well be part of the same settlement (a village?), rather than a separate farmstead, though this remains uncertain."
17107,60,450,150,275,medium (4 - 8 ha),unclassified,Yes,,7,Yes,No,Yes,Yes,No,Yes,hill,uncertain,No,Yes,No,"Housing excavations in 1957 and roadscheme excavations in 1969-71 revealed parts of the four main ranges of a large Roman villa complex within a dry combe running into the north scarp of the Marlborough Downs near Liddington Castle hillfort. The villa complex is thought to have covered at least 2ha, with associated structures on the Downs to the south. The east range was of several phases, probably starting as a simple open barn-like building with associated corridor in the mid 2nd C (suggested as agricultural) and being transformed into a more elaborate winged corridor villa house in the late 3rd/early 4th C AD, including a bathsuite. Patches of mosaic pavements and painted plaster walls found. It is thought that occupation continued into the 5th C in this range, though on a much reduced scale; a burial was inserted into one room at an unknown date. Fragmentary remains of the west range comprised the NW corner of a chalk block masonry structure dated 3rd-4th C AD, but with beam slots of a timber structure lying beneath, tentatively dated from mid/late 1st c AD. At least two other masonry buildings and a detached bathhouse lay in this western range. The north range comprised at least three large multi-roomed masonry buildings. One large multi-roomed building comprised the south range, with several construction phases starting from the 2nd C AD. It shows domestic, industrial and agricultural uses. Another irregular Roman masonry structure found during M4 construction 170m to the east and is probably part of the wider villa complex. Overall the site appears to show occupation from the mid 1st c AD (AD 50-60), as a group of timber buildings, which then developed over the next 350-400 years into a villa complex, with the mid 2nd C AD being a period when many masonry buildings were constructed and the later 3rd/4th C being the height of architectural opulence. It is suggested that during the 4th C the complex was divided into four residential units. The records of this excavation are very incomplete. A previous investigation of the site in 1930 revealed a hypocaust, within which was skull and upper vertebrae of a cow"
17108,60,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,1,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Roadscheme excavations revealed elements of a Roman settlement just north of Ermin Street Roman road in the Marlborough Downs. The nature of the excavations and reporting has meant that few details are available but features seem to comprise rectangular ditched enclosures and part of a timber beam slot structure, with pottery indicating a foundation date no later than AD 50-75. Overlying debris included a substantial number of abraded flue tile fragments hinting at a structure of some architectural sophistication in the vicinity. Ceramics indicate occupation into the 4th C AD."
17109,50,400,,,medium (4 - 8 ha),complex,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,hill,mixed,Yes,No,No,"Roadscheme excavations revealed a Roman settlement along the line of Ermin Street in the Marlborough Downs. Occupation extended alongside both sides of the road for at least 200m, and the site can probably be classed as a small roadside settlement, though few details are known. Features included an ironworking area (with 2 smelting furnaces), areas of metalling (including the road surface, 16m across), ditches and a corndrier. At least one gravelled trackway led off from Ermin street. 1st to 4th C occupation deposits were found."
17110,150,400,200,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,1,No,No,No,No,No,Yes,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"Salvage excavations in 1975 on a ridge of high ground rising from the valley of the River Key revealed the remains of four pottery kilns, mostly destroyed prior to any archaeological work. Previously a substantial masonry building was revealed close to the kilns; on the evidence of a fragment of tessellated pavement this has been suggested as a villa, though this remains uncertain. Pottery from the kiln excavation suggested that the main period of kiln use was the later 2nd C AD, though later Roman pottery was thought to be associated with the possible villa. A 4-trench evaluation over 0.26ha in 2011, 90m to the south, revealed a T-shaped corn-drying oven and two postholes. 3rd-4th C AD pottery came from the upper fills of the corndrier, while the postholes contained 2nd C AD pottery."
17111,50,400,,,medium (4 - 8 ha),complex,Yes,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,Yes,No,No,Various excavations between 1948 and 1963 revealed elements of a Romano-British roadside settlement established along Ermin Street where it crosses the Thames. The evidence includes substantial quantities of building and domestic material and a number of inhumation burials (and a tombstone fragment). The pottery suggests occupation from the 1st to 4th/early 5th C AD.
17112,100,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,1,Yes,No,Yes,Yes,No,Yes,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"Excavations in 1924-6 revealed traces of a Romano-British villa on the top of a gentle south facing slope overlooking Heddington Vale. The villa is thought to be of winged corridor type, though this is uncertain, as only one room fully excavated, which had remains of painted wall-plaster, rough sandstone flooring and an octagonal stone basin sunk into the floor (fountain base?), along with a stone-lined drain leading from it. Further buildings (or elements of the same building) indicated in the immediate vicinity. Ceramic and coin finds indicate a date range of 2nd-4th C AD, with a later Roman emphasis. The exact date of villa construction is uncertain. Aerial photographs taken in 2013 revealed the cropmark traces of part of the plan of the villa buildings located with an earlier curvilinear ditched enclosure, surrounded by the traces of a fieldsystem."
17113,-100,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,No,No,No,Excavations between 1924 and 1926 on the edge of the chalk downland revealed a large volume of objects of Iron Age and Roman date suggestive of a long phase of activity. No structural remains were identified (though roof and flue tile found) and it is now generally considered to be a shrine site. Roman activity extends up to the end of the 4th C AD.
17114,250,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,1,Yes,No,Yes,Yes,No,Yes,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"Excavations/investigations in 1907 and 1936 revealed parts of a Roman villa in the narrow upper valley of the River Avon on Salisbury Plain. Masonry walls and mosaic pavements were exposed, one revealing an earlier floor indicating at least two structural phases. Parts of a bathsuite are also said to have been revealed. In 1996 a small Time Team excavation confirmed the presence of a high status building or buildings of Romano-British date. Remains included wall footings, roof tiles made from several different non-local stone types, a fragment of painted wall plaster and several sherds of fineware pottery. The pottery indicates a late Roman date."
17115,,,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,1,No,No,Yes,Yes,No,Yes,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"Antiquarian excavations at the foot of the Chalk Marlborough Downs (next to a spring) revealed part of a Roman settlement, comprising  a central walled yard/hall (32x15m; uncertain if roofed) with rooms arranged around it. The mortared stone foundations were substantial and the presence of large quantities of flue tiles (suggesting heated rooms), architectural stone and painted plaster walls suggests a modest villa. What is interpreted as a small square 'hypocaust' with signs of intense burning within the hall/yard is probably in fact a corndrier (and interpreted as such here).  A well-built drain also found on the south side of the building. A flexed burial was found within the hall/yard, thought to be contemporary with its destruction. No specific indication of chronology."
17116,-100,400,,,large (9+ ha),complex,Yes,,,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,Yes,plateau or plain,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Various 19th and early 20th century excavations (all poorly published) of a large area of earthworks on chalk downland covering 25ha indicated they were of Iron Age and Roman date. Probably best described as a 'village' settlement and mostly bounded by a substantial bank and ditch, there are remains of house platforms, ditched enclosures and trackways/streets. Masonry building foundations have been reported, but no further details. The settlement appears to have two distinct zones separated by 150m of 'virgin downland', though all essentially part of the same settlement, perhaps with a central animal corralling zone. Trackways are seen leading from the settlement and it lies c 0.75km north of a main road leading west from Salisbury. The chronology of the settlement as defined by the objects, appears to be from the Iron Age to the late 4th C AD."
17117,300,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,Excavation in 1931 on the northern fringes of the Salisbury Plain revealed a late Roman coffined inhumation burial. A fragment of painted plaster and Romano British pottery found elsewhere in the vicinity suggest an associated settlement though nothing is known for certain.
17118,,,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,Various investigations in a Purbeck limestone quarry during the 19th and early 20th C revealed a substantial Romano-British inhumation cemetery of over 130 graves. More than 100 cist graves were found in the period between the wars in quarrying but the information was suppressed by the quarry authorities and so next to no information is available. The graves are only dated as Romano-British.
17119,-100,60,,,medium (4 - 8 ha),enclosed,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,No,No,No,"Excavations in 1932 within a multi-vallate hillfort (5.6ha) in the Marlborough Downs showed it to have occupation/activity in the late iron Age and early Roman period on the basis of ceramics. Storage pits located within the interior. The origin of the hillfort was not ascertained (though probably middle Iron Age), though it does not seem to have lasted too long after the conquest."
17120,,,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,2,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"""Excavations in 1930 revealed an area of Romano-British settlement on chalk downland near the Ridgeway.  Traces of possible square """"hut sites"""" were revealed, two of which were excavated revealing post-built timber, wattle and daub structures with rough stone floors. Much pottery and some iron slag found on these floor surfaces. No precise dating information. Cropmarks of the settlement are apparent."""
17121,-100,400,,,large (9+ ha),enclosed,Yes,,,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"Excavations in 1932 within a multivallate hillfort (11ha) on the southern fringes of Salisbury Plain. An earlier 5.2ha earthwork was of middle Iron Age date, but the larger earthworks were thought to date from c 100 BC. Occupation/activity clearly continued into the Roman period (potentially to the end of the 4th C AD), though the nature of this remains uncertain (interpreted as a farmstead). Roman pottery was recovered and a small enclosure added to the western ramparts is interpreted as a late Roman stock pen. Adult inhumation graves of likely Roman date also found along with infant burials in the rampart ditch. The site was later surveyed as part of the South Wiltshire Earthworks Project, which showed over 130 probable structures, mainly circular and mostly clustered in compounds defined by low banks. Also large numbers of pits. The exact date of these features remain unknown."
17122,-100,400,,,large (9+ ha),complex,Yes,,,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Excavations in the early 20th C of a plateau fort on Salisbury plain, originating in the early Iron Age and continuing throughout the Roman period (or at least until mid 4th C AD). At some point (later Iron Age?) the settlement was enclosed by a bank and ditch (27.5ha) with three entrances in the south, north and west, the latter approached by a banked sunken way. The ditches of the main enclosure may have started to silt up during the Roman period. Internally the remains of a rectilinear and two irregular enclosures and associated ditches were exposed. The rectilinear enclosure was certainly of Roman date, probably containing timber buildings (indicated by many iron nails and fired clay daub). A semi-oval annexe to the north may be the remains of an earlier earthwork. The exact form and nature of the settlement during the Roman period is uncertain, but Roman occupation material was plentiful and it is generally referred to as a village type settlement. A T-shaped corndrier was revealed. Extensive field ditches around the settlement are probably related."
17123,-100,400,250,,large (9+ ha),complex,Yes,,,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,Yes,Yes,No,"Excavations in the late 19th C on an extensive spur of high ground in the Salisbury Plain revealed two Romano-British 'villages', ostensibly separated by 1km (with a potential large ditched and banked enclosure between - for stock?), though here treated as one large village settlement due to the nature of the reporting. The larger Charlton Down/Rushall Down settlement covers 26ha and there is a great deal of morphological variation within the settlement, with building plots and settlement compounds becoming larger and more widely spaced on the periphery. The central core of the village (c 2ha) comprises a number of close set rectangular units (50x40m in size) with house platforms inside; a large central 'green' or pond lay to one side.  The Upavon Down settlement lay 1km to the east, connected by a trackway. It is somewhat smaller (13ha), but also composed of a number of building compounds (at least 30) set among narrow lanes; an 'unusual' central enclosure (30x30m) is suggested as a possible shrine. Flanking its eastern side are a series of hollow, probably ponds leading downhill to a large dam-like bank. Throughout both settlements many pits were found, including one filled with animal remains. Other features include wells, ovens, and several T-shaped corndriers. Ceramics indicated possible Iron Age origins but the main activity was Romano-British. The lack of earlier coins and preponderance of New Forest ware pottery suggests a late Roman emphasis. Extensive fieldsystems lay on the periphery and another village/farmstead (Compton Down) lay 700m south of Upavon Down, but is unexcavated."
17124,1,400,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,No,No,No,"Excavations in 1908/9 on the crest of a SW facing escarpment in the Marlborough Downs revealed parts of a triangular earthwork enclosure of probable Iron Age and Romano-British date, immediately adjacent to a Neolithic causewayed enclosure. Thought to have been established in the late Iron Age (or very early Roman period), the settlement covered 0.5ha and appeared to continue through until the later Roman period (and possibly 5th C?). A entrance lay to the north-east and internally it contained several 'platforms' perhaps from structures. A T-shaped corndrier lay in the southern half of the settlement."
17125,100,400,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),complex,Yes,,2,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,hill,mixed,Yes,No,No,"Evaluation in 1997 and excavations between 2003 and 2005 on the south facing slope of Blunsdon Corallian Ridge (along a spring line), 1.2km west of Ermin Street, revealed parts of a Roman villa complex. Two major domestic buildings were located, lying on an artificial terrace, and dating from the early 2nd C AD (there is very limited evidence for possible pre-villa activity in the 1st C AD). To the west was an aisled building (15x9.75m) that was sub-divided in its later phase of use. The other building was not fully revealed but was substantial (up to 20x20m) with a complex history and including a bath suite and at least one cellar room. It is uncertain if it represented a winged building around a courtyard or a building that extended as a roofed structure across the entire width. There is some evidence for a boundary wall, perhaps encompassing these buildings and for metalled yard surfaces and trackways. Other buildings (timber and masonry) may lie on further terraces, while geophysical survey revealed enclosures, perhaps paddocks, around the site. Near the top of the slope, on another platform, lay a masonry cistern (1.2x1.45m) with a lead pipe at floor level. This structure was suggested as a possible nymphaeum (water shrine). Ceramic and coin evidence indicate occupation until the very end of the 4th C if not beyond. Large posts of a timber building cut through the ruinous main villa building in the post-Roman period (5th-7th C AD). An evaluation further east in 2000 revealed a Roman trackway which is likely to have linked the villa complex with Ermin Street road."
17126,150,300,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,1,,No,No,No,No,No,No,hill,,No,No,No,"A 56 trench evaluation and geophysical survey over 46ha on a hill slope in the southern Cotswolds revealed an area of Romano-British settlement, dated mid 2nd-3rd AD. Features comprised enclosure and (?)field ditches and a possible roundhouse gully (10m dia)."
17127,50,400,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,1,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,mixed,Yes,No,No,"A 44-trench evaluation and geophysical survey over 51ha of gently undulating ground revealed a small Romano-British settlement. This was represented by a number of sub-divided enclosures (some possibly fields) and curvilinear features, along with outer field ditches and a probable trackway. At least one curvilinear ditch appears to represent the possible remains of a roundhouse (12m dia), dating 2nd-3rd C AD. Overall, the pottery indicates activity 1st to 4th C AD."
17128,100,300,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"Pipeline excavation revealed an area of Romano-British settlement on gently undulating ground, previously suspected by evidence from cropmarks and fieldwalking. Features comprised a number of ditches and pits as well as a well made stone-lined and capped culvert associated with 2nd C AD pottery. It is suggested that this was used to carry a water supply. The ditches seems to belong to enclosures and field boundaries. The pottery overall indicates main activity during the 2nd and 3rd C AD, though this could possibly be pushed backed into the 1st C AD."
17129,100,325,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,1,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,Yes,No,"Pipeline excavation revealed a Romano-British settlement on moderately sloping ground. The earliest phase of activity comprised three ditches assigned broadly to the 1st C AD, and possibly representing field ditches as minimal pottery was recovered. A further four ditches along with postholes, pits and gullies were dated 2nd C AD and probably mark the first phase of settlement. The postholes may have formed a circular structure, 13m in diameter, which was truncated by a later 2nd-3rd C AD ditch. The semi-articulated remains of at least two sheep were recovered from a pit along with 2nd C pottery sherds. The settlement continued in use until the early 4th C AD, with further ditches (most argued as defining agricultural enclosures/paddocks) and pits being dug, along with two wells. An area of rubble dating later 3rd/early 4th C AD seems to represent an attempt to consolidate an area of increasingly wet/marshy ground for continued use. No evidence for activity beyond early 4th C."
17130,100,150,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Antiquarian investigations and excavations in 1962 on Overton Down, just to the north of a Roman road, revealed three circular mound earthworks, which proved to be burial mounds/mausolea covering cremation burials of early 2nd C AD date. No immediate associated settlement."
17131,250,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"Small scale excavations in the southern Cotswolds in 1962 revealed a stone coffined inhumation burial of a child, of Roman date.  Immediately adjacent to the head end of the coffin was a late Roman cremation urn. It is thought that the two burials were interred at the same time."
17132,75,150,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"Small scale excavations in 1958 in Savernake Forest less, than 1km from the Roman road from Old Sarum to Mildenhall, revealed two pottery kilns, which form part of the wider Savernake Pottery industry. Aside from the kilns (of up-draught and horizontal-draught forms), other features comprise a clay extraction pit. The production period of the kilns is believed to be later 1st to early/mid 2nd C AD."
17133,275,350,,,medium (4 - 8 ha),complex,Yes,,1,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,No,Yes,river valley,mixed,Yes,Yes,No,"Excavations in 1953-7 on a gravel terrace of the River Avon, 300m east of the river, revealed a Roman villa complex spread over c 4.8ha. The west-facing main villa building was of simple corridor type, with Severn rooms, featuring tessellated floors (at least two mosaics), a hypocaust and bath house attached to the SE corner. The walls were of heavily mortared chalk and flint, up to 0.8m thick. Other features towards the river were only partially examined, but included a large double T-shaped corndrier, a possible well (within which was most of skeleton of a small dog near the base), minor buildings (mostly timber), hearths, ovens and drainage ditches (probably defining fields and paddocks), along with at least 3 metalled trackways (some with wheel ruts). It is thought that the villa complex was constructed in the later 3rd/early 4th C AD and remained in use until the mid 4th C AD. During further building works in 1961-2 to the SW of the villa another late Roman corndrier was revealed, within which was a large lead vessel and late Roman pottery."
17134,100,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,No,No,No,"Excavation in 1953 of three circular flat-topped earth mounds (the largest 75m in dia) on a slight hill spur 2.5km east of the Fosse Way near the By Brook found large amounts of Roman material. The exact nature of the site remains uncertain, but the finds (mainly from a ditch around the largest mound) comprised coins, brooches, pottery and building material, and may suggest that this was a shrine (NB this interpretation is tenuous and not presented in the report). It is possible the large flat-topped mound formed the base for a building (e.g. circular mound at Nettleton nearby), though this was unable to be determined. The dating from pottery and coinage is mostly of 2nd to 4th C AD date. Note the precise location of this site is unknown and the grid reference is approximate."
17135,250,300,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Excavation of a small earth mound in the Upper Thames Valley in 1933 revealed an inhumation burial of Roman date. A third century AD coin with the burial provides dating evidence. No associated settlement known though Roman finds have been found in the area, and previous skeletons dug up in this area (thought at the time to be post-medieval) may indicate that this is part of a larger cemetery."
17136,200,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"Small excavation in 1937, c 1km south of the town of Soriodunum, revealed a stone coffined burial, dated late Roman by sherds of New Forest ware. No immediate associated settlement."
17137,,,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"A watching brief on a gentle north-west facing slope of the River Ebble valley in Cranborne Chase revealed two negative lynchets, former probable prehistoric/ Roman field boundaries. This suggests that the site lay within the  extensive  chequer-board fieldsystem that is known from the area. A chalk quarry pit was located within one of the negative lynchets suggesting that they were directly related and possibly contemporary. It is suggested that the quarry was backfilled with material that indicates an initial period of weathering and stabilisation followed by activity associated with Romano-British arable farming with associated field clearance (stone picking) debris containing Romano-British tile and pottery. The pottery is just dated as Romano-British."
17138,100,400,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"A small six-trench evaluation over 1.71ha on the Fourth River Terrace gravels of the Avon Valley revealed ditches of a mid to late Roman enclosure (over 1m wide & 0.5m deep). Immediately north of the excavation area, previous antiquarian investigations revealed another enclosure (possibly with late Iron Age origins) and a hoard of mid 3rd C AD coins. The quantity of Roman domestic material within the small area excavated, together with the results of earlier excavations, indicate a probable small farmstead."
17139,100,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"A 20-trench evaluation on the southern edges of Salisbury Plain revealed the fringes of a Roman settlement dated 2nd-4th C AD. Features comprised elements of trackways, field ditches and a few pits, all lying to the west of a substantial enclosure which is probably of Roman date, but was not excavated. An earlier double ditched enclosure on lower ground in the SE is dated to the Iron Age, though as the only diagnostic pottery was of early Iron Age date, it remains uncertain if there was any continuity of settlement with the site further north."
17140,-50,70,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"A Strip, Map and Sample Excavation on the Corallian plateau revealed an area of late Bronze Age/early Iron Age settlement along with two inhumation burials. These burials were dated by finds and a radiocarbon date (90 cal BC - cal AD 70) to the late Iron Age or very early Roman period. The only other contemporary feature comprised a posthole of possible late Iron Age date, though a late Iron Age-Roman settlement lay c 600m to the east."
17141,1,200,100,,small (<1 - 3 ha),complex,Yes,,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Excavation on the south-facing slope of the valley of the River Ray, north of the Marlborough Downs, revealed the fringes of a settlement dating to the late Iron Age-early Roman period. Late Iron Age features comprised a network of irregular ditched enclosures (paddocks?) and pits, which were succeeded by a more orderly layout of rectangular early Roman enclosures, dated 2nd C AD. Also areas of possible early to mid Roman quarrying, along with contemporary field boundary ditches identified in the wider evaluation. No evidence of activity into late Roman period and in fact the site could have been abandoned during the later 2nd C AD."
17142,75,300,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,2,,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"A 22-trench evaluation over 34.5ha on the Corallian ridge exposed the peripheral area of a Romano-British farmstead, as more fully revealed through geophysical survey. The geophysical survey showed a major settlement enclosure to the south that appears to have had minimal internal sub-divisions and at least two circular gullies indicating roundhouses, with a droveway or trackway running out to the east and west. Evaluation trenches avoided the main enclosure and instead cut through outer enclosure/ trackway ditches (away from any areas of occupation) as well as a quarry pit. The pottery from these features was generally late 1st to 3rd c AD in date. A further small enclosure to the north contained a few sherds of mid to late Roman pottery."
17143,-100,1,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,An extensive geophysical survey on the Corallian Ridge revealed five areas of settlement characterised by enclosures and potentially dating to the Iron Age or Romano-British periods. A watching brief during the laying of a cable trench cut through the NW enclosure (c 1ha in size) revealing six features interpreted as ditches and pits. Pottery from some of these features dated mid to late Iron Age.
17144,,,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"A total of up to 10 tile kilns revealed as surface mounds on the fringes of the Upper Thames Valley on the Oxford Clay. Large amounts of Roman brick and tile fragments recovered from these mounds, including wasters and combed tiles. A possible occupation also revealed as indicated by spreads of pottery and other domestic objects, and an area of close-set stone rubble may indicate the presence of ancillary buildings. Potential pottery production too. It is thought that tile production started late 1st c AD."
17145,-50,300,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),complex,Yes,,1,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,No,hill,mixed,Yes,Yes,No,"Excavations in 1885-6 revealed a Romano-British settlement on the brow of a hill in Cranbourne Chase Downs. The settlement comprises a series of enclosures (some visible as earthworks) lying within an outer fieldsystem, incorporating storage pits, hearths, a flint wall foundation or pavement, one or two 'house foundations', a corn-drying furnace, foundations of a small rectangular building, granaries (4-post structures) and 'working hollows'. Also a considerable number of inhumation burials distributed around the site. The exact phasing of the site remains uncertain, though it is dated by ceramics and coins to the 1st century BC to the end of the 3rd C AD. Certain deposits described may be regarded as 'special', such as most of a horse burial in a pit along with pottery, querns and other 'refuse'."
17146,100,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,2,Yes,No,Yes,No,Yes,Yes,plateau or plain,uncertain,Yes,Yes,No,"Geophysical survey and limited excavation in the South Wessex Downs revealed elements of a Romano-British settlement. It appears to be represented by stone-founded (with substantial masonry blocks) courtyard building, with a sunken-floored building/room in the south-corner. Midden deposits were found downslope. Three main phases of Roman activity were identified (dated ceramically 2nd-4th C AD), the final one being associated with an additional corridor building immediately east of the original courtyard building. It has been suggested as a possible hostelry for a probable shrine situated on a ridge, c 340m to the east, though a moderately wealthy farmstead/villa is another alternative. The shrine at Upper Holt Wood is detailed in ID 17147. A well-built metalled road was also observed potentially linking(?) the main settlement and the shrine."
17147,275,400,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,Yes,No,hill,uncertain,No,Yes,No,"A probable Romano-British shrine on a Gault/Upper Greensand ridge, 180m east of a settlement which may well be associated (see 17146). It survived as an earth mound, partially excavated in 1959 revealing a floor/surface and wall foundations, seemingly representing a walled enclosure; 225 coins were found on the floor, mostly 4th C AD date. Recent excavations (2013) found probable structured deposits (including animal and human remains). A further major building has recently been revealed, c 180m NE of the shrine, tentatively suggested as an elaborate aisled barn. A broad late 3rd-4th C AD date is given on the basis of coins."
17148,80,250,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,No,No,No,"A small excavation on a clay covered Upper Greensand ridge revealed evidence for a pottery production complex. Parts of a well-preserved kiln were exposed, along with evidence for occupation, including a possible floor surface and stone-packed postholes. The ceramics indicate production from the very late 1st to the earlier 3rd C AD. Fieldwalking in the immediate vicinity of the site has recovered large quantities of pottery and tile, suggesting an extensive industrial complex on the edge of the greensand scarp overlooking Dilton Marsh. Geophysical survey to the north of the excavated site revealed a N-S ditch and possible further regularly spaced kilns."
18001,-50,400,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,5,,Yes,No,No,No,No,Yes,plain or plateau,arable,No,No,No,"Part of Penhale Round, near Indian Queens, Cornwall, was excavated in advance of commercial development during the 1990s and a further part was excavated in 2006. The site was initially discovered through cropmark evidence in the 1950s and has also been investigated several times previously through geophysics, evaluation and excavation. The site is a late prehistoric and Romano-British enclosed settlement. The geophysical enclosures revealed a complex oval multivallate enclosure, approx. 65m long and 53m wide, surrounded by a landscape of ditched boundaries, some potentially contemporary with the enclosure, but some clearly not. The enclosure developed from simple univallate origins through a series of ten phases of modifications to the entrance, enclosing ditches and ramparts. The site may have originally been constructed in the late Iron Age, c.100 BC, and used up until the 4th or 5th centuries AD. Well preserved features included palisade trenches, cobbled roadways, drains and gateways, mostly associated with the entrance, while a single three-phased oval structure in the interior was associated with the last two phases of occupation (possibly in the late fourth and fifth centuries AD). The 1996 excavation (0.12 ha in extent) revealed three enclosure ditches, and the inner ditch had been recut. A large group of intercutting post-holes surrounded by a ring-gully, which represented the site of a roundhouse of more than one phase of construction, was recognised in the interior, with a group of intercutting pits and a straight alignment of post-holes just to its north-east. Phasing was hampered by severe truncation. C14 and dating from artefacts suggests occupation in at least the 3rd and 4th centuries AD, with some evidence for earlier activity. Two other potential circular/oval buildings were recognised during the geophysical survey, and a stone-walled oval building of very different construction was excavated inside the entranceway to the enclosure during the earlier excavation. The 1996 excavation produced a rich plant assemblage indicating an arable economy. The 2006 excavation (approx. 0.0480ha in extent) revealed a fogou (possibly filled in during the 3rd/4th century AD) and a stone-built building within the round and numerous other features including postholes, pits, gullies, hearth pits, a cobbled surface and the possible remains of a rampart revetment wall were also present. Limited evidence for crop processing and industrial activity was provided by the presence of a quern stone and lumps of industrial waste. Dating evidence from the 2006 work (pottery and C14 dates) provided evidence for 2nd-4th century AD activity."
18002,120,250,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,No,No,No,"A site at Kilhallon, Tywardreath, discovered in 1975 when a garden was being landscaped and a ditch containing shells, pottery and other material was found. The site occupies a narrow promontory with land falling steeply to the river on the north and west and its tributary to the south. Small-scale excavations in the late 1970s and 80s failed to identify anything other than a probable enclosure ditch, though the finds assemblage was unusual for an enclosed 'round' in Cornwall, containing samian, colour-coated beakers, mortaria, glass, a bronze shoe-sole brooch (a type with likely religious/ritual significance) and other items. Subsequent excavations confirmed that the site was a small 'round' with revetment walling (approx. 80m east-west by 60m north-south), sited just below the crest of a hill, with the entrance on the downhill side. Finds were suggestive of a mid-2nd to mid-3rd century date, though occupation may have occurred prior to and after this date."
18003,-100,700,150,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unenclosed,Yes,8,1,Yes,No,Yes,No,No,Yes,coastal,uncertain,No,Yes,No,"Halangy Down, St Mary's, one of Scilly's best known monuments, excavated during the 1950s, 60s and 70s (with some previous investigations in the late 19th/early 20th century). The site is an extensive, complex cluster of stone-built structures which lie on a steep, west facing slope at the north-west corner of St Mary's, the largest of Scilly's islands. The area was the focus for a long sequence of activity, and archaeological monuments include Mesolithic chambered cairns and a fieldsystem of Bronze Age date, which the later buildings were built into. The chambered cairns were not interfered with during the later settlement and it is likely that they remained an important and sacred part of the landscape. The site occupied during the Roman period saw activity by 400 BC, possibly earlier, though the main period of occupation was the 2nd to 4th centuries AD. Disturbance to the site, chiefly as a result of stone robbing, meant that there was little stratigraphy, and the chronological development of the site is therefore imprecisely understood. The site appears to have shifted in the mid-Iron Age, between 350-250 BC, from a site on a lower terrace, at Halangy Porth, abandoned as a result of sanding. The earlier settlement, which included circular buildings on masonry foundations, appears to have been deliberately demolished, presumably to provide materials for the relocated site. Here, a group of buildings utilised massive retaining walls as foundations and there was a clear succession of building construction, modification and dismantlement upon a lower terrace. Between AD 150 and 250 an oval house was constructed higher up the hillside which developed into a 'courtyard house' through modification and reconstruction. A further massive oval building stood separately to the north of the series. A 'near rectangular' building was also represented. The individual buildings were generally of similar form, with living quarters made up by sanded floors and stone-slab hearths, whilst other areas may have housed livestock or industrial activity. Small chambers, some possibly for storage, some possible domestic shrines, were set within the thick, stone-faced, earth-infilled walls. A group of 'Romano-Scillonian' brooches were found beneath one of the floor levels in a building in front of one of these chambers, which may have been a votive deposit. Other finds included a granite mould for casting silver or pewter dishes and the pottery assemblage included some samian. Grass-marked pieces of pottery show that occupation may have continued to AD 600-700, albeit upon a reduced scale. The remains of several stone cists thought likely to be part of a cemetery associated with the settlement, and similar cist burials were in use from the late first to fourth centuries at Porth Cressa."
18004,200,370,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,coastal,uncertain,No,No,No,"A site in the extreme north-east of Cornwall, close to the border with Devon, occupying a small cove at the mouth of the Coombe Valley, adjacent to the Randy River. The site was initially identified by a local amateur archaeologist, who investigated a square hearth with a stone-lined flue, a stone-lined pit, stone paving, a possible wall and a storage jar possibly reused as an oven, as well as an area of burnt material containing charcoal, burnt clay, shell and bone, probably a midden. The site was subsequently subject to further small-scale excavation as a result of the threat caused by coastal erosion and use of the area as a car park. The investigations revealed a series of hearths and layers containing industrial and domestic debris. Radiocarbon dates and artefactual evidence indicated that the site was also occupied during the early medieval period. During the Romano-British period (3rd to mid-4th centuries AD - see report for C14 dates) the site appears to have been a specialist settlement involved in secondary metal working, including the casting of lead, pewter, and possibly also copper alloy, objects. In addition, the much more unusual activity of extracting dye from dog whelks apparently also took place. The discovery of a human jawbone suggests that graves contemporary with the settlement may have existed in the vicinity. An important aspect of the artefactual evidence is the predominance of South Devon ware pottery, which shows for the first time that this was a major fabric in North Cornwall (and by inference, North Devon) during the late Roman period. Other artefacts included a group of 4th century coins and a nail cleaner. During the 7th-12th centuries AD the site continued to be primarily an industrial site, though metal working had ceased and the nature of the activities taking place is unknown."
18005,-50,100,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,1,,Yes,No,No,No,No,Yes,coastal,uncertain,No,No,No,"Cornwall Archaeological Unit and English Heritage carried out a programme of archaeological fieldwork following the discovery by a farmer of an Iron Age sword in a Porth Cressa type cist grave on Bryher, Isles of Scilly. The fieldwork consisted of topographical and geophysical surveys, evaluation trenching, and excavation and reinstatement of the cist grave. Within the north?south orientated cist were the fragmentary remains of a crouched human skeleton, laid on its right side with its head to the north and facing to the west. In addition to the sword, which survived within a bronze scabbard, the grave goods included a mirror, shield fittings, a sword belt ring, a brooch and a spiral ring (all of copper alloy), together with a shattered tin object. There was also evidence for the grave having contained a sheepskin or fleece and woven textile incorporating goat and other animal hairs. This is the only known Iron Age grave to contain both a sword and mirror, raising interesting questions as to the gender significance of both these grave goods. Analysis of skeletal material showed that the buried individual was about 25 years of age, although preservation of bone and DNA was too poor to determine the person's sex. A long-bone fragment was submitted for radiocarbon dating, giving calibrated date ranges of 200?45 cal BC; the metalwork typology narrows this range to the first half of the first century BC. The dates indicate that the Bryher mirror is the earliest known British decorated bronze mirror. The discovery of a second cist (not excavated) a few metres to the south west of the original one suggests the possible existence of a cist cemetery. The cists lie within an ancient terraced fieldsystem that appears to be broadly contemporary. Further evaluation trenching revealed Iron Age ? Romano-British settlement remains at the southern end of the cist field, approx. 40m upslope of the cist, where a stone-walled building situated on top of a terrace contained a stone-lined drain and may have been used as a byre. The building appears to have been around 3.4m in internal diameter. After abandonment the building was infilled with domestic rubbish, including limpet middens and burnt material. Other contemporary settlement remains were uncovered in a field to the east, where limpet middens overlay both sides of a sizeable wall. Stratigraphic and ceramic evidence indicates a break in occupation between the second century AD and the post-Roman period. Limpet middens, visible on the ploughed surface of the cist field and the field to the west, contained ceramics which indicated renewed activity in the area centred on the seventh century AD. The nature of the settlement activity is not well understood, but it has been characterised as a possible farm for the purposes of this database."
18006,1,200,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Two small trenches were excavated across a collapsing and untidy lynchet which was being repaired by the National Trust on the south-west facing slopes of Zennor Hill/Carne, part of the prehistoric fieldsystem at Foage Farm, Zennor. The lynchet was considered to be of some archaeological importance as a Romano-British 'courtyard house' had been discovered immediately to its south previously. The boundary appeared to have been originally attached to the north, rear side of the courtyard house and was regarded as almost certainly contemporary. The boundary was constructed directly onto the surface of the ground with no foundation trench and consists of a very substantial and stone faced earth wall which lynchet had subsequently built up against. The wall was regarded as of probable Romano-British origin, from c. AD 1-200 in date. Pollen analysis of samples suggested an open landscape dominated by herbaceous grassland, with localised areas of restricted heathland in the close vicinity."
18007,100,325,150,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,4,,No,No,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,No,No,No,"A site at Reawla, West Cornwall, occupying slightly sloping ground on the northwest crest of a south-west-north-east ridge. Limited excavation and geophysical survey in advance of building construction revealed a Romano-British univallate enclosed settlement or 'round' of the 2nd to early 4th centuries AD. A Phase 1 enclosure (0.4 ha), probably early 2nd century AD (but possibly Iron Age) was replaced, probably during the 2nd century, by a larger more strongly defended Phase 2 enclosure (1.1 ha). Associated with the Phase 1 enclosure was a sub-circular ring gully, interpreted as a house site (maximum diameter 13m). In Phase 2 this was overlain by a well-defined 'working area: three successive hearths formed the focus of three sub-phases of activity (probably 2nd-3rd centuries), associated with pits, post-holes and lesser hearths. One of the functions was probably smithing; smithing slag, hearth bottoms and tuyere blocks came from this and the following phase. A lead ingot from the working area, with marks of pieces being cut off it also gives the impression of a low-key farm workshop level of activity. Adjoining the working area and broadly contemporary with it were three probable houses, in each case a large shallow hollow only partly within the excavated area. One was 2nd century, the other two houses probably 3rd century. In the late 3rd century and perhaps early 4th centuries, this part of the site was used for the dumping of rubbish (Phase 3) both in the house hollows and over the working area. These midden layers produced most of the artefacts (pottery, stone objects, iron fragments, glass) and most of the environmental and technological samples. Dating for the site came from radiocarbon dates and the pottery evidence. The pottery was overwhelmingly local gabbroic wares with a small proportion from South-East Dorset, South Devon and elsewhere. Iron objects though poorly preserved suggest the general use of iron implements. Stone objects included a bowl, a weight, a shale spindlewhorl, part of a rotary quern and pebbles showing signs of use, perhaps for food processing, leather and cloth finishing. Fossil pollen did not survive but charred plant remains gave an impression of the crops available - barley and wheat - and provide an indication of the contemporary environment and land use. Although appearing to be basically a farming settlement, with evidence of crop production and basic smithing activity, the site is thought, because of the drastic change in the size of the enclosure and the scale of the defence, and because of aspects of the pottery evidence, to be of a relatively high status. A few residual Iron Age sherds suggested earlier occupation in the vicinity."
18008,-50,-1,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,1,,No,No,No,No,No,Yes,coastal,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"A 'cliff castle', or promontory fort, at Penhale Point, Holywell Bay, known since the beginning of the 19th century. The site occupies a narrow promontory delimited by steep or sheer cliffs. Lead mining since the 18th century has caused extensive damage to the site, and in 1983 the construction of an extensive satellite aerial array led to evaluation and subsequent rescue excavation at the site by the Central Excavation Unit (English Heritage). Excavated features included part of the bivallate ramparts, a circular house with a stone-faced wall-bank, 6m in internal diameter, a hearth and postholes. The house is thought likely to have had a thatched roof. The fort probably had offset entrances with a trackway running between the inner and outer ramparts, and part of this trackway may be represented by an excavated cobbled feature. Pottery recovered was of South Western, La Tène decorated, 'Glastonbury' style, whilst two C14 dates (when considered alongside the pottery) suggested the activity may have been around the mid-1st century BC (with ranges of 101 BC ? AD 83 and 96 BC ? AD 88 respectively). The activity associated with the building may have been relatively short lived."
18009,-100,300,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,2,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Between 1968-1971 excavation took place at the site of an earthwork at Carvossa, on the west bank of the River Fal between Grampound and Probus. The site is about 2.5km from the river (thought to have been navigable at this point in the Roman period) on sloping ground near the crest of a spur. The sub-rectangular earthwork at Carvossa is visible on its northern side as a massive bank still standing at over 2m at its highest point, and it is more akin to a univallate hillfort than a 'round'. The eastern defence is visible as a low mound crossing the field and it is assumed that the field hedges form the two remaining sides. The area enclosed is about 2 ha, though there are indications from geophysical survey that extra-mural occupation extended well outside into the neighbouring fields, for at least 140m. A well-made metalled road (probably a Roman period addition to what was an Iron Age defended area) through the defences was found to be flanked by large post-holes which would have supported a walkway over the entrance as well as a gate. The rampart behind was revetted with large blocks of stone and would itself have been an imposing feature. The initial date for the construction of the main defences was not established, though the site is considered likely to have had pre-Roman, Iron Age origins. A group of complex features of at least five phases were recognised immediately inside the entrance, though these produced no finds and were undated. The road ran towards the interior of the enclosure and was possibly divided at a Y junction, and a circular building was situated between the roads which was thought to be of 1st century AD in date. During the late 1st to early 2nd century the circular building was altered and put to industrial use, with an elaborate hearth associated with iron slag and other debris. The road pattern was also altered at this point. During the mid-to-late 2nd century the industrial area became a midden and was associated with Antonine material. An additional circular building with at least three phases was identified within the enclosure, which may have seen initial construction in the late 1st century AD. Considerable smelting slag came from the area around this building. Finds from this area were prolific, with Claudio-Neronian to Antonine samian, grey ware and Black Burnished Ware indicating occupation from at least the mid-1st century AD to the second half of the 3rd, whilst a few sherds of residual South-Western Decorated Ware (Glastonbury) hinted at earlier activity. As well as the two circular buildings many post-holes and gullies were suggestive of other structures. The roads were still in use in the late 3rd century as a coin of Tetricus II was found on the roadway in the entrance. The site produced an unusually rich finds assemblage for the region including coins, brooches and other small finds. The character of the site is not well understood, but it appears to differ significantly from most other rural farmsteads of the region, and is probably best defined as a hillfort in the late Iron Age, which saw significant occupation during the Roman period. The nature of the finds assemblage, particularly the early date of some of the samian and the coinage, is perhaps suggestive of some early Roman military activity, though there appears to be no definite evidence for this. The unusual characteristics of this settlement suggest that it may have been a nucleated site of some sort, and it can arguably be seen as a potential village or even a small town during the mid-to-late Roman period."
18010,-100,-50,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,2,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"The hillfort of Castle Dore, situated on the high ground above the Fowey, was excavated in 1936 and 1937 by Ralegh Radford and a reconsideration of the data was published in 1985, which suggested that all structural phases on the site may belong to the 4th to 1st centuries BC (based on a more up-to-date understanding of the chronology of ceramics in the South West). The original hillfort construction was bivallate, enclosing an area 79m across, with a second enclosure forming a 'barbican' (and possibly an additional enclosure, now destroyed). A number of structures were thought to be contemporary with the initial phase, including six probable roundhouses. This phase may have been as early as 5th- 4th century BC, and the site may have seen a complex sequence of development throughout the mid-to-late Iron Age. The defences saw alteration and several further roundhouses were constructed at some point during the mid-to-late Iron Age, though the dating for this phase is uncertain. During the final phases of development the ramparts saw further alteration, a roadway was built, and two oval and some rectangular structures were constructed. The rectangular structures were initially interpreted by Radford as being halls of post-Roman date, but are now regarded as Iron Age, and possibly storage structures. This phase was tentatively assigned to the pre-Roman Iron Age, and Quinnell and Harris also suggest that the two oval buildings may represent either Iron Age or possibly Romano-British (or later) small-scale occupation. Whilst the dating of the site is very imprecisely understood, it seems likely that activity spanned the mid-to-late Iron Age, and may have continued up until at least the mid-1st century BC. Some sherds of amphorae were recovered, some dated only loosely from between the mid-2nd century BC to the mid-2nd century AD, whilst others were of late-1st century BC to early-1st century AD in date."
18011,-50,150,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,1,,Yes,No,No,No,No,Yes,coastal,mixed,No,No,No,"The site of an enclosed 'round' at Castle Gotha, St Austell, situated approx. 500m west of the coast at St. Austell Bay. The bank and ditch of the round were sectioned in three places and areas inside the earthwork examined, revealing several timber constructions and one stone-walled oval building. There is evidence for a long period of activity at the site, with a stratified Bronze Age sherd suggesting occupation even before the construction of the enclosure, though the excavation suggests that the site was occupied mainly in the first century AD, with an overlap into the centuries before and after. Some Glastonbury and cordoned wares were found, a few Roman traded wares, and much local Romano-Cornish pottery. Brooches and other bronze objects were recovered, and there are indications of some slight industrial activity, with evidence for metalworking represented by two moulds, melted blobs of copper or bronze and fuel ash slags. Fragments of iron ore, hammer scale and smithing slag were also recovered. Agricultural activity is also indicated by the presence of quern stones, and spindlewhorls suggest sheep were kept for wool."
18012,50,600,400,500,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,1,,No,No,No,No,No,No,coastal,uncertain,No,No,No,"A site at Carngoon Bank, situated near the southern tip of the Lizard Peninsula, approx. 500m east of the current coastline. The site was discovered when land clearance produced a quantity of gabbroic fabric briquetage and limited excavation by the Cornwall Committee for Rescue Archaeology was followed by further investigation by the Central Excavation Unit. The excavation revealed evidence for multi-period activity including a Romano-British rough cobbled 'working area' and distinct mounds of briquetage, with the area delimited by a gully. North of this area there was a multi-phased, composite, timber Romano-British structure defined by a drainage gully on three sides and which contained many small pits, four of which were clay lined, and three possible hearths/ovens. This building was thought to be a possible workshop, and it is suggested that the internal hearths/ovens were used for salt production. Finds (including domestic pottery, a spindlewhorl and a quern) were suggestive of some domestic activity however. A depression is thought to have served as a pond for a water supply. The salt production at the site is broadly dated to between the 2nd and 4th centuries AD, whilst the ceramic evidence for the Roman period in general suggests activity between the 1st-4th centuries AD. After a clear break, indicating a period of abandonment, occupation may have continued at the site, and the structure may have continued to be used intermittently at least into the 6th century AD, though salt production seems to have ceased before this point."
18013,175,225,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,1,,No,No,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,No,No,No,"A site at Shortlanesend, in Kenwyn parish, approx. 3km north-west of  Truro, on the ridgeway leading from the town to the north coast. Housing development led to excavation of 190 sqm in the interior of a 'round' which revealed part of a circular occupation area (thought to be a structure) with drains and pits. Pottery of Romano-Cornish type was found, some of it gabbroic, and also an enamelled bronze brooch. Charcoal from the pits provided c14 dates of late-2nd to early 3rd century AD. The enclosure bank and ditch were sectioned, and the enclosure was approx. 50m across."
18014,1,100,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,coastal,uncertain,No,No,No,"A funerary site on St Mary's, Scilly, where ten cist graves and an uncisted burial were excavated in 1949-50 during construction of a housing estate. The group of cists had been sited in an ancient terraced field with a pre-existing dry-stoned wall. Two types were recognised, with two of massive construction and eight smaller and of more uniform size. The cists varied between those of 'coffin' shape (ovate in plan) and rectangular. With the exception of bones from one cist skeletal remains were mostly weathered scraps, though attempt to broadly age and sex two individuals were made (an adult male and an adult female). Several of the graves contained grave goods, particularly brooches (see burial data for more information).  In addition to the cist burials an extensive limpet midden containing animal, bird and fish bones was excavated, though the pottery from this feature suggests it was of 9th-10th century AD in date. The dates of the brooches are suggestive of a 1st century date for the cemetery."
18015,-100,100,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,coastal,uncertain,No,Yes,No,"A site at Harlyn Bay on the north coast of Cornwall, where excavation ahead of building work in 1976 revealed the foundations of a circular stone building lying beneath the levels of a later Iron Age cemetery discovered in 1900, also during building construction. The report for the 1976 excavation also presents a reappraisal of the cemetery. The early 20th century excavations at the site revealed approx. 130 late pre-Roman Iron Age inhumations though records for these are unfortunately poor. A midden, contemporary with the cemetery, was found 50m to the south. The area of excavation for the 20th century investigation is not known but the 1976 work covered an approximate area of 50 sqm. It is unclear whether the circular building discovered in 1976 was domestic or ritual, though a ritual function is suggested in the report as the remains of two crouched individuals (an adult and a child) appeared to have been buried beneath one of the walls of the structure, and were considered as a possible foundation deposit. The building was therefore considered as a possible candidate for a shrine or mortuary structure (the latter considered most likely in the report). However, the date of the building has recently been challenged based on evidence from C14 dating, and it is now thought more likely to have been a Bronze Age structure, possibly a roundhouse, though it is thought possible that it may have still nonetheless had ritual significance for the Iron Age inhabitants of the area. It is  notable that two small graves containing collections of human skulls were found at the site. In one of these four skulls were arranged in a square formation with a fifth placed 'over them'. In the other three skulls lay in a north-south line and all faced west.  Dating for the site is uncertain, though the cemetery is thought to have been in operation by at least the 2nd century BC and brooches and pottery suggest continued activity during the 1st century AD, and perhaps beyond."
18016,-100,1,,,medium (4 - 8 ha),enclosed,Yes,1,,No,No,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,No,No,No,"A watching brief at Killibury Hillfort, Egloshayle, led to rescue excavation in response to construction and extension of farm buildings. The site is a bivallate earthwork, near circular, commanding the road from Padstow River and Wadebridge over the estuary towards Helston and Camelford. Excavations of 210 sq. metres in the area adjacent to the ploughed down southern inner rampart revealed evidence of a long sequence of timber buildings, including four-post structures (possibly for storage) and postholes associated with a 9m diameter roundhouse. Cornish La Tène decorated pottery (Glastonbury Ware) was associated with all structural phases, with a little Cordoned Ware from the latter levels. All the material for the pottery originated from the Lizard. Radiocarbon dates suggest occupation of the hillfort from the 3rd century BC. The inner ditch and rampart were sectioned, the ditch being cut 2.8m into the bedrock and having primary silt at its base. The inner rampart, probably of at least two phases, survived only as a 0.2m thick disturbed layer of soil and shillet sealing beneath it, in the old land surface, a pit containing charcoal. A trial strip between the two ramparts produced curved gullies not found in the interior. C14 dates of 930 and 840 bc +- 70 together with a lugged sherd suggest some occupation during the late Bronze Age. Two small sherds of 5th/6th century AD Bi amphora indicated post-Roman activity. There was no evidence for occupation in the Roman period, and the site may have been abandoned during the first century AD, though the presence of cordoned wares indicates activity towards the end of the Iron Age, in the 1st centuries BC and AD. Casual finds of Roman coins were recovered during the early 20th century."
18017,-30,1,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"A site at Tregilders, St. Kew, approx. 300m north of Killibury hillfort (database number 18016). The site was subject to excavation during alteration of the route of the A39 road. The excavation revealed a rock-cut ditch, approx. 2m deep and 3m wide, apparently part of a sub-rectangular enclosure of approx. 0.4ha. Outside the enclosure was a domestic area containing an oven, part of a shale bracelet, a spindlewhorl, and cordoned ware pottery. A c14 date from charcoal produced a date of 30 ± 70 BC. Alongside was a shallow boundary ditch and, a little further away, a trackway apparently leading to the eastern entrance of Killibury hillfort."
18018,-75,50,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,9,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plain or plateau,uncertain,No,No,No,"The site of a 'round' at Threemilestone, Kenwyn, a site also known as Mount Pleasant. The site was initially excavated by Dudley in 1959 ahead of housing development, although much of the site was destroyed prior to the investigations. Further excavation was undertaken ahead of further development in 1974, on the remaining two-thirds of the site. The round  was an elongated oval in plan and comprised a main bank 3 to 4 m wide with a 3.5 m wide by 1.8 m deep outer ditch enclosing a number of small, penannular,  gullies, apparently belonging to circular houses of the pre-Roman Iron Age, as well as  several other curved, linear features. A sequence of at least nine possible roundhouses were identified, of which five may have been contemporary. The round also possessed a second small outer ditch, 1 to 3m beyond the main one. Finds were principally of pottery of gabbroic ware, including Glastonbury ware and cordoned ware, indicating that the site was occupied in the 1st century BC to the 1st century AD. The period over which the sequence of house building took place could not be determined but the cordoned ware associated with the houses indicates occupation between 75 BC and 50 AD, and possibly either side of these dates."
18019,75,200,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,No,No,No,"The site of a univallate earthwork, or 'round', at Mawnan, lying on a south-east facing slope overlooking Maen Porth and Falmouth Bay, approx. 1km from the coast. The site is nearly circular with a diameter of 90-100m, enclosing an area of between 0.4-0.8ha. The site was subject to a watching brief during replacement of a bungalow and finds included some iron slag, daub, a whetstone, a sickle blade, and 70 sherds of gabbroic pottery from the Lizard peninsula. The pottery indicated a date for the site between the late 1st century AD and the end of the 2nd century. No direct evidence for buildings was found."
18020,-100,50,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,7,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,coastal,uncertain,No,No,No,"The site of a late Iron Age complex multivallate promontory fort known as The Rumps, or Rumps Cliff Castle.  The site is defended across the neck of the promontory by triple ramparts and ditches and on all other sides by steep natural slopes and cliffs running down to the sea. It encloses an area of approx.  2.5ha. The defences and interior were examined between 1963 and 1967. Three phases of building and two periods of occupation were revealed. The initial occupation is contemporary with the inner rampart, dated by pottery to the 2nd century BC. The carefully constructed middle rampart which superseded the inner was, on the evidence from the excavation, the final period of occupation which ended in the mid-1st century AD.  The outer rampart had a revetment wall and an inner wall of markedly different construction to the middle rampart and cannot be regarded necessarily as of Iron Age date although no dating evidence was found. The earliest feature, which lay behind the outer rampart, was a V-shaped ditch with an associated mound, possibly the base for a palisade. It is suggested as being an enclosure connected with the inner rampart. Evidence for a timber gateway was found in the entrance gap of the inner rampart. Occupation of the interior of the fort appears to have been intensive, as well as in the shelter of the middle and inner ramparts where roundhouse platforms were excavated. Domestic material included spindlewhorls, the possible remains of a loom, quern stones and whetstones. Sheep predominated in the animal bones recovered."
18021,100,450,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,,2,No,No,No,No,No,Yes,hill,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"The site of a 'round' at the southern end of Grambla Wood, Wendron, represented by an 88m square univallate earthwork, just below the crest of a hill on a north-east slope. Excavation showed the earthwork to be a defended settlement dating to the Roman period. Investigation of the entrance showed that the rampart terminals had revetted drystone walls, and originally there had been a double gate, represented by four postholes. Two buildings were located, of sub-rectangular, 'boat-shaped' form, 18m x 9m and 20m long respectively, constructed from granite blocks. An area of yard with a rough rubble surface lay between the buildings. Surface features suggest the presence of two further buildings in the northern half of the enclosure - these unexcavated. A layer of black earth containing much charcoal had accumulated over the buildings after their destruction. Finds included the base of a mid-2nd century samian bowl, a coin of Faustina II, and a few sherds of post-Roman Mediterranean ware. Immediately outside the entrance the fragmentary remains of a fieldsystem were discovered, associated with a trackway leading to the enclosure. This trackway was bounded by granite walls still visible on the surface. The site appears to have been occupied from the 2nd century to the 5th century AD."
18022,1,125,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,2,,No,No,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,No,No,No,"The site of a rectilinear earthwork at Trevinnick, St. Kew, north Cornwall, traditionally believed to have been a Roman military site, which was shown through excavation and geophysical survey to be non-military in character. The earthwork occupies a commanding position at the head of the steep-sided valley running down to Port Isaac, approx. 2.4km to the north. The enclosure encloses an area of approx. 0.6ha and has an entrance in the centre of the east side, and would have been approached up-hill from the east, from the ridgeway.  The site was enclosed by a clay rampart up to 4.5m wide and a ditch of approx. 3.5-5m wide. The remains of two structures were found in the interior, one near the centre (approx. diameter 7m), the other near the south rampart. The most complete example was flanked by postholes at the entrance on the east side and had a well-compacted soil surface. Neither structure is regarded as having produced particularly clear domestic occupation evidence in the report, and the excavators interpreted them as probable stock pens, rather than domestic structures. However, the plan showing the structures is suggestive of roundhouses, and the report does note considerable charcoal, pottery and animal bone from the ditch of the most incomplete structure, as well as fragments of charcoal, some sherds of pottery and sling stones from the interior of the complete structure. It therefore seems reasonable to consider these structures as possible domestic buildings. The pottery from the site was thought to be of 1st to early 2nd century AD in date."
18023,-50,300,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,No,No,No,"A site crowning the top of high ground commanding extensive views along the north Cornwall coast in both directions, as well as a wide sector inland. The site is a fortified homestead or 'round' of Iron Age and Romano-British date with a period of medieval re-occupation. Excavations from 1955 onwards revealed a partly revetted bank and outer rock-cut ditch enclosing approx. 0.4ha. The enclosure was found to have been an irregular triangular with rounded corners, partly reflecting the contour of the summit on which it sits. An entrance was located on the NW side, thought not to be the main entrance however. The only traces of internal structures are posthole settings, all else having been destroyed by later buildings. Pottery finds, including samian sherds, buff amphorae ware and coarse ware suggest a range of occupation from the 1st century BC to the 2nd or 3rd century AD, possibly extending into the 4th century."
18024,100,200,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,1,,No,No,No,No,No,Yes,coastal,uncertain,No,No,No,"A site situated on the south Cornish coast between Coverack and Lowland Point on the south eastern Lizard peninsula. The site has seen excavation since the 1930s and includes a stone circular building associated with a well-preserved walled fieldsystem. The circular building contained a feature which was initially interpreted as a pottery kiln, but which excavation in 1969 showed to be associated with salt production."
18025,1,400,50,200,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,5,,Yes,No,Yes,No,No,Yes,hill,uncertain,No,No,No,"The site of an enclosed settlement at The site of an enclosed settlement at Goldherring, Sancreed, sited near the top of an east-facing slope in the middle of three valleys leading to Lamorna Cove. The site was initially identified during the 19th century as a result of casual finds of Roman coins. The settlement sits within a stone-walled terraced fieldsystem and is defined by a causewayed ditch of 1.2m in width. Inside the roughly circular enclosure formed by the ditch there is a continuous stone revetted bank, perhaps originally 2m high. A gateway on the east of the enclosure was 2.7m wide and 3.7m long. In the south side of the enclosure a stone-built 'courtyard house' is located, which had multiple rooms situated around a courtyard, and several circular buildings of stone construction were also present. There is good evidence to suggest that these were not all contemporary and at least two phases of occupation may be represented. Unexcavated banks in the northern part of the enclosure suggest additional buildings may be present. Several phases of activity are suggested for the site, with initial occupation in the last decades BC or first decades AD (earliest pottery recovered was cordoned ware). The first phase consisted of a ditched and banked enclosure with a fairly extensive settlement within the defences, including a well, and a well outside the settlement was also probably contemporary with this phase. The site may then have experienced a hiatus until the 3rd century AD, and it is from this phase that the surviving structures are thought predominantly to relate. The terraced fieldsystem was laid out at this time and a newly paved gateway with a swing gate was constructed. The settlement may have been abandoned during the late 4th century AD, though there may have been a period of reuse during the 5th/6th centuries when the site was used for smelting.  At least one of the buildings occupied during the Roman period appears to have been used for smithing, but there was no evidence for smelting at this stage."
18026,200,300,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,1,,No,No,No,No,No,Yes,hill,uncertain,No,No,No,"The site of a circular stone-built Romano-British building, located approx. 1/3 of the way down a steep north-east facing slope overlooking the Rosemorran valley. The site existed as standing earthworks in the early 1960s and was subject to some limited excavation. Features in the surrounding area may relate to a fieldsystem or possibly other buildings. The building was constructed of strong, large granite slabs and rubble and had an inner diameter of 4-5m, with an entrance to the west, facing upslope. Internal features included a hearth and a drain. The small finds assemblage suggested a date in the mid-Roman period, possibly the 3rd century AD."
18027,1,125,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,1,,Yes,No,Yes,No,No,Yes,hill,uncertain,No,No,No,"The site at which a series of buildings were recognised as earthworks at Mulfra Vean, and the site was listed as a 'Courtyard House' in an early catalogue of sites. The site was subject to excavation by the West Cornwall Field Club during the 1950s and subsequently published by Charles Thomas based on the finds catalogue and his observations during the final week of excavation. The site was regarded as a typical Courtyard House and components of the complex included a round room, a 'side room' and a 'long room' arranged around an open courtyard, all joined by an external wall. It was thought almost certainly not to stand alone and was probably part of a larger complex, and other Courtyard Houses or circular buildings are suspected but unproven. The pottery assemblage suggested that the site was an early example of a Courtyard House, in existence during the 1st century AD, and probably within the first half of the century, whilst the samian sherd indicates occupation into the late 1st or 2nd century."
18028,150,545,,,uncertain,enclosed,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,No,No,No,"A site at Tregony, excavated ahead of development. The site lies on the eastern side of a broad flat-topped ridge overlooking what was probably the highest tidal point of the River Fal and immediately to the east there is a small stream valley fed by a number of springs. The site was also subject to some geophysical investigation which revealed the presence of a rectilinear ditched enclosure and various pits. The excavation revealed a possible funerary enclosure (perhaps enclosing an area of approx. 170sqm internally) of Romano-British date. Two pottery vessels containing cremated human remains were recovered and analysis indicated that they belonged to a single individual, an elderly female, of 2nd century AD date (the first modern excavation of a Roman-period cremation from Cornwall). Pits within and adjacent to the enclosure were found to contain evidence of burning, charcoal and large quantities of charred cereal grains, interpreted as corndriers. A late Roman/post-Roman C14 date (AD 385-545, 95% degree of probability) was obtained from grain within one of the pits."
18029,-100,300,170,225,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,1,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plain or plateau,arable,No,Yes,No,"A site at Tremough, Penryn, occupying a narrow, flat-topped promontory 600m long lying roughly west-east between two stream valleys on the north-west edge of Penryn. Geophysical survey and excavation took place in advance of construction of a university campus. The work produced evidence for multi-period activity, including a small Romano-British settlement occupying a plateau overlooking the Fal estuary. The Romano-British site was superimposed on a mid-to-late Iron Age fieldsystem associated with South Western Decorated ware, dated to between the 4th and 1st centuries BC, and appears to have put this part of the fieldsystem out of use. This fieldsystem may have continued up until the late 2nd century. Features associated with settlement included a post-built structure within a C-shaped enclosure, along with likely contemporary pits and other ditches. The structure was timber-built, oval and measured 8m x 6.7m with a perimeter defined by postholes with interconnecting gullies, and two large postholes may have formed the entrance, which was orientated towards the south, towards the entrance into the enclosure. Hearth pits indicate domestic activity. At least three phases of activity were recognised based upon the stratigraphy. Two C14 dates were obtained, including a date of AD 70-250 from a hearth pit and a date of AD 130-380 from a later hearth pit. The pottery assemblage suggested an initial phase of activity for the enclosure and building in the late 2nd century, and use continued until the late 3rd century, with an abandonment deposit containing pottery of late 3rd-early 4th century date. Early in the 3rd century AD the enclosure was reduced in area from 0.008 to 0.003ha in size. Charred plant remains from the structure included emmer, spelt, and bread wheat, hulled barley and oats, mostly from hearth pit deposits. The site was interpreted as a low-status domestic dwelling. The site produced evidence for possible structured deposition in the form of a stone weight deposited in a posthole, and a heavily used hammerstone with possible metalworking connections found with sherds of a broken vessel in a pit, both regarded as possible deliberate deposits in the report. The site may be associated in some way with the 'round' located approx. 350m to the east (database number 18030)."
18030,-50,100,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,plain or plateau,uncertain,No,No,No,"A site at Tremough, Penryn, occupying a narrow, flat-topped promontory 600m long lying roughly west-east between two stream valleys on the north-west edge of Penryn. Geophysical survey took place in advance of construction of a university campus, which revealed a rectangular enclosure, which was subsequently subject to a two-trench evaluation. The site is situated 350m east of the site described in database record 18029, which may in some way be related. The site may be associated with a mid-to-late Iron Age fieldsystem, also identified during the work. The evaluation trenching revealed a single enclosure ditch enclosing an area of approx. 0.17ha, thought to be a 'round'. The site is thought to have been occupied during the late Iron Age and Roman periods, with two C14 dates from inside the enclosure spanning the decades either side of the Roman conquest (100 BC to AD 80 and 50 BC to AD 90 respectively). The site may have been abandoned before the structure associated with the enclosure in database record 18029 was constructed, in the late-2nd century AD. The enclosure may have been of only one construction phase, and may possibly have been a relatively important settlement. A bank associated with the ditched enclosure may have been at least partly revetted. Evidence for structures came mainly from the geophysical survey, and was predominantly found around the perimeter of the enclosure, implying an open space at the centre of the site. Excavated evidence for these features included postholes, gullies and collapsed walling, suggesting at least two structures. Outside the SE corner of the main enclosure a D-shaped enclosure was identified during the geophysical survey, and whilst undated it may have been associated based upon its alignment."
18031,-100,500,150,300,uncertain,enclosed,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,No,No,No,"The site of an fogou (souterrain),  excavated during the early 1980s in order to repair parts of the collapsed structure. The fogou and first associated settlement enclosure (a 'round'?) occupy high ground, and appear to have been constructed at the same time during the 5th-6th centuries BC, but it apparently continued in use and was subject to alteration until at least the immediate pre-Roman period, circa. 100 BC to AD 50. The enclosure ditch was backfilled during or after the 5th century AD. The fogou is a large and complex example constructed of rough dry-stone walling and massive capstones. It consisted of a main curving passage, a short 'creep' passage, a straight passage connected to the curved passage by a well-constructed doorway (this section perhaps late Iron Age in date) and two further straight 'creep' sections extending from the straight passage via a well-built doorway. However, pottery of 4th century onwards suggesting some activity in the later Roman period and probably beyond.  The fogou was apparently part of a design to allow access under the enclosing bank into a settlement area. Little is known about the function of the fogou, though they are often associated with defended enclosures. The feature may have been for storage, for refuge, for escape, or it may have a spiritual dimension. The associated settlement is poorly understood, but pottery suggests a date range of 5th-6th century BC to at least the 2nd century AD, if not to the end of the Roman period and beyond, though it is thought that there may have been a break in occupation during the later 2nd and 3rd centuries AD. The presence of a spindlewhorl suggests some domestic occupation, though the presence of the fogou may suggest a special status."
18032,-100,300,100,200,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,Yes,Yes,No,"The site of a 'round' at Quoit Farm, St Columb Major, excavated in advance of the replacement of a water main. The enclosed site lay on a south-west slope just below the crest of a broad ridge. The sub-circular enclosure appears to have been of approx. 71m in diameter. Importantly the excavation indicated that the site was likely to have been a specialised ironworking site rather than a domestic settlement. A ditched fieldsystem of late Iron Age or early Roman date was overlain by a series of working hollows, possibly located within a palisaded enclosure, associated with smithing activity dating to the second and third centuries AD. A possible trackway may have been associated with the earlier fieldsystem.  No evidence for domestic activity was found. A subsequent phase involved the construction of a ditched and banked enclosure dating to the third century AD, and perhaps extending into the fourth. This phase was accompanied by a reorganisation of the internal layout of the round. Several metalworking related features and associated waste and deposits were identified associated with this phase, and there may have been an intensification of industrial activity at this point. Metalworking ceased and the enclosure was abandoned before or during the fourth century AD. Five joiner's dogs found within a ditch just possibly a structured deposit, though possibly also associated with industrial activity (the two alternatives not necessarily mutually exclusive). Features outside the round were not dated, but several linear features, ditches and pits and a possible metalled trackway were possibly related to the Romano-British activity."
18033,250,600,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,Yes,coastal,uncertain,No,No,No,"The early medieval and medieval site at Tintagel, occupying part of the mainland and a promontory island on the north coast of Cornwall, also produced evidence for some probable late Roman period activity upon excavation. The site has seen multiple excavations since the 1930s.The Roman period at the site is poorly understood and its character remains uncertain, but finds and structural remains were found. Evidence for buildings included post-supports set into the bedrock and fragmentary wall remains of coursed slate. These structures were possibly temporary, perhaps seasonal, and appear to date to the late Roman period. A C14 date provided a date range of AD 395-460 (95% confidence). Other potential Roman period structures were also identified, represented by possible beam slots, postholes, stone groupings which may have been walling and potential floor layers. A notable find from the site is an inscribed stone interpreted as referring to the Emperor Honorius, possibly an antefix for a structure on the island at around AD 400. It is speculated that this may reflect an Imperial administrative role of some sort for the site.  Whilst the character of the site is uncertain, it has been classified as a hillfort here, due to its location in such a defendable position, and it seems that the site was not a typical rural farmstead. The late Romano-British material occurs on both the island and the mainland, indicating that activity may have been extensive, and likely to have originally spread over the entire headland. Activity continued at the site into the 5th century and beyond, and more certain and clearly defined structural evidence, along with large groups of post-Roman Mediterranean imported pottery, are associated with the post-Roman phases, indicating an important trading function."
18034,-50,600,150,300,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,15,2,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,Yes,river valley,uncertain,No,Yes,No,"The site of a 'round' at Trethurgy, an especially important site as it is the first example to have seen complete excavation. The univallate enclosure is situated 4km NE of St Austell, occupying the bottom of a gentle east-facing slope in a slight valley. The site is approx. 4km from the coast at St Austell Bay. The site was excavated in advance of its destruction for a waste tip for china-clay working. The enclosure was 56m x 48m internally, enclosing an area of approx. 0.2ha. The excavation demonstrated that the round had been occupied during the 2nd to 6th centuries AD. A series of structures were revealed, situated around the perimeter of the round, with a central open space. The stratigraphic sequence was complex, and many structures had been rebuilt on the same site several times. The round had been built over an earlier, unfinished, earthwork, possibly a stock enclosure of the late 1st century BC associated with a late-prehistoric fieldsystem.  This early enclosure contained a single insubstantial structure and continued until construction of the round. The round was constructed c. AD 150 and was enclosed by a ditch and rampart, revetted on both faces with stone. It had a single entrance, central to the downhill side, closed by a double-leaved gate. The rampart and entrance were maintained throughout the occupation, but the ditch was disused by the 4th century. The interior contained five large oval stone houses (possible high status dwellings) and a range of ancillary buildings, a four-poster granary, a byre, a probable shrine (constructed c. AD 375-400), and various stores and workshops. Additional buildings included a rectangular timber building constructed during the 2nd century and a late 5th century rectangular stone structure. Approx. three oval timber buildings of various phases were constructed, as well as three small sub-circular and four irregular oval buildings in stone. The probable shrine was a polygonal structure, 1.8 by 1.5m, defined by orthostats, and a worn path led to it. It was interpreted as such based on its position directly uphill, although not facing, the entrance, the lack of good evidence for a utilitarian function and the presence of a double handful of sea sand in the bedding for the paving in the structure. The paving in the structure surrounded a central gap, thought possibly to have been a deliberate space for deposition of offerings (perhaps liquid?) which have not survived (and it should be noted that bone did not survive well due to the acidic soil conditions). It is thought that the structure may have existed throughout the use of the round, with remodelling only in the late 4th century. Not all buildings were contemporary, but the basic plan continued through the centuries, with houses rebuilt in situ and the same areas used for penning stock, storage, outside activities and rubbish disposal. The changing use of the buildings formed a complex sequence, with a major period of rebuilding in the late 3rd to early 4th century. The report suggests the site may have seen maximum residential capacity during the 2nd century and again in the late 4th century. There was a gradual decline through the 5th century with a little increase in the 6th. Rubbish had generally been systematically removed from the site, and so artefacts were relatively sparse for the area excavated. A single midden provided the only large group of associated finds. There was some evidence for structured deposition in the form of a remarkable range of ceramics in the 6th century (deliberate?) infill of the structure interpreted as a shrine (including samian and post-Roman imports). Also possible examples of structured deposition signalling closure of houses ? pottery and a weight associated with a pit at the time when a house went out of use, and a pit near the structure interpreted as a granary containing a saddle quern and other probable grain-processing tools. Evidence for small-scale production of copper-alloy and probably silver artefacts as well as smithing of iron."
18035,-100,50,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,coastal,uncertain,No,No,No,"Excavations at a site on the western outskirts of Newquay, discovered during house construction, produced evidence for a Bronze Age settlement and an Iron Age cemetery.  There was a hiatus of approx. 900 years between Bronze Age and Iron Age activity at the site. The site occupies a south-facing hill slope overlooking the Gannel estuary.  Twenty-one graves were discovered, the majority of which contained crouched inhumations. Metalwork accompanying the graves indicated regular use of the cemetery from the 3rd/2nd century BC up to the 1st century AD, possibly used on an occasional basis. It is thought that the complete cemetery was not found, and the cemetery may have extended to the east and west. Notable that unlike many South West cemeteries the burials were apparently in unmarked and unlined grave pits."
18036,-50,400,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,No,,1,No,No,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,No,Yes,No,"A site subject to large-scale excavation (30ha) in advance of the construction of a new tip (following on from previous geophysical survey, evaluation trenching and a watching brief). The work produced evidence for multi-period activity of Bronze Age, mid-Iron Age and late Iron Age to Romano-British date. The Roman period evidence related to a possibly unenclosed settlement and funerary activity. Possible settlement features included at least one building and a group of ditches which may relate to series of small enclosures of 2nd to 4th century AD. The building appears to have been outside the enclosures and was probably a post-built structure of rectangular shape measuring 7.8 x 5.6m. It did not produce dateable finds but it was adjacent to a land surface which produced Romano-British pottery.  The building and enclosures were set within a multi-phased rectilinear fieldsystem covering approx. 9ha, of broad late Iron Age to Roman date. The funerary evidence consisted of at least two (probably three) burials, contained by the major axes of the fieldsystem. The burials were located approx. 40-50m east of the building and comprised a stone-lined cist burial and a possible decapitated inhumation, cut into the edge of a field ditch, lying 5m apart. The third burial was represented by a probable grave pit only. Structured deposition is suggested by the report authors for a considerable assemblage of pottery recovered from a ditch, though they concede that the interpretation is tentative. The pottery assemblage from the site spanned the first century BC to the fourth century AD."
18037,0,0,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,1,,No,No,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,No,No,No,"A site at St. Mewan, St. Austell, subject to a 14 trench evaluation and geophysical survey ahead of development. A sub-circular double-ditched enclosure was suggested to be a 'round' of late Iron Age or Roman date based on a small pottery assemblage. Some of the field boundaries revealed through geophysical survey may be of contemporary date. A possible structure was also identified in the centre of the enclosure through geophysical survey and investigated through a trial trench and this was thought to be a possible roundhouse . As the site is imprecisely dated the date fields have been left blank above."
18038,0,0,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,1,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"A strip map and sample and subsequent small-scale excavation were undertaken at a site in Truro in advance of housing construction. Features from the site were ephemeral and poorly dated, but a an unusual sub-square or rectangular timber structure, possibly a small lean-to was thought possibly to be of late Iron Age or Roman date. The feature included a hearth though it was thought not to be a domestic dwelling, and its unusual form was suggested as being reflective of a specialist function. It generated large quantities of ash, charcoal and burnt stone, and appears to have been subjected to intense heating. No clear industrial residues were found, and few cereal remains were found so it is considered unlikely to have been associated with cereal parching/drying. As large quantities of charcoal were present, including large quantities of carbonised roundwood twigs, charcoal production is suggested as a possible function for the structure. It is unclear whether the structure is linked to pits which occur in the vicinity. Drainage ditches on the site were not well dated but were thought most likely to be of late Iron Age or Roman date. As the dating for the activity is very imprecise the date fields have been left blank above."
18039,-100,300,,,uncertain,enclosed,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,No,Yes,No,"A site situated 1km to the south of Manaccan village, on the eastern side of the Lizard peninsula, subject to investigation after a landowner rediscovered a fogou which was initially documented in the 19th century. Geophysical survey identified a rectangular enclosure and multi-phase fieldsystem and excavation subsequently took place. The enclosure, or 'round', and associated fogou was found to have been principally of early-to-mid Iron Age in date (in the 4th century BC), though there was evidence for the reuse of the site in the late Iron Age to Roman periods, in the early centuries AD, and again in the post-Roman period, though the nature of this reuse is not well understood. The geophysical survey of fields surrounding the site has revealed circular, oval and curvilinear anomalies suggesting that the excavated features represent only a small part of a complex, long-lived landscape which is likely to contain more extensive settlement from each of these periods. Use of the enclosure, but not the fogou, continues during the early centuries of the first millennium AD, although the intensity of activity is less clear. Romano-British pottery from the later fills of the enclosure ditch show this to have silted substantially by this time, although it was clearly still in use. An excavated ditch represents part of a fieldsystem in use at this time and produced Cordoned Ware pottery from this period; the geophysical survey anomaly suggests that this field plot may have been attached to the north-western corner of the enclosure. The extensive linear and curvilinear ditch anomalies evident from geophysical survey and an apparent oval structure with which they could be associated suggest extensive use of the surrounding landscape and perhaps unenclosed settlement during this period. Pottery recovered from the 'well' or shaft show that the upper levels of this were being infilled between the second and third centuries AD. The investment of effort in the excavation of a shaft of this depth (and it may be considerably deeper that the level to which it has been excavated) suggests that a substantial community was present on this land at the time."
18040,1,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,3,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"A ten-trench evaluation was undertaken south-east of Newquay to accompany a planning application for development. The evaluation area occupied a north-facing slope. Several of the trenches identified features of late Iron Age/Romano-British date, including a ditch, probably part of a large enclosure depicted in an earlier geophysical survey. Further ditches, possibly representing the remains of roundhouses or internal divisions within the enclosure, were also identified, as well as pits and postholes suggestive of settlement activity. A number of undated features may also be contemporary and are perhaps associated with field boundaries. Dating was imprecise as a result of the longevity of pottery in gabbroic fabric, but there is a suggested emphasis within the Roman period, after c. 150/200 AD. Immediately adjacent to these evaluation trenches, to the east, further geophysical survey and a 28-trench evaluation associated with the construction of a new road produced additional evidence, including enclosures, possible roundhouses, pits and possible fieldsystem ditches and trackways, suggesting an area of intensive LIA/Romano-British activity.  One possible roundhouse may have had an internal diameter of approx. 12m, and a further two possible roundhouses were also represented by ditches, each with potential diameters of c. 7m. Together, the results from the two evaluations suggest intensive activity between the 1st and 4th centuries AD."
18041,-100,400,,,medium (4 - 8 ha),enclosed,Yes,7,,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,No,No,No,"Investigations including geophysical survey, excavation and fieldwalking, were carried out by Time Team at Gear hillfort, revealing a complex of enclosures, boundaries, possible roundhouses and other features. The site is situated on the south side of the upper reaches of the Helford estuary on the western end of a steep-sided spur between the Helford River and Mawgan Creek to the north and a deep stream valley to the west and south. The site was shown to date to the late Iron Age, with activity extending into the Roman period. The site is a large univallate hillfort up to 300m across, enclosing an area of approx. 6ha. Trenches through ring ditches suggested at least two long-lived roundhouses, and pottery and a series of C14 dates indicated significant occupation at the site in general between the 4th century BC and the early 1st century AD with pottery of South Western Decorated Ware and Cordoned Ware present. The results of the geophysical survey suggest many more roundhouses (perhaps up to seven in total). Pottery and a C14 date from the fill of a ditch indicated some occupation of the site during the mid or later Roman period, as did the range of finds recovered during fieldwalking, which included 3rd-4th century AD pottery.  It is unclear whether this represents continuity or reoccupation during the Roman period. Craft activity was suggested by polished stones, perhaps for cloth or leather production, as well as apparent traces of metalworking. Small quantities of charred grain and chaff as well as a rotary quern suggest some food processing."
18042,-50,25,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,No,No,No,"Investigations including geophysical survey and excavation were carried out by Time Team at the site of a defended enclosure at Caervallack, revealing evidence for activity in the late Iron Age, contemporary with the activity at Gear hillfort, 400m to the NW (database record 18041). The site is situated on the south side of the upper reaches of the Helford estuary, occupying the west side of a ridge, below the highest part of the ridge, above steep slopes which fall into a stream valley. The site comprises a sub-circular 'round' approx. 100m across and an oval shaped annexe immediately to its east, 160m east-west x 75m north-south.  The results of the investigation, particularly the geophysical survey, indicated a higher level of activity in the annexe than in the apparently primary circular enclosure, and the annexe produced evidence for possible internal subdivision as well as pits or possible areas of burning. A notable find from the site was a fragment of a tuyere, an object associated with furnaces."
18043,50,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,3,,No,No,No,No,No,Yes,coastal,uncertain,No,No,No,"A site on the remote islet of Nornour, one of the uninhabited Eastern Islands of Scilly, lying between St Mary's and St Martin's. The site has produced considerable evidence for prehistoric occupation in the form of multiple stone buildings dating from the Bronze Age, though there is much less evidence for domestic occupation during the Roman period, and it is unclear whether the settlement was occupied continuously from the Bronze Age into the Roman period, though this is regarded as a possibility. In particular, one of the stone built houses produced a hearth with a C14 date and magnetic dating suggesting activity between the 1st and 3rd centuries AD, and large assemblages of Roman period finds were retrieved from in and around the Bronze Age houses, including figurines and an unusually large quantity of brooches and coins. All Roman activity appears to have occurred in features at the west of the site.  The original excavation report interpreted the site as a brooch production site, but this interpretation has been challenged and the site is instead regarded as a shrine during the Roman period rather than a domestic settlement, and some internal structures within one of the buildings may have been added in the Roman period, associated with ritual activity. These included a large circular 'table' in the centre of one of the buildings and a triangular stone 'box' nearby, and finds were associated with these features. As well as the coins, brooches and figurines, artefacts with a likely ritual significance include miniature pots. As at least three of the buildings appear to have seen some reuse in the Roman period they have been included here under circular buildings, but they are likely to have had a much earlier construction date. The date of ritual activity suggested by the artefacts ranges from the 1st to 4th centuries AD."
18044,-100,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,No,Yes,No,"A multi-period site at Stencoose was investigated in advance of construction of a water pipeline. The area of excavation was sited on a partially artificial terrace set into the side of a valley, approx. half way down the slope. Geophysical survey and a metal detector survey was also undertaken though all detector finds were of post-medieval date. Structural evidence was post-Roman in date, though the investigation produced evidence for a fieldsystem of mid-Iron Age to late Roman date. The fieldsystem was defined by a series of ditches forming enclosures, possibly with phases of moderation over time. The system may have formed a mosaic of fairly small scale cultivation plots as well as more extensive fields. A possible structure identified in the geophysical survey was undated. Two pits produced datable Romano-British artefacts, and one contained possible evidence for structured deposition in the form an assemblage of pottery, iron, iron slag, a broken granite rubbing stone and a perforated shillet object, and the corrosion on the iron object suggested a high organic content for the pit. In addition, a large group of pottery including a large part of a single vessel, was deposited close to the terminal of a ditch.  The fieldsystem is likely to have gone out of use between AD 300 and 400."
18045,-50,400,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,2,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,plain or plateau,uncertain,No,No,No,"A programme of archaeological recording took place during water pipeline construction, and excavation confirmed the findings of a previous geophysical survey which had indicated the presence of a substantial enclosure containing a series of anomalies. The excavation revealed the enclosure ditch and a scatter of dispersed features including a group of inter-cutting ditches, pits and postholes. Most of the features dated to the Romano-British period and were associated with three broad phases of activity. An initial phase with ditched rectilinear features may have been part of a fieldsystem, and this was followed by the laying out of two oval ring ditches that may have been gullies or wall trenches associated with two oval 'boat' shaped houses constructed end to end. This second phase was C14 dated to between 120 BC and AD 130 at 95% confidence. Finally a series of postholes in the area may belong to a timber structure of uncertain form. A further group of dispersed features within the enclosure were not well phased but were associated with Romano-British pottery, though they may represent part of a fieldsystem and possible rubbish pits associated with the two oval houses, although a C14 date from one of the pits suggested a later date (AD 210-430)."
18046,-100,300,100,,medium (4 - 8 ha),complex,Yes,21,,Yes,Yes,Yes,No,No,Yes,plain or plateau,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"The site at Chysauster, occupying a gentle south-western slope approx. 5km north of Penzance in south-west Cornwall. The site is represented by extensive extant earthworks which were subject to excavation in 1931, and previous investigations took place in the 19th century. The site is surrounded by an extensive system of associated fields and terraces and trackways. At least one fogou was associated with the settlement, situated approx. 100m to the south, whilst another possible example is situated to the west. The site is traditionally regarded as being of Roman date, possibly occupied for a relatively short time with little major rebuilding. However, the presence of fogous perhaps suggests an earlier phase of Iron Age settlement, as fogous elsewhere in Cornwall are commonly of earlier Iron Age date, and early Roman or Iron Age sherds recovered during the 1931 excavation suggest that at least two of the houses may have had a late Iron Age or early Roman origin. Earlier settlement is perhaps represented by surface irregularities in the area surrounding the Roman site, with possible earlier structures represented. The principal period of occupation, however, is thought to have been the 2nd and 3rd centuries AD. The principal area contains nine or ten courtyard houses, each approx. 30 meter in diameter, only some of which have been subject to excavation. These buildings are of common form, comprising an open courtyard defined by a massive dry-stone wall with several internal structures, typically a round or oval dwelling house built against the face of the wall opposite the entrance, and long rooms, sometimes sub-divided into smaller chambers, constructed lean-to style against the side walls. Most of the courtyards have a covered drainage or culvert running through, which may be to bring water to the site or to drain it way in wet weather. Some parts of the interior, especially the entrances, are paved with granite slabs, and the entrances open onto a 'high street'. It is most likely that the courtyard was open to the sky; the other structures would have been thatched or turf-roofed. The layout at Chysauster, when compared with other known courtyard house settlements, seems to have been well planned. Eleven roundhouses are also known from the site. The 1931 report lists finds recovered from two houses excavated at the site."
18047,-100,25,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,4,,Yes,No,No,No,No,Yes,hill,uncertain,No,No,No,"The site of an Iron Age hillfort on the summit of Chun Downs, commanding extensive views north and north-west to the Atlantic Coast and south towards Mounts Bay. Pottery evidence from excavations carried out in the late 1920s and early 1930s suggests that the main period of occupation extended from the 3rd century BC until the early 1st century AD, with a possible re-occupation in the 5th or 6th centuries AD. It is roughly circular in plan with two impressive stone walls, each with an external ditch. Within the interior are the remains of several stone walled elliptical roundhouses (perhaps four), heavily disturbed by later activity. One of these may be connected with the later phase of re-occupation of the site in the post-Roman period. The houses may have abutted against the enclosing wall in the way seen at some 'rounds' in Cornwall. Traces of stony banks may be the remains of later animal pounds. A well was also identified within the enclosure. The only entrance to the site is a stone-lined passage through the larger inner rampart on the west side with an offset opening through outer rampart, suggesting a defensive function, which is reinforced by a short length of bank outside of the opening through the outer rampart providing defence in depth. A smelting furnace was discovered during the excavations on the northern edge of the hillfort which contained traces of tin and iron slag, indicating that mineral processing was carried out on site in the Iron Age. Apart from pottery and stone artefacts, evidence for the character of the occupation were scant however, the acid soils having destroyed all traces of organic materials. Originally the entrance through the outer rampart was set in line with the inner one and the entranceway was aligned towards the Neolithic chamber tomb known as Chun Quoit. The modification to the entrance may have been part of the later re-occupation of the site. Nearby to the east lies the Romano-British courtyard house village of Bosullow Trehyllys which may be broadly contemporary with the hillfort, or may represent a shift in settlement patterns following the abandonment of hillforts such as Chun Castle during the 1st century AD."
18048,-100,1,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,16,,No,No,No,No,No,No,coastal,uncertain,No,No,No,"The site of an Iron Age promontory fort at Gurnard's Head, on the north coast of Cornwall, excavated in 1939.The defences cross the narrowest part of the neck of the promontory. Up to 16 roundhouses have been identified from within the enclosure, only some subject to excavation. The site is not well dated, but initial activity may have begun prior to the mid-2nd century BC. However, there is some evidence from pottery to suggest that activity continued until the 1st century AD."
18049,-50,400,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,11,,Yes,No,No,No,No,Yes,hill,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"The site of a nucleated settlement, usually defined as a village, at Carn Euny, Sancreed, in the Lands End Peninsula. The site is situated on the south facing slopes of a hill just above the 500m contour, dominated by the nearby summit of Caer Brane with its Iron Age hillfort . It was discovered in the mid-19th century and was initially excavated in the 1860s, and more recent excavation took place in the 1960s-70s. Much of the settlement remains as upstanding earthworks. The site dates from the late Iron Age and continued through the Romano-British period, with four principal phases of construction within this period. The construction of the stone-built settlement appears to have started during the 1st century BC. The remains of houses and prehistoric fieldsystems surrounding the site indicate that the area was settled probably from the Bronze Age onwards, and finds of flint tools suggest activity from the Mesolithic period. The site contains several enclosed 'courtyard houses', consisting of a basic design of a massive drystone wall forming an open courtyard of roughly oval shape, approx. 9m across, with a round or oval domestic structure built into the wall opposite the entrance and a series of lean-to structures ranged along either side. The entrances, which tend to have evidence for a strong doorway, are often paved and generally face away from the prevailing south-west wind. The long lean-to rooms probably functioned as store rooms, workshops, or animal shelters. The courtyards are sometimes crossed by a stone lined and covered drain which might have been the water supply to the residents or the means for keeping the courtyard reasonably dry in wet weather. Roofs were probably thatched or turfed, and it is considered unlikely that the courtyard was covered over. The remains of the courtyard houses have seen disturbance by later episodes of occupation of the site, and the picture is further confused by traces of a possible earlier phase of Bronze Age roundhouses underlying the present settlement. A fogou (an underground passage and chamber) adjoins one of the main courtyard houses. The fogou appears to have gone through three construction phases between the 5th century BC and the 1st century AD, including an early corbelled round chamber with low entrance passage represents the first phase later linked to a long curved stone passage orientated roughly east-west, with a short side passage or ?creep? leading to the surface near the south-west end. At some time later a sloping entrance was created at the eastern end. The passage and chamber have large capstones, all of which are original except two replacements at the south-west end. As well as the three enclosed courtyard houses a group of at least seven round or oval houses, most of approx. 6m in diameter, are also recorded. Postholes and gullies associated with mid-to-late Iron Age pottery suggest that timber structures existed prior to the construction of the stone built courtyard houses, which were occupied between the 1st century BC and the 4th century AD. More than 10 houses have been excavated at the site, not including those represented by features from the earliest levels, and considerably less is known about the earliest structures at the site.  Excavations revealed traces of levelled platforms in neighbouring fields, suggesting that the settlement may have been more extensive than the current earthworks suggest. Traces of a track or road were also found. The settlement appears to have been abandoned at some point after the fourth century AD when the site was abandoned. Pottery from the site was abundant, as were finds of stone, particularly querns, whetstones and other utilised stones. spindlewhorls also common. Glass beads, samian and a BB1 jar show some contact with the wider Roman world."
18050,-100,150,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,3,,Yes,No,No,No,No,Yes,plain or plateau,uncertain,No,No,No,"The site of an enclosed 'round' at Trevisker, partially excavated in 1955-6 prior to the building of a school within the enclosure. The site occupies ground which slopes gently from east to west, approx. 4km from the coast to the east.  Only the northern part of the enclosure was examined. Three periods of occupation were revealed.  The first was a small agricultural hut circle settlement of Bronze Age date with two circular timber-built houses, ancillary structures and ditches with a radio-carbon date of between 1700 - 1300 BC. The second settlement was established in the 2nd century BC and included an enclosure of approx. 0.2ha, believed to contain a single farmstead. This was superseded by another larger enclosure with a V-shaped inner and outer ditches and a rampart with an entrance defined by dry-stone walling and gateposts. This larger enclosure contained an area of approx. 1.2ha. Within the inner enclosure there were three or four circular houses and one was enclosed by an outer stone wall and a metalled surface area and was approx. 11m in diameter with an east facing entrance. Another was also within a metalled area and was 13m in diameter. A further probable house was represented by postholes and ditches, whilst another was suggested by a ring-ditch. The houses had slab-lined drains. Other features included a wood-lined pit. At least one of the houses was re-occupied during a third settlement phase in the Romano-British period, producing a coin of 96-98 AD, and the occupation continued until the 2nd century AD."
18051,150,300,240,270,medium (4 - 8 ha),unclassified,Yes,,1,No,No,Yes,Yes,No,Yes,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"The site of a late second century winged corridor villa at Magor Farm, near Camborne, on the north coast of Cornwall, excavated in 1931 and 1932. The site was identified when a tessellated pavement was disturbed during ploughing. The site is situated just 1.5km south of the modern coastline, occupying the valley of the Red River.  Three periods of construction were identified - initial construction in the second half of the 2nd century AD, enlargement at an uncertain date and abandonment, dated by a hoard of denarii c. 230-40 AD. The building was interpreted as being re-occupied by squatters c.270-80 AD. It is suggested that the 'squatter phase' may have been associated with tin mining. A group of late 3rd century radiates were associated with this late phase.  A Roman coin hoard was also found. In 1985 geophysical surveying revealed a double ditched circular enclosure of possibly Iron age date nearby. The villa was considered to be relatively small, with one range of buildings behind the corridor. In its final state it measured approx. 17m from front to back and 27m long."
18052,-100,400,100,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,11,,Yes,No,Yes,No,No,Yes,plain or plateau,uncertain,No,No,No,"The site of a rural settlement at Porthmeor, Zennor, sometimes defined as a village, occupying a moderate slope above a stream, approx. 1km south of the north coast of Cornwall. It was excavated in the 1930s. The site is thought originally to have been an open village, but was later enclosed by a sub-circular enclosure, possibly in the 2nd century AD. Occupation is thought to have continued until the end of the 4th century AD. The presence of a fogou and traces of a fieldsystem in fields adjacent to the enclosure are suggestive of Iron Age settlement, as fogous in Cornwall tend to be of earlier rather than later Iron Age date, at least initially. However, little evidence for pre-Roman occupation was recovered during the excavations.  The defensive wall of the enclosure is of dry stone construction and utilised as the modern field boundary. Within the enclosure there are a group of stone-built courtyard houses and other buildings, and two of the courtyard houses were excavated. There appear to have been at least eleven houses in total. The courtyard houses may have been contemporary with the enclosure, but at least one roundhouse was apparently already occupied when the enclosure was built. The fogou associated with the settlement consists of a narrow curving roofless passage with sides of dry stone walling 1.7 metres high. There are traces of a fieldsystem visible in the fields adjacent to the fortified area on the north, west and south sides and extending a considerable distance to the south.  Two furnaces were excavated, though their function is uncertain. It is possible that they were associated with metalworking."
18053,1,150,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,4,,Yes,No,No,No,No,Yes,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"The site of an enclosed settlement, or 'round', excavated in the 1950s ahead of housing development. The site lies above the valley of the small Menalhyl River in north Cornwall. Excavations took place in approximately half of the enclosed area. The site is believed to have been occupied since the first quarter of the 1st century AD. It was enclosed by a single fortifying earth bank and ditch with a north-west entrance. Four complete roundhouses were excavated, along with the remains of several others. These were predominantly of timber construction and were found in the area just inside the entrance. These buildings were approx. 6-9 metres across and consisted of an outer circle of postholes or a stone revetted walls with an inner circle of postholes around a central hearth. Some of the buildings appear to have shared part of a common outer wall and some had a raised platform inside. Not all of the buildings were contemporary and the earliest buildings were associated with cordoned ware, imported amphora sherds, brooches and evidence for tin smelting. Gullies which were possibly associated with even earlier structures were associated with similar pottery, but not amphora sherds. Only the entrance produced evidence for alteration throughout the course of the life of the site, though some buildings may have been associated with a phase of alterations to the entrance. These buildings were associated with samian, imported flagons and amphorae, and this period of occupation appears to have continued until the mid-2nd century AD. The site may have been associated with the tin industry, and it is notable that an ingot of tin with a Roman stamp and an inscription, believed to be of 3rd-4th century AD in date was found at Carnanton, just south of the site."
18054,-100,500,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,coastal,uncertain,No,No,No,"A site in Penzance, located 1km west of the coast, where excavations in advance of development of Penzance College revealed components of a late Iron Age to Romano-British farming landscape (c. 300BC ? AD 500), including part of a ditched fieldsystem and part of an enclosed settlement or 'round'. Excavation in one area revealed a number of intercutting ditches and pits in addition to postholes and a hearth of later prehistoric date. Whilst the function of these ditches is uncertain, it is possible that they were related to agricultural drainage and water management, with other features related to settlement activity. A curvilinear gully may have defined an enclosure for livestock or domestic use. Pottery recovered from the fills of these features suggests activities dating to the later Iron Age and early Romano-British periods around 150 BC - AD 50. In another area, approx. 160m to the south, the excavation of a square trench for wind turbine foundations revealed archaeological deposits within an area previously evaluated by AC Archaeology in 1995 at West Car Parks. These included part of a probable enclosure ditch and pits representing settlement activity dating to the late Iron Age and Romano-British periods, corresponding with evidence for domestic activity recorded by AC Archaeology."
18055,150,600,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,1,,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"A site on the NE outskirts of Truro, excavated in advance of housing development. The site predominantly occupied a west-facing slope, approximately 0.5 k to the west of the River Allen, one of the main tributaries of the Truro River. The excavation produced evidence for small scale, low intensity occupation or activity in the late prehistoric period (continuing from activity in the Bronze Age), perhaps accompanied by some degree of land division, indicated by possible LIA field boundaries. The most significant evidence of occupation encountered was a ditched enclosure of Romano-British date containing domestic material including middens and evidence for industrial activity. The enclosure was probably constructed in the mid-2nd century, and was defined by a substantial ditch and possible internal bank. The enclosure measured approximately 55m in diameter. Evidence of a revetted bank preserved near the enclosure entrance was found during the earlier excavations in 2003. Interior gullies, pits and postholes provided evidence of at least two phases of domestic and industrial activity. The ceramic assemblage suggested a 3rd-4th century AD date for the majority of activity at the site and C14 dates from two pits also indicated occupation was most likely to have been during the 3rd-mid 4th century AD, though early medieval pottery recovered during the Cornwall Archaeological Unit excavations in 2003 suggested activity up to at least the 6th century. There was a lack of clear evidence for a substantial dwelling on the site, despite evidence for food processing, cultivation and domestic crafts. A small poorly preserved structure was regarded as more likely to be a workshop than a domestic building. Further features appeared to relate to a relatively small, possibly open-fronted structure, used for baking or other industry, possibly the preparation of malt for brewing, which required the use of a kiln to arrest grain germination. Metalworking debris, mostly the product of iron smelting, was found in a number of contexts, and it is likely that small-scale iron smelting, was undertaken either within the enclosure, and/or on a nearby site. Iron tools, including a needle and an awl, also provided evidence for leather or textile working. Production of stone mortars on the site was also indicated by the presence of roughouts. The relatively low quantities of cereal remains recovered were suggested as possible evidence for relatively short-lived occupation, or a primarily industrial function for the enclosure. This suggestion is supported by the apparent lack of domestic structures, and the presence of several hearths and two possible kilns or furnaces may suggest the primary focus was ironworking and other industry. However, there was clearly some sort of domestic focus either within the enclosure itself or nearby, as domestic waste was present. The lack of imported wares was seen as potential evidence that the site was of lower status than some Cornish 'rounds', with a reliance on local pottery later supplemented with occasional pieces from the south west region, and limited contact or interaction with the wider Roman world. Additional features included a possible stock enclosure or watering hole. Evidence of wheat and barley processing was found within the settlement, and an associated rectilinear fieldsystem was identified also suggesting arable cultivation."
18056,50,600,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,2,,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,Yes,coastal,uncertain,No,No,No,"An archaeological evaluation was undertaken by 'Time Team' at a site in Lellizzick near Padstow in Cornwall to investigate a series of circular anomalies identified by aerial photography and geophysical survey following extensive metal detecting. The site is located between Hawker's Cove and Harbour Cove in Lellizzick, by the tidal inlet of the River Camel, overlooking the sand bank known as the Doom Bar.  The investigations revealed a roundhouse settlement dating from the Romano-British through into the post-Roman period, with evidence of occupation over perhaps five or six centuries, although no definitive evidence for pre-Roman Iron Age settlement was found. Investigation of the architectural details of the roundhouses suggested a Bronze Age building technique which continued well into the Romano-British period. The settlement appears always to have been relatively small, with new roundhouses replacing old repeatedly. Some evidence of industrial activity was recovered, as well as evidence for possible connections with the Byzantine world. Previous results from geophysical survey by English Heritage showed 'a dense pattern of single and multiple circular, semi-circular, and sub-circular anomalies running in a broad band north south through the middle of the field. Linear ditch type anomalies were located between the cliff-edge and the main concentration of circles & if they represent the remains of a settlement, perhaps as many as 70 individual dwellings could be present &the circles frequently intersect and overlap, suggesting successive phases of building and reuse of the site'. The results of the Time Team work indicated that at least some of the circular anomalies were roundhouses of Romano-British date. The excavated examples of roundhouses had outer walls of limestone blocks and a surrounding drainage ditch. They had flagged slate floors and one had an internal diameter of approx. 7.3m. One may have been relatively long lived, from at least the 2nd century through to collapse and abandonment by the 4th century AD. Additional features included a possible stock enclosure."
18057,1,100,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,No,No,No,"An eight trench evaluation was undertaken at Tremough, near Penryn, in advance of expansion of a college. The site is positioned on the southern slopes of a spur of land to the immediate west of Penryn, overlooking the town and with far reaching views to the south and distantly out to sea. Previous geophysical survey results included a possible late prehistoric/Iron Age enclosure and what appeared to be an intriguing series of concentric ditches. The trenching identified the concentric ditches to be of late Iron Age or Roman date, formed by three ditches and a gully, and one of the ditches apparently had a stone-revetted bank on its exterior. A vertical sided pit was located within the structure formed by these ditches. There is likely to be a relationship between these features and contemporaneous activity to the north at sites recorded as database numbers 18029 and 18030. The site is currently without a precise parallel in Cornwall. The range of pottery suggested a date of around the first century AD. The function of the site is uncertain, though it is suggested in the report that it may have been a ceremonial enclosure, and it has therefore been classified as a potential shrine here, though firm evidence for this is lacking."
18058,-100,-40,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,1,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plain or plateau,uncertain,No,No,No,"A site excavated by Oxford Archaeology during an extensive programme of archaeological investigations which were carried out along the route of the 11.5 km long A30 Bodmin to Indian Queens road improvement scheme. Site B, 'The Belowda Roundhouse', was located c. 300m SE of Belowda hamlet, and comprised a roughly circular ditch, with an external diameter of c 14.7m, containing a number of internal features. The ditch was probably originally an enclosure, with one definite and one possible entrance. The definite entrance faced to the east, defined by ditch terminals packed with stone rubble, possibly deriving from demolition of the roundhouse. The entrance was also marked by a four post structure forming an internal porch. A hexagonal arrangement of posts, incorporating the two rearmost porch posts, was placed centrally within the ring ditch, perhaps indicating the position of roof supports. The other possible entrance, located to the north-west, was less convincing, as the ditch was extremely shallow in this area. It seems most likely that the ditch was truncated on the rear side of the roundhouse. Cereal and other plant remains were recovered from the environmental samples in small quantities. A radiocarbon determination from material within the ditch provided a preliminary date of 360BC-40BC (95.4% probability). A dark soil layer overlay the area of the ditch and the roundhouse and also extended to the south of the roundhouse. To the north-west of the roundhouse a pair of curvilinear ditches was recorded and they appear to form an entranceway, possibly to a droveway, though these ditches are undated. The relative scarcity of ceramics from the site were taken to suggest either a short period of occupation or non-permanent dwellings. Cereal evidence suggested a domestic function."
18059,1,100,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,1,,No,No,No,No,No,Yes,plain or plateau,uncertain,No,No,No,"A site excavated by Oxford Archaeology during an extensive programme of archaeological investigations which were carried out along the route of the 11.5 km long A30 Bodmin to Indian Queens road improvement scheme. The Lower Trenoweth Roundhouse (Site A), comprised a pair of concentric ring ditches and a series of internal features, mostly interpreted as postholes. The internal ditch was circular, with an external diameter of 11m and a clearly defined entrance to the east. The external ditch closely followed the internal ditch for the most part, being roughly circular with an external diameter of 14.6m, but to the north it bent away, forming an extended entranceway or small enclosure. A minimum of two phases were attributable to this feature. A recut observed in the outer ditch, was made after both this and the internal ditch had undergone a fair degree of silting. It seems most likely that this site represents a roundhouse, with the internal ditch representing the foundation trench for the wall of the roundhouse and the external ditch representing an eaves-drip drainage ditch. The small pottery assemblage recovered from the excavation has been dated to the late Iron Age/Romano-British transition period. The environmental samples from this site revealed cereal grains, seeds from wild plants and a diverse range of wood charcoal. There was a large amount of stone spread across the whole area defined by the ditches, which was notably absent outside the ditches. It seems likely that stone was originally used as building material, probably as foundations or facing for the walls of the roundhouse. Within the inner ditch a number of postholes were observed, including a group of four which formed a probable internal porch structure. A number of further probable postholes, were observed in the interior of the roundhouse. Some of them were far from convincing as archaeological features, but there are suggestions of a hexagonal arrangement of roof supports. No features were observed outside the roundhouse. The structure is very similar to the example recorded from Site B, identified in the same programme of archaeological work (database number 18058), which is located just 800m to the east. The buildings are thought to be of similar date."
18060,-100,-1,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,coastal,uncertain,No,No,No,"A four trench evaluation was undertaken in advance of development at Tretherras School, Newquay, following identification of a number of features in a previous geophysical survey. One trench targeted a sub-circular anomaly, approx. 50m in diameter, and this was shown to be the enclosure of an Iron Age or Romano-British 'round' with internal features, in the form of pits and postholes, surviving. Finds included pottery, a number of stone artefacts, daub fragments, a quern stone fragment, and charcoal-rich deposits. Pottery only of IA date."
18061,-100,530,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,Yes,coastal,uncertain,No,No,No,"A site at Newquay, occupying gently undulating land, excavated ahead of development of a new sewage treatment plant. The site is in fairly close proximity to an Iron Age cist cemetery, recorded on this database as record 18035. The most notable discovery was a late Iron Age and Romano-British site, where stone structures and a deep cultivation soil made up several domestic middens. Excellent environmental evidence was retrieved, including large quantities of marine molluscs and animal bones, exceptionally well preserved for a Cornish site. Pottery recovered included unusual fabrics and an iron wool comb was also an unusual find. C14 dates from bone recovered from the site produced a date range of 409 BC to 531 AD, though the main phase of settlement activity was thought to be the 2nd to 4th centuries AD. Features included 11 walls, 14 pits, 11 ditches and 20 middens. The middens consisted mainly of mussel and limpet. A very large assemblage of pottery, animal bone, marine molluscs, metalwork and other artefacts was recovered, though details are not in the grey literature report and the site is not yet published."
18062,-100,1,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,8,,Yes,No,No,No,No,Yes,hill,uncertain,No,No,No,"Excavation took place by volunteers of the West Cornwall Field Club at a site in West Cornwall, occupying the low westerly slopes of Mulfra Hill. The site targeted an area of settlement recognised from standing remains, and many stone-built roundhouses, enclosures and a fieldsystem are known from the area, dating from the mid-Iron Age and possibly as early as the Bronze Age. It is thought that in around 150 BC some of the roundhouses were enclosed, forming a 'round', which contained at least eight roundhouses, and possibly others. There appear to be two types of building represented, some larger with thicker walls, with wider doorways which open to the south-east, and other smaller buildings with narrow doorways which open to the south-west, which tend to be oval in plan. There is evidence for several phases of construction as some of the buildings overlay one another. The site is not closely dated, but at least some of the pottery appears to be late Iron Age Cordoned Ware and it seems likely that the round continued into the late Iron Age, if not beyond, though the principal settlement evidence appears to be of mid-Iron Age date."
18063,-50,200,,,uncertain,enclosed,Yes,4,,Yes,No,No,No,No,Yes,hill,uncertain,No,No,No,"A site at Penryn College, where archaeological recording was undertaken in advance of the construction of playing fields and a new school building. Large-scale excavation followed the discovery of features during a watching brief. The work produced evidence for late Iron Age to Romano-British domestic settlement and a fieldsystem. The settlement features included two enclosures, one of which contained features including postholes and hearths and another which contained the remains of at least two, possibly four, oval or sub-circular structures and other structural features. A Roman chatelaine was recovered from a gully. A curvilinear arrangement of rubble may have been part of a wall. Pottery of late Iron Age and Roman date was discovered, with some of the Roman pottery of late 2nd century in date. Full analysis of the results has not yet been undertaken."
18064,-100,130,,,uncertain,unenclosed,Yes,2,1,No,No,No,No,No,No,plain or plateau,uncertain,No,No,No,"Excavation along the Harlyn Bay to Padstow pipeline in advance of sewer construction revealed a substantial and well-preserved and long-lived settlement of Iron Age and Romano-British date, just 250m from the large Iron Age cemetery recorded on this database (18015). As a limited area was excavated it was difficult to characterise the settlement, though geophysical survey indicated that it was extensive. No enclosure ditch was identified and it is thought likely that the settlement was unenclosed. Dating was provided by two radiocarbon dates and a limited pottery assemblage, which suggested that the occupation of the settlement ranged from around 500 BC to the 2nd century AD, with some later activity in the late Roman period suggested by finds. The settlement included roundhouses, though the precise character of these is uncertain. One may have had a diameter of c. 8m-10m. A third, possibly rectangular, structure was also identified ? this was poorly dated but may have been late in the sequence. The settlement appears to have sat within a fieldsystem. The settlement is thought likely to be associated with the previously excavated cemetery.   The two radiocarbon determinations from the IA/Roman site were 754-406 cal BC and 89 cal BC ? AD 130."
18065,-100,400,50,,large (9+ ha),enclosed,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,coastal,uncertain,No,No,No,"The site of an impressive promontory fort occupying Trevelgue Head, just outside Newquay. The site was excavated by CK Croft Andrew in 1939, was subject to survey in 1983, and the results have only recently seen publication. The principal focus of activity at the site was mid-Iron Age, closely linked to on-site iron smelting activity. The site may have been occupied during the late Iron Age, though there is little evidence to suggest this. It apparently did see occupation throughout the Roman period however. One rampart is possibly of Roman date and a Roman period structure was partly excavated ? this was a small and irregular structure, possibly only a temporary shelter with a hearth. One of the earlier houses may have continued to be a focal point, but in a ruined condition. The Roman period artefact assemblage from the site suggests normal domestic activity. The floor of the house was scraped clean during the 4th century, suggesting a renewed focus on its site. At the beginning of the 5th century the house was partly demolished and its site infilled with material which included a large number of 4th century coins, as well as prehistoric through to 4th century AD pottery. A single fragment of late Roman amphora handle may indicate 5th-6th century activity subsequent to the infill of the house. The overall suggestion from the ceramic assemblage is for a focus on consumption of food rather than storage or preparation - possibly regular feasting events. The reused house possibly formed a focus for local communities."
19001,-50,400,55,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,1,9,Yes,No,Yes,No,Yes,No,hill,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"A site located on a spur above the River Exe, approximately 2.5km SE of Exeter and 3.5km NE of Topsham. Assessment and evaluation was followed by open-area excavation by Exeter Archaeology ahead of residential development, and a subsequent excavation was undertaken by AC Archaeology. The excavations revealed evidence of at least two late pre-Roman Iron Age settlement enclosures, a Roman military works depot of mid-1st century date and Roman civil activity including some evidence for a mid-late Roman cemetery. The site suffered from significant truncation. Some post-alignments and possible four-post structures recorded at the site may belong to the earliest Iron Age phases, although the earliest clearly identifiable features on the site date to the late pre-Roman Iron Age. The principal components were the remains of at least two major enclosures, one superimposed on the other, sited just below the ridgeline at the centre of the site. There is evidence of additional complexity including probable remodelling of both enclosures. A possible round house, with an internal diameter of about 7m, appears to be located centrally inside the earliest enclosure, and this association is supported by ceramic evidence, with similar pottery recovered from the round house gulley and the enclosure ditch suggesting a date of between 50 BC and AD 50 for the complex as a whole. The earlier of the two enclosures has a plan in some ways similar to late Iron Age banjo enclosures known from the Wessex region further to the east and known particularly well in the Hampshire/Berks/Oxfordshire borders area. The entrance to the second and later enclosure, which may have retained the roundhouse as its focus, is slightly displaced in relation to the earlier enclosure entrance and although it retains a position on the same side it is placed about 9m further to the south-west. Extensive re-modelling of the south-west side of the enclosure including evidence for sections of palisade with or without an accompanying ditch suggest different phases of activity and purpose The later and rectangular enclosure ditch appears clearly to have been functioning at the time of the Roman military occupation as, following a period of brief abandonment, it can be shown by excavation to have been deliberately backfilled to ground level during the Roman military period at Exeter (c. AD55-75). Following the infilling of the later Iron Age enclosure ditch a post-trench building of Roman military design was constructed over the top of it - a terminus post quem of A.D. 55 for this event being provided by a potter's stamp. The most likely scenario for this undertaking was the establishment of a 'fort' which almost certainly would have stood astride the Roman road which led from the fort or fortlet at Topsham to the legionary fortress at Exeter.  The recorded remains of timber buildings within the excavated area of the base included a workshop (fabrica) arranged around three sides of a courtyard with an accommodation block or barrack forming one side. The workshop building on the north-west side of the complex was well represented by post-trenches and post pits indicating an aisled building allowing a high roof line with probable clerestory lighting ? this building had been erected directly above the infilled ditch of the Iron Age enclosure. Further timber buildings were located to the north-east, with at least two showing evidence of rebuilding. These buildings were clearly of Roman military origin but at least some of them may have continued in use following their abandonment for army purposes. They are likely to have been fronting onto the Roman road and thus attractive for re-use in the civil period. The presence of open spaces within the fort, the apparent absence of barracks (although these could be situated elsewhere within the defences) and the apparent random nature of the building plan, suggest that the establishment was not a standard auxiliary fort but more likely a supply base or works depot. The size of the works depot is yet to be established, though it is thought to have been large.  The excavation demonstrated that the defences were deliberately slighted. At the same time some of the buildings will have been dismantled although some of those fronting the Topsham/Exeter road could have been retained into the civil period. Wells and cisterns may have been backfilled at the end of the military occupation of the site and there is some evidence to suggest this. One find from an abandoned cistern, a complete smoke blackened antefix, raises the possibility of a high quality building somewhere within the complex. Similar antefixes are known from the military bathhouse of the Roman legionary fortress at Exeter. A Roman wooden writing tablet recovered from a well, with surviving and readable ink letters, may represent the earliest example of writing recorded in the South-West of Britain. A small number of ditches, forming part of a Romano-British fieldsystem, were exposed in the eastern part of the site. No settlement activity was identified, although industrial activity, in the form of four 'ovens' or firing chambers, was located in the centre of the site. In addition, five Romano-British graves were identified. All were inhumations, although no human skeletal material survived due to the acidic nature of the soils. The presence of the graves suggests a small? Roman cemetery of mid-late Roman date perhaps relating to a community either farming the land or engaged in commerce in a location alongside the Roman road. The 2013 AC Archaeology excavation identified further evidence for military occupation in the form of four timber-built Roman military buildings, at least one of multiple rooms. In addition, a late Iron Age ditch and a small number of pits and postholes of late Roman military and Roman civil date were identified."
19002,-100,-1,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,3,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,arable,No,No,No,"A site excavated during road improvement of the A30, situated towards the eastern end of a ridge running east from the edge of Exeter, approx. 900m to the west of and overlooking the River Clyst. The excavations produced evidence for a long sequence of activity, with the earliest features dated by C14 dating to the early-middle Iron Age. These features included a post-built roundhouse, dated to 770-70 cal. BC. No finds were recovered from the structure. It was apparently isolated, though other possible structures may have been outside the excavated area. The building was supported by 15 posts and was c. 6.5m in diameter, with a SE facing entrance. To the west of this roundhouse there were two incomplete overlapping gullies relating to a rebuilt roundhouse, which produced a C14 date of 200 cal. BC-cal. AD 20, obtained from a pit near the centre of one of the gullies. Other features included pits, postholes a hearth, ditches and the pit from which the C14 date derived contained pottery, grain and chaff and charcoal. Another posthole contained a quern fragment and cereal chaff and grains. Three four post structures were also found, one of which produced a C14 date of 390-100 cal. BC. These features may all have related to an open settlement of mid-Iron Age date. Immediately to the west of the roundhouse gullies, and slightly cutting them (and therefore later), was a ditched enclosure measuring c. 50x50m, with a single entrance on the E side. C14 dates from the enclosure ditch gave dates of 370-40 cal. BC and 360-30 cal. BC. Inside the enclosure features included a penannular gully and associated post-holes for a roundhouse (diameter c. 17.5m), and a C14 date of 160 cal. BC-cal. AD 90 was obtained.  An entrance was situated at the east of the roundhouse, facing the entrance to the enclosure. A further three four-post structures were situated in the enclosure, and additional postholes may have represented other structures. A small number of Durotrigian wares were present in the pottery assemblage, which appear in Dorset only from the mid-1st century BC - these presumably relate to the last use of the site, and it is thought that these sherds may have arrived at the site immediately prior to its abandonment, dating the abandonment of the site to the later 1st century BC."
19003,-100,-1,,,uncertain,unenclosed,Yes,4,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,No,No,No,"A site excavated during road improvement of the A30, to the west of the River Otter, occupying high ground on a crest of a ridge. As well as some Neolithic evidence, the principal features excavated were of mid-to-late Iron Age date, and included three, perhaps four, penannular gullies which were part of an open settlement. It was thought unlikely that all of the roundhouses were contemporary, although specific dating evidence was limited. The settlement in general was thought to be occupied between the 4th-1st centuries BC (four C14 dates gave a range of c 400-1 cal. BC). The full extent of the settlement was not ascertained. Additional features included either two or four-five-post structures, possible three-post structures and four-post structures. Charred plant remains suggest that cereals were stored on site, and it is possible that some of these structures were granaries. Whilst scarce, the plant remains suggested that cereals were processed on site. A number of possible hearths were also recognised. Charcoal from the features indicates an abundant supply of wood for fuel from both managed and natural woodlands."
19004,65,400,100,200,small (<1 - 3 ha),complex,Yes,8,2,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,hill,arable,Yes,Yes,No,"A site at Pomeroy Wood, excavated during improvement of the A30 road. The site lies on a spur to the west of the Nag's Head stream, situated on the highest point of the spur overlooking the floodplain of the River Otter to the north, with commanding views along the valley to the west and east. Five phases of activity are recognised within the Roman period, beginning with a 1st century Roman military base, followed by abandonment of the base, the establishment of a Roman roadside civil settlement (divided in the report into the later 1st/early 2nd-3rd centuries and 3rd-4th centuries), and the abandonment of the civil settlement. The earliest military occupation at the site was a small base with two defensive ditches and probably an earth and timber rampart, established in the 60s AD. The true extent and nature of the site was at first uncertain, though subsequent work at the site in 2004 by Exeter Archaeology has indicated that the plan may have been rectangular, with axes of 56m and 75m, and that the internal area of the base may have been just 0.3ha, one third of the area of the smallest fort known from the south-west (Nanstallon in Cornwall). A Roman road may have ran through the centre of the base. The character and quantity of the finds suggest it was garrisoned, but other possibilities are that it was an annexe to a larger base or was another military installation such as for storage. An outer work or annexe was also established, although the dating for this is uncertain. The abandonment date of the military base is unclear, though by analogy with other sites in Devon a date in the 80s is thought likely. The site is thought too large to have been a fortlet, though it would have been a small base. Buildings inside the defensive ditches of the base were poorly preserved, though two rectangular buildings were identified as well as a number of possible others. Pits associated with the military phase may have been water tanks, whilst two wells also dated to the military phase. One of these contained a complete BB1 bowl, which may have been a structured deposit. There is evidence for some metalworking from the military annexe. There is strong evidence that the final closing of the base included the burning of some or all of the structures. Following abandonment of the military base a civil settlement was established which stretched along the line of the Roman road for at least 700m.  The origin of the settlement is not known, but it is thought likely that the site developed around the fort as a vicus, and continued after the garrison had left, though there is no evidence for direct continuity at the site. The civil settlement appears to have begun in the late 1st/2nd-3rd centuries, when a series of roundhouses (up to six) were built on the site of the former base. Whilst they appear to occur in pairs, it is thought probable that this represents the replacement of single buildings. One of the buildings contained a pit containing a complete spouted cup, possibly a structured deposit. Elsewhere, two sub-circular pits each contained one half of a reused quernstone, set horizontally and surrounded by packing stones - these seem to have been post-pads or had an industrial purpose, rather than being structured deposits. To the west a series of compounds was laid out, extending from the single military phase compound next to the outwork or annexe. Buildings may possibly have lain within plots. It is unclear whether there were rectangular buildings along the line of the road frontage. Slag associated with some of the buildings may suggest a specialist function. Other features from this 2nd-3rd century phase included a corndrier, ovens and three wells, at least one of which was of a different character to the 1st century military well, being stone-lined. A pit was thought to have been a cess-pit, and it contained the remains of what is thought to have been a wicker lining or basket. Two four-post structures were also associated with the civil settlement. There is thought to have been a clear shift in settlement during the latter part of occupation at the site, and evidence for occupation in the 3rd-4th centuries is limited to a small number of features and a great deal of debris, and no buildings were identified from this phase. The earlier roundhouses had fallen out of use by the 3rd/4th century phase and the area previously occupied by them was used for some industrial activity and the dumping of rubbish. To the west the compounds continued in use and three additional corndriers were built. No masonry buildings were identified, though the quantities of stone and clay tile of 2nd/3rd century date and the presence of a single possible architectural stone point suggest at least one substantial building in the area. Also in the later Roman phase, a pit contained 38 hobnails, presumably from a piece of footwear, though there is no clear evidence that this formed part of a structured deposit. A further pit also contained a jar which had been deliberately set within the clay, thought probably to form part of a superstructure for an oven rather than a structured deposit. 'Dark earth' layers formed the upper fills of the western defensive ditches of the former military base, and these deposits contained large quantities of pottery and other finds. These spreads resembled midden deposits rather than occupation horizons, though the unabraded condition of the pottery suggests that areas of occupation during the later Roman period were nearby, but outside the excavated area, probably fronting the road. A notable feature of the later Roman spreads was the presence of clay roof and flue tiles. The pottery suggests that the settlement was abandoned during the 4th century, though it is possible that occupation continued into the early 5th century. There was no evidence for any further activity until the post-medieval period. In addition to the above information from the excavation at Pomeroy Wood, a further excavation took place at a site at Gittisham Forge, approx. 200m to the east, , which lies on the eastern bank of the Nag's Head Culvert. A subsequent watching brief was also undertaken at Nag's Head Culvert. These interventions produced a small number of features of 1st-2nd century date, and the bulk of the evidence was of 3rd-4th century date, contemporary with the latest phase of Roman settlement at the Pomeroy Wood site. Activity appears to have represented the digging of enclosures and the accumulation of dark earth. Occupation was thought to have been in the vicinity, but not in the excavated areas, and it may be that this area was represented by back plots or fieldsystems for a settlement fronting the Roman road. The quantity of slag suggests that iron smithing took place nearby. All of the sites appear to have been abandoned at the same time, suggesting that they were all parts of the same roadside settlement. Further work in 2004 on an area north of the A30 included geophysical survey and archaeological recording by Exeter Archaeology. These investigations enabled the northward extent of the Roman base to be established. In addition to the Roman military features, features more likely to date from the Roman civil period were noted and these were probably the source of the 3rd-4th century pottery sherds from the work, recovered from topsoil. These included circular features which may have represented the remains of two roundhouses, though these were not excavated."
19005,100,400,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),complex,Yes,,,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"A 65 trench evaluation was undertaken at Shepherd's Lane, Teignmouth, immediately west of the urban fringe of Teignmouth, ahead of a planning application for housing development. The site is situated above a small valley. The remains of a large multi-phase Roman agricultural enclosure were recorded. The enclosure comprised a concentric series of substantial ditches dating to the 2nd to 4th century AD. A possible entrance in the north-eastern side of the enclosures was indicated by the geophysical survey results, demarcated by a possible ditched causeway. Possible ancillary enclosed areas were also recorded to the north and to the south-west of the main enclosure system. The presence of these appendages and apparent alterations to the enclosure may attest to use of the site for more than a single phase or over an extended period. They may have been livestock enclosures. Some evidence of possible small-scale contemporary timber structures located internally to the enclosure was identified but a dearth of building materials suggests an absence of significant structures. Evidence for domestic and industrial waste was recovered from a refuse pit in close proximity to the enclosure. Numerous undated linear features were identified which may be associated with the Roman enclosure, including a possible trackway which leads down to the Teign estuary. The phasing was not investigated as part of the evaluation but the large quantities of pottery recovered from secure deposits in both the external, internal and possible ancillary enclosure ditches suggest the site was in use from the 2nd to 4th century AD. Although no dating evidence was found to suggest the enclosure pre-dates the Roman period the largely aceramic tradition of Devon in the Iron and the fact that the lower fills of many of the enclosure ditches could not be excavated during the course of the evaluation due to health and safety considerations, mean that an Iron Age date of origin could also be possible."
19006,75,225,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"A site at Bray Primary School, to the west of Exmoor, North Devon, where a watching brief took place in advance of the construction of a new terraced playing area. The site is located on the eastern side of Bray, at the base of a steep-sided valley of the River Bray. A previous test pit evaluation had identified several small features and a spread of iron slag, and the excavation revealed several linear features and a posthole concealed beneath a spread of iron smelting debris. The largest linear feature, a field or possible enclosure boundary, produced a mass of primary smelting waste and a single sherd of Romano-British greyware, and all of the features are likely to be of Roman date. These represent some of the first features to produce securely stratified Roman metalworking debris in the Brayford area. Three radiocarbon dates were obtained, all of which returned a date of c.75-225 cal AD (individual dates 81-232 cal. AD; 74-226 cal. AD; 77-230 cal. AD). The character of smelting waste assemblage was seen as very similar to that recovered during a 2011 evaluation at the same site and is consistent with its generation by metal-smelting using a slag-tapping technology"
19007,50,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,No,No,No,"A nine-trench evaluation took place at a site on the northern outskirts of Seaton in advance of development. The site occupies an elevated position. An earlier geophysical survey had identified generally limited potential across much of the site, but adjacent to Colyford Road a possible settlement enclosure and high contrast anomalies were recorded. Trenches were positioned to target anomalies identified by the geophysical survey and these identified a probable Romano-British enclosure, as well as three occupation spreads of the same date containing burnt material and iron working debris. The full extent of the enclosure is not known. Pits and postholes indicate the presence of a building or structure."
19008,,,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"A site evaluated during laying of a 14km cable route between Cornborough Range on the North Devon coast and Alverdiscott substation. Only one area produced LIA/early Roman evidence, and this was either side of the River Torridge, north of Landcross.  Just four features, all linear boundaries, produced small quantities of late Iron Age/early Roman pottery. These features were dispersed, being found in four separate trenches on either side of the river. Comparison with a geophysical survey plot for this area suggests that they form part of a rectilinear fieldsystem. The fragments of Roman boundaries hint at a rectilinear fieldsystem focussed in the valley of the River Torridge. Approximately 200m to the north is an earthwork enclosure which has been tentatively dated to the later prehistoric period. The boundaries revealed in the evaluation may be part of an associated fieldsystem. As the dating is so uncertain for these field potential field boundaries the date field has been left blank."
19009,-100,50,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plain or plateau,uncertain,No,No,No,"A site at Salcome Regis, subject to some excavation following the results of a watching brief and geophysical survey, in advance of construction of agricultural development. The site occupies a flat plateau top of clay overlying chalk. Evidence for multi-period prehistoric activity was found, including Iron Age pits containing waste material indicative of iron smelting, although no smelting furnace was identified. The pottery suggested activity which lasted from the mid-Iron Age, around 300 BC, to the 1st century AD, involving contact with Cornwall and Dorset. Whilst no domestic evidence was found, the scatter of features, pottery and iron-working evidence was thought indicative of a settlement nearby."
19010,-100,50,,,uncertain,unenclosed,Yes,1,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,No,No,No,"A site at Middle Burrow Farm, East Worlington, North Devon, where a watching brief and excavation were undertaken prior to the construction of a new dairy unit. The site occupies gently sloping ground just below the crest of a hill. The site lies 100m south of a group of seven Bronze Age bowl-barrows.  The investigations produced evidence for Iron Age activity dated by C14 dates and pottery to between c. 400 BC to c. AD 50. Sometime around c. 200-50 BC a substantial roundhouse (internal diameter c. 12.5m) was constructed that survived long enough for its porch to require repair, and the excavated evidence suggests that this structure was dismantled. A four-post structure was subsequently built on the site of the roundhouse and another four-post structure is also recorded from the site, along with other scattered post and stake-holes. The site was thought to have been inhabited both before and beyond the date of the roundhouse, and may have been part of a more extensive unenclosed settlement. The individual C14 dates for the site were 204-52 BC (94.7%); 191-51 BC (95.4%); 196-53 BC (95.4%); 311-209 BC (64.8%); 61 BC- AD 53 (90%). The authors suggest that given the proximity of the settlement to the Bronze Age barrows to the north, and a view from the roundhouse doorway to Dartmoor (to the south), it is likely that the location may have been chosen for settlement for ritual or cultural reasons. No evidence for any enclosure."
19011,200,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,1,,No,No,No,No,No,Yes,coastal,uncertain,No,No,No,"A report publishing the ceramics from a range of unpublished excavations undertaken by K.S. Gardner on Lundy Island was published in the Proceedings of the Devon Archaeological Society by Henrietta Quinnell. These included a group of Roman pottery imported to the island which indicated re-use of a late Bronze Age hut circle during the Roman period. The roundhouse was approx. 8m in diameter and would have had double-faced walls of granite slabs and blocks with a rubble core.  After its abandonment at the end of the Roman period the site was subsequently used as a post-Roman early Christian cemetery which contained four rare inscribed tombstones dating between the late-5th and early-7th centuries, and which may have been for a small monastic group. The earliest of the two stones were thought to have been carved and erected c. AD 490-500 and the cemetery became a focus for burial until the 20th century. Stones from the abandoned hut were then used in a cist-grave for an individual of importance, at around AD 550, and this became the focus for further cist burials. There seems to be little evidence for any direct continuity between the Roman settlement and the early-Christian focus. The Roman pottery was 3rd-4th century and mainly South East Dorset black-burnished and South Devon wares, but some sherds demonstrated the use of Taw/Torridge clays. A rotary quern is likely to be contemporary with the Roman activity. Briquetage which was initially thought to have been of Roman date was reassessed by H Quinnell and regarded as more likely to be late Bronze Age in date. A small number of other Roman sherds, including one of early Roman date, were recovered from other parts of the island, though there is little evidence for further settlement activity. The character of the Roman site is uncertain based on the limited evidence, though it has been classified as a farm for the purposes of this database."
19012,-100,200,50,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,3,,No,No,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,Yes,No,Yes,"A site located approx.1km north of the centre of Cullompton, occupying high ground overlooking the Culm valley, with the River Culm lying approx.500m to the east, with a spring 80m to the south. A programme of strip, map and sample produced evidence for a number of penannular ditches, probably representing later Iron Age settlement. These relate to at least three roundhouses, one of which appears to have been reconstructed at least twice, indicating a degree of longevity of settlement. It is unclear whether these were a cluster of contemporary roundhouses or are the result of a fairly small-scale, shifting settlement. Roman activity comprised at least three agricultural enclosures associated with 1st-2nd century material. These enclosures were laid out in a manner which provided access routes, probably in the form of droveways. Any relationship between the Iron Age roundhouses and the Roman agricultural enclosures is unclear, and there is no direct evidence for continuity. No evidence for activity beyond the 2nd century was found, and whilst the reason for abandonment is unclear, it is considered likely that settlement shifted. It is thought possible that the Roman enclosures were at least partly contemporary with the military occupation of the nearby Roman fort at St Andrew's Hill, approx. 500m to the SW. Ditches, pits and postholes were discovered. A single pit was dated to the early-mid Saxon period and was seen as evidence for Saxon occupation of the area. C14 dates from the site gave a very wide range of over 1200 years and were not thought reliable as some may have dated 'old wood'."
19013,250,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plain or plateau,uncertain,No,No,No,"A site at Ipplepen, south Devon, where a 6-trench evaluation and a watching brief produced evidence for a quarry pit cut into the bedrock. The pit was sub-circular in plan and approx. 7m in diameter. Finds recovered from the backfill included 29 sherds of late 3rd or 4th century Romano-British pottery and a late 3rd century coin, as well as degraded bone and charcoal. The pit was interpreted as a quarry pit for small-scale quarrying of the bedrock - a material used as roofing slate in Exeter from the late 2nd to 4th century. The fresh condition of the pottery suggests that there was a settlement nearby during the 3rd or 4th centuries."
19014,230,390,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,coastal,uncertain,No,No,No,"A site at Hookhills, Paignton, where a property owner discovered an inhumation burial whilst digging in his garden. Part of the inhumation was initially excavated in 1993 and was ascribed a Neolithic date based on the presence of a flint arrowhead, though a subsequent excavation showed the original interpretation was erroneous and that the burial dated to the late Roman period. A C14 date provided a 68.2% probability of a date between AD 250 and AD 345 and a 94.4% probability of AD 230-390. It is notable that extensive development occurred on the estate at which the site is located, and no archaeology was reported during its construction, though it seems extremely likely that a settlement was located nearby."
19015,50,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,No,No,No,"Several excavations took place at a site at Membury, South Devon, on the southern edge of the Blackdown Hills, after the chance discovery of Neolithic finds. Alongside Neolithic material, several Roman features were discovered during the works which were indicative of Roman agricultural activity including a T-shaped corndrier, the first example known from the county. In terms of its size and plan it was regarded as similar to examples at Gadebridge Park and Gorhambury. The pottery was seen as representative of a low status rural site, and comprised a small group of 1st century material along with a larger late 3rd-4th century group. Most of the pottery was recovered from a blocked flue channel of the corndrier, and given the wide range of dates for the pottery it is difficult to determine when the corndrier was in use. It is unclear how the remains discovered at this site may relate to a Roman stone building excavated in 1914 approximately 1km NW of the site (subsequently subject to evaluation and geophysics - see this database number 19031) . The character of the site is uncertain, though the presence of a corndrier suggests an agricultural focus."
19016,,,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"A site occupying a south-facing slope on Hatherleigh Moor, north-west Devon, just north of Hatherleigh Moor Brook. The site was identified following the discovery of surface finds of Roman tile, when geophysical survey and fieldwalking revealed evidence of a probable Roman tile kiln (perhaps two) and possible ancillary structures. Tiles recovered from the site include box flue tile and wasters were also found, associated with a mound. Approximately 90m to the north an undated pit may possibly be a clay extraction pit. Previous finds of tegulae and daub or kiln material had also been recovered from Hatherleigh Moor in the 1940s, though their exact findspot is uncertain. A gradiometer survey suggested the presence of a probable kiln (perhaps two), though the limited extent of the physical remains were thought to represent a modest scale of operation or a short period of production.  Little dating evidence is available, and tiles of the type recovered from Hatherleigh were made throughout the Roman period and in the absence of sound dating evidence the date fields have been left blank above. Products from this site appear in assemblages at sites at North Tawton and Okehampton Castle."
19017,200,400,,,uncertain,complex,Yes,,1,Yes,No,No,No,No,Yes,river valley,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"A site at North Tawton, on the east bank of the River Taw where excavation for a new gas pipeline cut across part of a complex of prehistoric and Roman military sites previously recognised through aerial reconnaissance. The Roman features include two large marching camps, two phases of a large fort, a smaller fort, an annexe and a Roman road. Trenches cut across the north-east corner of a rectilinear enclosure which was shown to be Romano-British and thought to be representative of later Roman civil occupation succeeding the military activity on the site. A bath-house has also previously recorded from the site which is thought to relate to the civil occupation, perhaps associated with a mansio (see Griffith 1984, 24). A previously unrecorded track or road, aligned north-south, of probable late Roman date also extends across the site, probably also part of the civil occupation. Pollen analysis evidence suggested an open landscape with some cereal cultivation and heathland in the late prehistoric period. The character of the later Roman civil settlement is not well understood, but the site has been classified as a probable nucleated roadside settlement for the purposes of this database."
19018,10,410,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"A site near Littlehempston, south Devon, located around 600m to the east of the River Dart. The site was subject to a watching brief and subsequent excavation during construction of a water main. The route of the pipeline was approx. 10km long and 15m wide, with 10m stripped of topsoil (thus covering 10ha). One Romano-British site was found during this work, and this was subject to targeted excavation ? the plan suggests around 150m2 was excavated. This site lay on a north-east facing slope. Features included a charcoal smear and a group of 13 postholes arranged in two parallel rows set 2.5m apart. They were thought to represent three contemporary rectangular structures, with two representing small six-post and four-post structures respectively, possibly for grain storage. Charred grain and weed seeds were also found including evidence of wheat, barley and oats, with a small amount of chaff and arable weeds. A C14 date taken from charred grain and weed seeds produced a date of AD 10-410 (95.4% probability)."
19019,55,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"A site at Topsham School, approx. 6km SE of Exeter, occupying a gently sloping river terrace immediately east of and overlooking the River Exe. The site was excavated ahead of construction of a new school, and parts of the defences of a first-century Roman military base were found, likely a supply port associated with the legionary fortress at Exeter. In addition to the evidence for early Roman military activity several graves associated with what is thought to be a late Roman inhumation cemetery were discovered. The funerary evidence included 13 pits, all interpreted as graves, though none contained skeletal material. Eight other features were interpreted as incomplete graves. Most were orientated north-west/south-east, parallel to the river cliff, though two were aligned parallel to early military ditches, indicating that these were still visible features. The different orientation of the groups was felt to be indicative of different phases of activity (at least four phases). The sizes of the five fully excavated graves were consistent with adult burials. The multiples fills of some graves suggested some multiple burials. Finds from the cemetery were iron nails and a residual 1st century coin. These included a group of 12 hobnails indicating an individual with a pair of sandals/shoes. Eight groups of nails from the graves were almost certainly associated with coffins. No evidence for the civil settlement itself was found (though see database number 19052 for potential evidence for this), and this part of the site seems to have been utilised for burial only during the late Roman period. No direct dating evidence was found but the lack of cremation burials was thought consistent with a mid-late Roman date."
19020,-100,400,,,uncertain,complex,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,coastal,uncertain,No,No,No,"The important prehistoric and Roman port at Mountbatten, Plymouth, on the south Devon coast, where discoveries and excavations have taken place since the 19th century, as summarised in the chief bibliographical source for this record (Cunliffe 1988). The site occupies a limestone promontory which projects into the upper reaches of Plymouth Sound. The site has been heavily disturbed during development since the 19th century, and much of what is known stems from chance finds. Following what may have been continuous occupation between the late Bronze Age and mid-Iron Age, finds of pottery and coins suggest continued use of the site in the late Iron Age and Roman periods.  The finds attest to contact with neighbouring regions including the Armorican peninsula and with the Durotriges and the Dobunni. Burial at the Stamford Hill cemetery area of the site, initially discovered during the later 19th century, was well underway by the mid-1st century AD, and many of the grave goods (including mirrors, bracelets and Cornish cordoned ware vessels) are thought to pre-date the Roman conquest, though only by a decade or two. The quality of some of the grave goods suggests a high status community. No plan of the cemetery survives and the total number of graves was not recorded though the graves were said to be very numerous. Brooches and other artefacts indicate activity into the Roman period. Whilst Cunliffe's excavations revealed little information about the Roman activity, and the focus of the Roman occupation is not located, the summary of the older finds, particularly the coins, indicates activity throughout the Roman period, and coins of the 2nd and early 3rd century were particularly well represented. The Stamford Hill cemetery also continued in use at least to the end of the 1st century AD. Many of the 19th and early 20th century discoveries were destroyed during the bombing of Plymouth during the 2nd World War, when the museum housing them was hit. Evaluation trenching by AC Archaeology in 1995 produced little additional information about the site, though shell-rich late Iron Age-early Roman midden deposits were encountered."
19021,55,410,80,,medium (4 - 8 ha),enclosed,Yes,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"A site at Bury Barton, occupying the end of a rounded spur above the river Yeo, a tributary of the Taw, 1.5km south-west of Lapford in central Devon. The site has commanding views to the north-west along the Yeo valley, to the north-east and towards Dartmoor. The site is principally the location of a 1st century Roman fort with an earthwork enclosing 1.9ha. Whilst the fort was occupied between c. AD 55-70-80, an outer earthwork, enclosing at least 6.2ha, contained late Roman pottery. Inside the area of the internal earthwork, a large rectangular pit containing an upper deposit of late Roman pottery and a late coin, whilst scattered late pottery was found in most trenches. No definite late features were identified and the character of the site is uncertain during this phase, though building material is thought to be indicative of at least one late Roman substantial building. A watching brief in 2011 produced no evidence."
19022,530,660,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,No,No,No,"A post-Roman cemetery was discovered during a watching brief on a gas pipeline construction project near Kenn, South Devon, and was subsequently subject to excavation. The site lies just above the head of a slight valley. Views are extensive to the south and south-west and the River Kenn runs in a south-westerly direction approx. 600m to the south. The cemetery was not fully exposed within the pipeline corridor, but 111 graves were identified and 47 of these were excavated. The cemetery was potentially in use from the 5th to the 8th century AD. The graves were aligned east-west and there was good evidence for the use of wooden coffins; grave goods were not present and the survival of human bone was poor. Within the area excavated five square or rectangular ditched burial enclosures were recorded; four contained a single burial and one a multiple burial.  A probable Roman ditch was also present. Five radiocarbon samples were dated, including three of human bone and two of charcoal. Respectively, the bone samples were dated c. AD 420-660; c. AD 410-660 and c. AD 530-780 (all 95% confidence). The charcoal was recovered from a buried soil and dated c. AD 130-560 and c. AD 0-550 (95% confidence). Together, the C14 dates suggest a date range of between AD 530-660 (at 92.2% confidence) for the burials, and a range of AD 130-430 (95.4% confidence) for the buried soils, suggesting that the soil pre-dated the dated graves, and related to a Roman agricultural phase.  Whilst there is no direct corroborative dating evidence, it is thought that the cemetery may have started in the late Roman period, as there is evidence nearby of high-status settlement from the 4th century (based on the pottery recovered)."
19023,150,275,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,No,No,No,"A site occupying a south-facing spur on the west side of the River Exe valley, commanding a view east across the valley. Small-scale, five-trench trial excavation followed the discovery during fieldwalking of building stone, Romano-British pottery sherds, CBM (including tegulae, imbrices, pila and box flue tile) and other finds. Air photographic evidence also indicated a complex arrangement of ditches including a well-defined rectilinear cropmark and a linear cropmark. The excavation revealed ditches and pits, postholes and angular stone features, suggested to be a corndrier, though there is no evidence for burning. Several small finds, including a brooch, were also recovered. A scatter of slag was suggested as representative of a work area. Whilst no building was found, the presence of pila was thought to be indicative of a villa (recorded as a farm here as no positive evidence for a villa building). Dating evidence from the limited pottery assemblage suggests a date ranging from the mid-to-late 2nd to the late 3rd centuries AD."
19024,100,300,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plain or plateau,uncertain,No,No,No,"A site at Turnspit, 200m south of Latchmore Cross, about midway across the 1.5km wide, flat alluvial plane of the Exe valley. A prominent cropmark suggests the presence of a rectilinear enclosure ditch, and small-scale exploratory excavation confirmed that the site is a ditched enclosure of c. 0.1ha. There is no indication of the presence of an entrance or a causeway. The pottery and roof-tile recovered during the investigation suggest that the enclosure was a settlement occupied in the 2nd and 3rd centuries AD."
19025,100,300,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plain or plateau,uncertain,No,No,No,"Investigation at Rewe Cross focussed on a rectilinear cropmark, visible on air photographs. The excavation produced evidence that the cropmark represented a ditch containing 2nd-3rd century AD Romano-British pottery. The site occupies level ground on Old Red Sandstone, which falls away to the alluvial valley of the River Exe on the west side."
19026,150,300,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,coastal,uncertain,No,No,No,"A site at Bantham Ham, Thurlestone, where a watching brief was undertaken during construction of a new soakaway for public toilets. The site is situated in South Devon at the mouth of the River Avon where it flows into Bigbury Bay, and lies immediately adjacent to the scheduled monument of Bantham Camp. Two sides of an enclosure ditch (perhaps 0.25-1ha in size) with a stone-revetted rampart were observed, and Romano-British material of 2nd-4th century AD date was recovered. The enclosure may have had a roughly square plan. The finds complement earlier finds of middens from the general area which contained quantities of shell, though some were post-Roman in date. The enclosure was thought likely to be civil in character and no military finds were discovered. Whilst its precise nature is uncertain, it has been recorded as a farm here, though this should be treated with caution as the function of the site is unclear. Two C14 dates gave ranges of c. AD 130-540 (bone) and c. AD 420-780 (charcoal), both to 95.4% probability."
19027,55,80,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,1,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"The site of a hilltop enclosure at Rudge, Morchard Bishop, excavated between 1986-89. The site occupies the west side of Colt's Hill, below the rounded summit, where there is a natural terrace. The site overlooked the River Yeo to the west and the little River Darch to the north-west. The site was first recognised as parch marks defining an approximately oval enclosure. The excavation demonstrated the enclosure to consist of two approximately concentric, oval ditches, the inner of which revealed the presence of a timber palisade. A series of postholes on the interior of the enclosure suggested the site of a circular structure or house, whilst other pits and postholes were also found, not clearly part of coherent structures. A metalled track or road led for at least 6m outside the enclosure. In addition, a two-post structure was recognised, possibly for the drying of hay or grain, or possibly the frame for an upright loom. Ceramic evidence suggested an approximate occupation date of c. AD 55-80. Notable that a high proportion of sherds were imports of some quality."
19028,50,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plain or plateau,uncertain,No,No,No,"A site subject to evaluation during the course of development of proposals for Kingskerswell bypass. The site lies on the west side of the valley of the Aller Brook on a roughly level area. As well as evidence for middle Iron Age activity, a group of linear features were also associated with early Roman activity (1st-2nd century AD), including several ditches.  Late Roman activity is represented by a major ditch, and partial excavation produced large amounts of pottery as well as Roman roof tile, fired clay and animal bone. The most intensive activity at the site may have been during the late Roman period. Whilst no buildings were located and the character and extent of the site is not well understood, the condition and nature of the finds assemblage were considered to be indicative of settlement, and the evidence points to a permanently occupied settlement. The south and west limits of the site appear to have been defined by the local topography - the small terrace, and the function of the recorded ditches may have been to delimit the front of the site."
19029,65,350,85,150,large (9+ ha),complex,Yes,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,Yes,hill,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"A site at Woodbury Great Close, near Axminster, occupying a prominent spur overlooking the Axe valley on the north-western slopes of Trinity Hill. The site lies to the west of a scheduled monument at Woodbury Farm, Axminster, believed to be the site of a Roman fort. The site was excavated in response to the construction of a new water pipeline, and dense concentrations of Roman tile and pottery were also revealed during fieldwalking. The investigations revealed the ditches of a first-century fort as well as extensive evidence for a later Roman settlement and industrial areas, represented by evidence for secondary iron smithing and some pottery manufacture. The finds assemblage from the site is also rich in comparison to most rural settlements. The fort is likely to have been used during the period AD 50/65 to 70/85, though it is not well understood. The later civil settlement may have extended to around 225m to the west of the fort, and at least 100m wide south of Woodbury Lane, whilst large quantities of finds recovered during fieldwalking suggest that the settlement extended across fields to the east for another 200m, and the settlement may have been of around 12ha. At the time of the report the site was the largest Roman site known from Devon apart from Exeter, and possibly North Tawton. The geophysical survey indicated a number of linear features and possible stone foundations. The pottery assemblage from the site suggests that there may have been a reduction in activity (perhaps complete abandonment) at the end of the period of military occupation (late first century), followed by a renewal of intensive settlement activity by the latter half of the second century, with continuous occupation thereafter until the mid-4th century, and possibly later. It is thought that during the later Roman period the settlement may have ranked as a 'small town'. Aerial reconnaissance and geophysical survey were also undertaken, and it is thought that stone buildings recognised during this survey represent the location of a mansio, perhaps established during the mid-2nd century, and the site is a possible location for the lost roadside station of Moridunum. The site was covered by a layer of 'dark earth'."
19030,,,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,No,No,No,"A site at Butland Farm, Modbury, South Devon, where a double ditched enclosure had previously been recorded as a cropmark. The site is situated on a gentle south-facing slope in moderately hilly terrain, overlooking a small stream valley.  A water pipe bisected part of the ditches of the enclosure and archaeological recording of the sections and limited excavation was undertaken. Additional features recorded included internal pits or gully features and a single sherd of South Devon ware pottery from one of the ditches suggested a Roman date. No close dating was available for the site, and so the date fields have been left blank above."
19031,,,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,2,Yes,No,Yes,Yes,No,Yes,hill,uncertain,No,No,No,"The site of a probable Roman villa at Membury Court, Membury, East Devon. The site occupies a south-west facing slope overlooking the valley of the River Yarty. The site was originally excavated in 1914 by a local vicar, though no record remains. In 2010 gradiometer and resistivity surveys were undertaken, followed by trial trench evaluation (three trenches). The results of the geophysics indicated a sub-rectangular enclosure surrounded by at least three rectilinear enclosures, and within which were a number of probable robbed wall footings. The evaluation trenches revealed robber trenches and four walls, two of which formed a room with internal plaster render. Two buildings may have been represented, and one may have been part of the villa building (possibly a winged corridor villa). There was also evidence for a hypocaust. The ditch of a substantial rectilinear enclosure was also found. Targeted resistivity survey placed the masonry building in a wider context and showed that it was likely to actually be an ancillary building, possibly a bath house, with the main 'villa' building to the south. The site was interpreted as a rural farmstead which expanded to include a rectilinear enclosure system. Given the tiny area of excavation the relatively rich assemblage was considered notable by the report authors. The authors also suggest that the site may have had late Iron Age origins, although there is no dating evidence to support this, and as the dating for the site is so poor the date fields have been left blank above."
19032,75,100,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plain or plateau,uncertain,No,No,No,"A 26 trench evaluation was undertaken at Cullompton in advance of housing development at a site situated on the west side of the valley of the River Culm. Romano-British features dated to the 1st century AD and included ditches, postholes and pits, as well as associated pottery and slag, suggesting settlement or industry at or around the location. Fairly large pieces of slag, including fragments of a hearth bottom, suggest ironworking undertaken nearby. The site was thought likely to represent an early Romano-British rural settlement, though the dating of the site was based on one closely dated sherd of late 1st century pottery, so caution is needed."
19033,250,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"A 63 trench evaluation was undertaken by Cotswold Archaeology prior to building development at a site to the north of the village of Pinhoe, in the Exe valley.  Only a small number of Roman period features were identified and these were interpreted as ditches associated with a fieldsystem with a north-west/south-east axis. Pottery recovered from the ditches dates to mid-3rd to 4th centuries AD. The ditches had a very distinctive profile, with steep sides and a flat base, the exact function of which was undetermined. Finds of Romano-British pottery were most concentrated in the south-east area of the site, suggesting a focus for activity in this area."
19034,50,200,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"A 12 trench evaluation was undertaken by Cotswold Archaeology prior to mixed-use development at a site to the north of the village of Axminster, on the eastern side of the River Axe.  Only a small number of Roman period features were identified and these were interpreted as ditches associated with a fieldsystem. Small quantities of iron slag were recovered from the dated Roman ditches and may relate to activity occurring in the wider vicinity of the site. Pottery recovered from the ditches is considered to be most likely of early Roman date, of 1st-2nd century AD."
19035,-100,200,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plain or plateau,uncertain,No,No,No,"A 16 trench evaluation was undertaken by Southwest Archaeology on the west side of Cullompton prior to the construction of a relief road and housing. The site lies approx. 1.5km west of the River Culm. A complex and long-lived series of intercutting linear features were revealed, although there was no evidence for domestic settlement, and the features were interpreted as likely field boundaries dating from the prehistoric (late Iron Age pottery recovered) and Roman periods. The tiny assemblage of pottery suggested a 1st-2nd century date."
19036,-100,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,1,,No,No,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,No,Yes,No,"Exeter Archaeology undertook a series of watching briefs, evaluations and excavations along the route of a 2.3km long gas pipeline between Choakford and Langage, Sparkwell, South Hams. The most significant remains during the investigation were later prehistoric (Bronze Age), though mid-to-late Iron Age and Roman activity were also represented. A ditched enclosure was apparent from the results of a geophysical survey, but the form and extent of the features exposed during excavation are unclear. A group of postholes appears to represent the southern side of a circular roundhouse and two quern fragments of late Iron Age or Roman date may indicate domestic activity. One of the quernstones and a sherd of 2nd-4th century pottery were recovered from one of the roundhouse pits. The features may represent one or more Iron Age enclosures which continued to be occupied or were reoccupied during the Romano-British period, though aspects of continuity, longevity and the character of the settlement are unclear. Fragment from the upper half of a Beehive quern recovered from one of the pits of the possible roundhouse. Suggestion that this could possibly represent structured deposition, though somewhat speculative."
19037,-100,1,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,5,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,plain or plateau,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Survey and excavation took place as a student training exercise at a site represented by earthwork remains at Gold Park on Dartmoor. The site is situated on Shapley Common, on the eastern slopes of Dartmoor. The site is represented by a palimpsest of prehistoric elements including a house platform settlement with several roundhouses and parts of prehistoric fieldsystems and a trackway. Not all of the houses are necessarily contemporary and only one was subject to excavation, though this consisted of a platform with a stone circular roundhouse of 6m in diameter with a SW facing entrance. The house produced evidence for having had multiple phases with a timber house of 8.5m internal diameter preceding the stone house. C14 dates from postholes at the entrance of the timber house produced dates of 379-185 BC, whilst a black charcoal-rich floor level produced a C14 date of 110 BC-9 BC. A sample from a central hearth produced a C14 date of 375-176 BC.  The timber house was abandoned, and the absence of charcoal suggests that it was not burned down and may have decayed naturally. A much smaller stone house was then constructed on the platform. A floor level from inside this building produced a C14 date of 358 BC-AD 20, whilst a hearth produced a C14 date of 187-35 BC. It is suggested in the report that the stone house may have been constructed at around 100 BC.  In addition, parts of severely truncated bedding trenches for four circular timber buildings were found. No datable artefacts were recovered and samples submitted for C14 dating were lost, though it is thought that these structures are likely to have been contemporary with the platform house. As the most of the features in this landscape are undated and most are unexcavated it is not possible to confidently classify the settlement form for this site. There appears to have been a long sequence of activity with considerable development over time."
19038,150,630,300,390,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,plain or plateau,mixed,No,No,No,"A multi-period site at Hayes Farm, Clyst Honiton, where features known from aerial photographs were threatened by development. The site is to the north of the village, 250m north-west of the A30, which follows the line of the Roman road from Exeter to Dorchester. The excavation examined parts of three ring ditches of probable Bronze Age date and two enclosures, one post-Roman, and the other Romano-British. The Roman features included a large ditch forming a roughly square enclosure of 0.1ha, with an entrance on the east side containing a gateway. A scattering of small pits or post-holes which are probably also Roman were found inside the enclosure. Finds included pottery, fragments of roof tile, South Devon slate, small lumps of burnt clay (probably daub), iron nails and studs, and charred plant remains. A group of three small pits within the enclosure contained carbonised cereal remains and Roman pottery. The quantity of roofing tile suggested that the enclosure was associated with a tiled building. Pottery from a suspected midden suggest occupation from around the mid-2nd century, though pottery from elsewhere suggests activity in the final quarter of the 3rd century or the 4th. After a period of abandonment when the ditch of the enclosure almost filled up a curvilinear enclosure was constructed, which was suggested through combined stratigraphy and C14 dating (AD 390-630) as being of early post-Roman date. The botanical remains were seen to suggest areas of pasture bordering cultivated fields, indicating a mixed economy."
19039,200,300,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,1,Yes,No,No,No,No,Yes,coastal,uncertain,No,No,No,"A site at Otterton Point, overlooking the mouth of the River Otter, on the western edge of the sandstone cliffs which form the coastline between Budleigh Salterton and Sidmouth. Casual finds including coins and pottery have been recovered from the vicinity of the site for several years. The site was subject to formal fieldwalking and excavation in 1989, and evidence was recovered for at least two buildings. One was constructed largely of mortared rubble with a poor quality slate roof and a simple beaten earth floor. This building was thought likely to have been an ancillary building of some sort, and not the principal building of the settlement. Concentrations of stone and broken tiles indicate the location of the other building, which was not revealed during the excavation, though it is thought that it had a tiled roof and a hypocaust, and is thus likely to have been of higher status than the other building. Evidence of terracing and hillside drainage suggested cultivation of the surrounding land. The site is suggested to have been a possible villa, though as the evidence for this is not clear it is recorded as a farm here. The pottery evidence suggests occupation began in the late 2nd or early 3rd century. The date for the abandonment of the site is less clear, with pottery suggesting occupation into the late third century, but exclusively fourth century pottery is absent, perhaps suggesting an end date of around AD 300."
19040,200,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,1,No,No,Yes,Yes,No,Yes,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"A tiny (9m sq) evaluation trench was cut within the area of a feature recorded as a cropmark 2km SE of Crediton, beside the River Yeo,  thought to represent the site of a small villa with an E-shaped plan, with three principal rooms, a front corridor, small wings and a central porch at the front, with additional rooms to the NE and perhaps to the east, whilst to the west of the basic 'E' a further group of rooms contains one area of dense parching indicating the survival of a solid floor. The overall dimensions of the building are 40m x 18m, the corridor being approx. 4m wide and the size of the three main rooms between 5 and 8m across.  The cropmark indicated a building situated within a rectilinear enclosure. The trial excavation revealed a partially robbed wall and finds of tile, black-burnished ware and slate. Unstratified finds include Roman pottery, tile and slate. The tile from the site included buff roofing tiles, unknown in Exeter before the late 3rd-early-4th century, and the type of slate recovered does not appear to have been used for roofing material before the late 2nd century, suggesting a late Roman date for the building."
19041,-100,400,200,300,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,2,3,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,No,Yes,river valley,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"A site at Honeyditches, Seaton, lying on an east-facing slope approx. 1km from the mouth of the River Axe. Excavations have been undertaken at the site in response to proposals for residential development since the late 1960s, and the earlier work has revealed a complex sequence of structures ranging in date from the Iron Age to the late Roman period, including a bath house. The dating evidence from pottery suggests that activity may have begun as early as the 5th-3rd century BC, and there is evidence for roundhouses (some with multiple phases of construction) and stock enclosures of late Iron Age, pre-Roman date. One of the roundhouses appears to have been enclosed by a ditch. Agricultural gullies containing pottery of 1st-2nd century AD have been found, and it is suggested that roundhouse construction continued beyond the Conquest. The 1987 trial excavations produced evidence for two successive Romano-British trackways running across the field, along with a number of other features of probable Iron Age or Roman date. The limited dating evidence available suggests a date of c. AD 150-350 for the trackways. These appear to have been associated with an enclosure (approx. 0.38ha) which contained the bathhouse, but which was apparently constructed after the abandonment of the bathhouse, in the 4th century.  Including the bathhouse, three stone buildings are recorded from the site, thought to have been constructed in the second half of the 2nd century or first quarter of the 3rd century. Timber buildings were also noted in the reports from earlier excavations, and a well was discovered in 1921. The layout of the buildings is very poorly understood, though all appear to have had multiple rooms. Part of a mosaic was recorded from one building, and part of a hypocaust is recorded from another. The site may have been abandoned by the end of the 3rd century. The site was originally viewed as a villa, though this interpretation has been challenged, and there is the alternative suggestion that the site may have been a mansio. A possible Roman fort, seemingly contemporary with the buildings at Honeyditches, is situated at Couchill, approx. 500m away, and a mansio has been suggested as a better explanation for the presence  of the buildings so close to the fort. A metalled road was identified in the late 1960s associated with early and late Roman finds, and this may have run through the settlement. This road showed evidence for heavy metalling during the late 3rd-4th centuries.  Also a suggestion in the 1987 report that the site is a potential candidate for Moridunum."
19042,-100,,,,medium (4 - 8 ha),enclosed,Yes,1,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,No,No,No,"The site of an Iron Age hillfort at Berry Down, just west of Newton Abbot, situated at the east and slightly lower end of a limestone ridge lying east/west above the River Lemon. The defences enclose an area of 4.5ha. A small excavation was undertaken in the early 1960s and a circular house with at least two phases was revealed. Finds from the excavation included plain and La Tène pottery (Glastonbury ware), beads, spindlewhorls, querns, iron loops and slingstones. The pottery is imprecisely dated, but its range is thought to lie within the late Iron Age, probably from the 3rd century BC onwards. However, the glass beads are potentially of late Iron Age to Roman date, and a segmented bead is of a type virtually unknown in Britain before the Roman period, so a late Iron Age/early Roman date for at least some of the activity on the hillfort seems possible. However, as the dating is uncertain the end date for occupation has been left blank above."
19043,-100,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,coastal,uncertain,No,No,No,"Kent's Cavern, Torquay, a cave complex best known for its rich and important Palaeolithic finds, but which also produced important collections of late prehistoric and Roman material. The caves were excavated by William Pengelly in the late 19th century. It is possible that much material was lost during less careful investigations of the caves before Pengelly's. Late prehistoric and Roman finds from the cavern include spindlewhorls, amber beads, bone combs, smelted copper and shale objects, though many may be earlier than late Iron Age (see 'other finds'). Pottery included La Tène decorated wares and a small number of Roman wares. There is scant evidence for permanent occupation, and the cave may have been used intermittently, though for what purpose is unclear. There is no suggestion in the report that the cave acted as a shrine in the LIA or Roman periods, though caves do sometimes appear to have been the focus for ritual activity. The small finds assemblage is not sufficiently large or unusual enough to confidently argue for ritual activity, though this must remain a possibility. It is notable that the two coins recovered from the site are Valentinianic issues, and a peak in Valentinianic coin loss has been noted for shrine and temple sites, but it would be dangerous to argue this for Kents Cavern on the basis of two coins only. The report suggests that during the Bronze Age/Iron Age the cave may have been associated with pastoralism and the processing of wool products based on the finds associated with textile production, though there is no clear evidence that this continued into the late Iron Age or Roman periods."
19044,150,300,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plain or plateau,uncertain,No,No,No,"A 30 trench evaluation was undertaken on the border of the Farringdon/Clyst Honiton parish boundary, prior to determination of a planning application for the extension of a business park. A group of linear features of Roman date appear to have been ditches, perhaps boundaries associated with a rural farmstead. The volume of domestic pottery recovered is considered strongly suggestive of nearby settlement and the occurrence of roof tile hints at a substantial building in the vicinity. Evidence from the pottery assemblage provides a date range for these features of between the 1st and 4th centuries and the spread of dates points firstly to a long period of occupation on the site (although the complete absence of samian ware from the assemblage brings the likely focus of activity into the later 2nd/3rd century) and secondly to the possibility of distinct and identifiable phases to the development of the site over two centuries or more."
19045,20,220,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"A site at Charles, North Devon, explored first by gradiometer survey ahead of quarrying, and subsequently by a community archaeology project which included resistivity survey and evaluation trenching. Together, these interventions produced evidence for a prehistoric/Romano-British hillside enclosure comprising a square central area, partially surrounded by three ditches and with a possible trackway to the entrance.  The evaluation trenching indicated that the outer ditch at least was of Roman date, based on pottery and a C14 date. The pottery suggested a 2nd-3rd century AD date for the ditch and two C14 dates from charcoal provided dates of AD 20-220 and 1010-810 BC respectively, also suggesting some earlier prehistoric activity. The site occupies the head of a valley that runs in an easterly direction to the River Bray below."
19046,-50,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,No,No,No,"Exeter Archaeology undertook geophysics, fieldwalking survey and trial trench evaluation ahead of new housing development at Sherford, on the eastern edge of Plymouth. Iron Age and Romano-British features likely to relate to settlement included ditches, a hearth and a possible quarry-pit, whilst pits and postholes are likely to be of similar date, though were not dated. Some may relate to domestic structures and carbonised grain was collected from some of the postholes, but was not analysed as no associated finds were recovered. Pottery ranged from late Iron Age to late Roman in date."
19047,150,200,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"A site at St David's in Exeter, situated to the west of the Roman town, in the Longbrook Valley, close to the recorded position of the Roman road which extends in a north-west direction from the north gate of the town. Although the site is only approx. 230m west of the line of the town walls, it is discussed as a separate Romano-British site in the report, though it is surely possible that the site did in fact form a suburb of the town itself, especially considering the proximity of the line of the road. The site was subject to a 15 trench evaluation, as well as geophysical survey. The trenching identified the presence of dispersed Romano-British activity, including pits, postholes and gullies and a large probable ditched enclosure (function uncertain), indicating settlement and possibly agricultural activity. Finds were suggestive of a mid-to-late 2nd century AD date for the activity."
19048,150,250,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"A 13 trench evaluation, which followed a geophysical survey, was undertaken by Exeter Archaeology at Exeter Road Topsham, in the Clyst valley. The investigations produced evidence for a ditched Roman enclosure dating from the mid-2nd to mid-3rd century AD, and possibly earlier in the Roman period. The enclosure may be contemporary and possibly associated with a settlement recorded 300m to the south-west (database number 19060), which was predominantly of 1st century AD date, and see also database number 19050 for another, poorly understood, site approx. 500m to the south, perhaps also related in some way. The geophysical survey suggested internal features within the enclosure, though these were not excavated."
19049,275,400,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,plain or plateau,uncertain,No,No,No,"A site at Teigngrace, situated on a floodplain approx. 400m south-west of the confluence of the rivers Teign and Bovey. A total of 18 evaluation trenches were dug, though this record focusses only on the six trenches excavated within Area 1 (and the area of excavation in the core data refers only to these six trenches). The archaeological work was undertaken ahead of river diversion and tipping associated with clay extraction. The work in Area 1 produced evidence for a ditched and banked enclosure of almost circular form. Postholes within the interior of the enclosure indicated probable structures, though the form of these was not well understood. Pottery from the ditch fills suggested activity during the late 3rd-4th century AD. A linear ditch, possibly a trackway, crosses the enclosure, though the enclosure is thought to post-date it, and the trackway is possibly late Iron Age. A further possible trackway was undated, though it is possible that it was contemporary with the trackway running underneath the enclosure."
19050,50,350,,,uncertain,complex,Yes,,1,No,No,No,No,No,Yes,river valley,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Exeter Archaeology undertook a watching brief during house construction at a site in Topsham, approx. 200m east of the River Exe. The work took place in an area where Roman finds had previously been discovered, and other excavations to the SE have revealed a Roman military base and later Roman burials (see database number 19019), as well as a possible roadside civil settlement (database number 19052). The work revealed evidence for a well, a ditch and pits filled with domestic waste and a probable wall foundation, forming part of a general pattern of civil occupation in the area, probably on the periphery of settlement. Finds dated from the mid-1st century AD to the mid-4th century. The character of this site is not certain, and as there are a number of sites within this general area (see also 19060) it is possible that they are related in some way, perhaps as part of a roadside settlement associated with the road leading SE out of Exeter."
19051,-100,-40,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,1,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,Yes,No,"A site excavated by Exeter Archaeology, immediately to the east of the south gate of the Roman town at Exeter. Only limited evidence for Roman activity was found, though the site was notable for the presence of a probable late Iron Age circular enclosure with an estimated internal diameter of 12-13m, which possibly had a palisade or fence. It probably contained a roundhouse, represented by a gully. The site represents the first good evidence for Iron Age settlement in Exeter prior to the conquest. The Iron Age evidence was truncated by later activity, and there was no evidence for an entrance. The site produced an assemblage of sherds representing at least 20 vessels of South Western Decorated ware, common from the 3rd century BC until at least the 1st century BC. C14 dates from residues in the pots provided a combined date range of 350-40 BC. At least three vessels, and possibly a number of others, may have been deliberately placed upright within the enclosure ditch, suggesting structured deposition."
19052,250,400,,,uncertain,complex,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"A site subject to a watching brief by Exeter Archaeology ahead of housing development. The site is approx. 6km SE of Exeter, occupying a gently sloping river terrace immediately east of and overlooking the River Exe. It is just c. 60m north-east of site 19019 on this database, where a military supply base and late Roman burials were recorded. It is therefore likely that this site is linked to the site close by to the south-west. Features included a probable 3rd-4th century corndrier (though no grain recovered, so function not absolutely certain), the fill of which produced a number of Roman objects. The large quantity of Roman tile and other finds was seen as indicative of the presence of a nearby building or buildings. This suggests some sort of domestic activity, and given the site's proximity to the supposed route of a Roman road (leading SE from Exeter), which lies less than 100m to the NE, the site is classified as a likely roadside settlement here."
19053,-100,325,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,Yes,Yes,No,"An important iron production site at Sherracombe Ford, North Devon, on Exmoor. This record has been created based upon information on the Exmoor National Park Authority website and Bray's unpublished PhD thesis, and not complete excavation reports, though multiple excavations took place at the site over several years during the 2000s. The site is situated in the steep-sided valley of a tributary stream of the River Bray on the southern flank of the Southern Escarpment of the Exmoor uplands. The site includes the remains of an iron bloomery and slag heaps which were previously thought to be of medieval to post-medieval date, but there is now increasing evidence that the focus was predominantly IA/Roman. The earliest activity at the site seems to have been mid-to-late Iron Age, with evidence for continued use into the Roman period. Features associated with the site include working platforms and earthwork terraces which have produced a limited amount of Roman pottery, but several C14 dates confirm activity during the late Iron Age to Roman periods (e.g. 160 BC- AD 90; 170 BC - AD 75; 40 BC ? AD 130; AD 250 - 430; AD 240 ? 400; AD 120 ? 320; AD 70 ? 240; AD 20-140; AD 30-230; AD 80-320; AD 90- 320). Slag from the site is comparable to other examples from the Roman period. One of the platforms targeted during excavation contained the remains of three furnaces with a smithing floor, and a group of features and another smithing floor were interpreted as a blacksmith's workshop. The footings of several stone walls were excavated and stake holes associated with other structures were also recorded. The results of geophysical survey suggest linear features which may be trackways, and some of the platforms visible as earthworks may relate to habitation. The ceramic assemblage associated with these features identifies a period of activity dating from the late 1st- early 2nd century, possibly into the early 4th, and the assemblage was dominated by local or regional coarsewares with finewares and amphorae present in small numbers. Whilst there is evidence for iron working activity between the mid-to-late Iron Age and the early 4th centuries, the main activity at the site appears to have been early-2nd to mid-3rd century. There appears to have been much development and reworking of the earthwork platforms over time, and several discrete phases are recognised. Analysis of charcoal from the site revealed strong evidence for woodland management in the form of coppicing of hazel and oak for fuel. It is estimated that the site produced around 790kg of refined iron each year. A whetstone was recovered from a posthole interpreted as a likely anvil slot, and the suggestion is made by Bray that this may have been a structured deposit."
19054,-100,17,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,No,No,No,"An iron production site at Sindercombe Farm, located at the head of a steep-sided, east-west trending combe on the southern fringes of central Exmoor, one kilometre north of the valley of the River Yea. A large deposit of iron smelting waste was found at the site, and whilst no excavation or survey has been undertaken, a C14 date was taken which yielded a date range of cal BC 195 - AD 17, indicating a mid-to-late Iron Age date for the activity, making it the earliest known smelting site in the Exmoor region. The date was taken from charcoal derived from sapwood and thus is not from a piece of old wood, thus part of the deposit at least is likely to have been created during the Late Iron Age."
19055,150,325,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"A site at Bray Vale, Brayford, where geophysical and geochemical survey combined with excavation were carried out by South-West Archaeology in advance of building work. The site is in the valley of the River Bray. Geophysical survey revealed a number of anomalies, only some of which were targeted by excavation. The excavations revealed a dark layer of redeposited abundant slag and pottery as well as the in situ remains of at least two platforms cut into the slope, as well as a pit with a rich charcoal deposit and heated iron ore fragments, indicating the presence of a hearth associated with ore-roasting operations. A posthole suggested structures of some sort. Additional possible ore-roasting hearths were identified as well as large fragments of furnace wall debris. A pit with a large quantity of pottery and less industrial evidence was seen as evidence for potential domestic activity, and burnt bone from other parts of the site may support this suggestion. Elsewhere, trenching produced evidence for a large waste heap, and there appear to have been several discrete areas of slag."
19056,20,400,200,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"A site immediately to the north of the village of Charles, in the parish of Brayford, on the upper slopes of the western side of the Bray Valley. The site was subject to several interventions in advance of activity associated with quarrying. The work consisted of a series of geophysical surveys, eventually covering a considerable area, which detected a number of anomalies which were then investigated with targeted excavation. Features identified in the geophysical survey included two substantial superimposed enclosures of irregular shape, one of approx. 75m in diameter and the other's dimensions are unknown. A possible ditched trackway (not dated) was also identified, leading to a further possible enclosure.  A C14 date from the fill of the ditch of one of the enclosures provided a date of cal. AD 20-230, whilst the fills of the ditch surrounding the other enclosure produced ceramics of 3rd-4th century from several locations. These are interpreted as hill-slope enclosure settlements. One may have been constructed in the late Iron Age or early Roman period, whilst the other seems to have succeeded it. Excavation of a further anomaly proved it be a layer of smelting debris with fragments of slag and furnace wall, probably redeposited waste. Bray suggests in his thesis that the smelting activity that produced this deposit was associated with the later of the two enclosures, based on the presence of 3rd-4th century pottery within the waste deposit. The specialist who examined the slag and other metalworking material writes that the material 'indicates a successful iron smelting site with no evidence to suggest smithing of raw metal or manufacture of finished artefacts. The quantity of debris present suggests several furnaces and the frequent occurrence of furnace lining and furnace slags indicates a structure type that required regular repair and rebuilding'."
19057,,,,,large (9+ ha),complex,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"A site at Woodbury Farm, near Axminster, on the eastern side of the River Axe. See also database record 19029, which is situated to the west of this site, and is clearly part of the same site. A small excavation was undertaken in advance of construction of a swimming pool at a site identified through aerial photography as a rectangular ditched enclosure (nearly 2ha), thought to be a fort. Whilst the character of the site was uncertain on the basis of the work described in this record, subsequent work (see 19029) has resulted in its characterisation initially as a fort, subsequently as a roadside settlement, and also a possible posting station (mansio)."
19058,100,200,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"A watching brief undertaken in advance of the construction of the M5 motorway failed to detect an enclosure which was partially destroyed and subsequently recognised through aerial photography. A trial excavation took place in order to locate and date the enclosure. The site occupies the north-west side of a valley running north eastwards. Parts of the sub-rectangular enclosure ditch were excavated but limited other features were revealed. Finds were limited to a small quantity of Roman pottery of 2nd century AD date and some fragments of tile. The limited finds make dating difficult, but the enclosure appears to have been in use at least during the 2nd century AD. South of the excavated enclosure a cropmark complex includes a further rectangular enclosure of c. 0.25ha with at least two entrances and several circular cropmarks may be the gullies of roundhouses, and the positions suggest at least some may be contemporary with the enclosure. A cropmark on the eastern side may indicate a rectangular structure. Further cropmarks may indicate further roundhouses and ditches. These cropmarks  may also be late Iron Age to Roman in date, though their dating is not confirmed."
19059,20,410,44,350,medium (4 - 8 ha),unclassified,Yes,4,6,Yes,No,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,hill,pastoral,No,Yes,No,"The site of a late Iron Age settlement and subsequent well-appointed villa with a complex sequence of development at Holcombe, near Uplyme, south-east Devon, close to the Dorset border. The site is situated approx. 1.6km north of the coast, on the spur of a hill, with rising ground to the west. The site has been known since the mid-19th century, with the earliest recorded excavation in 1850, when a mosaic pavement and part of an octagonal bathhouse were found. Further excavations took place in 1870 which revealed more of the bathhouse. Modern excavations in the late 1960s and early 1970s were undertaken in response to damage of the site by ploughing, and this record is based principally on this later work. The earliest evidence for activity at the site includes two circular roundhouses, either contemporary or succeeding one another. Both were around 7.5m in diameter with double walls and one had a narrow twisting entrance and a pitched roof, probably thatched. These buildings were succeeded by a roughly rectangular ditched enclosure with an entrance causeway mid-way down the east side. Two more circular buildings, of similar size and construction, were sited near the centre of this enclosure. An outer enclosure, possibly palisaded, was revealed to the east. A contemporary pit contained a decorated bronze mirror of late Iron Age date and a considerable quantity of Durotrigian pottery was recovered from the inner and outer enclosure ditches. The mirror is not interpreted as a structured deposit in the report, and is seen rather as burial for safe-keeping due to the conquest, though a structured deposit seems possible. The pit appears not to have been related to human burial, and also was thought not to have been dug specifically for burial of the mirror, as it is too large and also contained chert blocks. The ditched enclosure, pottery and mirror were thought to represent occupation in the late Iron Age, c. AD 20-44, and the presence of the mirror is suggestive of some status. The report suggests that the site was possibly abandoned as a direct consequence of the Roman conquest, though the evidence for this is lacking. There appears to have been a hiatus between the site's abandonment and the next phase of occupation, at around AD 70, the date of the earliest samian found. Until around AD 180/200 occupation was again within the area of the Iron Age enclosure, though the ditch was allowed to silt up. Four rectangular timber-framed houses of modest size were built, two of which succeeded each other in the same place. One of the postholes associated with one of the rectangular houses contained a broken Applied Hook brooch (possible structured deposit?). During this time an extensive midden accumulated in the upper levels of the Iron Age ditch and the finds associated with this suggest affluent inhabitants. At around AD 180/200 an aisled house (17x7m) with stone walled foundations and a single partitioned room was built. Also at about this time a large irregular timber outbuilding was erected on the east side of the enclosure. This building was subsequently enlarged but apparently had a short life. The aisled building was later extended to the south, outside the confines of the original Iron Age enclosure, with additions consisting of three rooms and a linking corridor. Later in the third century more elaborate extensions were added at the north end of the aisled house, consisting of four rooms with flanking corridors or verandas on the east and west sides. These rooms had tiled or opus signinum floors, painted wall plaster and windows. An infant burial was found under the floor of one of these rooms. During the fourth century the villa was dramatically reorganised and two new rooms, the larger with an elaborate geometrical mosaic floor and a linking corridor were built at the south end; leading from them at the end of the corridor an octagonal bath house of unusual design was constructed, and a slightly later development was the construction of a corridor linking the whole east side of the building. Further developments in the latter half of the fourth century consisted of the re-building of the aisled building and its later extensions, and a transfer of the domestic quarters to the newer buildings at the north end, where partitions were removed and the whole building was turned into a large kitchen containing a number of hearths and rubbish pits. The latest coins found were Valentinian issues of AD 375, though some of the fine wares recovered had a date range extending into the 5th century. Examination of areas adjoining the main villa building revealed no traces of outbuildings later than around AD 200, and it is suggested that these may have been transferred to the sheltered valley. Evidence of iron working on the site was found throughout the period of occupation, from the Iron Age onwards, and ore roasting furnaces are thought likely to be late Iron Age in date, whilst some dating from the Roman period are also present. A four post structure was associated with a room of early-mid 3rd century in date. There was considerable evidence of post-villa activity in the form of small cooking hearths and iron-working furnaces built among the piles of building debris from the villa."
19060,50,400,75,250,uncertain,complex,Yes,,2,Yes,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"A site at Topsham, adjacent to the River Exe, near its confluence with the River Clyst, occupying a very slight promontory.  The site was excavated in advance of construction of the M5 motorway. Whilst finds had previously been found in other parts of Topsham, a fieldwalking survey proved negative for Roman finds. Several other excavated sites have been recorded from the general area however (see database numbers 19019, 19048, 19050, 19052). These are distributed over several hundred metres and it is not clear that they certainly formed part of the same settlement, though it does seem quite possible that at least some represent part of an extended roadside settlement (particularly sites 19052 and 19050). The M5 excavation revealed timber buildings dated to AD 50/55-70/75, including a timber, possibly thatched, three-roomed domestic building (10.2m x 3.8m) with a veranda. The building appears to have been the focus of an enclosed area, which also included other timber structures, including a possible barn and several examples of four, five and six-post type, as well as features associated with other buildings. A rectangular post complex was thought perhaps to indicate fencing, and was a possible interpretation was as one or more pens or compounds.  Two wells and eight pits contained occupation debris from the settlement, and produced a relatively high proportion of fine wares. The area of occupation was bounded by the River Exe floor plain, natural slopes and a non-defensive boundary ditch. A probably second century boundary and a late third or fourth century cremation inside a small rectangular tomb indicated use of the site later in the Roman period. Whilst part of the site was clearly enclosed by ditches not enough of the settlement was excavated to establish whether this was an individual enclosed house or part of a complex group of enclosures. Given the relative density of sites in the general area, and the proximity of the supposed route of the Roman road (running SE out of Exeter), this site is suggested here  to be part of a roadside settlement along with sites 19052 and 19050, at least during the mid-to-late 1st century AD."
19061,150,200,,,uncertain,enclosed,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,No,No,No,"The site at Clanacombe was initially identified as a linear and several semi-circular crop-marks and a survey and small trial excavation were undertaken to investigate the features. The site lies on the northern slope of an east-west ridge and a stream flows along the valley at the foot of this slope, to the sea, which is less than 1.7km away. The site was interpreted as a rectangular ditched enclosure. No structures were identified, though the cropmarks may suggest roundhouses. The finds indicated the filling of the ditch in c. 200 AD, and there was little evidence for activity much before or after this date. The site was interpreted as a probable small agricultural settlement."
19062,50,80,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,No,No,No,"A watching brief was undertaken during an extension to an existing water reservoir on Milber Down, near to the site of a Romano-British rural settlement, previously excavated in 1937-38. The settlement is represented by earthworks which are adjacent to, and partly within, the site of a late Iron Age hillfort, which is the subject of its own record on this database (database number 19067). The Romano-British site lies on level ground outside the outermost enclosure of the multivallate hillfort, and is represented by a small rectangular enclosure measuring approx. 0.25ha. Features recognised during the earliest excavation of the site included postholes and gullies in the interior of the enclosure. Additional earthworks may have been the remnants of a fieldsystem or other enclosures, and the author of the early report draws a comparison with the 'villages' recorded from Cranborne Chase, Dorset. The bank of the enclosure may have had a stone revetment.  Features exposed during the watching brief included ditches and several blocks of mortared sandstone lining one of the ditches. Finds included Romano-British pottery, a possible whetstone and a possible sling-stone. The pottery from the site was mainly of c. AD 50-80 in date, with some fragments of early Roman provincial wares. The presence of a late 3rd century coin suggests some sort of activity in the late Roman period, suggesting occasional use of the site beyond the end of the 1st century."
19063,50,400,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,1,,No,No,No,No,No,Yes,plain or plateau,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"A site at Basely Common, Stoke Gabriel, a small gently-sloping limestone plateau. The site is represented by earthworks, still visible, of a sub-rectangular enclosure approx. 27.5m x 24.5m internally, and surface indications of the low banks of additional enclosures (interpreted as elements of a fieldsystem in the report), which were laid out later than the initial main enclosure. The site was investigated in the late 1950s/early 1960s after Romano-British pottery sherds were recovered from the surface. The sub-rectangular enclosure revealed an additional ditch of the enclosure, and showed that the enclosure was constructed from dry-stone coursed masonry. A metalled area was also recognised within the enclosure. Structural evidence from inside the enclosure was limited to two or three isolated postholes, but there was a uniform scattering of pottery sherds throughout the interior. The low banks associated with the enclosure were constructed of earth and rubble and there was an approach road or trackway to the entrance through these enclosures. Within one of the external enclosures, which is large and semi-rectangular in shape, a single roundhouse was discovered. Beyond this enclosure another was partly defined by similar banks, and several other banks were identified, and where excavated all were of the same earth and rubble construction. The roundhouse was of approximately oval shape and the remains were of dry-stone masonry construction. Only part of the walls remained, and whilst it seems likely that the building was a complete oval construction, the report author raises the possibility that it may have been left open on one side. The building produced a mass of occupation debris including pottery sherds, coins, hobnails, fragments of a brooch, bones and a pocket of abundant edible periwinkle. The pottery and coins from the building were exclusively mid-fourth century. The settlement is interpreted in the report as being principally of 1st to 2nd centuries AD, with some extension into the 4th century."
19064,-100,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,No,No,No,"A site on the south-west outskirts of the village of Stoke Gabriel, occupying a steep hill overlooking the Dart Estuary. The area of the site was previously known as Borough, and this name, together with its location is suggestive of a hillfort, and it has been classified as such here, although no clear defences survive. The site was identified in 1959 when a garden was being terraced and a workman discovered a mass of shells, bone, some charcoal, fragments of glass, slag (perhaps from glass) and Romano-British pottery, interpreted as a midden. The material had been tipped into a natural fissure in the limestone. The pottery from the midden was of late Iron Age date, and other pottery recovered from the flowerbeds was thought to be late Iron Age to Roman, with sherds of 1st-2nd and 3rd-4th century represented."
19065,1,200,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"A watching brief (0.91ha) and excavation were undertaken by Exeter Archaeology on land adjacent to Bray Quarries, near the village of Charles on the west side of the Bray Valley, prior to extension of quarrying activity. Several other sites are known from the surrounding area, some of which are possibly related (see database numbers 19006, 19045, 19055, 19056). These include a site approx. 260m to the SE of this one, where geophysical survey and excavation located the remains of a late Iron Age and Roman settlement associated with iron smelting (19056). The features at this site included a terrace cut into the hillside, postholes and possible post-pads for a structure which dated to the 2nd century AD, and patches of burnt bone, charcoal, pottery, quern stones and other finds indicative of domestic settlement. Iron slag was also found. The pottery from the site suggested activity broadly contemporary with one of the enclosures known from the site to the SE, which dates from the late Iron Age to the early Roman period."
19066,-50,-1,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,No,No,No,"The site of a hillfort situated on a promontory extending eastward from the Broad Down plateau, approx. 4.5km north of the south Devon coast. Two small streams flow along the valleys on the north and south sides, ultimately joining the Coly, a tributary of the Axe. The site was investigated by the Devon Archaeological Exploration Society in the early 1950s. The site is defended by a single bank and ditch forming a roughly D-shaped enclosure with a triangular outwork to the south. The area enclosed is approx. 2.6ha. The relatively early date of the excavations means that the dating of the site is imprecisely understood, though it is thought to be of mid-to-late Iron Age in date, with construction thought to be c. 200 BC or earlier with occupation up until the 1st century BC. Features recognised at the site included postholes and a probable building represented by a group of postholes."
19067,-50,25,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,No,Yes,No,"The site of a hillfort situated on the northern slope of Milber Down, at the mouth of the River Teign, occupying a ridge leading from the mouth of the Aller Brook up to the highest point of the upland. Its location is considered unusual in that it offers no natural advantage. The site consists of a main late Iron Age hillfort comprising four concentric enclosures, each defined by a bank and ditch, and a second site described as a 'fortified homestead', which appears to be of Roman date, which lies partly within and partly outside the outermost enclosure of the hillfort (discussed separately in record 19062). This second site is thought to have been of early Roman date (c. AD 50-80).  A notable group of bronze figurines were recovered from the middle ditch of the hillfort, including a stag, a duck with a cake in its mouth, a bird with detachable wings and a ball. Approx. 70% of all pottery recovered from the main site came from this ditch, and it is a likely structured deposit (though not considered as such in the report). These were thought to have been deposited no earlier than the 1st century AD, and it is possible that they are associated in some way with the adjacent early Roman site, and were probably deposited after the hillfort went out of use (record number 19062). Pottery from the site suggests occupation of the hillfort in the first century BC and not later than the first quarter of the first century AD."
19068,-50,400,,,uncertain,complex,Yes,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,plain or plateau,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"An unusual site for Devon at Ipplepen, currently subject to investigation by Exeter University and the Portable Antiquities Scheme, where an extensive settlement has been located. The character of the site is unclear, though the presence of a road indicates a roadside settlement. The site was initially identified through coins reported to the Portable Antiquities Scheme, and has subsequently been investigated through geophysical survey and (ongoing) excavation. Features at the site include multiple roundhouses, quarry pits and trackways. No detailed data on the site are currently available, though the following is taken from the Roman Research Trust website, though much work has been done subsequently. 'An archaeological trench evaluation on land at Dainton Elms Cross, Ipplepen, Devon (SX 8473 6650), was carried out during March 2011, following an earlier geophysical survey which had suggested the presence of an extensive late Iron Age and Romano-British settlement landscape. The work comprised the machine excavation of 3 trenches totalling 74m in length, with each trench 1.6m wide. The trenches targeted a series of anomalies identified during the geophysical survey. Excavation revealed substantial sub-rectangular enclosures, with evidence for internal occupation. The remnants of a Roman road with flanking ditches were also identified. The finds included sherds of late Iron Age and 1st-2nd century Roman pottery, although a number of features included later wares indicating occupation of the site perhaps into the 4th century AD. A probable Roman well was also exposed. The large number of features identified throughout the three trenches indicates that the survival of archaeological features is appreciably more extensive than was initially thought. The full size and layout of the settlement is not known, although it is likely to extend beyond the site. The RRT supported this work through its grant funding."
20001,-50,250,50,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,2,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,coastal,uncertain,No,No,No,"Results from evaluation trenches and an earlier watching brief revealed evidence for a late Iron Age settlement with salt production activities on the northern coastline of Poole Harbour beginning during this period and continuing through the early/middle Roman phases.  Two ring gullies dating to the LIA suggest possible roundhouses, but these are only tentatively identified. Two substantial ditches were later cut across the site in the early Roman period and appeared to have been defensive in function; it was suggested that the site may have been controlled by the military. Salt production appeared to have ceased by the late Roman period with ephemeral traces of domestic occupation observed.  The site likely directly relates to the other Hamworthy sites in the area as part of a wider nucleated settlement, possibly a trading port after possible military involvement."
20002,-100,50,43,,large (9+ ha),enclosed,Yes,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,hill,mixed,Yes,Yes,No,"Site of a very large Iron Age hillfort covering c.22ha and occupying the summit of a steep sided plateau above the River Stour. It has the unique distinction of having a Roman fort located within its NW corner which partly utilises the IA defences. Excavation of the multivallate defences and internal features show that the hillfort had a relatively long history of construction and maintenance. Finds include finds include currency bars and Durotrigian coinage.  A mid-late Iron Age pit which had an inhumation in the upper level also included bronze fittings for a wooden vessel, a shale bracelet, a La Tene II brooch, a spiral ring, a sickle, a spearhead, plus jaws of horse, bones of cattle and pig, and a juvenile sheep carcass.  Recent geophysical survey across the entire inner area has shown substantial evidence for multiple roundhouses, perhaps evidence for significant pre-Roman occupation. No excavation of these has yet been undertaken so cannot be dated sufficiently. Coin and pottery evidence places the Roman military occupation firmly within the Claudian period (AD43-51)."
20003,-100,300,,,uncertain,unenclosed,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,Yes,Yes,No,"Funerary site located on the crest of a hill overlooking Chesil Beach on the Dorset coast. The site was used for interment of the dead over a long period from, probably, the 7th C BC to the 3rd C AD, though the ritual use of the site may have been even earlier than that, perhaps Neolithic.  In the 1st C BC the site developed in the form of a substantial metalled track and associated features, possibly part of a wall which may have bounded the funerary area. A pit alongside the track with significant evidence for burning may have been used for ritual purposes, though this is unsubstantiated."
20004,1,500,175,400,medium (4 - 8 ha),enclosed,Yes,,3,No,Yes,Yes,Yes,No,Yes,river valley,mixed,No,Yes,No,"After discovery of surface finds on a farm just south of Farnham in Dorset, on the south-west side of a chalk valley terrace, the site of a villa house was identified through geophysics along with associated fields and other features. Spring-fed ponds are present in the valley bottom. Limited excavations revealed a ditch-system which pre-dated the Roman buildings, of which three structures were identified.  The ditch-system appears to form two spatial elements: a rectangular enclosure, c.1.5ha, to the north and a polygonal enclosure to the south. These were in use in the early Roman period, but their construction appears to have been pre-conquest. Deposits of horse pelves appeared to have reflected preferential treatment of the carcass and are argued to have been evidence for structured deposition. The larger enclosure was palisaded and later refurbished with a large outer bank. Such prominent boundary marking suggests that the early site was an enclosed settlement, though little artefactual remains were identified (probably due to lack of excavation within the enclosure area), and it could relate to stock corralling.  The masonry buildings began to be constructed in the later 2nd C AD (or later). The 'main' building included two suites of rooms with baths/tanks, a room with a swastika mosaic, and painted wall plaster. The overall form of the house is uncertain. The form of the two other masonry buildings is also unknown, though these likely formed ancillary structures. The end of the site is also obscure, though evidence for sub-Roman use (re-use?) is noted from the insertion of postholes and other structural maintenance which likely dates beyond the 4th C AD. How long this went on for into the sub-Roman phase is not known."
20005,150,400,,,medium (4 - 8 ha),unclassified,Yes,,1,Yes,No,Yes,Yes,No,Yes,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"The site of a Roman villa unexpectedly revealed by ground-stripping in advance of development. The site was excavated quickly under very difficult conditions and no finds analysis had been carried out by the time the summary report was published.  The villa was located on a gentle east-facing slope c.500m south-west of the Stour floodplain. The building developed from an 'aisled hall' form, but clearly included many refinements by its later stages of occupation, including bathhouse and heated floors. At least phases of developed were established, with up to 20 rooms in total. Traces of a prehistoric and a Roman ditch, and further structures and ovens, were identified to the south, but not fully explored.  The majority of the pottery suggests a 3rd/4th C AD date for the villa occupation; none of the coins were earlier than the late 3rd C and most were 4th C AD. A provisional date for the construction may be mid-2ndC AD, though earlier settlement is also apparent from a small number of finds."
20006,250,450,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Geophysical survey, fieldwalking and trial trenching revealed evidence for Roman settlement, probably in the form of an enclosure complex. This appeared to be aligned on a ditched trackway and was likely composed of a number of phases of activity. Roman pottery and building materials were recovered by fieldwalking, whilst excavation revealed a metalled trackway/road, probably constructed in the mid-3rd C AD, and evidence for domestic activity which continued to the end of the 4th C AD when the road went out of use. Ditches cut through the site contained l.4th/5thC AD pottery suggesting that a change of land-use continued into the sub-Roman period."
20007,50,400,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,No,,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,Yes,No,"Site of an enclosure complex and trackway, interpreted as livestock enclosures, revealed primarily by geophysical survey, though fieldwalking and limited excavation was carried out. Dating evidence was poor from the excavated sample, though 1st-2nd C AD pottery was recovered, and supported by similarly dated material from the surface finds though 4thC AD material was also recovered. A broad Roman date is given here in the absence of better dating."
20008,50,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,1,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,Yes,No,"Located on gently sloping ground leading to the Dorset coast, around 3km to the south-west, the site of a Roman burial ground and possible shrine was excavated in advance of housing development. Earlier prehistoric was also noted at the site, but this was not continue into the Roman period activity.  In the northern part of the site, six Roman burials were excavated, four were flexed with grave goods dating to the 1stC AD and were described as 'of native Durotrigian type'. Two other burials were extended, one of which was carbon-dated to c.AD130-270. These are thought to have represented a transitional form containing both 'Durotrigian' and 'Roman' traits.  Adjacent to the burials was a circular structure which was built in the early Roman phase but continued throughout. It comprised of a shallow gully and limestone base and was approximately 6m wide. Two large pits were set within the structure and may have held supporting posts. In the centre a smaller pit contained a 1st C BC cordoned jar from Brittany, which may have been a deliberate deposit. Occupation soils overlying the structure contained waste in the form of animal bones and pottery and it could represent a domestic abode, but it could also have been a shrine considering the ritual nature of the site.  A separate structure to the south of the circular building was identified from four large post-pads which appear to have formed the basis of a large rectangular structure, the function of which is unknown. Two large pits with building rubble were also excavated in this area.  A second group of burials also notable, being excavated in the south of the site and which appear to have been a post-Roman group. It is not known whether these represented a later phase of the Roman cemetery or were a completely new group, but they were carbon-dated between c.AD580-770 and each contained late Roman pottery in the grave fills (c.AD270-400)."
20009,43,220,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"The site of a 1st-2nd C AD Black Burnished 1 ware production centre excavated by trial trenching over a period of nine years close to the banks of the River Frome. 20 trenches revealed evidence for firing structures, gullies, ditches and hollows filled with firing waste. The phases of pottery production could be identified as AD43-120, AD120-180 and AD200-220.  A small exploratory trench at site B, c.50m to the west, produced evidence that it formed a contemporary part of the same complex.  Large quantities of charred cereal grain and chaff in the final phase of activity led to the suggestion that the site became a military victualing point, though this is very tentative (see plant remains)."
20010,100,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Site of a Black Burnished ware production site explored by test-pitting but poorly recorded. The site lies close to the River Frome just to the east of sites A and B which produced evidence for 1st and 2ndC AD production. However, the site C assemblage is focusses on three phases: AD100-250, AD300-350 and AD350-400, though  3rd and 4thC pottery predominated."
20011,1,300,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Industrial site close to the River Frome likely associated with the Black Burnished ware industry excavated during the 1950s. The major find from the site was a large clay-lined chalk vat with a drainage hole and set within the ground. The function of the is unknown, but is speculated to have either been for clay puddling to drain water before moulding or a pit kiln. Stake holes suggest the structure was covered. Pottery from a number of trial trenches date from the late Iron Age (Durotrigian) to the end of the 3rd C AD. Pottery in the vat was mostly 2nd C AD."
20012,-100,200,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Site with evidence for Black Burnished ware production from waster dumps sample excavated in a back garden during the 1950s. Evidence for middle Iron Age occupation was noted at the site, though covering layers produced mixtures of Durotrigian and 2nd C AD pottery and red 'ash'. A clay floor may have been the foundation of a building, with 2ndC AD pottery. Upper layers contained 3rd-4thC AD pottery, though this may have been associated with later land-use and did not permeate into earlier features."
20013,200,300,,,uncertain,unenclosed,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Site of an isolated Romano-British cremation burial located on the northern bank of the River Crane. No other Roman activity was noted in the excavation area or the evaluation trenches, which included prehistoric and medieval activity. A few background scatters of LIA and late Roman sherds were noted but nothing to indicate a major presence at the site. A 3rd C AD date was preferred for the Black Burnished ware urn."
20014,100,410,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,2,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"Lying immediately south-west of the Iron Age hillfort of Badbury Rings lies a suspected RC temple which was trial excavated and geophysical surveyed by the National Trust. The site has been disturbed by metal-detectorists over the past 20-30 years. The excavation revealed walls thought to contain the temenos area, two further buildings and a courtyard. The central rectangular building included a central post pit with a 1st/2nd C AD coin embedded in the floor surface which was covered with 2ndC AD pottery. The upper rubble layers contained 4th/early 5th C AD coins, as did the robber trenches. No votive deposits were noticed during excavation, though miniature 'poppy-head' beakers were recovered. The plan, as evidenced by the geophysical survey (although this is not presented in the report!), is suggestive of a RC temple."
20015,50,350,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,1,No,No,No,No,No,Yes,coastal,uncertain,Yes,Yes,No,"The site of a Roman industrial settlement located just north-west of Corfe Castle. Evidence for tesserae production was noted soon after AD70, though evidence for settlement activity probably began around the middle of the 1st C AD. Further evidence for raw material working continued through the 4th C AD and included chalk, mudstone, Purbeck marble, and shale manufacturing.  The end of the 1stC/beginning of the 2ndC AD was marked by the construction of a metalled road, and a relatively small sub-rectangular building with substantial masonry walling was built onto the sides of the road perhaps around AD150.  Three kilns dating  to the 3rdC AD contained sherds of Black Burnished wares, though it must be noted that wasters were not recovered from the site. It may be possible that the site was also involved in pottery manufacture, if wasters were carefully and deliberately removed elsewhere. Other industrial activities continued through this period.  Of particular interest from the site was the fill of a 1.5x1m pit dating to the l.3rd/4thC AD, the base of which was filled with the articulated remains from at least 12 sheep, all slaughtered between the ages of 10-24 months. None of these showed any signs of having been butchered. Other finds include a hair pin and an unusual clay cube.  An end date for the use of the site is difficult to established, but appears possibly to have been around the middle of the 4th C AD."
20016,1,400,50,200,large (9+ ha),complex,Yes,,3,Yes,No,No,No,No,Yes,coastal,pastoral,Yes,No,No,"On the southern coastline of Poole harbour lay the site of an extensive late Iron Age nucleated settlement formed of numerous ditched enclosures and which included substantial evidence for continental trade links with imported products from northern Spain and SW France. This settlement appears to have gone out of use sometime after the Roman conquest and by the 2nd C AD, after a hiatus in activity, the ditches were all infilled and a layer of soil had accumulated over the top. During this period a number of new structures were built over the soil layer, bearing no resemblance in plan to the Iron Age settlement. This site became associated with the production BB1 pottery from at least the late 2nd C to the 4th C AD, whilst intensive sea salt production was also identified. A workshop and a metalled trackway were present (a masonry rectangular building had a kiln inserted in its centre). 6 buildings in total were identified, all likely to have been rectangular masonry structures, and may all have been workshops. Geophysics and fieldwalking results suggest that a settlement associated with the excavated area of industrial activity lay just to the south.  Some post-Roman activity was noted. The site is now much reduced due to coastal erosion."
20017,-100,300,100,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,1,Yes,No,No,No,No,Yes,coastal,mixed,No,No,No,"An Iron Age and Roman settlement and a primary economic focus on shale manufacture found sited on the cliff edge overlooking the Channel, c.12km south of Poole Harbour. Part of the settlement may have been lost to erosion and only a small area of excavation was undertaken, but evidence for possibly continuous occupation with developments was apparent.  The Iron Age settlement was characterised by circular masonry 'huts', though the form of these was only discernible in the early and middle Iron Age. Further structures were evident in the late Iron Age phase from collapsed rubble and postholes. A revetment wall in this phase suggests division of space at the site, but is more clearly related to terracing of the hillside, perhaps linked to arable. A number of large pits demonstrate industrial working, but also domestic activity; some appear to have been for storage. Two cist burials were also identified from this phase, which perhaps extends to the end of the 1stC AD.  Occupation and large-scale shale manufacture continued into the Roman phase, though some possibly major reorganisation of the site ensued. A gravelled yard was laid out over much of the site, and the building tradition changed from circular to rectangular. The LIA terracing was abandoned and a rectangular masonry structure, clearly identified from its walls, overlay the LIA terrace. Evidence for flooring perhaps indicated box-framed timber buildings - workshops?. The excavator gives a 2ndC and 3rdC AD date for the Roman phase, despite the pottery specialist suggesting evidence for continuity into the late 4thC AD."
20018,-100,100,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,hill,mixed,No,No,No,"The site of a long-lived Iron Age enclosed settlement located on the eastern slope of a ridge overlooking a valley, around 0.5km east of a later Roman road. Cropmarks show the settlement existed in a landscape with a number of similar enclosures and connecting trackways. The origin of the settlement began in early Iron Age being characterised by a very large outer enclosure ditch containing numerous storage pits and other domestic features.  The settlement remained in continuous use until the late Iron Age/early Roman period (Phase 3 - see site plan), though developments occurred throughout. The final LIA/ER phase, in particular, marked a major transformation with the large outer enclosure ditch going out of use. Yet within the internal area a wide and deep circular ring ditch was constructed with at least two outer ditched enclosures and other linear features showing divisions of space outside the main habitation area. No structures could be determined for this phase, though these could have been plough damaged.  Some pits within each enclosure were between one and two metres in width and depth and were likely to have been for storage, whilst postholes possibly marked four-poster structures. Organic material from pits was radiocarbon dated and, along with associated material culture, showed this third phase to have continued largely unchanged towards the end of the 1stC AD, after which the site appears to go out of use. A 3rd C AD coffined inhumation was excavated just outside the ring ditch, and this was of a different type compared to the Durotrigian burials of the LIA/ER phase."
20019,-100,400,50,,large (9+ ha),unclassified,Yes,,,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,No,coastal,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"The multiperiod site at Hengistbury Head is located on a promontory spur jutting into the Solent around halfway between Poole Harbour and the Isle of Wight. Hengistbury form an enclosing landmass which surrounds Christchurch Harbour and is c.2km in length, but only c.0.5km in width at its narrowest. The harbour encompasses the mouths of the Rivers Avon and Stour. Towards its landward end the head is cut of from the mainland by a substantial double-ditched embankment, which defended the promontory from its landward approach during the Iron Age and Roman phases of activity. The site has a long period of occupation and was particularly active during the Iron Age.  Early 20thC excavations were carried out by Bushe-Fox and, later, by St. George Gray. Cunliffe's research excavations between 1979-85 were intended to get a better understanding of the changing chronology of the site in terms of its use and economic outlook, whilst also drawing upon the vast repository of unpublished finds from the earlier excavations. Bushe-Fox's excavations opened up nearly 17ha, whilst Cunliffe's only 0.3ha, the others are unknown. Finds from all excavations, where possible, were included in Cunliffe's report (finds were reported in Bushe-Fox's report, but not quantified).  The area towards the northern shore of the Head was intensively occupied during the Iron Age and Roman periods. The late Iron Age phase was characterised by the appearance of imported ceramics from north-western France and Roman Dressel 1A amphora, broadly dating to the first half of the 1stC BC. This phase was succeeded by a period typified by quantities of Durotrigian pottery and amphora from Spain and Italy dating between the mid-1stC BC and the conquest period. Numerous clay floors and structural evidence and quantities of domestic remains were common to the LIA phase throughout. Roundhouses were present in earlier Iron Age phases, though many had been rebuilt and it is possible that some dated to the late Iron Age phase, though this uncertain. Post-structures may have related to buildings, storage, or drying racks. Numerous oven structures dated to most periods.  The Roman phase of activity was focussed in the same area as the LIA activity though many features were difficult to isolate. Though a range of structures probably dated to this period, much of the Roman material culture was recovered from the ploughsoil. The evidence suggests that although the area formed domestic settlement during the Roman period, much had been utilised as arable. Plough furrows were noted at the site. Ditches and other linear features appear to delineate enclosures, plus a road/trackway. Activity continued into the 4thC AD."
20020,250,400,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),complex,Yes,,1,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,No,river valley,mixed,No,Yes,No,"Site of a late Roman farm with surrounding fields and possible stock enclosures on a co-axial alignment was located just less than kilometre east of Durnovaria and just south of the River Frome in a watermeadow area.  Some ephemeral post-hole features, tentatively suggested to be pre-Roman Iron Age structures, and an earlier Roman field boundary mark the earliest phase of activity at the site.  However, the main period of activity focusses the construction of a large rectangular enclosure system which, rather than a single enclosure, was formed by a series of abutting ditch sections. Smaller sub-enclosures perhaps represent stock pens, whilst a more open area on the eastern side is possibly a large field.  Within the enclosure system were three posthole structures each of slightly different form and in different areas. The largest was found in the 'main' enclosure area and included three side of postholes likely forming a rectangular building. A four or six-post structure was located in the NW corner of this enclosure, and a third building was located in the western 'field', partly terraced into the ground and including some irregularly spaced postholes. A lack of domestic debris from all three structures suggests an agricultural function for each.  A corndrier was also placed in the southern part of the main enclosure. The feature was bulbous in plan at one end. A pit with surrounding stakeholes placed in the walkway between the enclosures and the field included a sherd of BB1 ware and domestic fowl bones (structured deposit?).  Although early Roman pottery was found at the site in small quantities, much of it was highly abraded, whilst eh presence of Oxfordshire wares indicates a late Roman date for the settlement. The next phase of occupation after Roman-period usage was a 14thC? field-system lain across the site."
20021,-50,100,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,mixed,No,Yes,No,"Site of a late Iron Age co-axial field-system laid out across a prehistoric henge monument, south of the River Frome. The excavation may have picked up the edge of a contemporary settlement at the site. Part of a large enclosure ditch was revealed, within and around which Durotrigian burials were discovered in a number of storage pits. The pits appear to have been left open for some time, as indicated by rubble infilling from the sides of the pits and remains of rodents and amphibians, though specific placements of human and animal skeletons, the latter both whole and partial, and domestic debris reflect structured depositions. A number of the pits were dug purposefully for some of these burials as shown by the earliest deposits in some. 13 pits of varying size were identified to this period in total and more detailed descriptions of the structured deposits can be found in the report. No Roman features were discovered at the site though some 2nd-4thC AD was noted in plough soil and the site may have been used for arable during this later period."
20022,50,410,300,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,mixed,Yes,No,No,"Excavation of an area of the Dorchester By-pass around half-way between Maiden Castle and the Roman town of Durnovaria revealed evidence for Roman rural settlement and a late Roman cemetery. Geophysics and cropmark evidence indicates the presence of wider landscape features, possibly field-systems, associated with the settlement.  Three main phases of activity could be discerned and pottery evidence suggests that this stretched the entire Roman period, possibly into the early post-Roman phase.  The first phase is defined by the formalisation of a ditched EW trackway. This appears to have been cut sometime in the mid-1stC AD. A number of features dating to the 2ndC and 3rdC AD are suggestive of a range of activities likely associated with local settlement, including quarry pits for chalk and possibly flint, a square mortuary enclosure with two associated burials, and a semi-cellared building.  In the late 3rd, or perhaps beginning of the 4thC AD, a long linear boundary cut across much of the 2nd/3rdC area, in particular through the earlier mortuary enclosure, suggesting a reorganisation and discontinuity. However, this boundary respected the trackway which appears to have continued in use running through the centre of the renewed site. On the south-west of the boundary, a planned late Roman cemetery was formally laid out along its northern edge and three building to the south and east of these possibly relate to domestic settlement. The buildings were probably rectangular and were timber post-built. One had evidence for internal division and a central hearth. The structures may have continued into the early post-Roman phase, but the evidence is tentative."
20023,1,410,200,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,mixed,No,Yes,No,"Located on the coombe of a steep-sided dry valley used today as permanent pasture, the site of a late Iron Age/early Roman cemetery was sited where early and middle Iron Age activity was absent. Occupation of the site then followed continuously until the very end of the 4thC AD or just into the 5thC.  The first phase of activity included the establishment of the cemetery, probably in the 1stC BC, and the construction of a 'cemetery building' and a 'working area comprising two sunken-floored structures, pits and ovens/driers'. The next phase included more burials and further sporadic activity, though no discernible break in occupation was identified. It is suggested that the main habitation area sat half-way up the hillside whilst the upper levels was used for arable and the valley bottom for pasture.  Occupation continued into the 3rdC AD, but here a discernible change in the size and intensity of activity at the settlement. At least nine new buildings were erected, possibly a number of workshops, and the valley bottom which was probably used as pasture prior to this phase became an intensively-used working area. The increased occupation is reflected in a more abundant material culture. The working area had a packed flint and chalk surface and a timber/masonry revetment wall to protect it from hillwash, and included a large H-shaped drying oven. Samples show that this was probably for malting grain. Two inhumations dating this phase were placed next to a field boundary and possibly marked the extent of the settlement."
20024,-100,100,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unenclosed,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Excavation in advance of housing development on a gentle north-west slope of the Yeo valley, overlooking the river to the east, revealed evidence for multi-period activity, notably a ditch and postholes dating to the Roman period and four burials. Despite being similar in form, appearing to be 'Durotrigian', and placed close together as a discrete group, the skeletons gave a wide variation in radiocarbon results. One was dated c.370BC-AD10 and another to c.AD430-660 (see burial data). Although these dates are broadly contemporary with general dating from across the site, an early date is favoured for the burials here, with the latter date perhaps being an error."
20025,-100,100,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"After a metal-detector recovered and reported a LIA mirror, small-scale excavation of the find spot revealed that it derived from a richly-furnished LIA/ER inhumation burial. The surrounding area has not been well explored by excavation, but metal-detecting evidence suggests that the area to the north of Portesham Farm may have been the location of a significant LIA/Roman settlement. Large quantities of Roman coins and brooches have been recovered over an area covering c.17ha."
20026,-100,400,,,medium (4 - 8 ha),enclosed,Yes,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Site of a large prehistoric/Roman trapezoidal enclosure settlement measuring 3.7ha. The site is located on a gentle east-facing slope in Cranbourne Chase in an area littered with many prehistoric monuments, mostly barrows and a cursus. The Roman road of Ackling Dyke runs north-south between the settlement and the cursus. Trackways are noted from cropmarks to run between the settlement and the road and elsewhere.  Limited excavations of the settlement were carried out between 1949 and 1954 and cropmarks appear to denote a related field-system. The settlement was occupied between the 6thC BC through to the l.4th/e.5thC AD, though the extent to which this occupation was continuous was not identified; pottery evidence suggests that it could have been.  The largest proportion of material from the dates to the 1stC BC to the 2ndC AD suggesting that occupation was most intensive during this period. The enclosure ditch appears to have silted up in the early 2ndC AD, though he enclosure was still defined by the bank. By the 4thC AD, the southern part of the enclosure appears to have been used for burial. Structural remains suggest the presence of buildings, though none were directly discovered. The site is classified here as a 'farm', but considering its size and apparent character it may well have been nucleated, i.e. a 'village'-type settlement."
20027,50,400,,,large (9+ ha),complex,Yes,,,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Site of a large Romano-British nucleated settlement which may have developed from an early fort. The site has only been subject to minimal investigation by the National Trust which excavated Roman structures within the settlement, whilst the probable fort is only known as cropmarks from aerial photography. The line of the Dorchester Roman road runs through the settlement and appears to cut across the fort, perhaps suggesting that it was short lived. Extensive geophysical survey of the settlement suggests that it may have been over 25ha in size.  Evaluation trenches revealed evidence for masonry buildings from wall footings, building rubble, and patches of tesserae. The rubble dated to the 2nd-4thC AD, from quantities of Black Burnished wares. Further along the trench were features filled with large chalk blocks and Roman pottery, whilst a nearby pit contained l.2nd-3rdC BB ware and a large quantity of smithing slag. In the second trench, a late 4thC AD deposit was found in association with a flint wall with evidence for tesserae and painted wall plaster. It appears that the settlement was extensively robbed in the medieval period."
20028,,,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,1,No,No,Yes,Yes,No,Yes,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Site of a famous but poorly-understood villa located on the banks of the River Frome. The area is now water meadows.  The site was made famous by Samuel Lysons' excavations after discovery in the late 18thC AD, which produced at least five ornate tessellated pavements. The imagery of these have been subject of numerous scholarly works and debate with clear references to classical mythology in a number of scenes. A Cho-Rho monogram was set into an apse mosaic. Lysons dated the villa, which he thought may have been a temple, on stylistic grounds as being 'Constantinian'.  More recent fieldwork at the site has identified numerous earthworks and areas with building debris, as well as a nearby spring."
20029,-50,400,200,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,coastal,uncertain,No,No,No,"Located beside a northern inlet of Poole Harbour at Hamworthy the site of a late Iron Age and Roman settlement was first excavated in the 1920s which revealed evidence of 'military period' pottery, a road, and a kiln. A small excavation was carried out just to the north of these works in 1974. The earliest phases (1stC BC-2ndC AD) produced evidence for salt and pottery production, with indications of shale and iron-working. Domestic settlement was more noticeable in the 3rdC AD, and a small late Roman cemetery appeared to have been contemporary with this going into the 4thC AD. The site likely relates to the other Hamworthy sites to the south which probably form part of a wider trading settlement/port."
20030,200,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,coastal,uncertain,No,No,No,"Late Romano-British site discovered on the inter-tidal zone on the east side of Brownsea Island in Poole Harbour. The site is of uncertain classification, but is characterised by a 3rd/4thC AD layer filled with a mixture of material culture sealing an undated ditch. The pottery assemblage contained a significant proportion of large storage jars indicates the occurrence of specialist activities. No direct evidence for contemporary feature were observed, but this may have been due to coastal disturbance. It is likely that the investigation focussed upon the periphery of a possible industrial settlement or, perhaps, harbour works."
20031,1,400,250,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,2,No,No,No,No,No,Yes,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"Limited amateur excavation in the 1960s on a low chalk ridge, after discovery of a relief sculpture of a horse and rider, revealed evidence of a Durotrigian burial ground and traces of settlement. 12 burials were recovered in total in a small area, though more may have been present, alongside a large ditch and other small features. Just to the north-west of the burial, c.20m away, a small trench revealed evidence for structures. Flint nodules, roof tile and dressed limestone suggest masonry buildings of some stature.  Material culture from pits and ditches included a predominance of LIA pottery, with Roman pottery from the upper layers. Four graves could be dated to the 1stC AD. The structures found nearby were more difficult to date however. Pottery and a general scatter of coins from across the site suggest that these were probably occupied between the late 3rdC and the end of the 4thC AD."
20032,1,400,,,medium (4 - 8 ha),unclassified,Yes,,1,Yes,No,No,No,No,Yes,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Site of a probable Roman nucleated settlement explored by limited excavation and fieldwalking during housing development operations. The site lies of Kimmeridge Clay above the flood plain of the River Stour. Its position near the confluence of the Stour, the Shreen and the Lodden may be significant.  The exploration area covered c.6ha, though the extent of the settlement is uncertain. Roman finds had been recorded from the area since the 19thC. 7 separate areas were trial excavated producing evidence for masonry structures, one certainly rectangular, and several gravelled floors, perhaps relating to yards. No evidence for Roman roads were identified, but fieldwalking evidence suggests a relatively large population. All features identified dated between AD75 and AD400, though LIA Durotrigian wares demonstrate a slightly earlier origin for the settlement."
20033,-100,1,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,coastal,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Excavation and survey of Furzey Island in Poole Harbour revealed an extensively occupied settlement dating to the late Iron Age, perhaps originating in the late 2ndC BC. A number of discrete, but interconnected enclosures were present, whilst environmental evidence suggests that the island existed as a low promontory which was land-bridged to the mainland during this period. Significant strands of Scots Pine present were lost very soon after the Iron Age indicating that the land-bridge disappeared, forming the island. The pollen evidence also suggests that woodland clearance took place in the Iron Age with the enclosures perhaps being pastoral in character. The settlement itself also did not continue after the 1stC BC.  It appears to have been a consumer of imported goods, perhaps forming one of the trading settlements known in the area, with Cordoned ware pottery from Armorica and Italian Dressel 1 amphora both present. Industrial working was identified from shale and iron working waste"
20034,75,175,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,No,river valley,mixed,No,No,No,"Rescue excavation during surface stripping for a pipeline revealed a number of linear features suggested by the excavator to be evidence for a sub-rectangular enclosure and part of a possible field-system. A number of largely complete ceramic vessels point to domestic settlement at the site, mostly of local origin and dating the settlement to the late 1stC AD to the late 2ndC AD. Postholes may be the ephemeral remains of a structure.  The site lies on valley gravels close to the River Moors. Prior to excavation the site was poorly-drained rough grazing."
20035,-100,500,100,300,large (9+ ha),enclosed,Yes,5,1,Yes,No,No,No,No,Yes,hill,mixed,Yes,Yes,Yes,"Site of a major Iron Age hillfort with Neolithic origins, some late Iron Age/early Roman occupation and an important late/post-Roman centre.  The hillfort was originally excavated by Mortimer Wheeler in the first half of the 20thC and then re-excavated as part of a wider landscape survey in the middle of the 1980s. The Wheeler excavations were more extensive than the later works, though both were located predominantly in the eastern part of the hillfort.  Several phases of occupation and development can be discerned. The hillfort was intensively occupied during the middle Iron Age with nucleated settlement and other features covering the full extent of the enclosed area, with domestic plots lining an apparent street grid. This period also featured the modification of the external bank and ditch system into its most complex form. However, a major change in the organisation of the settlement took place into the late Iron Age. Occupation was dramatically reduced and appeared to be generally confined to the eastern half of the hillfort. Many of the trackways went out of use, though one at least appeared to be remetalled during this period. A circular stone structure dated to this period of occupation, with associated features and material including a central hearth and a considerable quantity of LIA pottery. Although not specified by the excavator, this structure has later been suggested to have been a shrine due to the recovery of brooches, finger rings, a bronze needle, a small number of late Iron Age coins, horse gear, chariot fittings, weaponry, and the incomplete leg bones of a pony. Together these are thought to be similar to the depositional practices found at Hayling Island (Drury 1980; Wait 1985).  The eastern entranceway was metalled for the first time in the LIA. Behind the eastern entrance, at least four roundhouses were constructed, around which a thick layer of ash was identified, most likely relating to industrial metal-working. Cut into the ash layer were several burials identified by Wheeler as a 'war cemetery' associated with the Roman conquest. The cemetery dated to the Iron Age/Romano-British transition and some of the inhumations, less than half, included evidence for violent death, though Sharples argues that they should not necessarily be seen as evidence for engagement with the Roman military.  A similar re-organisation of settlement into the late Iron Age was also identified at Danebury, but there the site was abandoned shortly after this phase. The evidence from Maiden Castle is suggested to retained an element of prestige. Occupation here, however, continued briefly into the Roman period, perhaps to the end of the 1stC AD. This phase was evidence by a rectangular post-built structure and pit features. It is uncertain whether this occupation was of a civilian or military nature. Abandonment soon after this phase was contemporary with the establishment and early development of Durnovaria, the Roman town underlying modern Dorchester.  The construction of a 4thC AD Romano-Celtic temple signified a new phase of significant use at the site. The building comprised a central block, or cella, surrounded by a corridor or veranda, within a walled precinct. The cella may have had a black and white mosaic floor, while the corridor had a red tessellated pavement. The structure was built of flint and limestone and roofed with stone tiles, later replaced by clay. It appears that the site became an important religious focus into the post-Roman period as evidenced by the burial of a number of early Saxon inhumations."
20036,150,375,275,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,1,Yes,No,No,No,No,Yes,hill,mixed,No,No,No,"Site of a middle Iron Age settlement which appears to have gone out of use just prior to the 1st C BC, but which becomes re-occupied in the Roman period around AD150. The site was located on the side of a south-facing slope of open chalk downland in an area of known 'Celtic' and medieval lynchets.  Two phases of activity can be attributed to the Roman period, the first identified from two crouched inhumation burials, with the second evidenced by terracing in the later 3rdC AD alongside the construction of a dry-walled masonry building, identified as a workshop . 'Ovens' and pits provided further evidence for domestic activity. The ovens appear to have been designed for metal-working, though little evidence for industrial activity was noted (little slag recovered). One of the 'ovens' (oven 4 see plan) had been well robbed so little evidence of its structure was known, but it was located in the corner of one of the terraces, perhaps for insulation, whilst a layer of carbonised grain and charcoal was recovered from an area with flat floor stones. The 4th C AD is denoted by an increasing quantity of pottery and small finds which the excavators argue relates to an abandonment of the site represented by a period of waste dumping, although much of this appears to be from domestic activity. A layer of hillwash covering the site probably in the second half of the 4thC AD actually represents the end of the site."
20037,75,400,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,,3,Yes,No,No,No,No,Yes,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,Yes,No,"The site of a very unusual and enigmatic settlement consisting of a large double dry-walled enclosure with extensive gravelling, plus internal and external buildings of similar construction to the walls. The site is situated on high ground just over a kilometre from, and overlooking the Dorset coast. Large and well-lined postholes suggest buildings of some stature and a possible aisled building was identified adjacent to the south-east of the enclosure.  No known parallels can be found in the region for this site and the excavators favour a religious function for the site. However, there is little evidence for pits or votive deposits which would mark the site out as religious. The deposit of a carefully placed pig skull and a small pit with sheep bones may be of ritual character. Two large coin hoards had been found in the immediate area previous to discovery of the site. However, no other features were identified which might mark the site out as secular in function, i.e. no kilns or corndriers.  Other than two IA coins and an issue of Tiberius, the coin list dates exclusively to the late 3rd and 4thC AD. However, the Samian ware is late 1st and 2ndC AD though these were entirely from reworked contexts suggestive of an earlier phase of activity."
20038,1,400,250,,medium (4 - 8 ha),unclassified,Yes,,2,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"The site of an extensive Roman villa located in a dry chalk valley excavated over 11 seasons between 1969 and 1979 though never fully published. The site record exists as a number of small and disparate interim reports, though a post-excavation project is currently underway at Bournemouth University.  Recent geophysical survey has indicated that the villa consisted of three wings enclosing a central courtyard and circumnavigated by a veranda, with the western wing including at least 30 rooms, hypocausts and a bathhouse at its greatest extent. An aisled building was identified along another wing. The main villa itself is 3rd-4thC AD in date though trial excavation of cropmarks at the site reveal evidence of a farmstead settlement with enclosures and a possible field-system dating to the 1st-2ndC AD, perhaps dating back to the late Iron Age. It is apparent that the settlement developed over a long period of time to the late 4thC AD.  Pastscape suggests that the site includes a Romano-Celtic temple, though this remains to be verified."
20039,1,150,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,coastal,uncertain,No,No,No,Small scale excavation during buildings works was undertaken to rescue four LIA/ER inhumations. These were clearly of Durotrigian type with pottery from the site dating from the early 1stC AD to the mid-2ndC AD. Whether the burials were associated with a nearby settlement is unknown.
20040,275,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Site of a probable late Romano-British settlement was identified from the excavation of a ditch section. The pottery from the ditch fill was entirely late 3rd-4thC AD BB1 ware and New Forest wares, including bowls and beakers, together suggestive of domestic occupation. The fills also included cereal remains stored after harvest. The lack of other features sampled reduces the reliability of the pottery and archaeobotanical samples to give a full picture of the chronology and character of the site."
20041,-100,-50,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Late Iron Age settlement dating c.150-50BC located on the side of a dry valley which runs northwards, around 900m, to the River Stour. Excavations were carried out by the local museum in advance of housing development. Features at the sites included a large v-shaped ditch and a parallel linear, numerous pits and postholes. The most notable find from the site was a hoard of 4 iron currency bars and an unidentified iron object (corroded) recovered from the primary fill of the ditch. A probable iron sword blade was also recovered from this feature. The area of postholes also contained quantities of daub suggestive of a structure or structures. Shallow pits with evidence for burning may have been hearths. Small quantities of iron slag and shale suggest manufacturing of raw materials."
20042,-100,375,75,200,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,4,Yes,No,No,No,No,Yes,hill,mixed,No,No,No,"Rural site located on Bradford Down, 1 mile NE of Badbury Rings, on a high spur of land projecting in the direction of the River Allen valley. The site consisted of a long period of development in occupation and land-use from the earlier Iron Age through to the end of the Roman period. A system of ditches dating to the Iron Age formed a long-lived field-system stretching across the Down. The late Iron Age settlement evidence was largely confined to enclosure ditches and pits containing domestic debris. The first structures at the site were dated to the later 1st and 2ndC AD, though this may not mark a significant shift in the character of the site. One of the buildings can possibly conform to an early corridor/strip-type villa house. These are also contemporary with new land divisions and an association with part of the field-system noted in aerial photography. The 3rd to 4thC AD is represented by a small structure tentatively interpreted as a bathhouse and another new structure replacing the larger, earlier strip building. The settlement appears to have been abandoned by the late 4thC AD, perhaps as early as AD360.  Although described as a 'villa' by the excavators, there does not appear to be enough to confidently categorise this site as such."
20043,250,400,,,medium (4 - 8 ha),unclassified,Yes,,3,Yes,No,Yes,Yes,No,Yes,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Site of a large late 3rd/4thC AD villa most famous for its elaborate Christian mosaics, which include a Chi-Rho symbol with a bust thought to be of Christ, Bellerophon killing the Chimera, and various hunting scenes. The Chi-Rho mosaic has been relaid in the British Museum.  Excavations consisted of small trial trenches which showed that the main buildings of the villa ranged round three sides of a courtyard and bounded on the southern side by a ditch. However, a detailed plan of the villa is not yet known, whilst the complex had also been badly damaged by robbing and ploughing. Finds indicate a late 3rd to 4thC AD occupation of the villa including coins which range from AD270 to AD400, whilst the mosaics are certainly 4thC AD. There is also a complete absence of Samian pottery. Parallels with other local mosaics suggest the work of a single school of craftsmen."
20044,175,400,,,medium (4 - 8 ha),unclassified,Yes,,1,No,No,Yes,Yes,No,Yes,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"Site of a winged-corridor villa first discovered and investigated in 1876. The site was re-excavated in 1961 to get a better understanding of the plan, dating and structural chronology of the site.  Three phases of construction were identified beginning with a simple strip building which extended to a formal corridor frontage with an western wing. A corresponding eastern wing may be assumed from the plan. The villa house consisted of six room leading from the corridor, one of which was found to have a simple tessellated floor, which did not corroborate with the 19thC findings which suggested that each room had this type of flooring. It is not known whether this building was part of a complex.  The first concrete floor foundation appears to have been laid in the early part of the 3rdC AD, though the earliest evidence for occupation dates to the late 2ndC AD. Coarseware pottery of 3rd and 4thC types were also recovered."
20045,1,150,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,coastal,uncertain,No,No,No,Site of two Durotrigian burials found in a private garden. There was no indication of an associated settlement.
20046,1,200,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,coastal,uncertain,No,No,No,"Site of a Roman cemetery discovered in a disused clay quarry. After initial discovery a group from Churchfields School excavated four inhumation burials, one in a cist with a complete vessel. All the human remains were removed by the police and destroyed on the orders of the coroner. The other three burials did not include grave goods but quantities of local 1st and 2ndC AD pottery was recovered from the surrounding soil matrix suggesting their date."
20047,1,400,75,200,medium (4 - 8 ha),unclassified,Yes,2,5,Yes,No,Yes,No,No,Yes,coastal,pastoral,No,No,No,"Long occupied rural settlement site located an eastern slope overlooking Swanage Bay to the east, to the south of Poole Harbour. Two groups of structures were identified during excavation, which was carried out by a local school society, both probably part of the same complex since similar chronological and architectural developments could be observed in both. The earliest phase of activity was represented by 1stCAD roundhouse constructions which were replaced by rectangular timber buildings in the late 1stC AD. Continual small scale development and alterations continued through out the occupation, and in the early 3rdC AD larger dry-walled masonry structures had replaced some of the earlier timber rectangular buildings. These had unmortared footings, with upper walls of cob and internal timber roof supports. All the structures were generally unrefined and it is suggested by the excavator that some may have had internal divisions, perhaps for keeping livestock as well as being domestic accommodations. Metal and shale working was identified, particularly from 1st and 2ndC AD deposits."
20048,-100,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Settlement located on the slopes of the Coombe valley, probably used as a quarry - large shale slabs were recovered from the site. The settlement was occupied over a long period of time, at least from the early Iron Age through to the late Roman period. Due to the lack of excavation, it is uncertain how continuous this occupation was. Excavation revealed evidence for a late Roman stone working-floor as well as LIA and early Roman occupation levels. Below the working floor was a series of hearths probably of early Iron Age date."
20049,1,400,150,300,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,1,Yes,No,No,No,No,Yes,hill,uncertain,No,No,No,"Located on a small knoll lying along the southern edge of Dorset downland, the site of a late Iron Age 'Durotrigian' settlement was identified along with outlying features, possibly of earlier Iron Age date, and a 4thC structure. It is uncertain how much continuity between each phase of activity was present, and it may be that periods of hiatus ensued - the report does not specify from the available (lack of?) evidence.  The Durotrigian settlement was predominantly identified from six inhumation burials spread, seemingly randomly, across the site, along with occupation levels containing domestic debris, pottery animal bone, etc. Some masonry footings may be structures. The 4thC AD building was a dry-walled rectangular building with some surviving stone paving slab flooring. The structure was terraced in the chalk natural of the knoll and overlay some of the Durotrigian settlement features."
20050,-50,400,150,250,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,2,2,No,No,Yes,No,No,Yes,plateau or plain,mixed,No,No,No,"The site of possibly two non-contemporary rural settlements located on a south-facing combe. After a period of hiatus from probable early Iron Age activity, a late Iron Age/early Roman settlement dated from the 1stC BC to the mid-2ndC AD and was predominantly represented by two unmortared masonry roundhouse structures. Limestone slab paving was constructed both inside and outside these structures. A central hearth was identified from one of the buildings, and some evidence for internal division was also noted. Single inhumation burials were recovered just north of each of the roundhouses, cutting through contemporary occupation levels suggesting that they dated towards the end of this period of activity.  A second possible hiatus in activity may have ensued between the later 2nd and the later 3rdC AD when some terracing occurred alongside the construction of a substantial rectangular masonry structure. Little remains of this structure because it was overlain by a second smaller building (see below), though at least two rooms could be discerned. As with the earlier circular buildings, flagstones constituted the flooring. Much of the stonework from this building appears to have been re-used in the construction of the fourth building on the site, constructed on a slightly different alignment to the first. This was a smaller (but still comparatively large) rectangular 'barn' or 'granary' which had a large T/H-shaped corn-drier built into the foundations. This structure was preserved in situ. Once more stone paving continued to be used both internally and externally. Some of the walls may have been bonded and rendered with puddled clay, and a 'primitive' herring-bone walling technique was noted in places. An associated rectangular cess-pit dating to the later 4thC AD was excavated just north of the 'barn'. Perhaps after the dis-use of the building, an extended inhumation of a female was cut into the flooring within the structure where limestone slabs were absent. This burial was then later cut through by a pit, suggested by the excavator to have been during robbing."
20051,1,350,,,medium (4 - 8 ha),complex,Yes,,,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,mixed,Yes,Yes,No,"Site of an extensive rural settlement on Woodcuts Common excavated in the 19thC by Gen. Pitt Rivers. The settlement is described as a 'Romano-British village', but is comparable to a large, complex farmstead, perhaps consisting a number of different phases of occupation ('village' is deferred to here). The settlement, around 5ha in extent, was heavily ditched with earthwork embankments and trackways, many still observable, with the ditches enclosing a number of areas and dividing a number of discrete areas. These enclosures contain four 'hypocausts' (3 are clearly T-shaped corn-driers, whilst 1 is square in form and may either be a type of kiln or a more elaborate corndrier), two wells, numerous pits and postholes (some may be waterholes), whilst burials were dispersed across the site placed in varying features.  Concise pottery dating was not well developed at the time of the excavation, and there was little understanding of site chronology. However, the plan does suggest that several phases of activity may have been evident. Also, the different burial rites present suggests a long period of occupation (see burial data). Durotrigian-type burials and LIA coinage indicates pre-conquest occupation, whilst 1stC and 2ndC AD Imperial coinage, brooches and Samian ware represent early Roman occupation. Decorated New Forest wares and extended inhumation are more reflective of late Roman occupation. However, the latest dating coin recovered was an issue of Magnentius (c.AD350-353) perhaps suggesting that the settlement did not extent far into the second half of the 4thC AD.  Possible structured deposits are possibly present with the samian and horse skull placed in the pit below the triple inhumation (see burials) and the possible hoard of metalwork in the shallow depression - this feature was illustrated prior to removal of the finds (see other finds for details)."
20052,125,400,,,uncertain,complex,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"The site of a possible roadside settlement excavated in the 19thC by Pitt Rivers who described it as a village. The settlement is located where the Roman road running south from Old Sarum to Badbury Rings diverted. At this point it cuts through Bokerly Dyke, a huge bank and ditch forming part of the Grim's Ditch complex in the area. The dyke was argued by Pitt Rivers to be late 4thC AD due to coinage found in its ditch - finds from construction levels are strongly suggestive that the feature is Roman. The settlement would have been largely enclosed by this system. The site consisted of a system of rectilinear field/enclosure ditches which ran parallel to the Roman road. It formed part of the settlement and an associated field system, within which a ditch appears to have enclosed a square cemetery. Pits and hearth features indicate inhabited plots close to the road. A t-shaped corndrier was excavated to the south of the cemetery within another field. The inhumations within the cemetery, and another close to the corn-drier were all extended and suggestive of a late Roman date. However, phasing and chronology of the settlement was not well understood at the time of the excavation. Finds, in general, point to a late Roman settlement, though coin evidence suggests that it may have begun in the early-mid-2ndC AD."
20053,1,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,Yes,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"172 trial trenches, along with fieldwalking, over a 160ha area of land in advance of gravel extraction revealed a concentration of Romano-British rural settlement activity comprising  the footings of a sandstone and flint structure and numerous ditches likely representing enclosures and/or a field-system. Features were selectively excavated. Durotrigian pottery indicates that activity began in the early 1stC AD but became more intensive throughout the Roman period. The masonry-footed strutted likely dates to the 2nd-3rdC AD. Some spatial differentiation of concentrations of dated pottery suggests some chronological development at the site, but overall it appears to continue into the 4thC AD."
20054,100,300,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Lying in a valley area west of Poundbury and Durnovaria known for its substantial late prehistoric and Roman cropmarks, the site of a Roman settlement was identified during small scale excavations in advance of a modern farm trackway. The main features of the site were two rectangular chalk-filled footings of a structure, as well as valley-bottom lynchets, which included Roman pottery and animal bone formed during ploughing, and some field boundary evidence. Black Burnished ware was recovered from one of the footing 'pits'. A gully and a post-pad appeared to be associated with the building footings. The pottery confirmed a 2nd/3rdC AD date for the settlement.  The site may be a continuation of the settlement activity found at Fordington Bottom (Site ID 20023), but the lack of excavation cannot prove this."
20055,-100,100,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,Yes,coastal,uncertain,No,No,No,"Site of a late Iron Age and early Roman industrial settlement focussed on shale and metal-working. The site was primarily investigated by geophysical survey with further small-scale interventions. Features specifically dating to the late Iron Age included a number of ditches, a hearth, a layer of burnt stone and charcoal and a possible buried land surface. These features became sealed below a layer of colluvium, perhaps relating to nearby arable activity. Overlying this feature late pre-Roman Iron Age and Roman occupation was represented by masonry wall - possibly a building or a revetment - a ditch, a hearth and two post-holes. The features were once more sealed beneath colluvium deposits which contained further late Iron Age and Roman material.  Pottery, charred cereals and animal bones were indicative of associated domestic settlement, whilst amphorae and other imported pottery suggest local trading. Kimmeridge shale for working, a piece of unworked chalk, and a small fragment of gold leaf would also have been transported to the island.  Small quantities of later Roman and medieval pottery in upper colluvium layers suggest continued agricultural activity."
20056,75,350,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Settlement located on the Upper Chalk lying adjacent to the Roman road between from Dorchester and Badbury Rings. The site is currently only published as a series of interim reports. The settlement had been known since the discovery of a well in the 19thC and surface finds since. More recently aerial photographs have revealed an area of field-systems which is thought likely to be associated with the settlement.  Excavation revealed the road surface, other artificially gravelled areas with a few isolated postholes and covered with nearly 2 feet of burnt occupation debris. Although no structures were identified, burnt sandstone, daub, plaster limestone, flints and nails, together hints at nearby buildings. Some Durotrigian pottery and Domitianic Samian suggest early occupation. Furth isolated evidence suggested the presence of settlement dating from the early-mid 2ndC AD/Hadrianic period, with the overlying accumulation of material, pottery and coinage, suggesting a mid-3rd to mid-4thC AD date."
20057,50,400,250,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,hill,pastoral,No,No,Yes,"Located on the Upper Chalk on Ridgeway Hill a few km south of Maiden Castle and Dorchester, and overlooking the English Channel to its south, the site of a Romano-British field-system was excavated in a transect which dissected a significant prehistoric barrow landscape which lined the Ridgeway east-west. 6 large chalk pits within some of the fields were also of Roman date, whilst three inhumation burials late Roman date were found in the area of quarrying, all of which were aligned and placed with a prehistoric ring ditch. It is thought likely that the monument provided a focus for the burial. The site was also the focus for an Anglo-Saxon burial ground and a mass Viking burial.  The field boundaries appear to have been laid out in the early Roman period, they could have been cut in the LIA. They mark out quite large fields possibly of pastoral use, as today, along the Ridgeway. The fields were broadly rectilinear, though their alignment was skewed as they ran down the southern side of the valley suggesting that they followed the contours of the ridge. Some time after the laying out of the field-system the quarry pits were cut into the fields on the higher ground. One of the pits cut one of the field boundaries which may indicate that the system had gone out of use by the later period."
20058,-100,250,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Site of a LIA 'industrial' settlement and subsequent LIA/ER burial ground positioned on the South Down Ridge looking south towards the English Channel and located south of the Dorset Ridgeway. The site was the focus of an early and middle Iron Age unenclosed settlement which was located next to a substantial north-south cross-ridge dyke. The cross-ridge dyke may have served as a significant land boundary and it continued in existence at least into the Roman period, as observed by contemporary pottery entering its lower fills.  In the late Iron Age, the site underwent a substantial change in use and reorganisation, most notably in the form of extensive gravel terracing and revetment walling being constructed across the area. The walling appears to have delineated a path, enclosed areas and drainage gullies. It was uncertain what this complex was used for, though significant quantities of worked and unworked shale from the gravelled area suggests that the settlement may have had an industrial focus. After the habitation and use of the complex, 19 uncoffined inhumations were buried across the area, some in groups and others being more isolated. A hiatus in the use of the site appears to have followed this phase until the post-medieval period."
20059,75,400,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,Yes,plateau or plain,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Trial excavation on a local sports ground (Valentin 1997) and later small-scale excavation on an adjacent area of land to the east (Brown et al. 2014) revealed evidence for a small rural settlement dating from the late 1stC AD to the 4thC AD. The settlement focus appeared in the evaluation trenches which revealed evidence for a masonry building (form unknown) and a possible other, a stone-lined drain, an infant burial, and demolition debris. The eastern site contained parallel linear features delineating a trackway, and other linears possibly relating to fields/enclosures (though the latter is difficult to see from the plan). Material remains from the evaluation suggest a focus on the late 1st and 2ndC AD, whilst the outlying features in the excavation were probably continually in use from this period through to the 4thC AD."
20060,-100,700,300,400,large (9+ ha),unclassified,Yes,5,7,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,hill,mixed,Yes,Yes,No,"Site of a prehistoric hillfort with evidence for multi-period activity on its eastern hillside beginning in the Neolithic. The site was located west-north-west of Roman Durnovaria. Excavations in the 1960s and 1970s concentrated on the hillside area which revealed substantial evidence for Iron Age to post-Roman settlement and funerary activity.  The Iron Age settlement continued in use with small developments into the late Iron Age and early Roman phases. However, it was sometime in the late Iron Age that the hillfort was remodelled, becoming multivallate with an elaborate eastern entrance. The hillside settlement consisted of at least 6 structures, though not contemporarily. There may have been a short period of settlement abandonment between the late Iron Age and the early Roman period on the hillside, though two or three new structures were soon erected. A cemetery area was present in this period, and an aqueduct for the new Roman town was also constructed at this time which ran along the side of the hillfort, as well as a Roman road running from the town's western gate. See zooarch data for two horse skulls placed in an Iron Age pit, though the exact date of these is uncertain (i.e. middle or late IA?).  The aqueduct continued in use through to the early 4thC AD, whilst a Romano-Celtic temple may have been constructed within the hillfort between the late 2ndC and the 4thC. This structure has not been excavated, but it is known from cropmark evidence. Also during this period, a series of successive enclosures were laid out with two groups of farm buildings being erected within. Groups of inhumations were also associated with these properties.  In the 4thC AD the farms were abandoned and the enclosures became the site of an extensive and planned late Roman inhumation cemetery. This burial ground included a number of stone-built mausolea and must have served Durnovaria's urban population. However, timber buildings at the periphery of the urban cemetery suggests domestic occupation continued in some form, whilst the hillfort may also have been occupied as well, with the possible temple forming a focus.  After the abandonment of the urban cemetery into the 5thC AD, settlement re-emerged with at least 8 rectangular timber structures whilst 2 or 3 of the late Roman mausolea were still standing and were incorporated into the settlement. The whole settlement matched the cemetery in plan and it appears that it continued to be used straight after. Hillfort activity also continued into this period, possibly associated with the temple. This period of settlement activity continued perhaps as late as the 7thC AD."
20061,-100,375,100,300,medium (4 - 8 ha),unclassified,Yes,4,13,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,river valley,mixed,No,Yes,No,"The site of mid-late Iron Age settlement with a potential religious focus, an early-mid Roman farmstead of some standing, and a 4thC AD villa. The site is located centrally within Purbeck, sandwiched between the chalk of Corfe Ridge to the north and the coastal limestone escarpment to the south, and lies close to Corfe River which runs north to Poole Harbour.  After sporadic earlier prehistoric evidence, an unbroken sequence of occupation took place from the middle Iron Age to the end of the Roman period. The earliest activity in this sequence is represented by 'special deposits' which was added to in the late Iron Age with the construction of a barrow sealing the middle Iron Age deposits and a LIA Durotrigian female inhumation. Four roundhouses were constructed during the LIA, the lack of domestic evidence from which led the excavators to argue that at least one of the structures may have been a shrine. Along with some further structures, these features were set within two palisaded enclosures. By the middle of the 1stC AD, the site was receiving imported goods such as terra nigra, amphorae, vessel glass and brooches, suggesting that it was enveloped within the local trading network characteristic of the Poole Harbour area.  The late 1st/early 2ndC AD is marked by the construction of a number of rectangular masonry buildings. The most notable of these was an aisled hall which respected the layout of the Iron Age enclosures. Other structures included a possible bathhouse and a building with a corndrier. To the south, further masonry buildings were found in an area noted for a concentration of infant burials. In the late 2nd or early 3rdC AD an open-sided rectangular building accompanied by stone-lined tanks was found, and in the middle of the 3rdC AD three new masonry structures of 'agricultural type' were constructed. These were similar in plan, though one included a small room which contained a 'special deposit' containing complete glass vessels, metal objects, shale furniture (possibly seats) and animal bone (see fish bone!). Evidence for occupation in the southern area had ceased by the end of the 3rdC AD.  At this time a new 'row-type' building was constructed in the 'aisled building area' along with another structure containing a corndrier. Shortly after, a period of major architectural investment ensued as the existing buildings developed into a courtyard villa. The bathhouse was remodelled and enlarged, the row-type building was extended and a hypocaust inserted, and the aisled hall was repositioned and reconstructed. All three buildings were then linked by a corridor. The complex was notable for simple rather than fine mosaic flooring and wall plastering, though other indications of status are noted by the range and quantity of coinage and fish bones. The fourth side of the complex was occupied by a long 'open' building, thought to have been a 'work hall'. This building was reconstructed at least twice and was added to by further corndriers placed within and outside the buildings. Based upon coin and pottery evidence the settlement may have been abandoned by the last quarter of the 4thC AD."
20062,1,400,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,2,,Yes,No,No,No,No,Yes,coastal,pastoral,No,No,Yes,"Located on the Isle of Portland peninsula a multi-period site was excavated in advance of the construction of a local sports ground. LIA pottery and some likely Durotrigian burials  represented the earliest phase of the IA/Roman settlement. Activity became more intensive into the Roman period with the construction of two masonry circular buildings, ovens, a possible drying-oven possibly for meat/fish, stone-lined gullies, and a ditch. On this part of the Romano-British settlement a rectangular masonry building, medieval in date, was later constructed.  The settlement was involved in local and regional trade, possibly ritual activity, with some indications for wealth. Classification, size and function of the site is difficult, though it is argued that the site covered a very small part of a much larger settlement. The quantity of animal bone suggests a large population. The inhabitants appear to have lived well of local marine molluscs, fish, livestock and seabirds. Concise dating was difficult due to the continued use of materials of the same type in the site, plus the intercutting and unclear stratigraphy, but the settlement appears to have continued in use from the Durotrigian period through to the end of the Roman phase, though some early Saxon pottery was also found."
20063,1,300,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"Late Iron Age/Roman rural site discovered along a gas pipeline route. The form and character of the probable settlement was not identified due to limited excavation, though a concentration of features were found, primarily consisting of ditches, a few pits and layers. The quantity of pottery, animal bone and other finds indicates domestic activity. The dating of the features varied, though the material tends to date to LIA/early Roman period with comparatively little late Roman pottery present. Intrusive medieval pottery suggests later admixing of material.  An evaluation excavation at Sutton Poyntz Water Works (see 1993 grey lit report) produced evidence for a M-LIA settlement; the pipeline evidence may represent a shift in domestic focus between the two sites."
20064,-50,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"Located due south-east of the villa at Myncen Farm the site of late Iron Age/early Romano-British field boundaries and a probable settlement, the known extent of which was further revealed by geophysical survey. Trial trench excavation of the ditches showed they were in use at least until the early Romano-British period. One may have even continued, serving as a boundary to a small late Roman burial group. 11 in total were defined perhaps associated with a settlement within the vicinity. All the burials were coffined and one included the skeleton of an immature dog, an indented beaker and a coin placed in the mouth as grave goods. The site may have been associated with nearby settlement evidence revealed by earlier work from Bournemouth University, which also produced four further late Roman burials."
20065,250,375,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,No,No,No,"Site of a late Neolithic/early Bronze Age barrow with good evidence that it formed a ritual focus during the Roman period. The site is located near the top of a sloping ridge and may have been visually prominent in the landscape. The Roman ritual activity is identified by a concentration of coins found by metal detectorists which appear to have been associated with the eastern side of the monument. Three Roman coins were also recovered in situ, placed in the base of a small purpose dug 'scoop', and small quantities of Roman pottery were recovered from fieldwalking. The presence of two large and irregular pits to the west of the ring ditch possibly relate to the quarrying for new material and may suggest that the mound was maintained in the Roman period."
20066,250,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"Site a of a late Roman pottery kiln identified along with linear features and pits which may be part of a roadside settlement. The site was located just south of the Dorchester-Badbury Rings Roman road, which was also located by the evaluation trenches. The site lies in gently undulating land north of the River Frome floodplain.  Post-demolition soil was found to overlie in-situ late Roman structural/industrial remains, which in turn overlay a flint wall which perhaps upheld a timber building or formed a revetment wall. LR New Forest wares and a later 3rdC AD coin suggested the date of the features. The pottery kiln had been deeply excavated into the superficial gravel deposits, and part of the sunken firing chamber was investigated. Four complete or near-complete LR jars were stacked against the chamber edge, possibly wasters."
20067,-50,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,coastal,uncertain,No,No,No,"Second stage evaluation of land south of Blandford Road, Hamworthy, revealed evidence for Roman activity in the form of field ditches, pits and postholes, and is directly related to a nearby site excavated by Wessex, though no report exists for this site (see plan), and possibly to the site at Shapwick Road. Together these possibly form part of the possible nucleated settlement/port at the site. The early period is thought by some to be part of a military supply base. The ditches are to have been related to salt-production at the site, though no features directly relating to this activity were identified. No dating evidence is provided in the report; the site is described as LIA/Roman."
20068,-50,200,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Lying close to the western bank of the River Iwerne the site of a late Iron Age/early Roman settlement was identified from a concentration of linear and other features revealed by evaluation trenches. The pottery appears to span the 1stC BC to the 2ndC AD, but no later Roman pottery was found."
20069,1,400,150,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,Yes,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"An archaeological watching brief was undertaken on a site noted to be c.60m from the site of a known villa. The latter is known from HER records of archaeological work which took place in the 1890s. This established the presence of a masonry building with a polychrome mosaic floor. Subsequent excavation in 1960 revealed flint walls, a furnace flue, hypocaust tile, window glass and wall plaster. Associated finds indicated occupation across the 2nd-4thC AD, whilst the presence of 'Iron Age' pottery suggested pre-villa occupation (the dating given is this record is tentatively based upon this information). An inhumation was also located during the later work, though none of this work has been formally published.  The watching brief recovered further settlement evidence dating broadly to the Roman period, with ceramic building material and limestone roof tile finds strengthening the association of the site with the villa, as well as late Iron Age activity. None of the excavated features, which included pits and a length of ditch, could be identified as being for a specific function, though the features were well sealed buried beneath a depth of subsoil that has accumulated along the lower slopes and bottom of the river valley."
20070,-100,200,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"The site of a probable Iron Age/Romano-British settlement located close to the confluence of the Sydling and the River Frome. The site also lay just south of a Scheduled Ancient Monument in the form of an extensive complex of trackways, field systems and enclosures. This monument is recorded as a settlement of Iron Age and Romano-British date which survives along with numerous bronze age barrows. The evaluation targeted geophysical anomalies and revealed ditches, pits and postholes. Earthworks suggest the presence of enclosures. The small finds assemblage suggests that activity ranged from the early Iron Age to the Roman period; the dating given here is tentative and based on the fact that no distinctive late Roman pottery was recovered."
20071,-70,75,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"An archaeological evaluation and geophysical survey at a church on Purbeck identified a number of features revealed as being part of a late Iron Age/early Romano-British settlement. The features were primarily situated in the southern low-lying area of the site. Domestic activity was noted from the finds, though these appeared to mostly represent salt-working. Unfortunately, full excavation of the site was not possible due to safety constraints, leaving the form and extent of the settlement largely unknown."
20072,1,200,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,arable,No,No,No,"Archaeological assessment, consisting of trial trenches and numerous test-pits, ahead of the development of a landfill site on chalk downland demonstrated the presence of a late Iron Age/early Romano-British settlement (1st-2ndC AD). From the evidence of cropmark, the settlement appeared to be surrounded by an enclosure within which features were identified. In addition, analysis of the colluvial soils indicated a light but extensive spread of prehistoric occupation over the wider field proposed for the landfill. It is suggested that ploughing during the Romano-British period disturbed much of the earlier material and features."
20073,1,300,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"Located on a gravel plateau due south of the River Frome the site of a late Iron Age and Romano-British rural settlement was excavated in advance of gravel extraction from the site. A relatively large area was stripped of topsoil, though only two smaller areas were selected for more detailed excavation. Features at the site predominantly dated to the end of the 2ndC and through the 3rd, though 1stC AD material was also recovered in quantities to demonstrate earlier activity. That occupation was continuous from the late Iron Age through to the beginning of the 4thC AD could not be proven, but it is possible. A sequence of linear features were revealed in the southern area of the site, one cutting across the site may have been a significant land boundary of which others were dug, another of which potentially forming an enclosure. Buildings were suspected in the northern area of the site after topsoil stripping, and though no certain structures were identified an area with large flint nodules may represent demolition rubble. Within this area was also a masonry-lined furnace/hearth. No artefactual/ecofactual remains from the feature was present in quantities which might have given an idea of the feature's function (i.e. pottery wasters, charred grain, etc.), and though its form suggests that it was industrial, it may have been domestic in character."
20074,1,350,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"Site of a late Iron Age/early Roman rural settlement revealed during a modern watching brief on a school development. The settlement was located on a prominent and elevated position overlooking the River Stour. The excavation revealed linear features and pits containing material from domestic waste. Excavations on the site in the 1950s however, also revealed a probable late Roman extended inhumation and other late Roman material."
20075,-100,410,150,350,medium (4 - 8 ha),unclassified,Yes,5,10,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,river valley,mixed,Yes,Yes,No,"A local society excavation of a multi-period site producing evidence of a developing Iron Age and Romano-British settlement, finalising as a 4thC AD villa. The site is located on the southern side of the Tarrant valley on a low chalk ridge in Cranbourne chase, overlooking the Tarrant River close to its head and which eventually feeds into the River Stour. The site was discovered in the mid-19thC and was partly excavated then.  Initially used as a Bronze Age Beaker burial ground, the first occupational evidence is observed in the early/middle Iron Age and appears to have been largely continual through to the end of the Roman period, perhaps in the 5thC AD. Four distinct phases of occupation were evident. The Iron Age settlement included at least five roundhouses, though these were not concisely dated. Some if not all may have continued in use right through to the early 2ndC AD. These were accompanied by a number of pits, whilst a substantial linear boundary feature was cut across the site in the late Iron Age. It was clear from AP that the excavation only sampled a small proportion of the full settlement which may have been village-like in character. By the end of the 1stC AD the settlement was receiving imported fine ware pottery, and was using glass vessels and brooches. Animal burials were also attributed to this phase.  By the mid-2ndC AD new masonry-constructed rectangular buildings were built on the site including a bathhouse, along with an intensification of further pit and linear features. The structures were relative well spread out and may represent either a dispersed set of domestic and working buildings, or more than one farm. But it is apparent that the development from the Iron Age settlement was continuous and perhaps piecemeal. Small-scale chalk quarrying and terracing along the eastern slope was also identified in this phase.  This settlement continued with small developments until the mid-4thC AD when the larger courtyard villa took its final form, but again its creation was probably quite piecemeal, occurring gradually over time. The settlement during this period comprised a main residential range with fine figurative painting, mosaic flooring, and a pumped water supply, which was embellished by a number of workshop-type structures and barns. A large well dating to the 4thC AD, significantly, contained a force pump and was presumably used to supply the bathhouse.  The villa appears to have been enclosed by a succession of ditches to the north, and palisade fencing to its eastern front outside of which the area may have been landscaped where the earlier terracing had occurred, along with a metalled trackway. A number of animal burials also lay at the entrance of the settlement (which may have been defined by a gateway), including two horse and one goat burial, the latter including grave goods."
20076,75,150,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"Site of a Romano-British barrow under which three pits contained a range of material including cremated bone, charcoal and Samian ware dating to the Flavian period, whilst numerous bronze studs and other fragments suggest the presence of a box or similar. The barrow was 18ft in diameter and 2ft high."
20077,100,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,3,Yes,No,No,No,No,Yes,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"Small scale excavation revealed parts of a farm, possibly a villa site in the 1950s. Features include masonry walling, a T-shaped corn-drier, and a cobbled yard area. At least three rectangular, but likely more, buildings all of similar construction technique were identified. Finds from the settlement suggest a 2nd-4thC AD date. The report lacks details on all aspects of the excavations however."
20078,290,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,coastal,uncertain,No,No,No,"The site of a late Roman cist burial found cut through Roman and Iron Age occupation layers, possibly a site associated with shale working. The cist contained the inhumation of a decapitated female and on top of the covering slab lay another female. The mandible of this individual had also been moved but it is uncertain whether this was deliberate. The burial is tentatively dated by a coin of Carausius."
20079,75,395,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,1,No,No,No,No,No,Yes,coastal,mixed,No,Yes,No,"Jordan Hill Romano-Celtic temple is located on the South Dorset Downs on a south-facing chalk ridge overlooking Weymouth Bay to the South. The site was first excavated in 1843, though no report is available and much of the stratigraphy was destroyed. The site was excavated again in 1931 and 1932 from which the earliest feature was identified as a slab-lined pit/shaft, nearly 4 metres deep, the fill of which consisted of many layers of ash and charcoal. Between the layers were pairs of roofing slabs with bird remains lying on top, including buzzard, raven, starling and crow, and a bronze coin. There were also two cists within the fill which held a range of artefacts. Based on the finds, the shaft is thought to have been constructed in the early Roman period (AD69-79) and finally sealed during the Theodosian period (AD379-395). Overlying the shaft was a structure, interpreted as the cella of a Roman-Celtic Temple, with stone footings and an entrance to the south, whilst a thin concrete surface on the external sides is thought to have been the remains of a pavement for a colonnade or portico. A limestone base and Purbeck marble Tuscan capital were also found. An 84 metre square outer enclosure with stone walls is thought to have surrounded the site and contained animal bones, numerous bull horns, pottery and hundreds of coins dating from the Iron Age and through the Roman period."
20080,-100,400,25,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unenclosed,Yes,1,1,Yes,No,No,No,No,Yes,plateau or plain,mixed,No,Yes,No,"Located on the lower southern slopes of the Dorset Downs the site of a farm settlement was identified in advance of a major road construction. The settlement was continuously occupied from the mid-late Iron Age through and into the 4thC AD. The site originated in the 3rdC AD BC as a enclosed site (40x30m), which appears to abandoned its enclosure ditch prior to the Roman phase of activity to exist unenclosed for the remainder of its occupation.  No structures were identified from within the enclosure, which was filled with numerous bell-pits which may have been for grain storage, though some appear to have included structured deposits in their final infilling, including human remains, articulated animal bones and skulls, complete and semi-complete pots, loomweights and other objects. A six-post structure also dated to this period.  A roundhouse was constructed, probably during the LIA, on a silted up 'antenna' ditch which led from the enclosure entrance. This structure likely survived into the late 1stC AD.  A rectangular structure was built on the site in the early 2ndC AD. The building had unmortared masonry foundations which likely supported a timber superstructure; postholes indicate the presence of further support. The fills of the building and its terraced foundations were filled with 3rd/4thC pottery and much slaughter waste, predominantly from sheep. Further postholes in the area point to the existence of further structures, whilst the recovery of ceramic floor and roof tile, flue tile, window glass, a tessera, and a stone architectural fragment, suggest the presence of a well-appointed structure (or structures) in the vicinity.  The site has produced some good evidence for a local, small-scale economy in the form of some shale working, corn-drying (T-shaped), and the production of furs and hides (see also zooarch data). Three Roman pits which contained sheep metapodia were situated around a small stone-floored tank which may have been involved in leather processing."
20081,340,670,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"Located around 100m west of the Iron Age and Romano-British settlement at Tolpuddle Ball is a late Roman/post-Roman planned cemetery. 50 graves in total all orientated west-east were revealed and fully excavated in advance of road construction. The limits of the cemetery were thought to have been defined and it may be notable that it was located at a modern parish boundary. Five inhumations were radiocarbon dated and calibrated (95% confidence) to AD250-450, AD530-660, AD550-650, AD550-660 and AD600-690, together giving a broad chronology from the late 3rdC AD to the end of the 7thC AD (note that the date for the cemetery given here are based upon the 68% confidence level). There is no direct evidence for a link between the settlement and the cemetery, though they may have briefly overlapped in use during the 4thC AD."
20082,-50,400,50,140,medium (4 - 8 ha),unclassified,Yes,3,5,No,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,river valley,mixed,Yes,No,Yes,"The site of a Durotrigian settlement and subsequent villa establishment was located in a large combe or valley on the northern edge of the North Dorset Downs, not far from the River Yeo. The villa was first discovered in the early 19thC, but was excavated by the local society between 1967 and 1985.  The Durotrigian settlement was established in the mid-1stC BC and was deserted around the mid-1stC AD. This settlement consisted of a ditched enclosure containing a single roundhouse, with further ditches defining trackways and possibly associated enclosures. Some late 1st/early 2ndC AD finds were recorded from the site, but contemporary features were absent suggesting that a hiatus ensued between the occupation of the Durotrigian settlement and the 2nd-4thC AD villa.  The first villa buildings were established around AD140 and were locate c.3 miles west of the road between Lindinis and Durnovaria. Four main periods of development and occupation could be discerned. Period 1 was marked by the construction of a corridor-type building and a detached bathhouse, with two aisled hall type buildings lying further to the south (one within a separate enclosure).  The 3rdC AD (Periods 2 and 3) saw large-scale changes culminating in a courtyard-style villa of three linked ranges, which was finalised by the late 3rdC AD. The west range contained the main residential buildings, a north range with single aisled halls linked by a portico, and the southern range with another aisled hall and a large bathhouse.  From Period 2 there was a working water supply from a spring to the south, which was developed in Period 3 to supply an ornamental pond and tanks within the courtyard. The main bathhouse was altered in the 4thC AD when new mosaics from the Corinian school were laid down. Two T-shaped corndriers were inserted in the aisled hall in the north range, from which quantities of germinating wheat being malted. A third corndrier was found in one of the main western range buildings. At the eastern end of this range a concentration of iron-working debris was recovered, whilst evidence for bone and bronze working was found in buildings of the southern range.  There is little evidence for the abandonment/decline of the villa, but it appears to have been towards the end of the 4thc AD. Sherds of Saxon pottery were recovered from a culvert, but these were isolated finds. The villa appears to have been extensively robbed for its stone, which may have been observable in the medieval period since it lies on the medieval road of Common Lane between Halstock and Corscombe."
20083,,,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,1,No,No,Yes,No,No,Yes,coastal,uncertain,No,No,No,"Site of a probable Roman villa located adjacent to Jordan Brook near Weymouth, less than 1 km from the modern coastline. The site was discovered in the mid-19thC with the findings of a mosaic pavement, tile, bones and ceramics. The site was opened to the public towards the end of that century, but was terribly neglected and much fell into disrepair. The site was re-excavated in 1932 revealing more of the range with the mosaic room, and a furnace at the other end, as well as numerous artefacts. Pottery suggests that the site may have been in use from the 2nd to 4thC AD, but dating is very vague."
20084,-50,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,Yes,No,"Located on the chalk downs the site of a probable LIA/Romano-British rural site was found during construction work in 1929. The site was watched and investigated by local archaeologists who identified settlement features in the form of ditches and pits containing domestic waste as well as inhumation burials. The overall form of the settlement could not be ascertained due to the small area of excavation, but a burial 'zone' appeared to exist on the eastern side of the site. The pits were said to have contained pottery, animal bone, clay, charcoal, oyster shells, and flint implements. Some Bronze Age pottery was found, though most dated between 50BC and AD400 and included New Forest ware, coarse wares, Samian and amphora.  It was noted in the report that probably articulated horse bones including skull and forelimbs were found at the base of one pit, whilst at the base of another a large upper quern stone had been placed."
20085,,,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,1,Yes,No,Yes,Yes,No,Yes,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Site of a winged corridor villa discovered in 1881 located next to the River Divelish. Little is known of the site and only two small note publications exist, though two plans are thought to be curated by Dorset County Museum which were drawn at the beginning of the 20thC. A number of ancillary buildings are thought to have stood with the main house, and the building is thought to have been larger than the villa at Chedworth but smaller than Bignor. The mosaics may have been created by the Corinium school, possibly in the 3rdC AD. The plan also indicates the presence of hypocaust and a bathhouse. The site includes possible evidence for Christianity (see finds)."
20086,250,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,1,Yes,No,Yes,Yes,No,Yes,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"Site of a Roman villa discovered in 1831 located on a gentle northern slope of a low chalk spur between two Roman Roads which converge on Badbury Rings just to the south. Records of excavations carried out in 1905 are generally poor but indicate the presence of a main block, perhaps 250 ft long with wings projecting at each end and which may have been connected to another wing. Four mosaic pavements and a hypocaust represented at least five rooms, one of which was interpreted as a plunge bath. The mosaics tend to depict marine images, one including Venus. Wall plaster, a piece of which preserved part of a painted column and capital were also found to have been part of the architectural make-up of the site. The walls of the building were made of flint and the roofs were of lozenge-shaped stone slabs. Much of the finds from the site are in the Dorset County Museum, though the Venus pavement is in the British Museum. Coins range in date from the mid-3rdC AD to the end of the 4thC AD, but they are few and are a poor indicator of the date of the villa."
20087,1,400,100,300,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,,3,Yes,No,No,No,Yes,Yes,plateau or plain,mixed,Yes,No,No,"Excavations taken place in advance of housing development around 1 km SE of Durnovaria revealed slight evidence for pre-Roman activity in the form of a field-system and trackway, plus a couple of mid-late Iron Age burials placed in a Bronze Age ring ditch. Subsequently, at the end of the 1stC AD, a re-organisation of the 1stC AD field-system ensues and D-shaped enclosure becomes the focus for Roman-period occupation.  The settlement comprised of three phases of development and included a formalised trackway on one side. Within the settlement, three stone-footed structures (one an aisled building placed outside the enclosure) were present together with ovens/driers (one a large H-shaped, a possible square drier, plus a stone-lined simple form placed in the aisled building (photos taken)), pits and wells. Molluscan evidence suggests an open, arable landscape in the vicinity. One of the masonry structures included two sheep burials. A short stretch of gravelling may have been part of a nearby road.  Over 100 contemporary burials were excavated from the site and these formed two main groups: an early Roman Durotrigian group and a late Roman inhumation cemetery, probably being laid out by the beginning of the 3rdC AD. The enclosure settlement appears to have gone out of use around the beginning of the 4thC AD, though cemetery and some associated features continued to be used through the 4thC.  A significant post-Roman settlement later becomes established, potentially soon after the use of the site as a cemetery. This settlement consisted of a small complex of post-built timber structures which do not appear to be enclosed. Since the dating of this settlement is insecure, it is not included within the chronology of this settlement."
20088,50,400,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),complex,Yes,,2,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,Yes,river valley,mixed,Yes,No,No,"Site overlooking the Frome Valley from a prominent east-west ridge around 1km west of Durnovaria. After large-scale evaluation in advance of housing development a rural settlement was excavated in an area of multi-period activity, though very little evidence of the Iron Age was observed. During the early Roman period a small farmstead and field-system was established. Occupational activity became most intensive during the middle and late Roman phases with masonry structures and associated ovens, 8 grain-driers (all mid-late Roman: 2 T-shaped, 2 square/rectangular, and 4 simple), and pits. At least 5 associated enclosures in two main areas were constructed during this period too, some with internal differentiation of space. As well as the masonry structures, semi-sunken structures were also identified. These may have been industrial in nature, since some evidence for iron-working was recovered in their vicinity. Chalk quarries were also identified and may have served to marl the local acidic soil. The farm continued in use with some modifications through to the end of the Roman period. Small groups of Durotrigian burials were identified across the area; significantly, one of these burials included a late Roman snakehead armlet demonstrating an unusually late burial of this type, though late Roman extended burial were also found, commonly placed near field boundaries."
20089,-50,420,200,,medium (4 - 8 ha),complex,Yes,2,,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,No,coastal,mixed,Yes,No,No,"13 year excavation of a extensive area of farmland in advance of large-scale gravel quarrying revealed evidence for field-systems, domestic settlement, and a Black Burnished ware pottery industry. The site is located stretching from the modern town of Wareham and Poole Harbour, and is sandwiched between the Rivers Piddle and Frome.  After a hiatus in the middle Iron Age activity, a LIA droveway was laid across the site which was associated by some later prehistoric field-systems which had continued in use. Contemporary settlement was identified through two roundhouses (c.150BC-AD70) with associated pits, situated together within an enclosure. This settlement was associated with small-scale pottery production, shale-working and agricultural activities, within a predominantly open, arable landscape. A possible quarry area was identified in one of the modern fields, and extensive field-walking demonstrated the wider spread of Roman pottery across the area which likely reflects manuring activities over the Roman period.  This settlement site continued through the Roman period with some modifications, though by the beginning of the 3rdC AD a Black Burnished ware pottery industry had become established in the far eastern part of the site. This continued through to the end of the 4thC AD when settlement and other land-use activities had become restricted to this area. The pottery production site consisted of 32 kilns and 2 dryers, all set within ditched enclosures. 9 contemporary structures were identified, thought likely to have been workshops, though some may have acted as domestic buildings as well. The buildings comprised of two clay-floored structures, an 'open shed' and six sunken-feature buildings. The site produced a great range of kitchenware forms which it exported locally, nationally and to northern Gaul. Local Purbeck clays were utilised in manufacturing and shale-working continued.  Although the pottery production site had been abandoned by the early 5thC AD, an area of activity to the north-west provided evidence for a small structure associated with charcoal production and iron smithing. These were carbon-dated to the 6th, 7th and 8thC AD, whilst the Saxon pottery was predominantly 7thC and later. The post-Roman activity provides no direct continuity with the earlier Iron Age/Roman occupation, though existing field boundaries may have been utilised."
21001,300,750,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,1,,No,No,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,No,No,No,"Excavations during the 1960s on a limestone hill near to the Bristol Channel revealed part of a major cemetery dating from the late to post-Roman period (4th-8th C AD). Excavations have located 542 burials, although it has been estimated that 1000-2000 burials have been lost during quarrying. There were a number of rock-cut features that may have been associated with mortuary rituals. A late Roman shrine/mausoleum on the highest part of the hill is thought to be represented by a  circular rock-cut trench with traces of a red sandstone revetment. This may have acted as a focus for the subsequent cemetery. It is suggested that the cemetery was that for a local Romano-British population which had migrated to the nearby hillfort, or else that it was a communal graveyard for several communities in Somerset. The cemetery was abandoned in the late 7th or 8th C AD."
21002,100,425,175,300,large (9+ ha),complex,Yes,3,35,Yes,Yes,Yes,No,No,Yes,plateau or plain,uncertain,Yes,Yes,No,"Excavations in 1950, 1972-3 and 1979, 4km north of Ilchester on the fringes of the Yeo Valley revealed a Romano-British roadside settlement comprising 12 separate farms/domestic complexes. Established at the start of the 2nd C AD with at least three ditched compounds containing circular/ polygonal stone-founded buildings, most located to the west of the main road to/from Ilchester (only one compound east of the road was excavated). In the mid to late 2nd C two new compounds were added and the earlier buildings were demolished, replaced by rectangular masonry founded structures, of which at least 14 were noted. Some of these were extensive (up to 35m in length) and probably represent houses (with multiple (up to 4) rooms, hearths, drains etc.), workshops and agricultural buildings (including animal byres). Most of these buildings continued in use until the 4th C AD. Other features comprised metalled yards, trackways, wells and pens. Further buildings constructed or replaced during the 4th C when the settlement was at its most extensive (16 buildings known). At this time there is evidence for stone roofing tiles and a probable change from timber-framed to full masonry buildings. Four 4th C buildings contained corndriers (2 T-shaped, 1 H-shaped, 1 Y-shaped) and one also had a 'grain storage bin'. A rectangular masonry building (part of a courtyard complex) excavated on the east side of the main road in 1973 and 1979 originated in the mid 3rd C AD as a simple two-roomed structure, with additional rooms added later 3rd/early 4th c AD, including one with a tessellated floor, suggesting a higher status. An oven was later inserted over the floor and a possible T-shaped corndrier and drain inserted in the main room to the west indicating it had reverted to an agricultural function. A stone-lined well to the NW of the building contained horse and cattle skulls and complete pottery vessels in the backfill (along with hazelnuts), suggested as ritual offerings at a time of abandonment (bottom of well not excavated). Occupation of the settlement as a whole continued until at least the early 5th C AD. Ditch systems noted to the north of the main excavated settlement were probably paddocks."
21003,40,150,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),complex,Yes,,,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,No,fen,pastoral,Yes,No,No,"Small scale evaluation and fieldwalking in the North Somerset Levels revealed a late Iron Age/early Roman saltern with an important assemblage of briquetage. The saltern was part of an extensive early Roman (later 1st/early 2nd C AD) ditched complex, seen by earthworks as a system of 'ladder-like' rectangular enclosures and trackways, with raised platforms, potentially for occupation, with daub from timber buildings. Occupation debris came from one of these platforms (pottery, daub, charred grain and charcoal). It is suggested that that the enclosure network was designed to partially drain the area for use by livestock on the salt marsh. The site was abandoned during the 2nd C AD and there is no evidence for later Roman activity in the excavation area."
21004,300,450,380,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,2,No,No,No,No,No,No,coastal,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Excavations in 1957-8 at the eastern end of a headland projecting out into the Bristol Channel revealed a masonry Romano-Celtic temple dating to the late Roman period. The temple was positioned just to the north of a large, prominent Bronze Age round barrow and was thought to have been constructed during the early 4th c AD (possibly as late as AD 330-40). A porch and two side annexes were clearly later additions and a metalled trackway is thought to have led away from the building. The temple walls were faced with dressed limestone blocks, with painted plaster patches. The later chronology is confusing, but it appears that the temple was in a state of disrepair c. AD 370-80, with part of it possibly being re-used for a free-standing southern building (on a different alignment) dated c AD 400. It is unsure whether this represented a final religious phase at the site, as it has been interpreted as both a Christian and pagan shrine. However, the presence of later occupation debris in the southern structure and ironworking (smelting) debris in the north-western ambulatory points to eventual domestic/industrial activity. The final deliberate dismantlement of the temple was likely to have been well into the 5th century, as a worn coin of Theodosius was found sealed under the destruction debris."
21005,430,600,,,medium (4 - 8 ha),enclosed,Yes,2,9,Yes,No,No,No,No,Yes,hill,mixed,No,Yes,No,"""Excavations between 1968 and 1973 of an Iron Age multivallate hillfort enclosing 3.5ha that was re-occupied during the early 5th C (still ostensibly the late Roman period in this region). Two hearths and an associated rectangular timber building dated between about AD 430 and 450, while stone-based defences faced with turf and timber were erected within the perimeter of the  Iron Age ramparts in the later 5th C AD. The final phase (late 5th/6th C) comprised the remains of eight timber framed structures, two circular (15m dia), and a """"longhouse"""" (8x3m) overlying the collapsed defences of the previous phase. It is suggested that at least one structure was a shrine."""
21006,-100,100,60,,medium (4 - 8 ha),enclosed,Yes,,4,Yes,No,Yes,No,No,No,hill,mixed,Yes,Yes,No,"Excavations during 1966-70 and 1973 of parts of a multivallate 7ha hillfort on a steeply scarped limestone hill. The earliest occupation is dated to the late Bronze Age, though the main period of occupation was the middle to late Iron Age (c 300 BC - AD 40/50), with evidence for roundhouses and rock-cut storage pits. The outer lines of the ramparts are dated to this phase, along with a complex sequence of gate structures. It seems that the intensity of occupation had begun to decline before the start of the 1st C AD, with a lack of circular buildings and a relative paucity of pits in the areas excavated; many cattle were buried in a specific zone within the central plateau area that had previously been used for metalworking, all lying to the south of deposits of metalwork. A rectangular two-celled timber structure defined by a continuous bedding trench with postholes (3.4x4.6m) in this central plateau may well be a shrine belonging to this late Iron Age/early Roman phase. The inner rampart and gateway were refurbished at some point during the 1st  AD, although later in this century (c AD 60?) there are signs of destruction with indications of Roman military activity against the hillfort occupants. After this destruction, a roadway was laid out, the gate passage refurbished and 3 timber military barracks built in the interior, possibly part of a small fort built into the NE quadrant of the hillfort (occupied by a mixed legionary and auxiliary cavalry detachment). All activity appears to have ceased by the end of the 1st C AD. There is no firm evidence for re-occupation until the post-Roman period (later 5th C +), although there are some signs of activity dating to the 3rd/4th C, including building material that suggests a late Roman phase somewhere within an unexcavated part of the hillfort."
21007,-50,325,25,250,small (<1 - 3 ha),complex,Yes,,,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,No,fen,pastoral,Yes,No,No,"Earthwork and geophysical surveys on an area of estuarine alluvium 0.7km north-west of the fen-edge revealed several clusters of enclosures, slight platforms, and small paddocks, set within larger rectilinear fields. Five possible farmstead complexes were identified within this landscape on a broadly co-axial layout. Two linear trenches were dug in two of these complexes, 100m apart, and probably part of the same settlement. Features comprised enclosure and trackway ditches, with some of the former being quite substantial (up to 3.5m wide & 1.3m deep). There were also buried land surfaces, one associated with a late Iron Age saltern, and another with a Romano-British ditched-drainage system. This indicates that during the later Iron Age salt production took place, after which (from early 1st C AD) there was gradual sediment accretion. The late Roman land surface indicated re-newed activity in the form of occupation, presumably at a period (mid 3rd C AD) when some land reclamation had occurred within the levels. All of the main ditches and trackways date to this later Roman period. The environmental evidence points to a largely pastoral landscape.  There is little ceramic evidence for activity far into the 4th C AD. During the late/post-Roman period this formerly freshwater, reclaimed, landscape was once again subjected to tidal flooding and sediment accretion."
21008,250,350,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),complex,Yes,,,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,No,fen,mixed,Yes,Yes,No,"A earthwork survey and analysis of cropmark data on an area of low-lying estuarine alluvium in the North Somerset Levels revealed a roughly rectilinear system of enclosures with two clusters of smaller paddocks and platforms (c 200m apart) which have the appearance of small farm complexes on a broadly coaxial plan (potentially a single larger complex). A total of 11 excavation trenches were subsequently put through different areas of the settlement(s), while a metal-detecting survey was also undertaken in one area. The enclosure ditches varied in size and form, but the largest (the outer boundary) was 3.7m wide and 0.85m deep. Other features comprised midden deposits, gullies (including deeper gullies within the outer fields thought to be linear waterholes), pits (including two square pits thought to be for storage or retting flax) and a T-shaped corndrier, which lay on a mound c100m north of the main northern settlement.  A large slab of sandstone sealing a cow's scapula in the main settlement enclosure ditch is very tentatively interpreted as a possible special deposit. A broadly late Romano-British (later 3rd-mid 4th C) date can be applied to most of the material from the excavated features. Evidence for small scale iron production and other metalworking."
21009,250,350,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,fen,uncertain,No,No,No,"Limited excavation (a single trench) in 1996 in the North Somerset Levels, c 3km north of the fen-edge, revealed ditches and gullies probably relating to a late Roman settlement. Fieldwalking and metal detecting on the site also produced a light scatter of Romano-British pottery and coins, all indicating a late Roman date, though probably not until the end of the 4th C AD. Five other areas of test pits produced further sherds of Roman pottery."
21010,80,600,,,large (9+ ha),complex,Yes,,25,Yes,Yes,Yes,No,No,Yes,river valley,mixed,Yes,Yes,No,"A series of evaluations, watching briefs and excavations in 1990 and 1996-7 revealed parts of a Roman roadside settlement along side the Fosse way road where it crossed the River Sheppey. The evidence overall suggests the settlement was established during the later 1st C AD and was occupied until at least the 5th/6th C AD. There is evidence that the focus of the initial settlement lay towards the river crossing, with a rapid southern expansion at least 800m during the later 1st/2nd C. At least 18 ditched and banked irregular compounds (c. 40m width, most starting in the primary phase of occupation) were identified to the east of Fosse Way, many representing the rear parts of plots fronting onto the main road. Well-built drystone walls were later added to the banks, in places replacing silted up ditches, and systems of side roads/streets were identified. Some compounds were probably used for livestock and/or horticulture, while others contained elements of at least 24 structures, many stone-founded timber framed buildings, some full masonry and others defined only as floor platforms. There were at least 7 masonry multi-roomed buildings, mostly later Roman and all well-spaced from each other. Not all buildings are likely to be purely domestic, with industrial workshops, storage/ granaries and animal byres suggested. One small rectangular masonry building was associated with up to 5 nearby infant burials and is interpreted as a possible shrine/mausoleum. Dedicatory pot deposits were found in 3 buildings. Other features comprised ovens (at least one suggested as a simple corndrier, dated late Roman), metalled yards, stone-lined 'storage bins', rock-cut pits (some suggested as animal waterholes/ cisterns), middens and stone-lined culverts/drains. Evidence for iron smelting and other metalworking. Episodes of extensive flooding are indicated across northern parts of the settlement (closer to the river), dating from the mid 3rd C AD. This may have been the reason for a broad deep cut ditch, which cut through many of the compounds presumably to provide better drainage. The town was clearly flourishing during the 4th C AD and continued in some form well into the 5th C AD. Pottery kilns were previously found in Shepton Mallet in the 19th C. A small evaluation in 2006 to the north of the previous excavations and immediately adjacent to Watling St revealed elements of a further masonry building, along with metalled surfaces, and worn limestone slab surfaces. Another excavation in 2004 on the western side of the Fosse Way revealed extensive spreads of limestone rubble, along with pitched floor foundations,  structures such as wall foundations, hearths or ovens, ditches, drains and other possible building settings, with occupation deposits dating from the early 2nd to late 4th C AD. Limited excavations in 2009 revealed further ditched and banked plot boundaries and pits dating the later Roman period."
21011,1,450,50,,large (9+ ha),complex,Yes,1,19,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,No,Yes,plateau or plain,uncertain,Yes,Yes,Yes,"Excavations in the early 19th C and between 1926 and 1956 (and metal detecting during the 1980s) revealed an extensive Roman roadside settlement  near the highest point of a Cornbrash plateau along the Fosse Way, c 10km south of Bath. There is some evidence for late Iron Age occupation (ditches, a timber roundhouse, possible cremation burials and Iron Age coinage), and it is suggested (mainly by the metalwork) that the earliest post-conquest activity comprised a military fort along the Fosse way dating to the mid 1st C AD. This was probably occupied only briefly, and a settlement developed along the road during the later 1st C AD (uncertain if any gap in activity between the two phases). The earliest buildings were of timber (though no complete plan was observed), mainly on the north side of the road; masonry-footed buildings appear from the later 2nd C AD onwards. Most of these buildings were of simple strip type, but one took the form of a winged corridor-type villa (with tessellated pavements and painted plaster), and one (with a curved walled outer 'yard') was interpreted as a shrine on the basis of finds. Two pewter plates and pottery vessels were deposited in a pit within the floor of the villa-type building during the 3rd C AD. Other features from the settlement comprise pits (some with evidence for structured deposits - e.g. one pit with 2 dog skeletons, one with iron collar, bronze key, & 3rd C coin), metalled yards and side streets/lanes. By the 3rd C AD, the settlement featured a small-scale iron smelting industry (with workshops, slag pits, furnaces and a structure interpreted as a forge) and there is also evidence for pewter manufacture. There is some evidence for decline during the later 4th C. It is likely, however, that occupation continued into the 5th C and perhaps longer if there was any association with the nearby 6th to 7th C AD Anglo-Saxon cemetery."
21012,,,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Excavations in 1909 revealed two inhumation burials, with Romano-British pottery and other finds in the vicinity. No precise dating."
21013,1,350,300,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,1,No,No,Yes,No,No,Yes,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"Small scale excavations of a bank-and-ditch enclosure in 2000 and 2001 in the Polden Hills revealed elements of a modest Roman 'villa' within. Parts of the main building were exposed, comprising a multi-roomed (at least 5) masonry structure with painted plaster walls, suggested as a corridor type villa (at least 14x9m). No evidence for tessellated floors or hypocausts (only concrete floors noted and stone slabs found around the entrance), so its interpretation as a villa is somewhat tenuous. Other features in the building comprise a furnace and a stone-lined drain. The building is clearly of more than one phase, and the remains of a 'sack' of wall plaster in one room may suggest refurbishment that was never completed? There is some evidence for late Iron Age activity (though it is not explicitly noted what this is) and the excavators suggest potential continuous occupation until the later 3rd/early 4th C AD, when there is evidence of a 'squatter's' hearth on top of detritus littering the floor. No evidence of activity beyond mid 4th c AD."
21014,100,400,,,medium (4 - 8 ha),unclassified,Yes,,2,Yes,No,Yes,No,Yes,Yes,river valley,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Watching briefs, excavations and evaluations in 1991, 1998-2001 and 2007 by the River Yeo revealed elements of an extensive Romano-British settlement. A potential villa building may be represented by parch marks to the east of the main investigations, also indicated by finds of high status building material (stone, tile, tesserae, wall plaster etc.). The 1991 & 1998-2001 investigations revealed an aisled building, masonry wall lines, trackways, pits, postholes, a possible well and ditches. Previous discoveries also include Roman burials, metalled roads, a palisade trench, and 'iron-smelting features'. Parts of the site also appear associated with lead working. A 3-trench evaluation a little further north in 2007 revealed a series of boundary ditches containing moderate quantities of occupation debris.  Although possibly an extensive villa complex, an alternative explanation given for the settlement is a small river port/village complex, perhaps exporting Mendip lead to the Empire. Pottery dates occupation from the 2nd to the 4th centuries AD and activity may have continued for some time afterwards."
21015,-100,50,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,1,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"Small scale excavation on a plateau above fairly steep slopes running down to the River Parrett revealed part of a mid to late Iron Age farmstead. The area excavated is believed to have been an industrial or craft working zone within a much larger enclosed settlement. Features included a boundary ditch, an area of metalling, pits (some containing industrial residues), postholes and timber slots (forming structures), hearths and two roundhouses indicated by shallow eaves drip gullies. One of these roundhouses was explicitly dated to the late Iron Age. A drystone walled structure dated to the very late Iron Age lay between the enclosure ditch entrance terminals - possibly some form of entrance facility. Three burials were also recovered. Occupation appears to cease in this part of the settlement around the mid 1st C AD (there is evidence of a widespread fire), though previously Roman pottery and coins found elsewhere in the vicinity suggest some possible continuity right up to the end of the Roman period."
21016,-100,375,80,280,uncertain,complex,Yes,,5,Yes,Yes,Yes,No,Yes,Yes,river valley,mixed,No,Yes,No,"Excavations in 1953 in the Chew Valley, east of the river, revealed a settlement with a long history of sporadic occupation from the Neolithic to the late Roman period. Iron Age settlement comprises two roundhouse gullies (probably middle Iron Age), ditches and pits. Three groups of postholes are interpreted as rectangular timber buildings (two suggested as granaries), dating to the very late Iron Age or early Roman period (open settlement?). There appears to have been no cessation of occupation into the Roman period, with an aisled building (posts set 12.5x3m) dating at least from the later 1st C AD, set within a system of enclosure ditches dug around this time (complex farmstead?). The building appears to have been domestic in character with an internal hearth and probable porch structure, and with daub walls and a thatch roof. It was associated with much domestic material. Other groups of postholes may represent further smaller timber structures in the vicinity (other possible structures of this date observed further afield) and an urned cremation burial lay to the NE. The main building remained in use throughout the 2nd C AD, while in the 3rd C AD the site appears to have been used mainly for industrial purposes - iron smelting and lime burning. Two 'iron smelting depressions' were located along with a possible timber workshop/hut and a furnace. A well-constructed lime kiln was also revealed, perhaps at least partly used in the construction of what is described as a modest villa building on the site. The building was of winged corridor form (c 25x17m), with 7 rooms and a stone tiled roof; two of the rooms had painted plaster walls, but nothing else in the way of archiectural elaboration (so here interpreted as a wealthy farmstead). The largest room contained three well constructed ovens. A T-shaped corn-drying oven lay 50m south of thebuilding, adjacent to which was a possible threshing hollow (a depression filled with hundreds of rough flints). A stone and clay lined well lay 17m SE of the building, 10m deep, and filled with a huge quantity of animal bone, pottery (including complete vessels), two complete metal vessels, worked and unworked wood (inc. combs), bracelets, pins, other metalwork, coins, writing tablets and villa rubble. The late building complex appears to date (mainly from coinage) to the later 3rd/start of 4th to the mid/late 4th C AD."
21017,1,200,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),complex,Yes,1,1,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,mixed,Yes,No,No,"Pipeline excavation revealed a late Iron Age-Romano-British settlement on the South Somerset scarp. Activity is largely confined to the 1st and 2nd C AD and comprises an extensive arrangement of ditched enclosures, paddocks and trackways along the same alignment as the previous Bronze Age fieldsystems. In a number of cases the enclosures seem to have been bounded by double ditches, with concentrations of domestic debris suggesting occupation confined to certain zones. A possible roundhouse gully (10m dia) was observed, but its date was uncertain.  A rectangular structure (with daub walls) was indicated by timber beam slots and postholes (at least 11m in length). A total of 25 pits were excavated, most containing domestic debris. The ceramic assemblage does not suggest much occupation beyond the end of the 2nd C AD, though there were a few features dated to the later Roman period. The nature of any activity at this time remains uncertain."
21018,175,325,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,No,No,No,"Evaluations and excavations between 1999 and 2004 revealed peripheral elements of a Romano-British settlement at the base of the southern slopes of the Polden Hills. Features comprised a series of enclosure ditches, occupation deposits, a possible beam slot building and a large pit, with three phases of activity identified spanning the late 2nd to early 4th C AD. The earliest phase comprised a single enclosure, which was then re-cut and further enclosures constructed during the 3rd C AD. Activity diminished in the late 3rd/4th C, when several of the enclosure ditches were partly destroyed during the cutting of a substantial pit of indeterminate function. Human neonatal bones found, along with a flexed inhumation burial probably dating 4th C."
21019,-50,400,150,275,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,4,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,No,Yes,hill,uncertain,Yes,Yes,No,"Research excavations in 2003-5 on a spur of land in the Quantock Hills revealed a Romano-British villa with extensive views over the Vale of Taunton. The site was revealed as a series of cropmarks  comprising a sub-rectangular 'ladder' of enclosures to the west (interpreted as an Iron Age-Romano-British fieldsystem) and a ' D'-shaped, double-ditched enclosure (0.06ha internally) set within a rectangular enclosure system to the east. Limited excavation confirmed an Iron Age-Roman date the 'ladder' enclosure system, while the ditches of the double ditched enclosure were shown to cut through earlier field ditches. The ditches, 5m apart, were substantial (outer 1.3m deep; inner over 2.2m deep), and dug during the late Iron Age. By the early post-conquest period the ditches had been largely filled in, and by the mid-late 2nd C AD  rectangular single-roomed dry-stone foundationed buildings were constructed around the periphery of the enclosure. The next significant development occurred in the later 3rd C/4th C, with the building of a small villa along the northern edge of the enclosure. The building was initially 4 rooms (one with a 4th C polychrome mosaic), linked by a flagstone-paved corridor on the south side. Three further rooms lay on the north side. The remains of a hypocaust were revealed on one room. Just to the south-east of the portico was a small bath-house, forming the east side of the courtyard in front of the villa.  The villa's high point lay in the early to mid 4th C AD. Thereafter, debris was allowed to accumulate over the floors, probably in the late 4th century AD, suggesting a change of use, perhaps as a workshop. Large quantities of associated domestic material were found in the upper fills of the Iron Age enclosure, including a complete pot and lid containing a late Roman penannular brooch. No specialist reports."
21020,70,400,,,large (9+ ha),complex,Yes,,4,Yes,No,Yes,No,No,Yes,river valley,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Excavations in 1927-8 and subsequent smaller investigations in the 1980s and in 2000 revealed what is thought to be a Romano-British small town along a major road linking Lindinis (Ilchester) to Durnovaria (Dorchester) in the Yeo Valley. A series of buildings around a paved courtyard were uncovered, thought to represent at least four separate town houses constructed to a high standard; one was of basilica form and most of the rooms were floored with mosaic or yellow cement. At least two minor roads/streets were revealed. A further partial excavation was undertaken in 1980 which located a wall and an additional stone-lined drain on the NE side of the site. An evaluation in 2000 revealed late Roman pits and ditches but no structural evidence.  Overall, dating evidence suggests a 1st century AD foundation for the town and continued occupation until at least the 4th century. Although the full extent of the town has not been determined, it has been suggested that it covers an area of 18ha."
21021,100,400,300,,large (9+ ha),unclassified,Yes,,11,Yes,No,Yes,No,No,Yes,river valley,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Salvage excavations in 1971 as part of the M5 motorway construction revealed a substantial Romano-British settlement at the foot of a fairly steep escarpment on the south side of the Polden Hills by the River Cary, near the estuary of the River Parrett and on the line of a Roman road. The exact size and nature of the settlement is uncertain, but findings of building material and objects over a considerable area (c 8-12ha) indicates a nucleated site, suggested as a river port where goods brought by road and river through Somerset were loaded onto larger vessels that could cross the Bristol Channel. The earliest features comprised a timber beamslot building with red clay floors, dating to the later 1st/early 2nd C AD. Other buildings of 2nd-3rd C AD date are suggested by further areas of clay flooring. On a different alignment were a series of 10 later (4th C) masonry buildings (up to 13x7.5m), with stone footings surviving 2-3 course in places. The buildings appear well-constructed (flagstone & clay floors) and further similar buildings were observed c 200m to the east in 1939 and 1945. One of the structures has been identified as a granary containing corn-drying ovens, but most probably domestic. These buildings, together with cobbled paths/streets and what is interpreted as a latrine, suggests some form of planned occupation, dating to the later 3rd/4th C AD. The wall footings were subsequently robbed but pottery and coins suggest activity into the 2nd half of the 4th C. Extensive layers of charcoal and slag indicate industrial activity, along with a domed oven within a building which contained traces of copper-working debris. There is evidence for timber buildings cutting into a dark earth which covered parts of the site. No dating evidence for these."
21022,100,400,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,2,Yes,No,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"Geophysical survey and limited research excavation between 2005 and 2011 on a gentle SE facing slope, at the bottom of a ridge revealed elements of a Romano-British villa complex covering at least 0.5ha. Two large (15m & 18m in width) rectangular masonry buildings were observed at right angles to each other. Excavation indicated that one of these seems to have developed from an aisled building, eventually forming part of the main villa building with flagstone and 4th C AD mosaic floors. Excavation of the other building revealed evidence of late industrial activity highlighted by the removal of mosaic flooring and the establishment of a T-shaped corndrier and hearth (late 4th C?). Other features comprised well-laid metalled surfaces, stone-lined drain, and a hearth, possibly associated with lead working. The site overall is dated ceramically to the 2nd-4th C AD."
21023,1,300,200,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"A four-trench evaluation over 2.6ha in the Valley of the River Tone (tributary of the Parrett) revealed elements of a Romano-British settlement. Features comprised occupation layers, ditches and pits, with one ditch seemingly originating in the late Iron Age. Little can be said about the form of the settlement but the quantity of pottery of very homogeneic form (inc. wasters) from limited contexts suggested that that the material was production debris, derived from a workshop area closely adjacent to where it was found. It is though production lay within the 3rd C AD."
21024,75,200,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Field survey and small evaluation excavation in 2005 on the headwaters of the River Tone revealed a Romano-British iron-smelting site. Significant deposits of smelting waste (smelting and bloom extraction) were excavated. Dating evidence derives from objects (glass vessels and ceramics of late 1st-2nd C AD date) and radiocarbon dates, all indicating production during the early Roman period."
21025,1,200,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Geophysical survey, excavations and Watching Briefs from 1997 to 2006 within the floodplain of the River Cary, 200m north of the river, revealed elements of a late Iron Age to early Roman settlement. Features comprised pits and ditches, though the relative scarcity of finds suggests that the main domestic core lay outside of the excavated areas. A penannular feature seen on geophysics is interpreted as a stock enclosure. No specialist reports."
21026,50,300,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Roadscheme excavations above an east facing slope leading down towards a tributary of the River Cale revealed elements of a Romano-British settlement. Features comprised enclosure gullies (with suggestions of palisade posts), groups of intercutting pits, and ditches. Evidence for limited copper alloy working and possible small scale iron smelting. Pottery dates activity 1st to 3rd/4th C AD."
21027,-100,400,50,150,large (9+ ha),unclassified,Yes,4,1,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,No,Yes,hill,mixed,Yes,Yes,No,"Excavations in 1907, 1912, 1923-30, 1980s, 1990s, 2002 and 2011-13 revealed different parts of the largest hillfort in Britain enclosing an area 88.1ha. Although extensive Neolithic and Bronze activity is attested, the hillfort ramparts were first constructed during the early Iron Age and thereafter was continued occupation into the Roman period. The most intensive period of activity across most excavated areas of the hillfort appears to have been in the middle to late Iron Age (2nd-1st C BC), with many roundhouses, 4-post structures and storage pits, some (20+) of which contained 'special' deposits (including hoards of metalwork, worked bone, decorated pottery, worked stone querns and animal ABGs). The ramparts during this time were considerably enlarged. A rectangular enclosure broadly contemporary with this phase of settlement may have served either as a farmstead or a 'community meeting place' with religious associations. There is some evidence for potential conflict around/soon after the Roman conquest, with early Roman pottery, a ballista bolt, animal and human remains with cut marks found belonging to latest phase of the ramparts. Occupation resumed/continued into the Roman period, with a system of open fields, paddocks and droveways observed, and a large Roman corridor villa (53x13m; with mosaic floors) identified in the eastern part of the hillfort, supposedly established during the early/mid 2nd C AD (though minimal information). The coin sequence from the hillfort continues up to Arcadius. Almost 40% of the hillfort's interior has been lost to quarrying for the Ham Hill Stone, which began during the Roman period."
21028,50,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,A 30-trench evaluation and geophysical survey over 16.9ha over the gently sloping valley bottom of the River Isle and further up a hillside revealed elements of a co-axial Romano-British fieldsystem. The minimal pottery indicates a general Roman date.
21029,-100,325,1,,small (<1 - 3 ha),complex,Yes,2,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,mixed,Yes,No,No,"Evaluation in 2009 and excavations in 2010 and 2011 within a 32.7ha development area on a plateau above the Yeo Valley revealed a settlement originating in the middle Iron Age (4th-2nd C BC), with at least six roundhouses along with two small ditched enclosures (animal pens?), refuse pits and postholes (fencelines; probably an open settlement). The lack of occupational debris suggests that the use of the roundhouses may have been seasonal. A significant and concentrated investment in the landscape is seen in the  late Iron Age/early Romano-British period, with significant sized boundary ditches, and occupation centred on two adjacent structural features, a probable roundhouse (7m dia) and a subrectangular ditched enclosure. A smaller ring gully (6m dia) may represent a subsidiary building. Other features comprised pits, and gullies. There were defined areas of activity indicative of stock control and evidence that fields were used as paddocks. These boundaries were far more coherent into the middle Roman period than in the late Iron Age/early Roman, and it is suggested that this represented a shift from mainly pastoral to mainly arable. A stone-lined well and a stone-lined furnace/simple corndrier is probably of this date.  Another stone kiln lay to the west, along with a cistern and stone-lined pit (interpreted as an 'industrial' area). The field/enclosure systems was further modified during the 3rd C AD (with a stone-lined culvert created) and in the late 3rd C there is evidence that coin forging was being carried out on the site (a dump of coin moulds by a linear group of four small kilns). Subsequent activity on the Site was very limited, and it seems the site was abandoned by the early 4th C. In the later zone of excavation further west, a rectangular fieldsystem and trackway was revealed, dating to the late Iron Age-early Roman period."
21030,,,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,Yes,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"Pipeline excavations revealed part of a Romano-British settlement, also observed by cropmarks, lying 4km in from the Bristol Channel. Considerable quantities of worked stone and stone roof tile were observed after topsoil stripping, while trenching revealed ditches, wall footings, mortar and other structural remains, along with relatively high amounts of pottery. No specialist reports and the site is only dated as 'Romano-British'."
21031,200,425,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,1,No,No,Yes,Yes,No,Yes,river valley,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Excavation on the south bank of the Lopen Brook, which runs eastwards in a broad, shallow valley, feeding into the River Parrett, revealed part of a Romano-British villa complex. A large Roman mosaic was initially found during development and subsequent excavation revealed part of a large building aligned east-west (facing north), comprising a large central bipartite room with two wings to the east and west, both with a corridor along the north side. Parts of at least eight rooms were uncovered. Evidence of activity earlier than the villa was limited, comprising just two parallel ditches of uncertain date.  The exact date of villa construction is uncertain, though pottery is mostly late Roman and so the buildings are thought to date to this period. Two phases of villa construction were identified, the earliest (the eastern wing) comprising a long corridor fronting a range of rooms to the south. The later phase included the construction of a set of larger and more lavish rooms to the west, including the mosaics, dated later 4th C AD. Two rooms with probable hypocausts and drains/ culverts indicated. The end of the building was perhaps constructed in the earlier part of the 5th century AD on pottery evidence. The Fosse Way Roman road lies uphill less than 1km to the north and a possible road linking the villa to the road has been postulated."
21032,50,425,275,380,large (9+ ha),enclosed,Yes,1,20,Yes,No,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,plateau or plain,mixed,Yes,No,No,"Excavations in 1967-76 on the lower southern slope of the Failand Ridge on the watershed between two streams and very close to the probable line of a main Roman road (& possible road junctions?), revealed what was eventually to be an extensive Roman settlement. The earliest occupation began in the mid 1st C AD, represented by gullies and postholes, some of which may form a small circular structure (4m dia.). In the early 2nd C AD at least one rectangular building with drystone wall foundations was constructed, along with a drainage gully. By the later 2nd C AD, the settlement core appears to have shifted away from the excavated area (perhaps to the roadside?) as just three early 3rd C cremation burials and ephemeral timber structures date to this phase. The 'main' phase of occupation, dating from late 3rd C AD, represents a significant change, with a trapezoidal area of at least 7 hectares enclosed by a limestone masonry wall over 4m thick, within which were at least 19 buildings constructed on terraces, all apparently of 'spartan' construction (at least 2 aisled buildings) and mainly showing evidence of agricultural (milling?) and industrial usage (including iron smelting and pewter manufacture; many furnaces/ovens and drains revealed). The existence of a villa type building at the southern end of the site is suggested by the discovery of a colonnade, a mosaic, a stretch of fine masonry, a finely carved table-top, hypocaust tiles and baluster bases. A possible bathhouse lay to the north. An extensive contemporary area of cultivation has been found within the defences (separating the northern buildings from the main 'villa' building) along with two possible trackways. The interior arrangements are interpreted as a defended villa/village estate, perhaps as part of a wider roadside settlement. Evidence of buildings outside the walls has been found, making the total area of settlement perhaps as much as 10 hectares. The excavated site was abruptly abandoned about AD 370-80, but its later use as an 'ordinary farmstead' is indicated by re-occupation circa AD 390 of some of the ruined stone buildings and construction of two further buildings. The iron smelting, pewter working and bronzeworking may belong to this late phase. This final phase of occupation lasted 'well into the 5th C AD'. Geophysical survey and a 14-trench evaluation 250m east of the settlement walls in 2013 revealed at least two enclosures/fields (0.2ha & 1.5ha) with late Iron Age/early Roman period ceramics indicating contemporaneity with the early stages of settlement at Gatcombe. Isolated pits/postholes may indicate more ephemeral Romano-British activity continuing to the south of the enclosures, and the presence of iron tap slag, vitrified clay and hearth/furnace linings is indicative of smelting."
21033,-100,350,50,,large (9+ ha),complex,Yes,,1,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,Yes,hill,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Small scale excavations and field survey in the Mendip Hills in 1993-5 revealing a significant Roman mining site (Mainly lead & silver) lying on an east-west Roman road. Quantities of Iron Age pottery suggest mining probably began pre-conquest, and the earliest Roman period features comprise two successive earthwork enclosures. The first, dated AD 50-65 with the later dating AD AD70-5; both are interpreted as military works depots, concerned with the processing of galena and possibly the extraction of lead and silver. Examination of two mining rakes revealed working of galena and haematite, also dating 1st C AD. A significant settlement developed as part of the industrial site, though for the most part little is known of this. A geophysical survey over 4.5ha and small scale excavation in 2005 revealed a network of enclosures and trackways in addition to evidence for ore extraction rakes and at least one masonry footed building, all dated 1st-3rd C AD. An English Heritage survey in 2007 (earthwork survey, aerial photograph and LiDAR analysis) characterised the settlement and its relationship with the core mining zones, demonstrating that it covered an area of at least 27 hectares. It consisted of a regular system of streets dividing a series of compound enclosures consisting of a varied layout of building-platforms (at least 65) and yards. A possible cemetery and amphitheatre have also been located. There was no evidence for any form of associated field-system. Occupation appears to have continued until at least the early 4th C AD."
21034,200,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,1,5,Yes,Yes,Yes,No,No,Yes,plateau or plain,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Excavations between 1905 and 1908 in the southern Cotswolds, NW of Bath, revealed a Romano-British settlement spread over at least 2ha along the line of a main Roman road. At least six masonry buildings found (one circular) along with earthworks of ditched enclosures and trackways. A series of stone moulds for pewter vessels suggests at least in part an industrial function for the site and the ceramic and extensive coin dating evidence suggest activity was largely confined to the later Roman period. A series of burials also found. The site is interpreted here as part of a larger roadside settlement."
21035,1,350,100,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,1,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,Yes,plateau or plain,mixed,No,No,No,"An 11-trench research evaluation centred around a spring site on land facing northwards across Shapwick Heath revealed elements of a late Iron Age to Romano-British farmstead. Occupation began in the late Iron Age with features comprising a small length of curving ditch, an ephemeral posthole structure and occupation layers. During the early 2nd C AD the settlement appears to have expanded, with evidence for rectilinear enclosures, cobbled/ flagstone surfaces and a number of masonry footed Roman buildings on higher ground to the south-east of the spring. The scatter of Roman material from fieldwalking and excavation indicates a settlement c 2.6ha in size, with several discrete buildings being contained within ditched enclosures. Ceramic evidence suggests occupation had ceased by the mid 4th C AD."
21036,75,325,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,No,hill,mixed,Yes,No,No,"Geophysical survey, fieldwalking and two small evaluation trenches on the edge of the Polden Hills revealed evidence for a Romano-British farmstead. At least one sub-circular enclosure was identified of Roman date, and it seems likely to relate to other enclosures and trackways seen on the geophysics. Other than the enclosure ditches (which contained significant quantities of domestic material), the only other excavated feature comprised a single posthole. Ceramic material and coins date the site from the later 1st C AD to early 4th C AD."
21037,100,350,275,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,2,Yes,No,Yes,No,No,Yes,hill,mixed,No,No,No,"Geophysical survey, fieldwalking and two small evaluation trenches on the edge of the Polden Hills revealed evidence for a complex of enclosures of Romano-British date. These may have originated in the later Iron Age or early Roman period, but reached their greatest extent in the 2nd C AD as a main 'bullet-shaped' enclosure system potentially conjoined with other enclosures and field ditches. A timber beam slot building was probably of this date. At some point in the later 3rd C, the site was cleared, ditches infilled and building(s) removed. A possible villa was constructed which overlay the NE corner of the original enclosure (only a fraction of this 'villa' was excavated, with evidence for wall plaster and tesserae). It seems that the 'villa' itself was abandoned by c AD 350."
21038,300,350,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,1,Yes,No,Yes,No,No,Yes,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,Yes,No,"Geophysical survey, fieldwalking and six research evaluation trenches on the edge of the Polden Hills revealed a complex of Roman structures including a rectangular stone building (with limestone slab floor & hearth base) with an L-shaped section of walling attached to its SE corner. Human and animal remains formed foundation deposits, and the building is dated 4th C AD, though ceramics hint at earlier activity in the vicinity. A cobbled yard lay to the east of the building, and it is suggested that the building/yard complex measured 24x20m. There is a general absence architectural embellishment (painted plaster, tesserae etc.) as would be expected at a high end Roman villa and is it interpreted here as a farmhouse. The absence of later 4th C pottery suggests abandonment by mid 4th C. Some kind of re-use of the by then ruinous building is indicated, dating mid 5th-7th C AD."
21039,-50,220,150,,medium (4 - 8 ha),unclassified,Yes,,4,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,No,Yes,hill,mixed,No,No,No,"Geophysical survey, fieldwalking and six research evaluation trenches on the edge of the Polden Hills revealed elements of what has been interpreted as a villa complex. Initial interest in the site came with the discovery of a silver Roman coin and mass of pottery found during fieldwalking in 1995. In 1998 metal detectorists found a huge hoard of silver denarii and subsequent excavation revealed the hoard to have lain within one room of a masonry building. Geophysical surveys identified ditch systems and wall lines suggestive of a multi-phase courtyard villa complex. Six small excavation trenches were targeted at specific parts of the complex and the following sequence was deduced: During the later Iron Age settlement activity was concentrated on the northern slopes, possibly in a large circular enclosure, and a new fieldsystem established during the 1st C AD. A major change took place in the early 2nd C AD with a shift of settlement onto the crest of a central ridge running through the field. This comprised a series of ditches forming part of rectilinear enclosures. Later in the 2nd C the ditches were filled in and four ranges of masonry buildings were erected around a central courtyard (40x50m). Despite this scale, there is little evidence for architectural opulence, and so the villa status remains uncertain, while the finds (aside from the coins) are also quite sparse. In the early 3rd C AD the complex appears to have been totally demolished (probably associated with the coin hoard), and there is no clear evidence of what replaced it though later Roman coins and pottery suggest some activity continued."
21040,1,300,100,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,mixed,Yes,No,No,"Geophysical survey, fieldwalking and four  research evaluation trenches on the edge of the Polden Hills revealed a small settlement originating in the late Iron Age and continuing until the late 3rd/4tth C AD. The earliest settlement activity is most ephemeral (pits and occupation deposits), but during the 2nd C AD a metalled trackway was laid out (with associated stone covered drain) with a series of rectilinear enclosures appended on the northern side. It is suggested that some of the enclosures contained buildings and some were used for ironworking. In the later Roman period the east part of the site was overlain by a new large enclosure implying a major rearrangement of the settlement."
21041,50,200,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,Yes,hill,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Excavations in the 1960s in the Mendip Hills, close to a Roman road linking Charterhouse to the Fosse way, revealed an early Roman lead and iron smelting (and mining) settlement. Features comprised several 'hut floors' (some with elements of unmortared masonry wall footings), ditches, pits and postholes, along with large mounds of iron smelting slag. In the lower part of the field, several lead and iron 'smelting trenches', hearths and drains/water channels had been excavated, near the banks of a swallet. The ceramic dating indicates occupation had largely ceased by the end of the 2nd C AD."
21042,,,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,No,No,No,"Pipeline excavation and geophysical survey revealed part of a Romano-British settlement on a ridge between the valleys of the Yeo and the Parrett. Part of a rectangular enclosure (at least 30m width) with an east facing entrance was observed, seemingly forming part of a wider complex of ditched enclosures, potentially forming a linear arrangement along the ridge. Limited ceramic evidence indicates a general 'Roman' date for occupation/activity, and the scarcity of occupation deposits suggests the main habitation area lies outside of the area of excavation."
21043,270,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,river valley,mixed,No,No,No,"A pipeline excavation and geophysical survey revealed a late Roman settlement on the floodplain of the River Yeo, 800m from a the villa at Ilchester Mead and 1.3km west of Ilchester Roman town. The geophysics revealed a small part of a ditched enclosure (within which was excavated smaller ditches/gullies, a pit and a stone dump), which probably continued as a linear complex of conjoined enclosures, though this was not entirely certain. Large amounts of pottery provided quite a restrictive dating sequence in the later 3rd to later 4th C AD, after which the site appears to have become flooded, with large deposits of alluvium."
21044,50,200,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Pipeline excavation and geophysical survey revealed a spread of enclosures over a stretch of 400m of flat low-lying land. The exact form of the presumed settlement is uncertain, but excavated features comprised ditches, pits (including at least six intercutting) and gullies. Ceramic dating indicates occupation from the mid 1st to later 2nd C AD."
21045,200,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,2,Yes,No,Yes,Yes,No,Yes,hill,uncertain,Yes,No,No,Excavations between 2002 and 2003 on the southern slope of the Polden Hills adjacent to a Roman road revealed part of a Romano-British villa complex. The sequence of occupation remains uncertain but the villa building itself (c 38x20m; 12+ rooms) is thought to date to the later Roman period and appears to be arranged around a courtyard. Geophysical survey revealed what may have been a network of rectilinear enclosures around the villa building. Some evidence for limited iron production in association with another simple rectangular building to the south (16.5x7.6m). This building contained a large hearth/oven and is suggested as initially being used as a cattle shed before later being used for industrial purposes.
21046,300,400,,,uncertain,complex,Yes,,3,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,No,Yes,river valley,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Geophysical survey and three small trenches revealed a Romano-British corridor type villa building lying within a series of ditched rectangular enclosures and trackways lying on the slopes of a hill overlooking the River Cam to the north. The villa had mosaic floors, a hypocaust and a bath-house to the SW linked by what is probably a courtyard wall. The form of the mosaic dates this phase of the villa to the third quarter of the 4th C AD, though the earlier stages of the villa remain unknown (a general 4th C date is indicated here). The building was extensively robbed, with minimal overlying debris. No specialist reports. A subsequent 6-trench evaluation in 2012 just to the south on the crest of the hill revealed ditches along with the wall of another masonry building associated with early and late Roman ceramics."
21047,75,400,300,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,No,1,3,Yes,No,Yes,No,No,Yes,hill,uncertain,No,Yes,No,"Excavations between 1962 and 1969 on a prominent spur of land 1km north of the river Yeo, overlooking the North Somerset levels and Bristol Channel revealed a multiphased Roman religious site. The major structure identified comprised a square Romano-Celtic temple dating to the 4th C AD, which overlay two earlier structures of uncertain date. The earliest consisted of a single length of masonry foundation, while above this lay a more substantial two-roomed rectangular plastered building, with a porched entrance facing SE. The RC temple had a probable porch to the SE and had at least one phase of reconstruction, resulting in the aggrandisement of the entrance, the raising of the ambulatory floor, and the construction of 'benches' on either side of the cella entrance. Other structural features comprised a 4th C AD roofed octagonal structure with painted plaster (subsidiary shrine?) and two short lengths of dry-stone walling. The main temenos was metalled.  A ditch ran across the promontory spur marking the limits of the temenos and many metal objects were found in the ditch. Overall, the evidence of coin loss suggests activity from the 1st/2nd C AD, with the main floruit of the site between the late 3rd and mid 4th C AD, after which activity may have lessened. However, the presence of sub-Roman graves indicates that reverence of some kind was maintained throughout the following centuries. The hillfort of Cadbury Congresbury, around 140m to the south, contained a range of Roman material, indicating that there may have been some activity contemporary with the final phase of the temple in the later 4th century AD."
21048,1,350,250,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,1,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,mixed,No,No,No,"Evaluation over 8.94ha and subsequent excavation in the Vale of Taunton, on the northern edge of the flood plain of the River Tone, revealed parts of a long-lived farmstead dating from the late Iron Age to the later Roman period. The earliest feature (late Iron Age/early Roman) comprised a circular ditched 'enclosure' (9m dia) containing a single post hole, and with traces of an internal wall. Interpreted as an animal pen, or possibly a roundhouse, though no associated domestic debris. Also of this phase was a larger rectangular settlement enclosure (30x45m exposed) with a gated entrance to the NW, within which were a number of pits, linear and curving gullies and postholes (some possibly representing a 4-post structure), together with metalworking debris. A new system of enclosure and boundary ditches dated to the late Roman period, and there may have been a hiatus between the two phases, though this remains uncertain. The earliest feature of the late sequence comprised a substantial boundary ditch, later supplemented by a wall. To the south of this a rectangular ditched enclosure was created (18.5x15m), with internal features comprising a hearth and a shallow pit. Much pottery was recovered from the enclosure ditches. Other ditches and gullies were noted to the east, but form no coherent spatial arrangement. Possible related field ditches lay to the north. The latest pottery is suggested as early 4th C AD and no late coins. A magnetometer survey in the area to the NE in 2009 identified further linear, rectilinear and curvilinear anomalies, possibly ditches and pits. A subsequent 27-trench evaluation indicated at least one ditch and a pit were of later Roman date."
21049,150,250,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,No,Yes,No,"Excavations on the lower slopes of Lodge Hill revealed the remains of a lime-burning kiln. The principal remains of the kiln comprised a circular chamber cut into the sandstone bedrock, with a stepped profile (3.6m dia at the top). A rectangular pit breached the side of the kiln, possibly a deliberate act of destruction, and within the pit was deposited a copper alloy Lar figurine and a pin. Near to the kiln was part of a ditch sloping downhill. Two other less substantial ditches were located further west and may be contemporary. The kiln is dated by pottery to the later 2nd-3rd C AD."
21050,200,400,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),complex,Yes,,,No,Yes,No,No,No,Yes,river valley,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"A watching Brief during a gas pipeline operation revealed a Romano-British settlement 280m south of the River Yeo. Most of the settlement was shown by cropmarks as a system of rectangular ditched enclosures/fields and trackways, with the core of the settlement probably extending over c 3ha. The pipeline cut through the outlying northern fringes of the settlement and revealed layers of occupation material, a damaged wall-footing of limestone blocks, ditches and groups of shallow pits. Also a clay-lined pit/trough, possibly used as a waterhole/container? Most pottery suggested a later Roman date for the settlement."
21051,200,400,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"A watching Brief during a gas pipeline operation revealed a Romano-British settlement immediately east of the River Yeo, stretched out over at least 320m. The pipeline cut through cropmarks of indistinct ditched enclosures and field boundaries, with observed features comprising ditches and pits. The ceramics are mostly late Roman in date, though with some material suggesting earlier origins."
21052,1,350,100,300,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,2,No,Yes,Yes,Yes,No,Yes,plateau or plain,mixed,No,No,No,"Excavations in 1959-61 on a plateau at the head of a west facing valley just to the north of a Roman road revealed what can probably just be termed a modest 'cottage-style' villa, with late Iron Age antecedents. The pre 'villa' occupation was indicated by a scatter of late Iron Age pottery, slag and animal bone associated with a few postholes, a hearth and a clay-lined pit. A thick layer of clay overlay these features, into which were cut the foundations of the first multi-roomed masonry building, which had some architectural pretention, with a column base, window glass, painted plaster, tiled roof and at least one tessellated floor. Its construction date is suggested by pottery as late 1st/early 2nd C AD. The building seems to continue in use well into the 4th C when there is evidence for modifications into a 3-roomed building. One room of the modified building contained a pitched stone floor and painted plaster walls, while another had a concrete floor and a series of ovens. A stone-founded timber-framed corridor linked up the frontage of the building and a metalled yard was found outside. At some point an additional room was added and a fire place inserted in the wall of an existing room. A corn-drying oven was inserted into another room and the outer corridor was replaced in stone. A clay-lined drain was inserted in the corridor. During the final phase of occupation in the later 4th C AD, a small pit dug in one room contained bones of three young sheep as well as an infant burial. A major fire destroyed at least part of the building, though some occupation continued until the building was demolished, probably around AD 360. Lying 30m to the south lay another smaller masonry building suggested as a possible bathhouse (though not confirmed). The wall of at least one other building was also revealed. In 1998 a small 6-trench evaluation revealed an enclosure boundary ditch (1.4m wide) 150m to the south dated by pottery to the 3rd-4th C AD and likely to have been an outer boundary for the villa complex."
21053,75,450,,,medium (4 - 8 ha),complex,Yes,,2,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Various excavations/evaluations from the 1960s to 2011 close to the bottom of the valley which divides Cadbury Castle from Littleton Hill revealed Romano-British occupation over a wide area, interpreted here as a village. The earliest investigations in 1966-7 revealed timber slot buildings of 1st/2nd C AD date and an oven/hearth. In 1996, several ditches, pits and postholes of late 1st/early 2nd C date were excavated, sealed by a 2nd/3rd C Romano-British midden. In the 4th C at least two stone-built domestic ovens were set into the top of the midden deposits, associated with a cobbled surface. Occupation deposits continued almost certainly into the 5th C. Further excavations in 2009 revealed a number of post-built buildings, along with a corn drier, a number of kilns/furnaces, a probable natural pond/waterhole that had accumulated refuse, a midden and a small cemetery. The features dated throughout the Roman period, with the buildings late in the sequence, but there is no further information from this excavation as yet. These features were all  part of a substantial settlement revealed by geophysics  consisting of rectilinear enclosures and buildings with a long axis aligned approximately N-S. The main Roman road probably underlies the existing road."
21054,-100,400,40,100,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,4,Yes,Yes,Yes,No,No,Yes,hill,uncertain,Yes,Yes,No,"Research excavations and geophysical surveys between 1994 and 2006 as part of the South Cadbury Environs Project at one of the highest points on the hills 2km south of South Cadbury revealed a long lived place of occupation/activity. Earliest activity comprised an early Bronze Age barrow, middle Bronze Age metalworking enclosures and a series of middle to late Iron Age enclosures, two possible roundhouses, a trackway and several hundred pits. Whole and partial animal and human burials, pottery vessels and Iron Age metalwork deposits were found in enclosure ditches and pits immediately to the east of a rectangular structure that was interpreted as a shrine. Radiocarbon dating suggests this activity dates from the 2nd C BC to the early 1st C AD, but possibly abandoned prior to the conquest.  The character and form of the Roman settlement established in the later 1st/2nd C AD was difficult to determine, but it appears to have significantly expanded during the later Roman period with several (4+) substantial buildings with mortared stone walls and stone tiled roofs. One two-roomed building contained two hearths, flagstone floor and a pit containing three sheep burials. Elsewhere there are hints of timber-framed structures, cobbled yards and a framework of ditched enclosures. Fieldwalking suggested the settlement spread over 3ha at its maximum. Coin evidence suggests occupation continuing late into the 4th C, if not beyond. No specialist reports."
21055,1,100,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,One of a series of test pits as part of the South Cadbury Environs project 0.5km SE of the hillfort revealed a pit containing a tightly crouched burial in an area of Romano-British field ditches. First Century AD pottery came from the grave. The fieldsystem probably continued in use into the later roman period.
21056,100,400,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),complex,Yes,,3,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,Yes,hill,,Yes,No,No,"A programme of fieldwalking, geophysical survey and a 2-trench trial excavation on a hilltop east of South Cadbury revealed evidence for a Romano-British settlement,  consisting of a series of rectilinear enclosures and at least three buildings lying either side of a substantial holloway. The limited ceramic evidence suggests the settlement was established during the early 2nd C AD (though with earlier field ditches), continuing into the late Roman period, albeit with significant phases of re-organisation. Also evidence for an extensive co-axial fieldsystem."
21057,-100,200,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,1,Yes,No,No,No,No,Yes,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"A 4-trench evaluation over 0.25ha at the foot of the northern slopes of Brent Knoll (a Later Iron Age Hillfort with evidence of Romano-British reuse), revealed elements of a later Iron Age to early Roman settlement. Iron Age activity was discerned by spreads of material (including much metalworking debris) though no actual cut features were found. There is little evidence for any disruption into the early Roman period, when a rectangular building was identified by an approximately rectangular spread of cobbles bounded on at least one side by a narrow laid stone footing, suggested as the remains of a robbed wall. A stone pillar base to the south may suggest the structure was open along this side, and therefore agricultural in nature. Pottery from the cobbling was 1st-2nd C AD in date, with 3rd C material from above indicating it had fallen into disuse at this time. Other features comprise a pit and occupation deposits, all of 1st-2nd C AD date."
21058,1,400,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),complex,Yes,4,,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,No,coastal,uncertain,Yes,No,Yes,"A 114-trench evaluation and geophysical survey in 2009-2010 over 137ha in a valley by the Bristol Channel revealed a series of ditched enclosures of late Iron Age-Roman  date, adjacent to a small stream. They were possibly constructed in relation to an earlier boundary ditch running along the base of the valley. Subsequent excavation of targeted areas in 2012 revealed these enclosures, confirming them to be of 1st to 4th C AD date, and suggesting use as small paddocks for stock management. The exact sequence of development has not yet been determined. There was also evidence of settlement features within the south-western part of the site based on a concentration of curving gullies, pits and postholes as well as a concentration of pottery. Other functional zones were also revealed, associated with cereal processing and small scale industry, while another probable domestic zone was revealed with evidence for two roundhouses, a series of clay lined pits and a number of other gullies, pits and postholes. Nine adult inhumation burials, three neo-natal burials and a cremation burial were also identified. Ditches of a probable fieldsystem were revealed around the settlement. Layers of dark colluvium were deposited along the extreme southern limit of the site and following the deposition a partial re-ordering of the putative fieldsystem was undertaken with the insertion of a large north-south trackway. A post-Roman Sunken featured building (SFB) was found in the southern central part of the site. No specialist reports for the excavation. A further small pipeline excavation in 2012 c 180m NE of this settlement revealed boundary ditches, a series of pits and postholes, an M-shaped ('reversed tuning-fork dryer',) corndrier and (probably) two burials. Given the proximity it is possible that these represent fringes of the same settlement."
21059,-50,200,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"A 16-trench evaluation and geophysical survey over 8ha bounded to the south by the Durleigh Brook revealed a later Iron Age enclosure that probably defined a small settlement. The presence of Roman period features within the enclosure (roughly cobbled stone surface & deep stone-packed posthole), suggests continued occupation."
21060,60,250,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,1,Yes,Yes,Yes,No,No,Yes,hill,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"A geophysical survey (over 0.76ha) and watching brief during a new irrigation system on a golf course on a hill c 1km north of Bath revealed a Romano-British masonry building, contemporary ditched enclosures, and at least two possible late Iron Age or early Roman roundhouses (not excavated).  The masonry building contained three rooms fronting onto a corridor and although no tesserae or painted plaster was found, a small stone column drum points to some architectural pretention. A sloping yard (cobbled surface) lay to the NE of the house, which was terraced into the hillside and would have had a fine view over Bath. A ditched enclosure to the east was interpreted as a livestock pen, while a Roman road lay just to the south, joining up with the Fosse Way to the east. The dating evidence from ceramics suggests the building was in use during the 1st and 2nd C AD, being abandoned at some point during the 3rd C AD."
21061,-100,400,50,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,2,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,river valley,mixed,Yes,No,No,"Seven areas of excavation over 21ha on the edge of the River Parrett floodplain revealed an open middle to late Iron Age settlement, comprising a number of roundhouses (at least 2, possibly 4) and pits. The settlement/activity continued into the early Roman period, when there is evidence for a substantial ditch (4.5m wide, 1m deep), perhaps indicating reorganisation or formalisation of land boundaries. Further smaller ditches defining fields/enclosures (and possible trackway) date to later in the Roman period, though the pottery chronology could not be refined any further. The general paucity of finds suggests that during this period, this represents the periphery of the settlement, away from the main area of domestic occupation."
21062,-100,1,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Excavations on the edge of the North Somerset Levels at the foot of Bleadon Hill and less than 0.5km north of the River Axe revealed three different areas of Middle Iron Age pits (radiocarbon dated 380-175 cal BC), with structured animal deposits. Two of the pits were re-used during the late Iron Age as graves for crouched burials. No further activity until the medieval period."
21063,-100,380,200,,small (<1 - 3 ha),complex,Yes,2,3,Yes,Yes,Yes,No,No,Yes,river valley,mixed,Yes,Yes,No,"Geophysical survey, evaluation, excavation and watching brief in the Yeo valley 2.5km NE of Ilchester revealed a farmstead originating in the later Iron Age, though being best defined during the later Roman period. The earliest evidence for traces of field/enclosure systems and settlement dates to the middle/late Iron Age (centred on an area of Bronze Age settlement), including 2-3 intercutting roundhouse gullies (potentially open settlement at this time). Ceramic evidence indicates continued occupation throughout the 1st to 4th C AD, though settlement features of late Iron Age/early Roman date are scant. The late Roman settlement was far more extensive, comprising a farm with outbuildings and ancillary features such as wells (one stone & clay-lined with possible structured deposits) and ovens. At least two rectangular masonry footed buildings (one 6x8m, another incomplete but divided into 2-3 rooms) interpreted as for domestic occupation, while another was suggested as an open ended barn for animal shelter or storage. It is possible these building were originally constructed during the later 2nd C AD. Other features comprise small quarry pits containing midden material, other pits, compacted stone yard surfaces and an extensive network of ditches defining paddocks and fields, partially arranged around at least one major trackway/droveway. A number of graves were distributed around the excavated area. It is likely that the settlement went out of use by the later 4th C AD."
21064,-100,450,120,350,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,3,Yes,No,Yes,No,No,Yes,plateau or plain,mixed,No,Yes,No,"Excavations on the northern edge of the Lias limestone plateau, cut by the River Cary to the east, revealed evidence for two distinct phases of settlement. The earliest settlement dated from middle-late Iron Age to the early 2nd C AD, though this mainly comprised spreads of pottery and other artefacts. The only feature of this date comprised an Iron Age pit containing pottery, loomweights and fragments of four adult individuals. There is then a complete absence of activity until the mid 4th C AD, when a Roman farm was established some distance from the earlier occupation. The late Roman settlement  comprised three rectangular masonry buildings (established c AD 335-50), two multi-roomed and interpreted as houses, the other suggested as a byre, attached to one of the houses. One of the houses contained a probable foundation deposit of a large storage jar containing 4 coins placed in a pit with 5 further coins and a sheep skull. An infant burial also lay in the corner of this building, which was later extended and compartmentalised, having 3 rooms with stone-slab floors. The second house building was also sub-divided at a later phase and contained an external stone-lined drain. Three infant burials were sealed by the latest stone slab floor. The non-domestic building is probably dated later 4th AD and had likely animal stalls along with a drain. It contained a partial adult human burial in one of the walls (foundation deposit?). This building was associated with 27 inhumation burials, mostly infants buried after the building was erected. Other features comprised middens and part of a masonry boundary wall, on the same alignment as one of the house buildings and probably part of a walled enclosure. To the south of the non-domestic building lay a cemetery of 25 graves, mostly adult. It is very likely that the farmstead continued well into the 5th C AD. Cropmark evidence suggests these buildings may have been part of a larger complex."
21065,100,400,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,3,Yes,No,Yes,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Limited excavation in advance of M5 motorway construction revealed a Romano-British settlement in the valley of the River Tone. The nature of the settlement is ill-understood but the earliest feature, dated 2nd-3rd C AD, was part of a rectilinear posthole structure (7x9m) with a drainage gully partially surrounding it, leading to a sump. Later Roman features comprise ditches and part of a large rectangular timber building of posthole and beamslot construction. It contained an oven and possible timber partitions. The eaves drip gully for a slighter timber structure lay over the earlier posthole building. The latest feature comprised an area of cobbling. Further excavation revealed parts of other structures and features spread over an area at least 0.8ha and mainly dating to the later Roman period."
21066,200,400,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),complex,Yes,2,1,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,Yes,coastal,uncertain,No,No,No,"Excavation in 2012 on a relatively level ridge of high ground by the Bristol Channel revealed a later Roman settlement, previously known from geophysical survey and an earlier evaluation. The settlement comprised a possible five-sided enclosure (made up of a series of intercutting ditches), with three small enclosures identified in the south-western corner (interpreted as paddocks), and a domestic zone identified immediately to the north-east of these enclosures, indicated by two roundhouses and other postholes. A narrow, 'L' shaped feature with flat stones may have been part of a masonry footed building foundation. A number of burials were also found dispersed across the site, most located away from the main areas of activity. An extensive late Roman fieldsystem was also identified across the northern, eastern and south-western parts of the site. Concentrations of stone deposits indicated the presence of former causeways across backfilled ditches within this fieldsystem. Only interim report available and no specialist reports."
21067,1,350,75,,medium (4 - 8 ha),complex,Yes,,,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,No,river valley,mixed,Yes,No,No,"Excavations in 1953-5 revealed elements of an extensive Roman farming settlement covering up to c 6ha (NB this may include field ditches) on the west bank of the River Chew. The settlement appears to have originated in the late Iron Age, as indicated by ceramics and a few postholes (some forming a 4-post structure) but it is not until the later 1st AD that a system of enclosures  and trackways started to be laid out, expanding during the 2nd C AD. Postholes indicate timber structures. There is a suggestion of temporary abandonment during the 3rd C, but it is more likely that occupation of some sort continued well into the later Roman period, with features of this date largely confined to the highest parts of the site, suggesting an increasing risk of flooding. These features comprise possible beam slot structures (interpreted as 'tent sites'), pits, hearths, middens, burials and further ditched enclosures. An area of rough stone paving by the river bank may have been part of a riverside jetty. Evidence for leadworking during the 2nd C. There is little evidence for any activity beyond the mid 4th C AD."
21068,100,300,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Excavation in 1953 near a small tributary of the River Chew revealed a complex of three  enclosures surrounding four Roman cremation burials. The enclosures comprised trenches, probably for beam slots suggesting that they were palisaded, and the westernmost contained two cremation burials. It is thought that they were not all laid out at the same time, but the overall date range from limited sherds of pottery is 2nd-3rd C AD. An area of metalling later covered part of one of the enclosures. Other features in the vicinity comprise a few pits, a hearth, postholes and a possible trackway. The villa at Chew Park lay 1.5km to the east."
21069,100,400,250,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,1,Yes,No,No,No,No,Yes,plateau or plain,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"A pipeline dug in 1953 revealed traces of an extensive Roman settlement extending over 400m on an east-west ridge overlooking the Chew Valley to the south and north. The features included a probable T-shaped corndrier (of late Roman date), ditches, hearths, postholes and occupation surfaces. The pottery dated 2nd to 4th C AD. It was thought that the main settlement focus lay just to the south and a trial test pit excavation revealed evidence for a stone-footed timber framed building, interpreted as a villa, though there is little basis for this. The building contained a hearth and was clearly roofed in stone tile; it was dated late 3rd-4th C AD, though two postholes found in one test pit suggest an earlier wholly timber building. Exterior metalling was found, and a sunken way appears to lead to the building from the SW."
21070,200,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,2,Yes,No,Yes,Yes,No,Yes,river valley,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Excavations less than 500m from the town walls of Bath, south of the River Avon on a north facing slope, revealed the remains of two high status Roman building ranges (west and north) interpreted as a villa complex. Prior to villa construction there is some evidence for agricultural activity in the form of plough ard marks. The villa ranges included patches of opus signinum and a tessellated floor along with a rectangular hearth and a small stone lined drain, the latter probably serving a putative bathhouse. A possible gravelled yard surface and ?road lay outside the buildings. The ceramic assemblage indicates a general 3rd-4th C date of occupation."
21071,1,400,250,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,mixed,No,Yes,No,"Evaluation and excavation on a low ridge defined by streams flowing north from the Blackdown Hills to the River Tone revealed parts of a rectangular ditched enclosure/ fieldsystem, dated approximately to the late Iron Age/early Roman period. Possible cultivation furrows were observation in one of the enclosures and the general paucity of artefacts indicates a lack of occupation in the vicinity. The enclosure system may have been allowed to degrade before a settlement was established during the later 3rd/4th C AD. This was apparently characterised by a system of small regular enclosures, some presumed to contain houses or other buildings, while others are suggested as being paddocks or cultivation plots. Also evidence for iron smithing. No actual structures were determined though fired clay daub and stone roof slates indicate their presence. A deposit of an iron anvil, spindlewhorl, vessel glass and charred grain in a ditch is suggested as a possible special deposit."
21072,125,425,350,,large (9+ ha),complex,Yes,,1,Yes,No,No,No,No,Yes,plateau or plain,mixed,Yes,No,No,"Excavations on a limestone plateau on the south-eastern fringes of the Mendip Hills revealed the southern  parts of a roadside settlement which developed alongside the Fosse Way Roman road (see ID 21010). The earliest phase of activity comprised a single ditch - either a field or property boundary, dating to the early-mid 2nd C AD. This was superseded by a much larger ditch in the later 2nd/3rd C, which appears to represent the southern boundary of the settlement which ran along the road from here to the River Sheppey 1.2km to the north. The boundary ditch was later replaced by a drystone wall in the later 3rd C, with the ditch being used to dump material. In the early-mid 4th C there was an expansion of activity in this area with carefully laid cobbles around and within a masonry building, which was drained by culverts. It is suggested that this building had an industrial function, possibly animal processing, though this is unclear. A metalled trackway and a stone-lined well are also of this date. A gateway (represented by two lengths of wall) was also placed in the southern boundary. Two large quarry pits are likely to be Roman but are not closely dated. Occupation likely continued into at least the early 5th C AD."
21073,1,200,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,hill,mixed,No,No,No,"A pipeline watching brief revealed elements of a late Iron Age-early Roman settlement on the side of a hill, part of the Cornbrash Ridge. Just three ditches and a pit were revealed and dated by ceramics. The form of the settlement remains unknown."
21074,150,400,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"A pipeline watching brief revealed ditches probably belonging to a Roman settlement, just over 1km south of Ilchester in the Yeo Valley. A total of 10 ditches and some bank material contained pottery and other finds of 2nd to 4th C date, with a definite late Roman emphasis."
21075,200,400,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"A pipeline watching brief revealed the probable fringes of a Roman settlement, just over 2km south of Ilchester on the edges of the Yeo Valley. No actual features of certain Roman date were excavated though plentiful Roman material was recovered from the topsoil, and a settlement may be defined by a cropmark enclosure immediately to the NE. Pottery and coins suggest a late Roman date."
21076,100,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,1,No,No,No,No,No,Yes,fen,uncertain,No,No,No,"Excavations in 1975-6 in the southern Somerset levels revealed a substantial masonry Roman building with a well-constructed floor of limestone slabs and cobbles. Roman 'material' was spread over an area of c1ha around the building, with pottery dating from 2nd to 4th C AD. The building is probably associated with the Roman salt-working industry, as hundred of 'briquetage mounds' found in the immediate vicinity. No specialist reports."
21077,150,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,1,Yes,No,Yes,Yes,No,Yes,hill,uncertain,No,No,No,"Excavations in 1994 on a spur of land between two tributary streams running towards the Lopen Brook, 250m west of the Fosse Way, revealed part of a Roman villa complex previously investigated in 1861/2 and 1949. The earlier excavations revealed several rooms of the building, which was terraced into the south-facing slope of the spur, some with  hypocausts, mosaic floors and painted plaster walls. A small bathhouse was discerned. The 1994 excavation revealed limited further parts of the building, and produced a slightly more refined chronology of later 2nd-4th C AD, based on ceramic evidence. Most pottery dated to the later Roman period, and this certainly appears to represent the floruit of occupation, though the exact period of villa construction remains uncertain. The exact form of the building also remains uncertain, and rubble spreads to the north-east could either represent another wing or another building. A substantial ditch preceded the building, pointing to pre-villa activity of some kind, although this was not dated."
21078,-100,400,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,No,No,No,"Two small excavations in 1945-6 and geophysical survey in 1993 revealed a substantial enclosed settlement (termed as a promontory fort) lying at the edge of a steep scarp overlooking Somerton Moor and the Polden Hills. The excavations focused on what was presumed to be a barrow, within which was found an inhumation burial of Roman date, along with considerable amounts of pottery dating from the middle Iron Age to the late Roman period. Subsequent geophysical survey revealed the 'barrow' to have in fact been part of the enclosure rampart of a small multi-vallate promontory settlement enclosing 2ha.  The survey indicated one open area (possibly for stock) and one area likely to be settlement with pits and roundhouses. This history of occupation at the site remains quite uncertain and continuity of activity cannot be demonstrated."
21079,200,400,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,2,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,Yes,plateau or plain,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"A small excavation in 1968 and geophysical survey in 1993 revealed a Romano-British settlement on a gently sloping plateau immediately south of a steep scarp. The single excavation trench revealed the walls of two separate buildings with an area of cobbling in-between. One of the buildings had well laid stone flooring, stone roofing tiles and pottery dated 3rd-4th C AD. The geophysical survey revealed these buildings to have been part of a probable range of masonry structures, potentially either side of a trackway leading towards a rectilinear enclosure to the west, which appeared to contain a substantial masonry building (?c25x6m). This has been interpreted as a villa, but as yet there is little firm basis for this. Also small enclosures were revealed adjacent to the outer buildings along with areas thought to have been used for light industrial purposes. Previously other finds, including dressed stone with mortar adhering, were found in the vicinity. Although there appears to be a late Roman emphasis, pottery analysis indicates some activity on site from the middle Iron Age to the 4th C AD."
21080,-100,400,100,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,1,1,Yes,No,Yes,Yes,No,Yes,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"Antiquarian investigations in the early 19th century and excavations in 1951-2 revealed parts of a Romano-British courtyard villa on low lying flat ground at the edge of Somerton Moor, near to a major Roman road. The earlier investigations found parts of the  northern villa block, with mosaic floors, but largely destroyed much of the building. The 1950s excavations revealed the earliest stone buildings (preceding the main villa?) dated early 2nd C AD, but below this was part of an extensive later Iron Age settlement including pits, hollows and at least one roundhouse. Pottery indicated the villa continued until at least the 4th C AD. A geophysical survey on the site in 1993 was carried out under poor waterlogged conditions and did not reveal much of either phase of settlement. No specialist reports."
21081,75,400,,,large (9+ ha),complex,Yes,1,14,Yes,Yes,Yes,No,No,Yes,river valley,mixed,Yes,No,No,"Excavation in 1922 and evaluations in 1993, 1995 and 2012 revealed elements of a substantial Romano-British settlement adjacent to the River Avon, on the site of the Cadburys factory. Geophysical survey over 60ha around the northern and western parts of the factory revealed parts of the settlement in more detail, which can best be interpreted as a small town occupying a position alongside a road which runs northwards above the floodplain, before turning east presumably to cross the River Avon, although the factory destroyed approximately half of the settlement in this area.  The survey showed a network of enclosures along the roadside with multi-roomed masonry buildings, metalled yards, pits and subsidiary trackways. At the corner where the road turns, a circular building (9.5m dia) within a rectangular enclosure (with two ancillary buildings) is suggested as being a shrine. The surveyed part of the town covers about 8ha and extensive evidence for paddocks and field ditches lay outside of the core settlement. The earliest investigation in the 1920s revealed a small Roman building incorporating a bath suite (or a large detached bathhouse), along with a stone-lined well, stone coffined inhumation burials and large quantities of finds. These excavations have never been fully reported on. A 4-trench evaluation in 1993 revealed drystone walls, postholes, ditches, a well-metalled trackway and large amounts of occupation debris. A larger 21-trench evaluation in 2012 further to the south and away from the core of the settlement revealed localised concentration of Romano-British quarrying. The dating evidence so far suggests occupation from the later 1st to 4th C AD, though any details of the no doubt complex phasing is as yet unknown. The town is thought to have been Traiectus, which is mentioned in the Antonine Itinerary as at a river crossing point from Bath to Sea Mills."
21082,300,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,3,Yes,No,Yes,Yes,No,Yes,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Excavations in 1922-24 and evaluations & watching briefs in 1998-2000 revealed parts of an extensive Romano-British villa complex in the Avon Valley, c 1km west of a Roman small town. The earliest excavation revealed a large and elaborate villa consisting of three corridor ranges round  a courtyard, covering c 0.6ha and open to the east facing the small town. At least some rooms contained high quality mosaic pavements and there is evidence that the courtyard was colonnaded. Two heated octagonal rooms were observed, which contained mosaics, and the presence of stone-lined drains indicates a likely bathhouse. The villa has been extensively disturbed by modern burials. The 1993 12-trench evaluation  lay immediately to the east of the villa (one trench cutting through the SE end of the building, possibly revealing part of a heated room) and represented an area with a relatively low level of activity - an extensive cultivation layer suggested the presence of gardens outside the front of the villa. Possible timber buildings also revealed. Further test pitting in 1998 revealed the north villa wing probably comprised front and rear corridors between the range of rooms. A watching brief further to the SE produced no Roman features and a scattering of later Roman pottery. All finds to date suggest a 4th C date for the villa, though the no doubt complex sequence of development remains to be discerned."
21083,250,400,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,1,No,No,No,No,No,Yes,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"A 5-trench evaluation on the Avon Valley floodplain just south of the river revealed a single faced limestone wall (0.6m width) of a masonry building, with a paved internal area and cobbled external surface. The remains were interpreted as part of a Roman farmstead dated by ceramics and coins to the later 3rd and 4th C AD. This episode of occupation lies period two periods of alluviation."
21084,250,400,370,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,1,No,No,No,No,No,Yes,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Archaeological investigations in advance of construction of an access road on the north-facing slope of the valley of the Wellow Brook revealed a small part of a late Roman masonry building terraced into the hillslope. The earliest phase of activity comprised the levelling of the terrace, probably during the later 3rd C AD, which may have contained timber structures which subsequently burnt down. At some point  after AD 364 (according to stratified coin evidence) the masonry building was constructed, with walls of faced limestone blocks. The building contained a probable hypocaust (the furnace was revealed) and was viewed as either being part of a villa house or else a potential (detached?) bathhouse within a villa estate. The end of occupation/activity remains uncertain.  A stone lined drain may be associated though it was only dated by a single sherd of Roman pottery."
21085,-100,200,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,5,,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"A 10-trench evaluation and geophysical survey on the edges of the Avon valley (c 1km SW of the river) revealed a middle to late Iron Age settlement that appears to continue into the 2nd C AD. The settlement comprised a series of rectilinear and curvilinear enclosures encompassing areas of settlement activity evidenced by the presence of roundhouse drip gullies, potential post-built structures, refuse pits and larger irregular intrusions interpreted as quarry pits. A T-shaped stone-built corn drying oven of 2nd-century AD date was identified in the central part of the site, while other features of certain Roman date comprise ditches, refuse and quarry pits, postholes, a short segment of unmortared wall and a curvilinear gully (probably another roundhouse). An undated neonatal human burial and a cremation burial are also of probable Roman date."
21086,-100,400,50,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,1,2,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Salvage excavation and watching brief during a roadscheme in 1994 revealed an Iron Age-Roman settlement situated on the very edge of the flood plain of the River Avon, 3km east  of Bath. The earliest activity comprised an unenclosed middle Iron Age settlement with at least two round houses, with cobbled tracks leading down to the flood plain. The area was then encompassed into a rectilinear ditched enclosure (with ?V? section ditches) during the late Iron Age. A corner of the enclosure was closed off by another ditch and a further round house built here at this time. The enclosure ditches were renewed into the Roman period and occupied down to late Roman times, along with associated ditches, gullies and droveways (no plan in report so precise morphology uncertain, but appears likely to have become a complex type farmstead from description). Two stone floors that may have been threshing floors or floors of agricultural buildings, were dated to the last quarter of the 4th C or later. The later Roman phases are suggested as being possibly associated with a known villa c 300m to the south (Antiquarian investigation with few details). fieldsystems are known on the valley sides south of the site (near the villa) and a double banked linear was traced following the flood plain/first terrace, boundary, interpreted as the riverside boundary of the fieldsystem within which it was thought that the settlement site was sited. (NB Report incomplete and so no specialist reports as yet)."
21087,250,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,1,No,No,No,No,No,Yes,coastal,uncertain,No,No,No,"A single trench evaluation on the Somerset coast revealed elements of a late Roman settlement. The earliest activity was represented by a localised horizon of burnt material and pottery sherds of late Roman date, interpreted as a hearth or hearth waste. A layer of blown sand above this was cut by two limestone rubble wall foundations of a substantial Roman building. A contemporary ditch outside and parallel to the northern of the Roman walls suggested that the building was erected inside a small raised enclosure. The building and ditch were ultimately abandoned and sealed by further deposits of wind-blown sands. The settlement is interpreted as a late Roman coastal farmstead. Previous investigations on site in 1959 (not published) also revealed 1-2 masonry building(s) and Roman finds."
21088,-100,400,250,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,No,No,No,"Antiquarian investigations and excavations during the early 20th C and in 1973-6  in a cave system incorporating the start of the River Axe on the southern edge of the Mendip Hills revealed extensive evidence of utilisation in the Iron Age and Romano-British periods. Four chambers were investigated (further chambers being flooded) running almost 200m in length, 3 of them partly occupied by the River Axe. A considerable number of objects of Iron Age and Roman date were found in the chambers (though most from the entrance area), and an extensive inhumation cemetery was excavated in the 4th chamber. The date of the objects indicates activity from the (early?) Iron Age to the late Roman period. The nature of the site remains uncertain, aside from its funerary aspect, though the volume of finds (and the burials) suggests a ritual site. Investigation of the river bed in 1947-9 by divers produced Romano-British bowls and lead ewers. Although finds from Iron Age to late Roman date were recovered, there is a distinct late Roman emphasis to the coins and ceramics. A settlement of late Iron Age to late Roman date is indicated in the area outside of the caves (ID 21088)."
21089,1,400,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,1,2,Yes,No,Yes,No,No,Yes,hill,uncertain,No,No,No,"Excavations in 1954-7 near the southern edge of the Mendip Hills, c 100m east of Wookey Hole Caves (ID 21088) revealed evidence for settlement spanning the 1st to 4th C AD. Foundations of a 1st C AD (?late Iron Age) roundhouse bounded by a bank and ditch were overlain by Roman building foundations dating from the 1st/2nd to late 4th C with apparently continuous occupation. The final phase late Roman buildings included wall foundations with two or three courses still in position. Hearths with semi-melted lead ore were also uncovered. No specialist reports."
21090,-100,400,50,250,medium (4 - 8 ha),enclosed,Yes,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,No,No,No,"Excavations 1908 and 1968-71 within a hillfort (5.2ha) overlooking the River Tone to the south. The earliest phase of enclosure appears to belong to the Early or Middle Bronze Age, with continued occupation and modifications throughout the Iron Age up until the immediate pre-conquest period. The late Iron Age phase is mainly characterised by finds of pottery, with any features thought to have been destroyed by later Roman activity. No further activity until the late 3rd and early 4th C AD, when significant quantities of pottery were found. Few features were found, these comprising a metalled 'yard' surface and a possible kiln flue. An earlier Iron Age ditch on the hilltop was also re-cut, as possibly were the hillfort rampart ditches (at least in part). No certain evidence for occupation into the post-Roman period."
21091,-100,200,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,No,No,No,"Excavations between 1972 and 1976 on the west side of a small dry valley in the Mendip Hills revealed a swallet with evidence for activity from Neolithic to Roman times. The vertical shaft, over 20m in depth led to a cave system which had clearly been used for mortuary activity, potentially since the Neolithic/early Bronze Age. At a depth of about 3m a side shaft contained bones of an adult male, along with hobnails and pottery. The inhumation was dated 1st C AD on the basis of a sherd of samian, though the hobnails may suggest a slightly later date. The remains of many further burials were encountered but not dated and could well be Iron Age (or earlier) in date."
21092,200,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,No,No,No,"Various excavations in the late 19th and early 20th Century within three large caves grouped together near the bottom of Cheddar Gorge on the southern edge of the Mendip Hills revealed evidence for extensive Roman activity. The largest cave is Long Hole (18.2m high, 7.2m wide & 86m long) and this also contained the most recorded material, though many Roman finds from the other caves almost certainly went unrecorded. The nature of activity in the cave remains uncertain, but within is indication of metalworking (bronzeworking?) and manufacture of spindlewhorls, and also slight evidence for funerary activity. However, it suggested that there was also permanent domestic occupation. Most of the finds from the caves are dated to the later Roman period."
21093,250,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,No,No,No,Excavations from 1957 to 1971 in a small cave on the steep north facing slope of the Western Mendips revealed evidence for  Iron Age and/or Romano-British funerary activity. Only the entrance and initial part of the cave was excavated but this produced human and animal bone along with Iron Age and late Roman pottery. It remains uncertain how many (if any?) of the bones derive from Roman period burials.
21094,300,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,No,No,No,"Excavations in a cave in the western Mendip Hills revealed large volumes of coins and other material suggestive of coin counterfeiting. A small cave entrance led into a wider passage going back 18m, where the material was concentrated. It is suggested that it was a place used for occasional coin counterfeiting during the 4th C AD."
21095,,,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,fen,uncertain,No,No,No,"A 6-trench evaluation over 1.3ha in the North Somerset levels revealed a Roman land surface displaying evidence for salt production. Features comprised numerous gullies, deep pits (with burnt material) and burnt areas, along with deposits of briquetage. The latter material has been used to date the site as Roman as no ceramics or other occupation debris recorded."
21096,50,400,,,medium (4 - 8 ha),complex,Yes,,5,Yes,Yes,Yes,No,No,Yes,river valley,uncertain,Yes,Yes,No,"A Watching Brief for a drainage pipe in 1996 revealed evidence for extensive Romano-British settlement activity running over 300m down the south-facing slope of Banwell Hill towards the Loxley Yeo river. Three masonry buildings were revealed (each with just a single limestone wall exposed) along with pits, gullies, metalled surfaces and postholes. No full analysis of the pottery but it appears to span the Roman period. Evidence for copper alloy working. This settlement is undoubtedly part of the same settlement as that found 150m to the north, where 12 previous archaeological discoveries in the 1950s and 1960s found evidence for further masonry buildings (at least one multi-roomed, dated to the 4th C AD), cobbling, trackways/paths, pits and ditches. One building contained an infant burial inside the door and a small coin hoard. A ceramic jar containing animal bone and two 3rd C coins may represent another special deposit. Large amounts of material culture was recovered but as yet no full report exists. More recent earthwork survey and LIDAR analysis has revealed a series of building platforms, trackways, enclosures and outer field ditches. Also a series of large extraction/quarry pits which are though to be for lead extraction. A number of burials were found at the site, and have been suggested both of Roman and post-Roman. Overall, the nature and scale of the site suggests that it was a nucleated settlement, here interpreted as a roadside settlement along the main road 11km west of Charterhouse."
21097,200,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,1,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Evaluation and excavation on an alluvial river terrace of the Congresbury Yeo revealed groups of pits/postholes, ditches and a timber beamslot structure. These are thought to have been associated with a pottery kiln and waster dumps found during previous excavations immediately to the south in 1967 by the North Somerset Archaeological Research Group. The kiln was part of a small industry in the area producing  greywares and is dated to the late Roman period."
21098,50,400,,,large (9+ ha),complex,Yes,,1,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,Yes,hill,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"A Roman lead mining settlement on a south-facing slope in the Mendip Hills near/along the line of a Roman road branching NW from the Fosse way. Small scale excavation within the settlement in the 1950s revealed part of a masonry building with a clay floor laying within a rectangular enclosure seen from aerial photograph cropmarks. Further analysis of cropmark data revealed the full extent of the settlement, covering over 9ha with a series of rectangular enclosures, trackways and field boundaries. Small circular features are thought to be linked to water supply associated with ore processing and domestic supply. The pottery and other evidence indicated that the settlement was occupied from the 1st to 4th C AD and was concerned with the production of lead and silver."
21099,1,400,250,,small (<1 - 3 ha),complex,Yes,,5,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,Yes,plateau or plain,,Yes,Yes,No,"Excavations in the 1960s revealed a settlement spanning the late Iron Age to late Romano-British period on the southern edge of a sloping limestone plateau. The settlement comprised 6-8 conjoined enclosures covering over 1ha defined by low banks still visible as earthworks. The earliest phase comprised a circular structure thought to date early/mid Iron Age. There was no demonstrable continuity with the late Iron Age/early Roman activity, which comprised a scatter of pits and postholes (rectangular post-built building?), with most features being truncated by later activity. Large volumes of slag from these features attests to the importance of metalworking (including iron smelting) at this time, and an almost complete pony burial is thought to date from this phase. It seems that there was wholesale reorganization of the settlement during the late 3rd C AD, when the system of 11 ditched and banked (the banks probably representing collapsed walls) enclosures was laid out (or at least extensively modified). Nine of the enclosures formed a compact unit, separated from three others by a trackway. Three of the enclosures contained a rectangular stone building dating to the 3rd-4th C AD; A further large trapezoidal structure (c 7x21m), with remains of a flagged floor and opposed entrances, was found during further excavations in the 1970s. The later excavations remain unpublished. Occupation appears to have continued until at least the later 4th C AD."
21100,150,425,250,375,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,4,Yes,No,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,river valley,,No,Yes,No,"Excavations in the 1950s and between 1967 and 1972 c 1km SW of Ilchester Roman town in the Valley of the River Yeo revealed the remains of a courtyard villa with three wings identified, probably open to the east. The earliest phase of activity dates from the mid 2nd C AD, comprising at least one substantial building (c 30x23m). This building underlay the later western villa range and would seem to have been an aisled hall with a series of rooms on the western side (at least some with painted plaster walls and tessellated floors). Other finds of mid 2nd to mid 3rd C date came from early occupation surfaces and another masonry footed building under the northern range is also likely, with tessellated floors, painted wall plaster and a ceramic tiled roof. During the second half of the 3rd C AD there was a complete remodelling with the three building ranges constructed. Many rooms had mosaic floors and painted plaster walls and all appeared to have had hexagonal stone roof tiles. Limited evidence for hypocausts (in the form of flue tiles) in the areas excavated. Stone drains encountered and a bathsuite postulated in the western range. An infant burial contained in a lead coffin lay immediately outside the paved entrance to the northern range and small stone lined pits in the southern and northern ranges also contained 'special' deposits (a late 3rd C coin in a small jar in one, and animal bone (sheep?) in another). The courtyard created by the building ranges was well-gravelled and a similar gravelled yard to the north of the northern range contained slight evidence for masonry footed timber framed buildings. At some point probably in the later 4th C AD there was a marked change in the villa, with a new masonry-footed building being constructed in the courtyard and impinging upon the corridor of the northern range. The southern range seems now to have been used for ironworking (possibly even limited smelting), while the western range had hearths and ovens (including two channels interpreted as flues of corn-drying kilns)  cutting through mosaic floors. Three infant burials also associated with this phase. Occupation of some sort appears to continue into the early 5th C AD, and then at some point the buildings were dismantled and comprehensively robbed in parts. An adult inhumation burial lay on the building rubble in the western range. A geophysical survey in 1960 revealed outlying buildings of the villa complex."
21101,300,375,350,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,2,No,No,Yes,Yes,No,Yes,river valley,uncertain,No,Yes,No,"Excavations in the 19th century and in 1958 revealed elements of a probable courtyard villa in the Frome Valley. Two ranges of the villa are known, though only the southern range was investigated to any degree. This contained mosaic floors, including one in an apsidal room interpreted as a triclinium. A bathsuite lay at the eastern end of this range. The dating evidence is derived mainly from stratified coins, which suggests that this wing at least was constructed c AD 300 and at least partially burnt down c AD 350, though Valentinianic coins suggested continued activity of some kind at least to the 370s. A semi-circular structure located around a spring was found nearby, suggested as a possible Roman nymphaeum?"
21102,1,400,50,250,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,fen,uncertain,No,No,No,"Excavation of a number of small trenches in 1968 on a low sand island in the Somerset Levels revealed elements of a late Iron Age and a late Roman settlement, with little evidence of any activity in-between. Features of the later Iron Age settlement comprised pits, ovens and ditches extending over an area of c 0.5ha. During the later Roman period, pits and burials were located, suggesting that this area lay at the fringes of a settlement. Undated postholes could belong to either phase."
21103,200,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,2,Yes,No,Yes,Yes,No,Yes,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Antiquarian investigations in 1837 and further limited excavation in 1968 in the Avon valley, 450 from the river, revealed parts of an extensive Roman villa. The villa comprised two distinct 'corridor villa-type' buildings probably facing onto a courtyard. Only one was excavated (34x18m), containing  mosaics (including an Orpheus mosaic), hypocausts and painted wall plaster. A bathsuite was identified. The villa seems to have had a complicated architectural history about which almost nothing is known. The only vague dating evidence is from coins, which range from early 3rd to late 4th C AD."
21104,200,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,3,Yes,No,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,river valley,uncertain,Yes,Yes,No,"Antiquarian excavations on the upper slopes of the Wellow Brook valley, 6.5km south of Bath, revealed a substantial Romano-British courtyard villa. The main house (north wing) was flanked by two corridors and contained mosaics, hypocausts and baths. Two other ranges (east & west) flank the house on both sides, enclosing the courtyard; one seems to incorporate an aisled hall. The south side was closed by a single wall, in which was doubtless the entrance. Around the villa were noted masonry footed. Outbuildings. Within one was noted  'discarded' pieces of blue and white Lias and brick tesserae heaped together. A general 3rd-4th C AD date is provided. Cropmarks revealed a trackway and an outer enclosure."
21105,250,350,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,1,Yes,No,Yes,Yes,No,Yes,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Excavations in 1950-53 revealed a Romano-British villa on the crest of a slope rising from the south bank of the River Yeo, less than 50m away. An incomplete plan of the villa was attained, which comprised at least 12 rooms including a fine quality bath-suite and drains. Some evidence for tessellated floors. A large paved central area has been suggested either as a large hall or an open central courtyard. The building also contained a stone-lined well. The dating is provided mainly from coinage, which suggests occupation during the later 3rd to early/mid 4th C AD. Abandonment may have been due to flooding. The villa was thoroughly robbed in places during the medieval period."
21106,275,425,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,1,3,Yes,No,Yes,No,No,Yes,hill,uncertain,No,Yes,No,"Excavations between 1949 and 1953, and again in 1986 at the east end of a spur overlooking the Chew valley revealed a Romano-British temple complex. A large octagonal Romano-Celtic style temple of some architectural merit was found, surrounded on its northern and eastern sides by a range of multi-roomed rectangular masonry ancillary buildings forming a temenos. The northern range contained many rooms and domestic material and may have been a guesthouse. The temenos entrance, situated in middle of the eastern range, was aligned directly with that of the temple, and a stone lined well was located an analogous distance behind this, along the same alignment. A curious apsidal foundation in the NE corner of the precinct may have been an altar or a shrine.  The chronology of the complex is understood from both the general date range of the artefact assemblage, and a few specifically stratified coins, indicating a construction date in the late 3rd C AD. Structural renovations occurred within the temple in the last quarter of the 4th C AD, and a very worn coin of Flavius Victor (AD 383-8) found underneath the rubble suggests that activity continued well into the 5th century. The presence of iron smelting slag indicates iron production on a small scale in the vicinity."
21107,250,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,2,Yes,No,No,No,No,Yes,hill,mixed,No,No,No,"Excavations during the 1960s and 1970s on the south-facing hillslope of a small valley, near (0.5km?) a Roman road 3.5km south of Bath, revealed parts of a Romano-British settlement sited on a number of hillside terraces. Although artefacts dating to the late 1st-2nd C AD were found, no features of this date were revealed, and the first known settlement dates to the later Roman period, covering at least two terraces which had massive drystone revetment walls constructed. The lower terrace contained the most complete structure, a masonry footed timber-framed building (6x8m) with an earthen floor.  Around its exterior were four infant burials and two adult burials in stone coffins, apparently contemporary. On a higher terrace was another timber building surrounded by a paved yard and a stone boundary wall. Dumps of material found below the revetment walls on the downward slopes, included a large amount of pottery and also slag, coal etc., perhaps indicating a small scale iron-smelting area. The nature of the settlement remains uncertain, but it was suggested as part of a wider villa estate. Whilst this may have been the case, especially given its location around Bath, there is no direct evidence for this (though some architectural fragments hint at it), and so here it has been suggested as farmstead, though it could potentially have been part of a roadside settlement. Coins and ceramics indicate occupation could have continued at least until the end of the 4th C AD."
21108,1,150,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,fen,uncertain,No,No,No,"Excavations in 1974 on the fringes of the Somerset Levels revealed two areas of salt production, dating to the late Iron Age-early Roman period. The sites comprised concentrations of briquetage and ash along with a small quantity of pottery, with the only features being a few small pits/ditches. A small amount of later pottery may point to some continuing activity."
21109,250,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,1,Yes,No,No,No,No,Yes,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"A pipeline watching brief in 1975 revealed an area of Roman settlement on the fringes of the Parrett Valley, with the river 1.4km to the west. Features within the pipe-trench comprised a stone-lined drain, ditches, pits and a mortared masonry wall with painted plaster adhering. The associated pottery was 3rd-4th C AD in date. Previously three burials of Roman date had been found in the same area, along with surface finds of pottery, ceramic tile, building stone, tesserae and wall plaster. Aerial photographs in 1970 revealed cropmarks of rectangular enclosures that are likely to be related to the settlement. The nature of the settlement remains uncertain; it is quite possibly a villa complex, though this remains uncertain and so at present it has been termed an unclassified farmstead."
21110,1,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"'Several trenches' were dug in 1911 within an area of cropmark enclosures/fields and trackways on a gravel terrace of the River Cary which revealed them to be of Iron Age to Roman date. To the west lay a possible Iron Age banjo enclosure, while to the east were a series of enclosures/fields, linked to a substantial droveway, 25m wide, defined by wide ditches and seen extending for at least 750m. A smaller trackway links this droveway to the enclosures. Outer field/enclosure boundaries also revealed. The limited pottery evidence indicates a general date range of later Iron Age to later Roman, and this zone would appear to be peripheral to areas of occupation. The main  Roman settlement would appear to lie further east (see ID 21063)."
21111,300,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,1,No,Yes,Yes,Yes,No,Yes,plateau or plain,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Excavations in 1946-52 and 1960-63 revealed a Romano-British villa building. The villa was apparently built first as a corridor house, with a short wing being added to the southern end at a later date (c 40x12m). Also an addition was a large and elaborate octagonal building with a plunge bath, attached to the north-west corner. At least nine patterned mosaics came from the villa, and hypocausts were found in three rooms. A stone lined drain with lead pipe ran under part of the building, in line with a spring, 50m distant from the villa. A possible simple corn-drying oven was found in the southernmost room. This is interpreted as being used as a domestic oven, coming from a room with the piped water supply, plain tesserae and lack of painted plaster walls - a possible kitchen area? Ceramic and coin dating indicates a 4th c AD date for occupation, though there is evidence for decline during the later 4th C, with one of the mosaic rooms being used for metal smithing. A geophysical survey across the area in 2009 revealed evidence for outer enclosures and trackways."
21112,-100,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,No,No,No,"Limited excavation in 1958 on the south-facing slope of the eastern spur of Dundry Hill and near to the probable line of a Roman road revealed part of an Iron Age and Roman settlement located on a series of terraced platforms beneath post-medieval buildings. Most evidence for the early activity comprises pottery, with features limited to a few postholes and pits; nevertheless it suggests that the terraces were first created during middle-late Iron Age, with occupation continuing into the Roman period."
21113,250,350,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,1,Yes,No,No,No,No,Yes,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"A linear (pipeline?) excavation in 1956 revealed elements of a late Roman settlement in the Gordano Valley, c 1.2km east of the Bristol Channel. Features include part of a rectangular masonry building (coursed walls of roughly squared sandstone) with a floor of rammed clay and overlying occupation deposits. A possible timber lean-to was also observed. It remains uncertain if this was a single detached building or a room of a larger structure. Other features comprise pits, postholes and a complex of ditches. Most pottery from the site is dated later 3rd to mid 4th C AD, with the building being more definitively dated to the 4th C AD. It is suggested as the site of a villa but with little basis. Evidence for extensive flooding, which may have caused the site to become abandoned."
21114,100,200,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,1,No,No,No,No,No,Yes,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Rescue excavations in advance of road construction in the valley of the Cam Brook during 1955 revealed a substantial rectangular limestone masonry building (6.5x13.3m) with pennant tiled roof dating to the 2nd C AD. Inside there does not appear to have been any made floor and the only feature recorded is a square casket of  Bath freestone, complete with lid and iron binding, within which was a cremation burial. It is likely that the building was in fact a mausoleum."
21115,,,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,A Roman limestone coffin found when digging a drainage trench in 1947 on gently sloping ground in the Avon Valley to the east of Bath and 120m from the Fosse way road. The burial could not be dated any closer than Roman and there is no immediate settlement context.
21116,,,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"A Roman stone coffin was found in 1945 during pipe-laying in the Avon valley, less than 1km east of the river. No detailed dating evidence though presumed to be late Roman."
21117,-100,150,50,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,No,No,No,"Excavations in 1927-9 of a small earthwork enclosure (0.15ha) in the Mendip Hills revealed it to be of Iron Age date, but refortified in the 1st C AD. The inner ditch is likely to have been dug in the middle/late Iron Age, and a drystone wall and v-shaped outer ditch was added c AD 50. A number of hearths found in the inner ditch, along with a number of infant burials relating to the Roman occupation. Various mounds and banks in the area of the enclosure remain of uncertain function. Occupation ceased c mid 2nd C AD based on coin and pottery evidence."
21118,200,370,300,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,5,Yes,No,Yes,Yes,No,Yes,river valley,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Excavations during the 1940s and 1950s in a shallow valley revealed a Roman villa complex first discovered in 1938. The exact sequence of development is unclear but in its final form (c early/mid 4th C AD) it comprised three building ranges around a courtyard area. The earliest activity (dated by ceramics) dates to the late 2nd/early 3rd C, and appears to have comprised relatively modest building(s) (of timber or part timber construction with beam slots and floors of rammed gravel). During the late 3rd/early 4th C, at least one masonry building constructed, with evidence for painted plaster walls,  'low status' mosaics and an 'unpretentious' bath block. During the early/mid 4th C (AD 330) there is evidence for increasing opulence, with high quality mosaics (including one of Aeneas and Dido) and many heated rooms (including a large bathhouse with lead pipe drains). Thereafter there appears to have been decline with little evidence for occupation much beyond AD 370. Aside from the farm/villa buildings, other features comprised a stone-lined well and at least two further stone-founded buildings in the vicinity. Also a pair of parallel linear ditches aligned NW-SE were seen on aerial photographs, possibly a trackway. No specialist data."
21119,-50,400,150,250,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,1,2,No,No,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,fen,uncertain,No,Yes,No,"Limited excavations in the 1950s on the edge of the North Somerset Levels revealed evidence for elements of a multi-phased settlement. The earliest occupation appears to comprise a roundhouse of late Iron Age date, with a clay floor. This was defined by a circular gully and postholes, and appears to have gone out of use by the later 1st C AD. During the mid 2nd C AD, a timber building was constructed 45m away, with a cobbled floor, upon which was much pottery, ash and bone. During the early/mid 3rd C the building was dismantled and burned, though occupation appears to have continued in the vicinity and it seems that the site of this building became a yard surface. On the site of the earlier roundhouse a masonry-footed timber building was constructed around the middle of the 3rd C AD. This structure was substantial (28x11.6m), and is interpreted as an aisled building, with rooms at one end. Internal features comprise a clay floor and a hearth, and 3 infant burials were also inserted in the floor, along with a sheep burial. At the end of the 3rd C AD, this building also seems to have been demolished and re-built, partially on the same foundations. The new building included a small bath block, corridors and further rooms, mostly destroyed by a modern house. Large quantities of painted plaster date to this phase and there is evidence for a sandstone tile roof. The 'villa' status building did not seem to survive long before in the early to mid 4th C the bathsuite was dismantled and levelled and adjoining room re-floored with broken roofing slabs. This 'squatter' occupation continued until the end of the 4th C AD. No specialist reports."
21120,,,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,Yes,river valley,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Two Roman inhumation burials found within a few hundred metres of each other in the Avon Valley in the early 20th century, lying on a hill slope to the west of the river. In 1901 a coffin of Bath stone containing a child's skeleton was found, while in 1948 an adult skeleton was found in another Bath stone coffin. Fieldwalking in the vicinity of this burial found numerous sherds of Roman pottery, along with stone roof tiles, iron nails, glass and oyster shell. Small trial trenches revealed elements of at least one masonry building along with a metalled surface interpreted as a road. Whilst this may well have been a villa complex, the excavations were too limited to be certain. Only a broad Roman date is provided."
21121,75,400,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Excavation in 1937 near the mouth of the River Parrett revealed elements of a Romano-British settlement dated by pottery to late 1st-late 4th C AD. Most of the site had already been destroyed by clay extraction, but surviving features comprised a few pits and cobbled surfaces, suggested as house floors. Two inhumation burials also found and assumed to be contemporary."
21122,100,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,1,No,No,Yes,Yes,No,Yes,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"Fieldwalking and a small trial excavation trench in 1919 revealed evidence for a Roman villa to the east of the Fosse Way Roman Road, c 6km south of Ilchester. Features comprised masonry walls (well built coursed and dressed Ham Hill stone) and concrete floors, with indications of mosaic flooring. Numerous fragments of painted plaster along with ceramic and stone roof tiles attest to the likely status of the building and ceramics are said to have been 2nd to 4th C AD in date."
21123,200,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,3,No,No,Yes,No,No,Yes,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"A small roadscheme evaluation (2 trenches in the area) revealed a late Roman settlement along a pronounced limestone ridge. Features in one trench comprised the walls of two small rectangular masonry buildings (3m & 2.5m wide), another 'isolated' section of masonry wall and an urned cremation burial. Associated with the buildings were a number of demolition/ collapse layers, possible floor layers and two postholes/pits. The other nearby trench contained quarry pits and the remains of a more substantial masonry building (5.5m wide), with parallel mortared walls and floor surfaces. When combined with the geophysical survey it looks to have been c 25m in length and sub-divided to a certain degree, though there is no evidence for any architectural embellishment (painted plaster, tesserae etc.), and it may have been an agricultural building. A metalled yard surface was found outside the building. All deposits indicated a date of late 2nd/3rd into the 4th C AD."
21124,-100,150,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,fen,uncertain,No,No,No,"A 10-trench evaluation over 5ha in a zone of inter-tidal saltmarsh revealed two areas of probable late Iron Age/early Roman saltmaking on pieces of slightly higher ground. Features comprised adjacent ditches and possible pits or pools, which yielded quantities of fired clay, fuel ash and briquetage. Two later Roman period drainage ditches and a palaeochannel also noted. Localised flood deposits covered several infilled Roman features."
21125,1,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,1,Yes,No,No,No,No,Yes,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"A geophysical survey, fieldwalking and watching brief on three small trenches revealed elements of a settlement thought to date (possibly?) from the late Iron Age to the late Roman period. Excavated features comprised pits, a pitched stone wall foundation, a packed clay hearth and a number of shallow stone packed postholes. The fieldwalking clearly indicated that this was a substantial rural settlement, but little details were gained of the undoubtedly complex phasing."
21126,200,400,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"An 11-trench evaluation over 10.8ha revealed elements of a probable late Roman settlement occupying a small area of raised ground in the low lying Parrett Valley. The settlement features all lay in one trench and comprised three ditches, two suggested as part of an outer settlement boundary, and one an internal sub-division. Ceramics date the activity to the 3rd and 4th C AD."
21127,275,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,2,No,No,Yes,No,No,Yes,hill,uncertain,No,Yes,No,"Excavations between 1958-60, and again in 1973 revealed a masonry temple on a prominent limestone escarpment with views all around. The temple was of Romano-Celtic type, with the addition of symmetrically placed annexes on either side of the entrance and a sunken room leading off from the southern ambulatory. The surrounding ambulatory was divided into four rooms, two of which contained votive pits (with animal bone, some burnt); the western room contained a centrally-placed hearth. A small pot containing burnt soil and a 2nd C AD coin was sealed by a limestone floor slab in this room. The temple's construction has been dated to the late 3rd C by a stratified coin of Carausius and seem to have continued in use at least until the end of the 4th C AD. The only other structure at the site was a free standing rectangular building (with well-constructed mortared masonry) near to the temple, which overlay a votive pit, but which may have been broadly contemporary. A series of pits to the north of the temple contained at least nine antler burials, and as this was the only flat open area on the ridge, it is likely that it was used for the main cult rituals. A small post-Roman cemetery lay in this area. The temple lay c 7km east of the Fosse Way, with a branch road leading directly to the site, providing an indication of its importance."
21128,-100,-50,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,60,,No,No,No,No,No,No,fen,mixed,Yes,No,No,"Excavations from 1892 to 1917 revealed a middle to late Iron Age settlement covering an area c 1.3ha built upon an artificial island of timber, stone and clay in a swampy area of open water and reeds. The earliest phase of settlement (c 250BC) comprised 5-6 roundhouses and a series of clay 'spreads'. The island was later extended and more timber built roundhouses built with a maximum of 15 at any one time (est. Population c 200; 60+ structures overall; NB there was also evidence of rectangular 'huts'). Clay floors were made for hearths and the settlement was surrounded by an irregular palisade; stone paths were found connecting various buildings, and a causeway with timber landing stage was found to the east. Middens appear to have existed around the edges of the settlement. The site has incredibly well preserved materials, and the quantity of debris indicates permanent habitation. It was generally thought that increased flooding in the late Iron Age brought about the abandonment of the settlement, though recent evidence has questioned this and suggested cultural reasons may have played a more important role."
21129,-100,-50,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,6,,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,No,fen,uncertain,No,No,No,"Excavations throughout the 20th century revealed two areas of middle to late Iron Age occupation on humps of raised bog, c 70m apart, separated by a reed swamp. Although over 200 circular 'structures' were identified (over the two islands), later excavations emphasised the lack of evidence for walls and roofing material, suggesting they represented tent-like structures occupied on a seasonal basis (perhaps seasonal market places) between episodes of flooding. The remain of actual timber-built roundhouses were relatively scares, located on 5 mounds at Meare West and one at Meare East. Hearths were found on the clay floors of many of the 'tent' structures, and lines of stakeholes may have formed wind breaks or animal pens. A large number of bone and antler weaving combs suggests that braid production may have been an important activity at the site, and there is also evidence for the production of glass beads and copper alloy working. The main period of occupation appears to have been late 4th to mid 1st C BC (on the basis of artefact typologies), though there is some later Roman material (coins) suggesting activity of some kind."
21130,1,360,100,250,small (<1 - 3 ha),complex,Yes,1,2,Yes,Yes,Yes,No,No,Yes,river valley,mixed,Yes,No,No,"Excavations by Bath and Camerton Archaeological Society since 2001 and an 8-trench Time Team evaluation and geophysical survey in 2006 revealed parts of a modest Roman 'villa' complex located on a south-eastern slope descending to the Wheel Brook and other small streams forming tributaries to the River Frome to the east. The geophysical survey revealed an extensive area of occupation comprising enclosures, field boundaries, pits and probable building remains. Excavation revealed structures in the NE enclosure, comprising a simple corridor 'villa' building, a stone gatehouse and two stone-lined wells. Almost no internal features survived within excavated parts of the main building (except a fragmentary hearth), although a line of earlier postholes suggests a possible timber predecessor.  There is nothing to suggest any aggrandisement to this building (no painted plaster, tesserae or roof tile), and so aside from the ground plan (4 rooms fronted by a corridor) its 'villa' classification remains quite uncertain. Most of the dating evidence indicated a concentration of activity in the later Romano-British period, though radiocarbon dating evidence from charred grains within the hearth associated with the main building gives a 1st-2nd C AD origin. Some finds also suggest a late Iron Age/early Roman origin and a circular feature within an enclosure to the south could represent a roundhouse of this date. However, the main period of activity would appear to have been the late Roman period, and the stone gatehouse at least was confirmed of this date (replacing an earlier timber structure), perhaps built as part of a phase of aggrandisement of the settlement. Overall it is suggested that it began as a thriving Iron Age settlement, with continuation of occupation throughout the Romano-British period, with a slow shift in focus of the settlement further north over time. The dearth of coins post-mid 4th c AD suggests activity had terminated or greatly declined by this time. Another dense area of buildings ('villa') and fieldsystems are located, c. 900m downslope to the south of the site."
21131,100,400,250,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,2,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,No,Yes,plateau or plain,mixed,No,No,No,"Antiquarian excavations revealed a Roman villa 12km NW of Ilchester. In 2010 a Time Team 4-trench evaluation and geophysical survey re-analysed the site, identifying that it was a much larger complex than initially thought, and indicating at least two phases of villa construction. The earliest building phase is potentially dated on artefactual evidence to the late 1st to early 2nd C AD, but the room layout and alignment could not be discerned (no definite villa building classification in this phase). The second phase of construction belonged to the later 3rd/4th C. This phase comprised two building ranges; some rooms within these ranges contained elaborate mosaic floors (Ilchester school) dating to the 4th C AD. A stone-lined well was previously recorded near the villa. Coins and pottery continue until the end of the 4th C AD. Evidence for postholes cutting through some of the mosaics provides possible evidence of post-Roman occupation. A number of linear and curvilinear ditches were revealed by the geophysical survey following the same alignment as the villa building to the south. It is suggested that these were part of an annexe associated with the villa and may have had an agricultural or horticultural function."
21132,100,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,3,Yes,No,Yes,Yes,No,Yes,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"A Romano-British courtyard villa 300m west of the Fosse Way in South Somerset, just 0.5km south of another villa at Seavington St Mary (ID 21077). It was first revealed in 1976 by cropmarks and surface finds of tesserae, roofing slates and pottery. A Time Team excavation in 2002 uncovered evidence of extremely large courtyard villa with several mosaics and hypocausts; geophysical survey revealed it be 120m x 70m (0.84ha) in extent. The villa is a double winged plan, containing three ranges of building, with a height of activity during the 3rd-4th C AD, though at least two phases of building were noted with activity commencing in the late 1st/early 2nd C. Much further excavation has been carried out by Winchester University but no further details as yet."
22001,75,225,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,No,No,No,"Initial investigation of discovery of around 30 quernstones and fragments followed by an excavation. Site within a traditional stone-quarrying area. Quernstones included complete and incomplete examples - some only blanks. Excavation revealed late 1st C. to early 3rd century activity based on dating from quernstones and pottery. Possibility of an earlier phase, beneath Roman rubble layer, but this is undated. Interpreted by excavators as an industrial settlement with evidence for manufacture of building stone,  gritstone quernstones (some unfinished). Perhaps larger than a cottage industry and possibly a greater industrial concern. Quantity of pottery and distorted wasters suggest possible pottery production.  Evidence for both industrial activity and domestic settlement.  Unfinished quern and fragments of complete querns reused in wall structure. 2nd century cobbled surfaces, a wall foundation, a post hole and a linear feature recorded. Paving of latest phase sealing rubble layer. Presence of coal and white coating on limestone samples suggests burning to produce lime. Possible other uses, e.g. making lime plaster or mortar, agricultural improvement of acid soils or flux in metal-smelting also possible. Also evidence for pottery manufacture and metalworking.  Possible base of domestic oven cut into the floor of one test pit. Sharpening stone possible evidence for making or repair of tools. Evidence for buildings but not of high status. No personal objects or coins.  Excavation was followed by geophysics (magnetometry and resistivity. Magnetometry produced little whilst resistivity indicated potential stone structural features. Speculation that the site was used to supply querns to the local forts at Stutt's Park and Little Chester."
22004,150,250,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,Yes,No,No,plain or plateau,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Excavation of RB pottery kilns and subsequent analysis of pottery. Six kilns, all of updraught type, found in a line along the top of a bank. Dating evidence suggests overall date range of mid-second century to mid-third century.  Gritstone pieces (from jambs and balusters) and Derbyshire ware were discovered in the furnace chambers. One kiln produced evidence for firing of coarse ware as well as Derbyshire ware jars.  After four of the kilns had fallen into disuse, a lead-roasting hearth was constructed, although there were no traces of crucibles or channels to duct away of smelted lead, and so it would seem that only the first stage of the lead-smelting process - the roasting of the ore - took place here (perhaps production of lead pigs was strictly controlled elsewhere).  Authors speculate that the potters may have migrated from the vicus of Little Chester in the mid-second century (based on pottery evidence and from a Dolphin brooch. No evidence for continuous occupation - perhaps seasonal and sites perhaps occupied in rotation. Presence of ornamental gritstone balusters seen as evidence for a substantial building nearby, but their exact function and significance uncertain."
22007,-100,400,100,250,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,No,,1,No,No,Yes,No,Yes,Yes,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,A Roman aisled barn with stone foundations of 2nd-3rd century date was revealed by excavation. The building overlay ditches of Iron Age date. It was aligned with its long axis north-west/south-east. Occupation of site can be divided into 5 major phases: Phases 1 and 2 - Middle and late Iron Age; Phase 3 - Transitional Iron Age to Roman period;  Phase 4 - 2nd century Aisled building; Phase 5 - Late Roman and Post-Roman period (some time during 3rd century aisled building dismantled but activity continued until end of 4th century). Site within the hinterland of Little Chester fort (Derventio) - economic link between the two sites?
22008,140,400,175,200,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,4,Yes,No,Yes,No,Yes,Yes,river valley,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"One of two sites (see also 22009) excavated ahead of flooding of a reservoir, in the Carsington valley. Identified as a likely candidate for Lutudarum (mentioned in the Ravenna Cosmography). Phase 1 mid-2nd century; Phase 2, 2nd century to early third century; Phase 3 third to fourth century. Earliest evidence comes from unstratified late first to early-second century pottery and coins, but the earliest certain activity was the construction of a timber probable aisled building during the mid-second century AD. The function of this building is uncertain. During Phase 2, by the end of the 2nd century, the timber building had been superseded by two or possibly three stone-founded buildings. The function of these is also uncertain. Unlikely to have had full stone walls and there is no evidence to suggest a tiled roof - roofs probably of wood or thatch. Slight evidence (from a small possibly ore grinding grindstone), that the site may have been involved in the lead industry, though this is somewhat speculative. During Phase 3 a series of ditches were dug across the site, presumably drainage ditches. By this time at least one of the Phase 2 buildings had fallen out of use, as had the building from Phase 1. Other features associated with Phase 3 include a cobbled area, a well and a rubble filled feature. Little to suggest a high-status site - very little coin and personal object evidence. Two late Roman lead pigs, found with 4th century pottery, were found in a pit immediately north of the presumed limit of the settlement (though not part of the site itself). Site considered as unusual by the excavator - not a standard rural site for the area, but neither is it a quasi-urban nucleated settlement. The size and nature of the buildings here indicate more than a rural settlement yet its economic base is not thought to lie with the military as the quasi-urban sites do. The excavator suggests that the economic base is most likely to be lead extraction. A large group of lead spindlewhorls recovered from the site (31, plus possible blanks), may suggest their manufacture here, or alternatively perhaps may indicate considerable textile production. The author suggests that Carsington could be the Lutudarum included in the Ravenna Cosmography, perhaps an administrative and supply centre for lead extraction, though not as a centre for the smelting itself.."
22009,250,400,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,1,Yes,No,Yes,Yes,No,Yes,river valley,mixed,No,No,No,"One of two sites (see also 22009) excavated ahead of flooding of a reservoir, in the Carsington valley. Sites identified as a likely candidate for Lutudarum (mentioned in the Ravenna Cosmography). These reports focus on the excavation of a rectangular Roman building with stone footings together with some outbuildings with stone platforms at Site B (see 22008 for Site A). The building has been dated to the late-third and fourth centuries with indications that out buildings belonged to an earlier period. A narrow wing was added at a second phase of the building. The wing was perhaps divided into three separate chambers and it is suggested that it probably formed a small bath suite. The main block comprised a central living area containing two hearths and groups of smaller rooms at either end. One room contained a rudimentary underfloor heating system. There may have been a predecessor to the main house - finds of window-glass, burnt daub and mosaic tesserae sealed in the floors suggest an earlier building. Spindlewhorls and whorl roughouts may indicate textile production and aside from this the site is interpreted as a farmhouse with environmental evidence which suggests pastoral activity as well as cereal cultivation. With 22008, the site has been suggested as a contender for the lead-mining centre, Lutudarum, from the Ravenna Cosmography - and it may possibly have served as a collecting and distributing centre."
22010,-100,200,,,large (9+ ha),unclassified,Yes,1,3,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,Yes,river valley,mixed,Yes,No,No,"A large settlement which has suffered considerably from agricultural, industrial and other activities which have reduced the formerly extant features considerably. The site can be divided into three areas. The 'fields' lie to the east on the slope leading up to Staden Low and are linear enclosures with rubble and boulder banks. They seem to have survived because of their location on limestone outcrop used as rough pasture. The central area consists of curvilinear enclosures, corrals (small enclosures) and house platforms. Evidence from excavations suggests that this site began in the IA and continued into the RB period, until the end of the 2nd century AD. The settlement saw the rapid change from the beehive-Hunsbury to the flat rotary quern, dated to the early 1st century AD. The house platforms were level, rubble-cobbled and earthen floors into which various artefacts had been trodden. The third area lies to the west, near to the viaduct, where a number of sub-rectangular enclosures, a house site, small terraced platforms and a curvilinear enclosure are visible. Pottery from this area has been dated to the late 1st/early 2nd century AD and animal bones excavated from the settlement suggest that animal husbandry formed part of the economy, as well as grain production. The main animals were cattle, horse and sheep with pig and deer in smaller quantities. Dog was also found suggesting that they could have been used either for hunting game or for herding livestock. 14 querns recovered of flat quern, Hunsbury, saddle and bun type - the number of forms represented are interpreted by excavator as evidence for a rapid increase in grain production which is seen as possibly linked to supply to the fort and vicus at Buxton, and the resultant prosperity which afforded the inhabitants of the site access to luxuries such as wine, oil and jewellery."
22011,120,220,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,No,Yes,No,"""A long tunnel like cave, partially occupied by the River Wye. Intermittent and poorly recorded excavations occurred during the later 19th century. Further excavations occurred in 1981-4, primarily with the aim of putting the finds from the earlier digging into some sort of context. The cave has produced an abundance of Roman remains, particularly metalwork (brooches, bracelets, rings, pendants, pins, tweezers, various furniture fittings, tools, metalworking waste), pottery, and animal remains. 13 coins have also been found, along with remains of 4 inhumations (one of which may be medieval). The Roman artefacts belong predominantly to the 2nd and early 3rd century AD. The cave has been variously interpreted as a """"shrine"""", with an emphasis on deposition of metalwork within a pool inside the cave; a """"domestic site""""; and a place where metalworking was undertaken (this seems like the most convincing interpretation - unfinished brooches and moulds for casting of fibulae were recovered. It has been suggested that the cave was particularly attractive as a workshop as a result of the stable temperature - an advantage in casting Bronze.). Prehistoric material is represented solely by a few flints and potsherds."""
22012,100,400,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,1,Yes,Yes,No,No,Yes,Yes,river valley,mixed,No,No,No,"A small RB settlement comprising at least five house platforms as well as fieldsystems and a stock pen. A burial was excavated near one of the house platforms. A second settlement (Roystone Grange 2 - see 22013) has been identified, a solitary dwelling set in an enclosure, though less information is available on this site. The excavated aisled rectangular building measured 20 x 12 metres. Pottery finds suggest a date from the early-to-mid 2nd century through to the third or fourth century. Evidence for small scale lead mining near the site in the form of a small quarry pit (rake) although it is not absolutely clear that this was Roman rather than prehistoric. A useful overview of the site is detailed in R. Hodges 'Roystone Grange: 6000 Years of a Peakland Landscape' (2006)."
22014,100,400,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,3,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,No,No,No,"A small settlement which has suffered considerable destruction since first surveyed by Makepeace in 1980. Originally it consisted of at least three roundhouses. One was constructed of large gritstone boulders set on edge with gritstone paving internally, the other two were less substantial features. Excavated in the mid-20th century by the Heathcotes of Birchover but poorly recorded. The discovery of a polychrome glass bowl may possibly indicate wealthy occupants. Two small field terraces to the north may indicate some agricultural activity. The site includes what may be the best preserved round house of the Peak District region, which has been excavated but not published. Makepeace describes how the Hunter Archaeological Society excavated a double orthostat-walled, circular house with paved/cobbled floor. The house measured 4.25 x 5.48 metres (Makepeace 1998, 119).A walkover ahead of an extension to the quarry to the west produced little additional information (see grey literature report associated with this site)."
22015,100,400,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,No,No,No,"Located approximately 300 metres to the north east of 22014. The site contains a number of platforms together with rock shelters among the rocks. Many of the rock shelters were excavated by the Heathcotes in the mid-20th century but the information available from these excavations is very limited. The site is thought to be contemporary with 22014 (2nd to 4th century). Flat and beehive querns have been found from these settlements, but as yet there is no evidence for manufacture (Makepeace 1998, 119)."
22021,50,400,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"A small settlement site recorded by field survey and some excavation. A substantial number of RB sherds were recovered, but no further details are available (Makepeace 1998, 114-116)."
22022,250,400,,,large (9+ ha),unclassified,Yes,,,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,No,No,No,"A site known primarily through earthworks, but which has seen some excavation. The earthworks suggest a large complex site that can be divided into two main areas, a domestic nucleus and 'celtic' fields. The potentially nucleated site lies on the promontory of Chee Tor, above the meander of the River Wye, and comprises domestic house sites or crofts associated with smaller pens or enclosures. Some of the larger enclosures appear to be walled pens constructed of slab-on-edge and rubble walling. The site has been partially excavated and, although scant, the evidence points to a settlement late in the 3rd and 4th centuries AD. Lead collection and lead working also evident (Makepeace 1998,116). As such limited evidence is available from excavation and most features are undated the site is recorded as an unclassified farm here, though if the earthwork enclosures are all contemporary and of Roman date then the site may be better regarded as a 'complex farm'."
22031,100,300,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,No,No,No,"A small settlement excavated by the Heathcotes of Birchover during the 20th century but little information was recorded. The site was surveyed by Makepeace in 1959, before the area was laid over to plantation. It consists of an enclosure wall with internal divisions. In it were remains of a gritstone paved area, probably a house platform with an entrance area which had a gritstone door sill with pivot hole. A large amount of RB pottery was recovered from this site by the Heathcotes, and Makepeace describes the material as 2nd to 3rd century AD in date. Makepeace classifies the site as a 'protected homestead' (Makepeace 1998, 119)."
22050,200,400,,,large (9+ ha),unclassified,Yes,,10,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,No,hill,mixed,Yes,No,No,"The extensive remains of a Romano-British period settlement and fieldsystem, visible as lynchets, terraces, embankments, platforms and orthostatic boulder walls. The settlement stands on gently sloping ground at the foot of a dolomitic limestone outcrop known as Rainster Rocks. A series of low, orthostat walls forming a series of enclosures are a key element of the site. In addition there are earthen terraces and platforms and connecting trackways or droves, forming the remains of a settlement of some complexity. The site lies between the rock face of the outcrop to the north and later ridge and furrow ploughing to the south. Partial excavation of the area in the early 20th century revealed that the site was occupied during the third and fourth centuries AD. Finds included fine and coarse pottery together with metalwork and coins from this period. Further excavations in the 1970s revealed that lead smelting was also likely to have been one of the activities in the settlement. There are between 10 and 12 level platforms on which stood buildings which are thought to have been sub-rectangular in shape. Associated with the settlement are fragments of its fieldsystems lying to the east, west and south east, visible as faint plough marks, terraces and lynchets. These features are bounded in some places by the remains of field banks. The settlement is approached by what appears to be an original track from the present road to the village of Brassington (extracted from the Pastscape record for the site).The main house site consists of a number of house platforms on the side of the tor and its base, most of which are revetted. On the shelf beneath the tor are a series of enclosures, terraces and fields. There are faint traces of a fieldsystem downslope but much of this has been obliterated by ridge and furrow. The settlement nucleus is constructed of orthostat and boulder walling and in places there are terraces which may indicate small agricultural plots. Also there are small enclosures and pens. The evidence seems to indicate a settlement practising mixed farming (Makepeace 1998, 127-129). Metal detectorists have been active in the region and some finds from the area have been recorded on the PAS database."
22055,150,400,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Archaeological evaluation was aided by resistivity survey but constrained by standing structures and accessibility. Despite later disturbance, presumably from ploughing, evidence was retrieved for a rectilinear ditch and other features associated with almost 200 sherds of RB pottery and a beehive quern. There was also some evidence of prehistoric and medieval activity.  The RB pottery was not considered to be closely datable. The presence of three sherds of Antonine samian ware suggests occupation may have origins in the later 2nd century and other wares imply continuation into the 3rd and possibly 4th century. Surviving Roman features indicated a rectilinear ditch system of property division, probably of more than one chronological phase. No identifiable structures were found, but the horizontal finds distribution suggested that one of the trenches may have transected an occupation area. Another possible Roman domestic settlement in Bolsover where excavation revealed a ditch is recorded on this database (reference 22067)."
22057,50,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Evaluation ahead of development at Derby Racecourse Park which revealed evidence for the metalled Roman road and roadside industrial activity. Cremation and inhumation burials were also discovered, east of the previously known extent of the Roman cemetery, and also south of the road. A rubble foundation found south of the road may represent a funerary structure (mausoleum) similar to a type previously found north of the road (Wheeler 1985) (this database number 22074). Field boundary ditches were also recorded."
22058,-100,400,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"A site occupying a hog-backed ridge of gravel to the south of Derby, overlooking the Trent Valley to the south and Sinfin Moor to the north. It is composed of two groups of cropmarks lying to the east and west of Lowes Lane. One set of cropmarks is of prehistoric date, including a BA barrow cemetery, whilst the other is a system of rectilinear land-division together with a double-ditched droveway. Excavation indicates that the cropmarks relate to a RB settlement site and a substantial quantity of Iron Age and Roman pottery, animal bone, flint and an incomplete RB brooch were recovered. Specialist reports are not included in the report and are only available in the archive and so detailed finds data is lacking for this site. Slag fragments found within one pit are interpreted as possible RB industrial activity."
22062,-100,400,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Excavations focussed on a prehistoric ring ditch revealed a dense pattern of pits, post-holes, ditches and gullies to the south and east of the ring ditch. Whilst some were undated some included Iron Age and RB pottery sherds. Features included two probable cooking pits. The site may have seen domestic settlement but the excavators suggest it may have been seasonal, given the likelihood of winter flooding, and that perhaps it was associated with movement of stock to the summer pastures of the floodplain."
22063,1,200,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,mixed,No,No,No,"A major late IA and RB settlement engaged in mixed farming and possibly in industrial activities such as pottery manufacture. Occupation may have been centred within a curved enclosure ditch, although features were also recorded beyond the enclosure. A rich collection of pottery and other artefacts were discovered and traces of wall plaster, dressed stone and a possible tessera suggest that the settlement may have had buildings of architectural pretension during the RB period. Discoveries of lead and iron artefacts also add to the impression of modest wealth. Environmental evidence suggested an open cleared environment with little mature woodland with evidence for arable and pasture. Geophysical survey also revealed a significant amount of additional information."
22064,75,300,200,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,river valley,mixed,No,No,No,"Excavation over an area of cropmarks demonstrated intermittent occupation from the Neolithic to the Saxon period, including an Iron Age settlement and fieldsystem with at least three separate foci, prehistoric ritual monuments, two Romano-British farmsteads and a small Saxon settlement. It is not clear whether or not the Iron Age settlement continued into the Roman period without a break. This record concerns Farmstead I (Farmstead II is the subject of record 22072). In addition to the material recorded by Wheeler (1979 DAJ 99), the grey literature report GL2213 at Willington Quarry 'An Archaeological Watching-Brief during Haul Road Construction at Willington Quarry, Derbyshire' Revealed evidence for an extension of the RB features. The Romano-British features included a rectangular enclosure, subdivided internally, termed 'Romano-British Farmstead I', which perhaps originated in the late 1st century. In the later 2nd century part of this area apparently went out of use, probably because of flooding, whilst the rest was used for arable purposes. This might indicate a change in the economy at this time, with less emphasis on stock, although it may simply be a reorganisation of land use. Isolated RB artefacts and features were found over the whole excavated area at the site and included a corn drier cut into a late Neolithic barrow to the east of Farmstead 1. Several enclosure complexes were not excavated and so RB settlement may extend over a wider area."
22065,50,150,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),complex,Yes,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"An archaeological evaluation and watching brief revealed the presence of Roman features including spreads, pits, gullies and ditches. They dated from the late-first to early-second century AD and may possibly represent a linear settlement and activity along the Roman road of Ryknield Street. The site lies 400 metres to the south of the early Roman fort at Strutt's Park and 600 metres south west of the fort and vicus at Little Chester. The excavators of the site suggest that some of the activity recorded may be associated with the Strutt Park fort, although the majority of evidence post-dates the fort, and so the site may be an independent settlement which developed as a suburb of Little Chester, growing up along the road. Pottery recovered from the site, including samian, suggests a mid-first century to mid-second century AD date. Pottery sherds of a decorated samian bowl suggest a date of AD 75-80. A ditch included domestic refuse including animal bone and mid-to-late first century pottery. Wall plaster and roof tiles suggest that there were RB buildings associated with the site, although none were excavated. The primary function of some of the pits excavated appears to have been for small-scale quarrying of the Mercia Mudstone."
22066,50,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,No,No,No,"Trial excavation revealed fairly large quantities of Roman CBM including imbrex and tegula, though few objects were securely stratified. The finds may be related to a large ditch which produced RB pottery, discovered in the 1980s, immediately south east of the evaluation area. These features may be associated with the RB ditched enclosure at Closes Farm, which lies to the north west of the evaluated area (Closes Farm referred to by Eleanor Scott (1993) in 'A Gazetteer of Roman Villas in Britain, page 49', but no excavation report). The Pastscape record for Closes Farm describes the as 'A Roman period ditch of V section containing pottery of early second to fourth century, tesserae, daub, glass, quern fragments, lead, iron and a coin of Arcadius were found during excavation of facilities for a caravan site at close farm'."
22067,50,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Trial excavations in Bolsover revealed evidence for Roman activity in the form of a ditch which included RB pottery. The pottery suggested a date for activity during the 2nd to 3rd centuries AD. The ditch and pottery may relate to a domestic settlement. The ditch has been compared by the excavator to ditches excavated at Sherwood Lodge, Bolsover (this database reference 22055), and it has been suggested that the activity here is contemporary with that at Sherwood Lodge."
22068,100,200,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,2,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"An area of metalling interpreted  as a stance for a timber building on an artificially cut terrace and perhaps a strip building associated with a road (though the orientation suggests not the road to the nearby fort at Little Chester, but perhaps a trackway to it). A 2nd century date for the building is tentatively suggested based upon the pottery recovered from the silt overlying the metalling. Further metalling has been interpreted as possible evidence for another building platform. The character of the site is uncertain but classified as a possible farm here."
22070,150,300,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Evaluation trenches revealed evidence for a Romano-British rural settlement dating from the mid to late second and third centuries AD, comprising numerous gullies, a probable enclosure ditch and a possible pit. The dominance of local coarse wares, the scarcity of regional imports and the absence of finewares and continental imports suggests that the site was a rural farmstead. Ryknield Street Roman road passes through the northern part of the site (though not through the farmstead itself) on a NE-SW alignment, originally connecting Wall (Staffs) to Little Chester fort, and beyond to Chesterfield."
22071,150,300,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Geophysical survey and subsequent evaluation trenching near the site of Navio fort and vicus at Brough-on-Noe, revealed a number of ditches and gullies across the eastern half of the site, a number of which contained RB artefacts. No strong evidence for structures was recovered, though small quantities of Roman CBM, including a small number of imbrex fragments and a possible tegula fragment, are suggestive of occupation.  Linear features, thought to represent boundaries, were interpreted as being of agricultural or pastoral use. Pottery evidence suggests that the features date from AD 150-300. The evidence has been seen to relate to the area previously interpreted as the western vicus at Navio fort, which has been suggested to be an area of noxious trades, explaining its apparent detachment from the fort (Dearne 1993). However, the results from the trial excavations yielded no evidence for noxious trades in this part of the vicus, and the lack of some pottery types here which are present at the fort may imply that the site was a relatively unsophisticated site of low status and had few links to the fort.  The suggestion that the site is associated with farming is perhaps a better explanation than it being a site for noxious activity, and the site is recorded as a fieldsystem for the purposes of this database."
22072,50,200,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,mixed,No,No,Yes,"Excavation over an area of cropmarks demonstrated intermittent occupation from the Neolithic to the Saxon period, including an Iron Age settlement and fieldsystem with at least three separate foci, prehistoric ritual monuments, two Romano-British farmsteads and a small Saxon settlement. It is not clear whether or not the Iron Age settlement continued into the Roman period without a break. This record concerns Farmstead II (Farmstead I is the subject of record 22064).   In addition to the material recorded by Wheeler (1979 DAJ 99), the grey literature report GL2213 at Willington Quarry 'An Archaeological Watching-Brief during Haul Road Construction at Willington Quarry, Derbyshire'  Revealed evidence for an extension of the RB features.   'Romano-British Farmstead II' was shown through excavation to be a series of successive enclosures of Roman date, with all datable features excavated belonging to the 1st and 2nd centuries AD, possibly into the early 3rd century. Unstratified pottery of 3rd to 4th century date occurred in the plough soil and so modern ploughing may have removed traces of a later Roman settlement in the area.   The later IA phase belonged somewhere between the 4th and 1st century BC, represented by four to six hut circles, a large palisaded enclosure and the earliest phase of occupation on Romano-British Farmstead I. Two of the hut circles may be Iron Age or Romano-British in date as there was scant dating evidence available."
22073,50,400,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,Yes,hill,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"The remains of a Romano British settlement located on the gritstone margins of the Peak District and visible remains include a series of terraces revetted by large orthostats. The site occupies sloping unimproved ground overlooking the Hood Brook. In addition, there are small irregular enclosures bounded by wide stone walls and also platforms indicating probable buildings. The present ruinous boundary wall to semi-improved fields to the south of the settlement is constructed from large orthostats and clearance material, indicating that the wall is also of Romano-British origin. The settlement contains a series of rectangular terraces facing downslope to the west and orientated north-south. Each of the terraces is revetted at the long downslope side by a row of substantial orthostats. A trackway passes through the south of the site. In addition to the rectangular terraces there are irregular enclosures, most of which appear to form small yard areas which are likely to have been associated with the domestic buildings of the settlement. The entire complex measures 200 metres by 150 metres. A minor 20th century excavation revealed the probable site of a domestic building with Roman period pottery, a gritstone quern and pieces of chert, slag and burnt material. Traces of coursed stonework, revealed by the excavation, are still visible and the excavation also exposed the careful setting of the row of orthostats in the revetment wall. The small, irregular enclosures are bounded by either orthostat walls or by wide walls of double orthostats infilled with smaller stones which may well have been from the original clearance of the land. The now ruinous boundary wall to the south of the settlement complex is irregular and consists of a bank of cleared stones containing large orthostats, some forming a revetment to the embankment, others arranged as a double alignment. The site is interpreted as a farmstead (summary taken from Pastscape)."
22074,80,350,150,,small (<1 - 3 ha),complex,Yes,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,Yes,river valley,uncertain,Yes,Yes,No,"A Roman roadside industrial site and cemetery on Derby Racecourse, east of the fort at Little Chester which lies approximately 600 metres to the west. The industrial site comprises several Roman pottery kilns, in use until c AD 120, with two kilns in operation until the Antonine period. Iron working was also carried out at the site. The cemetery, situated to the east of the industrial complex, included a line of five mausolea and a cremation burial in a jug, a walled cemetery area, and a number of cremations and inhumations lying between the mausolea and the walled cemetery. The building of the mausolea began in the late-first or early-second century, at around the time of the beginning of the pottery industry at the site. The Roman road was also exposed, and no features pre-dating the road were recovered. It is thought likely, however, that the road predated or was contemporary with the establishment of the industrial settlement, and constructed shortly after the establishment of the fort at Little Chester, in the 80s AD. No buildings of stone survived, but their presence was inferred from scatters of unworked stones found from all over the site. There was evidence for timber buildings and fragments of tile were found scattered over the site and included tegulae and imbrices, indicating that some of the buildings in the settlement were roofed with tile. No certain domestic features were recovered, unless some of the hearths were domestic ovens rather than industrial structures, although the presence of quern stones, large quantities of animal bones and an infant burial were all seen as potential evidence for domestic occupation. The author suggests that most, if not all, hearths were metalworking hearths or furnaces. Iron slag was recovered from all over the site, probably associated with smithing. Although dating for specific activities is limited, it is suggested that metalworking developed as the principal industrial activity after the production of pottery ceased in the mid-second century, though slag in some earlier features hints at some activity before then. Smithing apparently continued into the fourth century."
22075,100,200,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plain or plateau,uncertain,No,No,No,"Wessex Archaeology undertook a programme of strip, map and record ahead of the extension of a surface mine at Lodge House, east of Smalley. The site occupies a slight spur in the generally flat local topography. Earlier phases of geophysical survey and evaluation had revealed the presence of a sub-circular or D-shaped enclosure (approx. 90m x 100m) and associated features of probable Romano-British date. Little structural evidence was found, but a reasonably large assemblage of Roman pottery was recovered from the fills of the enclosure ditches.  The enclosure had an entrance on the west. Internal features included pits, and a rectilinear enclosure was identified to the north of the D-shaped enclosure of approx. 1700m2 in area. Outside the two enclosures there were a number of pits. The second enclosure is thought to be later than the D-shaped enclosure, and probably of late 1st/early 2nd century origin. The date of the D-shaped enclosure is more uncertain ? it is possibly of late Iron Age date, and a small number of LIA sherds were recovered, though in the report it is regarded as undated, and that the pottery fills in its later ditch provide a terminus ante quem for its construction. The site was considered low status based on the pottery assemblage."
22076,100,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,1,No,No,No,No,No,Yes,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"A small-scale excavation was undertaken on a site with commanding views over the mid Derwent and Amber valleys, where a large hoard of late 3rd century radiate coins had been discovered by a metal detector user. The coins were shown to have been associated with a mortared stone building and tiles, brick and wall plaster were found, as well as a beaten earth floor. The coins had been buried in a pit. The evidence from coins and pottery suggests activity from the 2nd to 4th centuries AD. The site is thought to be of a higher status than some others in the vicinity."
22077,-100,200,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,Evaluation and a watching brief revealed archaeological features dating from between the mid-late Iron Age and early Roman periods. In one trench a prehistoric gully was bisected by a linear alignment of pits or postholes of uncertain date. Two small postholes dating from the early Roman period were also recorded in this trench. The features located in the other trenches included small gullies and a larger ditch feature. Together these features suggest that the higher ground on the site may be the focus of activities associated with a small farmstead. The watching brief recorded additional early Roman activity.
22078,190,280,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,1,No,No,No,No,Yes,Yes,hill,uncertain,No,No,No,"Site of a Romano-British aisled building, excavated in Stubbin Wood, occupying a low ridge of limestone with steep slopes to the east, commanding a wide view to the west and south-west. Site initially recognised through finds of many pot sherds and a denarius of Caracalla. Rectangular building foundations of undressed stone and post-holes, indicating an aisled building. Pottery from one posthole dated to end of 2nd century AD (c. AD 190-200). Bulk of pottery of early-mid 3rd century, with smaller number of later 3rd century types.  Other features included a hearth. No tiles found and it is suggested that roof was thatched. Apparent rectangular enclosure surrounding the building, surviving as stony bank. Five denarii found likely to be a small hoard or purse loss."
22079,50,350,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,No,No,No,"A cave in Taddington Dale excavated in 1909. Finds included Bronze and Iron Age pottery, Roman pottery plus coins, 1st and 2nd century bronze brooches, iron implements including knives, some bone objects, spindlewhorls and whetstones. Also an early 4th century coin. A lost glass bead may have been Iron Age. Animal remains were recovered, but seem to have been mainly post-Roman. Dating here is based on the coins and brooches, and a broad 1st-mid-4th century date is suggested."
22080,-100,100,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plain or plateau,uncertain,No,No,No,"Two burials were found in a garden in 1856 and were initially interpreted as either Iron Age or Anglo-Saxon on the basis of the finds. A recent reassessment indicates that they are of late Iron Age date, from between the 2nd century BC to the 1st or early 2nd century AD. The artefacts associated with them were utilitarian agricultural and domestic equipment."
22081,75,250,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,Yes,No,"A cave site approx. three miles SE of Buxton in a dry tributary valley of Wye Dale. The cave was excavated several times during the 19th and 20th centuries, and a number of finds were made. Branigan and Dearne reassessed the material in 1991. It was notable that the majority of material was of Roman date, though some earlier finds were recovered. The nature of the activity is difficult to define, but some domestic occupation is thought probable, and burials outside the cave, at least one of which seems to be Romano-British, perhaps strengthen this idea. It was notable, however, that the metalwork from the cave was of outstanding quality - especially the brooches, and Branigan and Bayley suggest that the cave was used for metalworking (as they also suggest for Poole's Cavern, Buxton). Branigan et al dismiss the suggestion that there may therefore be a ritual element to the activity, though the site has been characterised as a potential shrine here, as some have suggested a ritual use. The distribution of the finds was considered important - most of the quality metalwork was from the slope outside the cave. Branigan and Dearne suggest a chronology for the use of the cave as late 1st century AD to mid-to-late 3rd century."
22082,150,200,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,1,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,No,No,No,"A 19 trench evaluation in advance of proposed residential development revealed part of a Roman farmstead settlement dating to the 2nd century AD. The features consisted of a boundary ditch with a small adjoining enclosure. To the north of the boundary evidence of domestic activity was recorded in the form of pits and a possible beamslot for a timber building. No activity was recorded within the enclosure itself, which may have functioned as a small animal stocking enclosure."
23001,50,350,175,275,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,No,,2,No,Yes,Yes,No,Yes,Yes,river valley,uncertain,No,Yes,No,"A complex of some five acres of multi-period finds and features was found during reconstruction of the car park at Whitwell Fishing Lodge in 1976. The finds of earliest date were an oblique arrowhead and a collared urn but the earliest features were Iron Age, and comprised ditched enclosures surrounding post holes and pits. Early Roman pottery was found in association with a series of shallow gullies and a corndrier. In the late 2nd or early 3rd century a large aisled building was constructed, which was succeeded by a rectangular stone building of four rooms with a passage, and another room was added later. Interpreted by the excavator as a possible villa. Two iron smelting furnaces were found in one room, and a dumb-bell shaped furnace was found nearby. One burial was found (date uncertain). A Medieval building was also recorded. Phasing: After Iron Age settlement, little evidence for late pre-Roman Iron Age settlement, and the next phase began at about the mid-1st century AD, based on pottery. This followed by the phase in which the timber aisled building was constructed, during the second half of the second century, or at the latest, the beginning of the third. This heralded a shift in occupation from the south of the area excavated, and the area of the timber building now became the focus for the settlement. This was followed by a building with stone foundations along the same orientation as its timber predecessor, constructed before the end of the third century. This structure was abandoned at around the middle of the 4th century. A rectilinear fieldsystem was associated with the two rectangular buildings and a fenced enclosure was perhaps associated with horses or livestock."
23002,50,400,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Fieldwalking, geophysical survey and trial excavation produced a small amount of evidence for Romano-British settlement/landscape use. There is a cropmark feature which is thought to relate to an IA or Roman fieldsystem  and this respects an earlier BA barrow."
23003,-100,200,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"A site at Enderby, 7km south west of Leicester, occupying a slight south-east facing slope overlooking the confluences of Lubbesthorpe Brook and other tributary streams that flow into the River Soar to the east. Geophysics, trial trenching and excavation were undertaken, revealing a mid-to-late Iron Age ditched boundary system which was then reused and remodelled shortly after the Roman conquest to form part of a new settlement system extending to the east. Roman burials were recovered which may relate to this as yet unconfirmed Roman settlement. The ditched system may relate to two Late Iron Age and Roman settlements in the Grove Farm area (see database numbers 23010 and 23011).The ditch has been interpreted as part of a settlement boundary, supported in the author's view by the presence of the six burials and their relationship to the western ditch. Evidence for the Fosse Way Roman road was also recovered during the evaluation trenching and the watching brief, passing approximately 150 metres from the site."
23004,1,70,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,,2,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,Yes,No,"An early to mid-first century AD enclosed settlement was excavated at Cadeby Quarry in advance of gravel extraction. The excavation revealed evidence for two sub-rectangular structures, along with evidence for structured deposition and pottery production. The settlement appears to have lasted until circa AD 60 or 70. Geophysical survey was also undertaken. The site comprised a large rectangular enclosure with an easterly orientated entrance and internal structures and associated features. Immediately to the south of this a linear ditched boundary was located, along with dispersed settlement activity to the south. The late IA sub-rectangular timber structures have been seen as a clear departure from IA building construction. The site is seen as important for the evidence it provides for this transitional period. Small scale grain processing and iron workings appear to have taken place near some of the structures. Structured deposition earlier in the IA may be represented by the deliberate placing of pottery vessels and saddle querns in pits. A possible pottery kiln may have been used for manufacturing mid-first century pottery, evidenced by partially vitrified sand and fuel ash."
23006,300,400,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,Yes,No,"A site on fairly flat land, outside the village of Appleby Magna. Excavation revealed a late Romano-British farmstead with evidence for up to three sunken-featured buildings including pits with late fourth century pottery in the fill. Other associated features included gullies and ditches, perhaps representing Roman field boundaries. A corn dryer revealed evidence for carbonised cereal grains with high proportions of spelt and barley. Evidence for chaff suggests that crop processing was carried out on site and fragments of quern stones recovered indicate that milling also occurred. Cobbled surfaces associated with at least one or two of the structures have been interpreted as possible threshing floors. An apparently carefully placed cattle cranium, complete with horns, was placed at the intersection of two gullies, representing evidence for structured deposition."
23007,-100,350,100,200,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,1,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Geophysical survey and evaluation in advance of construction of a pipeline revealed a long-lived rectangular or polygonal enclosure, a group of small gullies, along with a number of pits. The enclosure may have had an Iron Age origin and was recut and maintained through the Roman period.  A single small ring gully may represent evidence for settlement-related structural remains. The excavators have argued for a broad continuity of use throughout the settlement's lifetime, although the site seems to have been much less intensively used in the middle years of the Roman period (2nd century AD to early 3rd century), judging from the comparative lack of finds. The third-or fourth century ditches were on a different orientation. The site revealed a comparatively rich artefactual assemblage, including middle Iron Age pottery and Iron Age 'grey slag' production waste, late Iron Age pottery, Romano-British pottery, CBM, tegulae and charred plant remains as well as a button-and-loop fastener. Evidence for ironworking at a very small scale was suggested by a moderate amount of hammerscale recovered from a soil sample associated with a ditch of the 2nd to early third centuries."
23008,-50,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,Yes,Yes,No,"Geophysical survey and evaluation trenching in advance of construction of a pipeline revealed intercutting systems of rectilinear ditches and gullies, a number of pits and postholes, several burnt features interpreted as hearths or kilns and a metalled surface, probably a trackway. The site has been interpreted as being on the periphery of a settlement rather than being a focus for settlement on account of a high number of finds being residual, and interpreted as casual detritus or manure scatters. Linear features are interpreted as drains for water management. A single human, mature adult male burial was also recorded, buried within a late third to fourth century ditch. Artefacts ranged in date from the early first to the fourth centuries, with activity peaking in the latter half of the range. There was evidence for a late Iron Age origin for the settlement. The discovery of pairs of cattle mandibles and horse mandibles from the pre-Roman ditch raises the possibility of structured deposition, although this is uncertain."
23009,75,350,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,hill,mixed,No,Yes,No,"Geophysical survey and evaluation in advance of construction of a pipeline revealed an area enclosed by a rectilinear ditch, within the corner of which was a 7 metre deep stone-lined well, dating to the late Roman period. A system of small rectilinear ditches, two small oven-like features and several small pits were also excavated. The remains represent the corner of an area of occupation extending to the north and west of the area of excavation, in use from possibly the late 1st century AD to the middle of the fourth century. The settlement was modestly prosperous, at least in the early period, with access to imported pottery. The occupation area was enclosed by a rectilinear ditch with rounded corners, which seems to have been established at an early stage but was maintained and enlarged. The oven-like features are interpreted as domestic structures. The well was in use for at most around 200 years. Two complete pottery vessels recovered from its lowest fills are likely to be of 2nd or early third century date, and whilst they may have been used for gathering water their small size and impracticality for this task may suggest that they were deliberately deposited (as well as for other fine ware vessels such as a Nene Valley beaker). A pewter jug recovered from the well may possibly also have been deliberately deposited as ritual deposition of pewter vessels is well attested. The complete and near complete vessels in the lower fills of the well may result from a single event marking the disuse of the well or a time of limited duration when the well shaft took on a ritual function. The infilling of the well shaft may also have been a ritual act, particularly as it contained complete animal carcasses, including at least two cattle and two sheep, which may have been of symbolic significance. However, the carcasses and their context seem to be associated with the abandonment of the well and its final backfilling, perhaps suggesting against ritual significance. Additional finds from the well included six coins, a socketed iron hook and six pieces of worked stone, including rotary quern fragments. As an alternative to ritual activity, the back filling could have been a result of the dumping of rubbish or as a safety precaution. Rubble from the top of the well suggests a superstructure at the top."
23010,-50,50,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,4,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,No,No,No,"Excavation ahead of development on an enclosure known from cropmarks revealed at least two main phases of occupation, characterised by a pair of different sized roundhouses enclosed within a large ditch with a gated entrance. The site is late Iron Age in date and yielded no evidence for post-conquest occupation although a small assemblage of Roman pottery was recovered (all grey ware fabrics of probable 4th century date). A single cremation burial has been recovered from outside one of the roundhouses, previously interpreted as Anglo-Saxon, but now considered more likely to be late Iron Age. Within the enclosure there were four roundhouses, not all necessarily dwellings. Two of the roundhouses were interpreted as being from one phase, the other two from a subsequent phase. The different phased roundhouses appear to have been built using different techniques; the first with deep concentric ring gullies; the second with far shallower concentric ring gullies, perhaps used as a setting for a ground beam as a base for the walls. It has been suggested that the larger roundhouses, with evidence for a central post, may have been domestic structures whilst the smaller ones are more likely to be for ancillary purposes such as workshops or kitchens. A second, probably later, enclosure is known from higher ground to the north of this enclosure, known from cropmarks and a watching brief (database number 23011). It is possible that this site was abandoned as a result of water-logging and the family unit moved to the larger and later enclosure. Curvilinear gullies and other features may have represented evidence for even earlier structures, perhaps pre-enclosure. Pottery from one of the gullies associated with a roundhouse has been interpreted as domestic waste rather than a structured deposit."
23011,-100,50,-25,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,5,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,hill,mixed,No,No,No,"Fieldwalking, geophysical survey and excavation undertaken ahead of development over a D-shaped cropmark produced evidence for an Iron Age settlement with some earlier prehistoric activity. The IA occupation had two phases; an initial phase of unenclosed settlement based around two circular buildings followed by a period of complex development with many changes occurring over a relatively short period of time (approximately 50 to 75 years), probably from around the end of the first century BC to the mid-first century AD. Development included the provision and replacement of several enclosure ditches which may have been partly defensive in function. Other activities are represented by circular buildings, ovens, external hearths and ironworking areas. The little Romano-British material recovered suggests that the site ceased to be occupied before or very soon after the conquest, with the few RB pottery sherds interpreted as manuring scatters."
23012,-50,100,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,2,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,mixed,No,Yes,No,"Excavation ahead of extension to a quarry revealed a D-shaped ditched enclosure of 55 x 47 metres, covering 0.19 hectares. The enclosure contained two circular structures (interpreted as roundhouses) as well as a series of gullies and pits. It is unclear whether the two roundhouses were contemporary. If so, one may have been a dwelling and one a storehouse or kitchen.  The enclosure ditch may have post-dated one or both roundhouses. The enclosure ditch was cut at least once and may have continued as a stock enclosure into the early Roman period. In addition to late Iron Age pottery an early Roman vessel was also present in the enclosure ditch, perhaps representing continuation of use into the 1st-2nd centuries (and poss. structured deposition?). An additional Iron Age farmstead was excavated nearby (record number 23017)."
23013,100,300,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,No,plain or plateau,mixed,No,No,No,"Area excavation ahead of development investigated a mid-Iron Age settlement which also produced evidence for a Romano-British enclosure and a linear boundary, set over the MIA enclosure during the second and third centuries AD. To the east a large rectilinear enclosure was divided by a north-south ditch with a trapezoidal enclosure in one half, and this seems to have been the more important area of RB occupation, with the smaller enclosure perhaps a stock pen. As there was a hiatus between occupation of several centuries only the Roman site is reported on here. The RB occupation seems to have lasted nearly two centuries, dating from the early 2nd to late 3rd centuries. Tile recovered from the excavations suggests that buildings lay nearby. It has been suggested that this site was peripheral to a principal focus of occupation. The close proximity of Watling Street may have had an influence on the location of the Roman occupation. Mancetter lies five km to the north and Mancetter mortaria are present at the site."
23014,-100,50,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,Yes,No,"Salvage excavation during construction work revealed a pit containing human remains and associated charred plant remains, sawn antler and a range of ceramic artefacts, including fragments of at least two loom weights. The pottery suggests a late Iron Age date, though a range from the mid fifth/fourth century BC to first century AD is possible. The cobbles, pottery and charred deposits of grain and antler may represent rubbish but they may also represent structured deposition. The inclusion of sawn and burnt antler in the burial may signify ritual burning as part of the burial. Also, the high proportion of grains with the low ratios of glumes and weed seeds showed that it was a cleaned prime grain product. As there were no signs of burning in the pit it was concluded that the grain had been burnt elsewhere before being deposited in the pit, making it unlikely that this was a storage pit."
23015,-100,50,1,,medium (4 - 8 ha),complex,Yes,3,,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,No,hill,mixed,No,Yes,No,"Excavation revealed evidence for a mid-to-late Iron Age farming settlement which was preceded by a Bronze Age enclosure of unknown function. The site grew into what has been termed a possible 'village' of considerable size and importance, though the true extent of the site in the LIA is uncertain. The main period of occupation at the site was during the late IA, in the first century BC and early first century AD. There were several phases of roundhouse building. Phase 1 was mid-late Bronze Age; Phase 1b mid-late IA; Phase 2 1st century BC; Phase 3, early first century AD. This record focusses on Phases 1b, 2 and 3 at the site. A single cremation burial was found on the settlement site in the later Iron Age phase. Excavated evidence indicates a mixed economy, with cereals and animals being farmed. Cattle were used as draft animals and horses were also present and eaten. Spelt wheat and barley were processed on and near the site. A large assemblage of mid-to-late IA pottery was recovered. There is evidence for metalworking on the site at a small scale. A number of drainage ditches for round houses were present, together with other enclosures, probably for domestic occupation and possibly for the keeping of stock. One roundhouse may have had a ceremonial or other important function. Small pieces of human bone recovered from ditches may possibly indicate that excarnation was undertaken on or near site. Some structured deposition of pottery and animal bones may have taken place. The site is of special interest due to its location near the important late IA site at Leicester. Fine pottery and the discovery of two Roman Republican coins at the site indicate that the site had widespread trading connections. As several of the roundhouses appear to have been in use together at the same times the settlement is included here as a potential village."
23016,-100,150,50,100,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,1,2,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,No,hill,mixed,Yes,No,No,"A system of enclosures and a trackway, previously known from aerial photography, were investigated in advance of mining, revealing a complex multi-phase settlement showing changing patterns of site and land organisation during the Late Iron Age and early Roman periods. There appears to have been a gap in occupation between the mid-first century AD when the IA occupation ended and the early second century AD when the Roman occupation began. The Iron Age settlement was 'dynamic', with periods of enclosure and dispersal of settlement occurring, with six phases of development recognised between the mid-second century BC to the mid-first century AD. The changes, however, are seen as being organic, with a basic enclosure pattern reused and redefined, although mayor changes do occur in the later phases of the late Iron Age occupation, where previous ditch alignments are disregarded, perhaps reflecting a change in economy. Throughout the settlement history there is a gradual shift from the slightly higher ground in the west to the lower ground in the east. A four post structure, of a type sometimes interpreted as granaries, was constructed in the late Iron Age. There is no evidence for the function of this structure at this site. Two sub-rectangular buildings of uncertain function were also constructed in the late Iron Age. Similar structures have been interpreted as shrines elsewhere, although there is no evidence for this here. During the Roman period, in the early second century AD, a large enclosure was constructed, respecting the earlier trackway. This may demonstrate some continuity between phases, despite an apparent absence of Roman occupation on the site. The trackway has a metalled phase which is thought to belong to the Roman period. Roman structural evidence is thought to be limited to a semi-circular building, although brick and tile found in the enclosure ditch may indicate a more substantial building in the vicinity. The evidence for Roman settlement is short-lived, with a pottery range of between c. AD 100-150. Some iron working took place on the site and salt was being brought in, evidenced by fragments of briquetage."
23017,50,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,1,No,No,Yes,Yes,No,Yes,hill,uncertain,No,No,No,"An evaluation of the site of Drayton Roman villa comprised geophysical survey and trial excavation. The site was previously known through fieldwalking and casual finds. Results suggest that the villa establishment can be viewed within the changing pattern of settlement in the area of the Medbourne Survey, as one of eight similar sites spaced evenly along or close to the Welland Valley. The villa appears to have remained relatively modest throughout its lifetime, in contrast to the nearby Drayton I Roman villa. The orientation of the walls suggests that the main building faced in a south/south westerly direction and was thus parallel with the Gartree Road running along the valley bottom below it. The majority of finds retrieved during the excavations comprised building materials including tile, tesserae, faced wall plaster, mortar, roofing slate and iron nails. There is little evidence available for the date of construction of the villa, though the pottery assemblage was dominated by the products of the lower Nene Valley, particularly 4th century forms."
23018,-100,400,,,medium (4 - 8 ha),complex,Yes,20,,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,No,plain or plateau,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"One of two sites investigated ahead of gravel extraction lying to the west of the River Trent, 2.4 km south west of its confluence with the River Soar. This site may be part of the same site as 23064, situated to the west, which was later subject to extensive excavation. Together, the two sites may be part of a village, likely to be associated with the villa recorded as database number 23019. The site was fieldwalked followed by small evaluation sondages. It was previously known from aerial photography, with the cropmark revealing a complex of overlapping enclosures including circa 20 roughly circular structures varying between 8 and 11 metres in diameter, indicated by trenches or gullies possibly serving as eaves drips. Rectangular enclosures or compounds are also present and linear features, probably from fieldsystems, are also evident north and south of the settlement. The many overlapping features indicated by the cropmarks suggests several phases of development, probably with Iron Age origins. The settlement appears to be situated on either side of a droveway. Only a very few sherds of Iron Age and Romano-British pottery and tile fragments were recovered from this site."
23019,150,350,200,,medium (4 - 8 ha),unclassified,Yes,,3,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,plain or plateau,uncertain,No,No,No,"One of two sites investigated ahead of gravel extraction lying to the west of the River Trent, 2.4 km south west of its confluence with the River Soar. The site was fieldwalked followed by small evaluation sondages. It was previously known from aerial photography, with the cropmark revealing a rectangular building circa 40 metres long, with a projecting wing to the north. Other buildings, including possible aisled barns, are visible to the south east. All of the buildings appear to be within a large trapezoidal enclosure. Another small rectangular enclosure with a possible entrance lies to the east of the main complex and a pit alignment with linear field boundaries can be seen to the north-east. Excavation in the early 1960s (unpublished) confirmed that the rectangular building was part of a Roman villa and material of AD 2nd to 4th century date was recovered. The fieldwalking produced material of a similar date range.  Large quantities of building material - stone, tile and tesserae - are evident as surface finds. The presence of flue tile and tesserae may suggest a villa with relatively high status, perhaps with a floruit in the 3rd-4th century. The adjacent site (database record 23018) is a rural settlement of enclosures and roundhouses and the proximity of the two sites is notable. It is possible that the villa developed from the adjacent site, although it is also possible that the two sites were occupied during the same period, perhaps with a tenurial distinction. Excavation at site 23064, further west of 23018, revealed part of a dense landscape of activity, interpreted on this database as part of a village, likely to be associated with this villa."
23020,150,400,250,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,2,Yes,No,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,hill,uncertain,No,No,No,"A Roman villa situated approximately half a mile beyond the western boundary of Ratae Coritanorum (Leicester), near the summit of an eastward-sloping slope overlooking the River Soar and the Roman town. Several excavations have been undertaken. The first, in the mid-19th century, revealed tessellated pavements and the lay-out indicates that there were at least two ranges of buildings. The plan of the west wing consists of a range of rooms, the central one of which is apsidal, opening of a corridor to the east, while the north wing is indicated by a second corridor. Additional excavation in 1975 revealed an aisled barn to the south of a central open area or courtyard. Evidence for earlier occupation at the site, pre-dating the main villa buildings, was recovered in the form of a series of channels or gullies. Pottery from these features dated from circa AD 150. In 1979 the north wing of the villa saw some excavation, where there was further evidence for earlier occupation including an earlier building and a number of small hearths or flues and a possible corn dryer. The north wing provided a range of further domestic occupation with a high standard of comfort, with geometric tessellated floors and two rooms with hypocausts. A possible bath block was also found. A cellar with a wooden floor and plastered walls was also discovered. The well preserved plastered walls have been dated to the early 4th century. The chronology of the villa is not certain but a period of occupation in the late third and fourth centuries seems likely."
23021,1,400,50,250,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plain or plateau,uncertain,No,No,No,"An area of late Iron Age and Roman settlement that appears to have been on the margins of settlement, in both periods. Excavation revealed a range of boundary ditches with no evidence for domestic occupation in the immediate vicinity. A late IA ditch, probably part of a ditched enclosure, was the earliest evidence for activity at the site (phase 1). This period of activity is dated to the late pre-Roman Iron Age to the early post-Conquest. The late Iron Age enclosure was then overlain by a series of small plot or infield boundaries dated to the mid-1st century to early 2nd century AD (phase 2). This would seem to indicate that a small farmstead was in the vicinity. The presence of the long lived shelly ware, together with sherds dated to the Roman period, suggests a continuation of settlement even though the land divisions had changed. This does seem to be a relatively common pattern of early Roman occupation overlying or being adjacent to Iron Age settlement in the East Midlands (Taylor 2006, 111; Clay 2001, 4). By the middle of the 3rd century AD (phase 3) the focus of activity seemed to have moved westward, possibly to the other side of the shallow valley, as indicated by 3rd and 4th century quarry pits. Again, the low level of material remains shows that the settlement was further away to the west. The pottery is indicative of a low status small farming settlement, although the presence of pottery such as the Mancetter-Hartshill mortaria and Lower Nene Valley colour coat indicate the links with trading routes. There is little to indicate the nature of the local economy from the late Iron Age to the late Roman period. There are no finds associated with textiles or arable cultivation and very few animal bones. Neither are there personal objects that would indicate a fairly constant human presence, were the sites in fairly close proximity to settlement. Overall, the evidence would indicate that this was an area of low rural status throughout this period."
23022,50,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,plain or plateau,uncertain,No,No,No,"Gullies and post-holes were excavated during evaluation trenching, suggesting a structure of some sort. Pottery recovered from the site suggested a Roman date. A Roman occupation site is known from 70 metres north-west, and it seems likely that this site is related."
23023,50,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Evaluation trenching ahead of development revealed a number of features including potential boundary ditches and pits containing Roman pottery (as well as medieval pottery). As the linear features  are on a similar alignment to the street front they potentially form the delineation of plots associated with Roman occupation along the Tripontium road. However, there is little evidence for domestic activity so the site is recorded as a possible fieldsystem here."
23024,200,400,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plain or plateau,arable,No,No,No,"Excavation, fieldwalking, and geophysical survey ahead of residential development revealed a late Roman farmstead, occupied during the 3rd and 4th centuries AD. This included some structural evidence, agricultural processing activity, enclosures and burials. The presence of roofing tile may indicate a higher status building in the vicinity, as, possibly, do fragments of flue tile, which may indicate a hypocaust. However, no evidence for either structure was recovered during excavation. There was also some evidence for later Iron Age occupation, although there is no evidence for continuation between the two periods and the Iron Age activity may have been some distance away from the later settlement focus. A possible tenurial relationship with the Hamilton villa, approx. 2 km away has been suggested although there is no direct evidence for this. Environmental evidence indicates an open and occupied local landscape with grassland and arable fields. Two corndriers were recovered indicating crop processing. Other activities included iron smelting and smithing indicated by the presence of smelting and smithing slag. A crucible has been taken as evidence for enamelling."
23025,1,50,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,1,1,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,plain or plateau,uncertain,No,No,No,"Excavation ahead of road development revealed evidence suggesting transitional late Iron Age/early Roman activity, with all pottery dating to the 1st century AD. Features included pits, postholes and linear gullies forming possible structures, bound to the north and south by substantial boundary ditches. One feature, a ring ditch with a centrally placed pit, has been interpreted as a possible funerary monument (though there is minimal evidence for this) and another as a possible roundhouse. Some features may pertain to at least one rectangular structure. The site is a rare example of a Late Iron Age occupation with clear Gallo-Belgic influence on the pottery assemblage. Occupation appears chronologically restricted to the Iron Age, possibly the Late Iron Age only. Most recutting and intercutting is focussed at feature level. It appears that the site was not dramatically remodelled during its life."
23026,-50,50,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,1,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,plain or plateau,uncertain,No,No,No,"Excavation revealed an area of Iron Age activity including pits and part of a sub-rectangular enclosure ditch which had several phases of recutting. In another area a sub-circular ring gulley with a possible E entrance may be a domestic structure (although at a diameter of less than 7 metres this would be quite small). Pottery recovered from the features of the site can be firmly dated to the Late Iron Age, distinguishing the activity from the later Roman occupation of nearby Site 6 (database record 23027)."
23027,50,400,200,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,1,1,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,plain or plateau,uncertain,No,No,No,"Excavation ahead of road development revealed evidence suggesting occupation from the early Roman period, with evidence for nearby settlement, perhaps in the form of a small farmstead, during the 1st/2nd centuries AD. Although the pottery finds indicate that activity continued into the 3rd and 4th centuries, later pottery types appear to occur in much smaller quantities, suggesting a shift in the focus of any nearby settlement activity and it is possible that by this time, the land may have been given over to another use, possibly grazing. Structural evidence from the site is thought to relate to a probable single roundhouse and a possible single rectangular building. The roundhouse may have gone out of use relatively early in the occupation of the site, probably during the second century, possibly superseded by the rectangular building. The presence of CBM and slate across the site is also indicative of a significant building in the vicinity. The earliest phase of activity appears to be the apparent remains of a ring-gully with nearby post holes which may be associated. A second group of features located to the north, may also be structural in origin, although heavy disturbance within this area, probably occurring in antiquity, appears to have destroyed any obvious form that any such structure might have taken. The group consisted mainly of occupation layers, including a disturbed cobble surface, which were removed to reveal a series of butt-ending gullies, one of which was found to contain a substantial amount of near complete pottery vessels, including a samian dish, stamped ROPPUS.FE and dated AD100-140. In the southwestern corner of the site were the remains of three sub-rectangular pits, thought to represent possible grave cuts. These deposits were in linear formation, aligned roughly north/south and truncated by a ditch. Although no bone was recovered from these features, due, possibly to the sandy, acidic nature of the fills, one was lined with medium sized cobbles, whilst both of the others were found to contain coffin nails. Ditches on the site are mostly linear in plan, apart from one which may form part of a sub-rectangular enclosure. All ditches were found to contain sherds of 1st/2nd century pottery. An initial assessment of the pottery finds suggests that the latest phase of activity on site may be represented by a large, waterlogged pit, containing pottery dating from the 2nd to the 4th century, which may represent the remains of a sump, or a well."
23028,-100,50,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Evaluation trenches ahead of development revealed a large feature, interpreted as a potentially large enclosure ditch, which produced late Iron Age-early Roman transitional pottery. The limited information available for the site makes it difficult to characterise further and given the lack of any clear evidence for domestic activity the site is recorded as a potential fieldsystem."
23029,50,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,1,Yes,No,Yes,Yes,No,Yes,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"""Excavations in 1955 and 1976 uncovered the remains of a probable Roman villa and possible bath-house. A cement floor and building debris including brick, wall plaster, tesserae and tile were found. The pottery was dated from the 1st to the 4th centuries AD. There is a cropmark of a rectangular enclosure to the north of the villa. A layer of small rubble and fragmentary brick extended over an area about 100 ft. square, interpreted as 'robber's spoil'. This covered a floor of cement with a layer of clay on its surface, presumably of post-Roman date, since it lies directly on the floor-bedding where the floor itself is destroyed. The floor lay on a bedding of orange gravel and clay, and under this was a dark charcoal-flecked soil, merging into the natural subsoil; this is presumably the old pre-villa soil. The floor survived only on the ridge, the furrow having destroyed it and its bedding to a variable degree. In the debris was brick and fragments of tegulae and imbrices. The stone fragments were mainly Lias limestone, with a little ironstone and gravel. No other finds were made. The villa is on a S. - facing slope about 300 ft. from the brook, and is doubtless slightly terraced and orientated at right-angles to the slope. Mr. Pick, the owner of Hamilton Grounds Farm, the tenant of the land, says that many years ago he filled in a hollow in this field with a cartload of soil; and further, that in the S.W. corner of the adjacent field on the E. side he dug a trench from E. to W. about 10 yds. From the brook. This revealed debris """"like a tile-yard"""" - thick ash, burnt soil, and pieces of brick """"decorated with a pattern"""", together with some fragments of grey pottery. The brick sounds like flue-tile, and it seems likely that this material was derived from a hypocaust, possibly connected with a bath-house nearer to the brook than the villa itself. A slight terrace, whose contours are somewhat obscured by the ridge and furrow, can be seen between the road and the site of the villa. This is now used by farm vehicles, and may well be the site of the Roman access road. A detailed section of this work with samples, has been deposited in Leicester Museum (text adapted from Pastscape). Subsequent ploughing of the site (apparently in an area different to that excavated by Rahtz) produced further Roman building material including roofing tiles, Swithland slates, flue tiles, tesserae, painted wall plaster and pottery. The pottery ranged in date from the 1st-4th century AD with more 1st century material than fourth."""
23030,250,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plain or plateau,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Evaluation trenching on land adjacent to the Fosse Way revealed a parallel Roman ditch and gully feature, a Roman pit and sealed Roman layers containing pottery. The purpose of the ditch is unknown, but it is conceivable that it may indicate evidence of field boundaries or land division. The site is located close to the Fosse Way Roman road, which throws up the possibility that the ditch and gulley may be connected in some way to it. The pottery recovered from the site suggests activity from the mid-third century onwards. Little evidence for domestic occupation."
23031,50,850,,,large (9+ ha),unclassified,Yes,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,Yes,No,Yes,"The presence of a large Roman site at Medbourne has been known since the 17th century. By the end of the 18th century local antiquarian, John Tailby, was recruiting 'illiterate ploughboys and shepherds' to collect finds from the area and during the 19th century there were accounts of hundreds of coins, a 'gallon' of Roman pottery and several brooches implying that this had been a large and intense area of Roman activity. In the 1980s a major fieldwalking survey on the town and four adjacent parishes co-ordinated by the Leicestershire Museums Service. In the late 1980s and early 1990s a series of test-pits were excavated across the hilltop to attempt to locate the edges of the scatter and to begin to characterise activity within the settlement. This was followed by a geophysical survey in 2004 by students of the School of Archaeology & Ancient History of the University of Leicester producing encouraging results from a test magnetometry survey. From these investigations Medbourne appears to be a relatively large example of a Roman roadside settlement (possibly 30-60 ha in total), on the line of 'Gartree Road' a major Roman road running south-east from Leicester to Godmanchester and ultimately, Colchester with a relatively major route possibly joining the Gartree Road from the north. The settlement appears to lie almost entirely north of this road with only a narrow strip of settlement fronting the road to the south. The geophysical survey suggests a series of enclosures (these clearly predate the extant ridge and furrow) with the possibility of at least one building and some industrial activity. The line of the road is known either side of the town; however, the enclosures do not appear to parallel its projected route and this raises the suggestion that either its projected alignment or the dating of the enclosures themselves may be wrong. The test-pits produced cobbled surfaces, ditches, pits, postholes, some industrial activity and a single stone building. Pottery finds suggest Iron?Age occupation with a large settlement developing from at least the mid-1st century AD. The settlement appeared to reach its maximum extent in the 2nd ? 3rd centuries and shrunk back towards the core during the 4th century although coin finds suggest some activity into the 5th century. There is also evidence of Anglo-Saxon activity within the core of the settlement. Pottery and an antler pottery stamp die were recovered from a wall and an Anglo-Saxon burial, first reported by John Tailby in the early 19th century, were relocated in one of the test-pits. There is some evidence for a field chapel in the form of a small furlong called 'Old Churchyard which appears to be out of phase with the surrounding furlongs, and the 1835 Stanley estate map records an isolated churchyard. It seems at least possible that this may be an early Christian site associated with later phases of the Anglo-Saxon settlement site which would in turn suggest a site of high status (above adapted from Score 2007, 3). Recent excavations as part of the 2005 Time Team's Big Roman Dig confirmed a 1st to mid-2nd century date for development of the site, as well as features dating from the 2nd to 3rd century, many of which were disturbed by later Roman activity. Whilst the earlier work suggested that the town shrunk in the 4th century, the most recent work has produced strong evidence for 3rd-4th century activity. The 2005 excavations revealed a late Roman cemetery which has been suggested as a possible Christian cemetery based upon the orientation of the graves and the position of the skeletons, as well as the lack of grave goods. Later features at the site produced Anglo-Saxon pottery dating from circa AD 450 to 850, supporting the idea of continuous occupation, although this was located to the south of the late Roman cemetery so some settlement shift seems likely and Anglo-Saxon features were on a different orientation to the Roman features. Two skeletons were thought to be Anglo-Saxon in date, perhaps part of a larger Saxon cemetery."
23032,-100,50,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,No,No,No,"A multi-period landscape with an early Bronze Age barrow cemetery respected by later Iron Age boundaries formed by ditches and pit alignments, indicating continuity of respect for these monuments over a long period of time. An increased occurrence of finds associated with domestic activity in the later periods (Iron Age Scored ware and transitional Roman pottery, querns), and a gradual change from a ritual landscape to formal ditched boundaries reveals a gradual but very significant change in land use and territoriality over time."
23033,150,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,2,No,No,Yes,Yes,No,Yes,plain or plateau,uncertain,No,No,No,"Site of a Roman villa complex which has produced evidence for courtyards and corridors,  a bath house, walls,  mosaics, box flue tile and painted wall plaster. Six rooms have been identified. The mosaic is attributed to the 'Durobrivan School' of c. AD 340-380. The pottery sequence runs into the late 4th century. The villa was robbed out in the medieval period. An evaluation trench and watching brief in 2008-9 exposed a new part of the villa, possibly a new room or a courtyard area attached to the villa. A notable find from this trench was a chimney fragment, a rare type of tile."
23034,50,150,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plain or plateau,uncertain,No,No,No,"Excavations revealed an early Roman enclosure and evidence for an associated Roman  building in the form of a large quantity of building material (brick, tile and slate); however it was clear that only one corner of the enclosure had survived, the rest having been destroyed by the cutting for the M1 motorway adjacent. Ceramics indicated a 1st-mid-2nd century date."
23035,-100,200,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,No,No,Yes,"Archaeological evaluation following a geophysical survey confirmed evidence for enclosure ditches of late Iron Age/early Roman date. Early Anglo-Saxon pottery suggests some continuity or renewed landuse. The site can perhaps be characterised as an enclosed rural farmstead. Two main areas of late IA/early Roman activity were recognised; one to the north east and one to the south west. A large, undated, oval burnt feature was found in an area of colluvium. A sample revealed no residues which could assign a definite function to the process being carried out or the date."
23036,100,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,No,No,No,"Archaeological evaluation following a geophysical survey revealed pits (or post holes), gullies and ditches, some of which contained Roman pottery (unfortunately not closely datable). The evidence is suggestive of a rural Romano-British farmstead (though it should be noted that prehistoric flints from the area also raise the possibility of earlier occupation)."
23037,300,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,1,No,No,Yes,Yes,No,Yes,plain or plateau,uncertain,No,No,No,"Site of a late Roman villa. Trial trenching at the presumed site of the Wymondham mosaic, marked on the 1885 OS map, produced loose tesserae, fragments of wall, roof and flue tile together with painted wall plaster, beneath which part of a tessellated pavement composed of white tesserae was revealed. Fieldwalking and metal-detector survey in the area also produced large quantities of find including Roman pottery, tile, tesserae and metal objects, suggesting the site of a high status 4th century villa. Earlier origins for the building are suggested by finds of a late 1st century coin and 2nd-century samian."
23038,100,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,No,No,No,"Site of a Romano-British shrine. This unique site has produced the largest assemblage of horse and rider brooches known in Britain.  The main period of activity at the site (including the production and deposition of these brooches) appears to fall in the second and third centuries AD.  The site is known predominantly from metal-detected finds, but geophysical survey has revealed that the findspots are clustered around a circular feature around 12m in diameter.  The survey also showed a number of linear features which may be related to a contemporary settlement. A long tradition of non-ferrous metalworking at the site is suggested by the recovery of over 200 pieces of silver, lead and copper alloy casting waste; a preliminary investigation of the horse and rider brooches (Fillery-Travis 2008) revealed generally low quality production and an absence of lugs to attach pins on the majority of examples, which might suggest that they were produced especially for deposition.  In the context of the metalworking evidence, it is possible that some of this production took place at the site itself, which would be unique in Roman Britain."
23039,-100,25,,,uncertain,enclosed,Yes,1,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,No,Yes,No,"A later Iron Age settlement consisting of a farmstead and outlying activity, lying in the Soar valley on the edge of the gravel terrace. Evaluation trenching revealed an enclosure within which a possible roundhouse drip gully was found. Pottery deposited in the enclosure ditch may perhaps reflect structured deposition, although this idea must be treated with caution as it is also possible that this represents domestic waste.

Subsequent excavation between November 2004 and April 2005 revealed a large D-shaped enclosure and adjacent smaller enclosure of similar form. The enclosures contained a range of features including roundhouses, pit groups, and metalworking evidence. The settlement is primarily dated to the Middle Iron Age (from pottery and radiocarbon dating), with some limited activity (though probably not occupation) continuing into the late Iron Age."
23040,-175,20,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,2,,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,No,river valley,mixed,No,No,No,"A late Iron Age farmstead settlement comprising an enclosure, two roundhouses and various other features including possible stock enclosures and fieldsystems. The pottery from the site is exclusively Iron Age, dating between 175 B.C. and 20 A.D. The settlement form is consistent with other excavated examples in Leicestershire and Rutland of a similar date. The form of the site coupled with the artefacts and environmental evidence gathered suggest a small farming community that grew crops and kept domesticated animals for food, as well as supplementing their diet with local gathering of wild species."
23041,-100,400,-50,50,medium (4 - 8 ha),enclosed,Yes,2,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,No,Yes,No,"The site of a conquest period ritual site, investigated through fieldwalking, geophysical survey, metal detection, trial trenching and open area excavation. The site is a late Iron Age ritual complex, the focus of which was a boundary ditch (perhaps polygonal) and entrance. Dating evidence indicates that the primary activity occurred during the first century BC and the first century AD. Intermittent activity occurred from at least the Bronze Age and continued to the late Roman period, although the ritual space is thought only to have been in use for around a hundred years at most, with the main deposition of coins and artefacts spanning a relatively short time (perhaps 20-30 years), in the early to mid-first century AD, although the earliest deposition of coins is likely to have been in the mid-to-late first century BC. The latest coin from any of the hoards is of Claudius, and gives a terminus post quem of c. AD 41/42. Principal ritual deposits included 14 late Iron Age coin hoards, some of them containing denarii, deposits of pig bones, and metalwork which included a Roman cavalry helmet and a silver bowl. The earliest coins deposited were recovered from an area of 'blank' ritual space, whilst other later structured deposits were recovered from the boundary ditch and the entranceway later became the focus for the deposition of 14 hoards of coins. A dog burial may also have been placed in the area of an early form of the entrance, and other dog burials are also known from the ditch.  A number of discrete pits to the east of the entrance were a focus for the deposition of large numbers of animal parts, predominantly young pig. Later mid/later first to second century AD activity included two possible round houses in a large rectangular enclosure indicating possible domestic activity at the site. Other objects suggest continued ritual activity at the site up to the second century AD, perhaps in a different area from the late Iron Age site. Possible ritual deposits up to the fourth century may have occurred, but seem to have avoided the earlier ritual focus."
23042,-100,15,,,large (9+ ha),complex,Yes,3,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,hill,mixed,No,Yes,No,"A large aggregated Iron Age site on the side of the Soar valley, approximately 5km east of Leicester and approximately 350m west of the Iron Age site at Elm's Farm (database number 23015). The site saw continuous activity from the middle Iron Age until the late Iron Age, with some evidence for sporadic Romano-British activity. The Iron Age saw four phases of development: early middle Iron Age 'open' settlement; early middle Iron Age enclosed settlement; middle Iron Age further enclosures; and in the late Iron Age construction of settlement compounds. The continuity in the orientation of the enclosures/compounds between phases suggests continuous activity, though some areas fell out of use and were used in different ways. This record, however, focusses on the final, late Iron Age phase. To the north of the enclosed area there was a linear spread of 'open' settlement which developed alongside a linear boundary. The area included several roundhouses, some with multiple phases. The area was poorly dated but included several phases of activity. One round house gully produced an Iron Age potin coin providing a terminus post quem of 200 BC. The certain late Iron Age activity at the site occurred in an area that had fallen into disuse and been used for stock enclosures in the mid Iron Age, and this now became a focus for domestic activity, with a series of small enclosed areas containing several roundhouses and associated features. At least three roundhouses of late Iron Age date were excavated, situated in adjacent enclosures. Additional enclosures may also have contained houses. Two of the roundhouses in a single enclosure appear to have been contemporaneous. Structured deposits may be represented by the deposition of querns and horse skulls in boundary ditches, although the querns are not closely dated. A ditch contained 150 fragments of red deer antler, from a minimum of 8 antlers. These are not interpreted as structured deposits in the report, but this must be a possibility. Small amounts of hammerscale and tap slag suggested at least limited metalworking/smithing. Whilst the site is regarded as a possible village, it is recorded here as a 'complex farmstead', although it is unclear how extensive the late Iron Age settlement was, and it perhaps could be considered to be a village."
23043,50,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,No,No,No,"A site located approximately 4km north west of the Roman walled town at Leicester, located on ground which slopes towards the Rothley Brook valley to the south. A small open area excavation produced evidence for a corner of a Romano-British rural settlement, principally of 1st-2nd century date, but with occupation continuing into the 3rd/4th century. The main area of occupation is assumed to lie to the east and north, where pottery was found during fieldwalking. The evidence for occupation was limited to ditches and a few post-holes. One of the ditches appeared to have had a palisade or fence along one of its edges.  The finds assemblage suggested activities including butchery, food preparation and small quantities of brick and tile suggest that a substantial building may have existed in the vicinity."
23044,50,200,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"A site at Quorn in the Soar Valley, where evaluation trenching produced evidence for Roman activity. Roman features included a shallow ditch/gully and a north-south aligned inhumation, dated to the 1st-2nd century AD. A further ditch/gully was undated. Pottery dating from circa AD 50-200 and a tegula fragment were also found. Late Iron Age activity was represented by just 2 pottery sherds. The character of the site is uncertain."
23045,250,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plain or plateau,uncertain,No,No,No,"A site at the Roman 'small town' at Medbourne, 300m north east of the Gartree Roman road. A watching brief revealed a section of a stone lined channel of Roman date. The stones were heat scorched and the channel was filled with charcoal and burnt debris. The feature may represent part of an oven or kiln or possibly part of a hypocaust. Samples of the fill produced neither kiln waste or an abundance of charred cereal grains and its function is therefore uncertain. A limited assemblage of pottery from the site is suggestive of a late Roman date for the feature."
23046,50,400,,,large (9+ ha),unclassified,Yes,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,Yes,plain or plateau,uncertain,No,No,No,"A site at the Roman 'small town' at Medbourne. A watching brief revealed evidence for a possible stone building although the nature of the structure is uncertain. Footings, roof tile and tesserae may indicate a stone building, possibly associated with a villa known from the area. No clear dating evidence was present."
23047,75,400,200,300,small (<1 - 3 ha),complex,Yes,5,1,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,No,No,No,"A site at Great Glen, six miles south-east of Leicester, in the valley of the River Sence. The site occupies a high point overlooking a minor valley to the north and the River Sence to the west, sloping to the east and west. Trial trenching was undertaken over an area of previous geophysical survey, followed by open area excavation. The investigations identified a substantial Romano-British farmstead dating to the later 1st to 4th century AD. No evidence for late Iron Age or Saxon settlement was conclusively identified, although cultural material was recovered. The late 1st to 2nd century domestic focus was defined by a rectilinear enclosure containing one or two roundhouses. Peripheral fields and two further possible roundhouses were identified. During the late 2nd-early 3rd century the settlement included a post-built rectangular building and a possible roundhouse, a ladder enclosure system and peripheral fields, and the rectilinear layout became more regular and extensive than in the earlier phase. There was evidence for a major reorganisation of the fieldsystem in the late 3rd-4th century, though the domestic focus remained in the same area."
23048,25,150,125,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,2,1,No,No,No,No,No,No,plain or plateau,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"A site on a gently rising plateau lying on a south-west to north-east orientation, approximately 4km south west of Lutterworth in the south of Leicestershire. Evaluation trenching and subsequent excavation ahead of the construction of a wind farm revealed a complex sequence of possible late Iron Age and early Roman settlement. The earliest features were a series of parallel, east to west orientated ditches dating to the mid to late 1st century AD which were found crossing the northern half of the area. These were replaced during the first half of the 2nd century by a series of rectangular enclosures in the southern half of the area which were enclosed by a substantial ditch which could be traced running north-north-west to south-south-east across the western side of the site before turning east at its southern end. Four structures were found within the excavated area. Structures One and Two both appeared to be associated with the earlier phase of activity. Structure One may have been the remains of a rectangular timber building but Structure Two was almost certainly the remains of a roundhouse. Late Iron Age pottery found beneath a cobble surface in Structure Two and from one of its drip-gullies may indicate that the roundhouse dated to the Conquest period (early-mid 1st century). A second roundhouse, Structure Three, was sited immediately south of Structure Two and appeared to be associated with the later enclosures. Its demise was marked by a thick, overlying layer of soil containing large quantities of charcoal and burnt daub. This appeared to date to the early 2nd century. The fourth structure, which was stratigraphically the latest feature in the area, was a substantial stone platform surrounded on its north side by a ditch which appeared to be intended to keep the platform dry from water descending on it from up-slope. Along the ditch the platform was kerbed with stone, including a large fragment of re-used rotary-quern. It is thought the platform was intended to be a dry, external working surface, possibly a threshing floor. A dispersed collection of redeposited iron slag and vitrified heath lining suggests iron-working, most likely smithing, was also occurring in the vicinity but no primary evidence of industrial activity was found in the area. Geophysical results suggest that the occupation in Turbine 4 was on the western edge of a small settlement sited immediately east of the excavated area. Ceramic dating suggests that all occupation had ceased by the mid-2nd century AD. Elsewhere, a series of severely plough-damaged ditches and gullies formed two parallel alignments, possibly marking a trackway heading north-north-west towards the settlement. To the north two cremation pits were excavated - the small amount of pottery recovered from the area suggests occupation could have spanned the 1st century AD, or may well have been confined to the decades around the Conquest period."
23049,-100,300,50,150,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,2,,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,No,hill,mixed,No,No,No,"A site north-west of Market Harborough in the south of Leicestershire, approximately 2.5km north of the River Welland, occupying an area which slopes away to the south. The site was subject to evaluation trenching, following a previous geophysical survey which identified two enclosure systems, with associated roundhouses and internal features, and possible round barrows. The evaluation trenching confirmed sequences of Iron Age and Roman occupation at the site. The Iron Age activity comprised a western focus, with a sequence of boundary ditches which formed small rectangular enclosures containing possible structural pits, post-holes and gullies. Ring ditches outside the enclosures were associated with domestic pottery, indicating that occupation took place outside the enclosed areas. The pottery evidence indicated activity from the mid-Iron Age into the 1st century BC, at least partly contemporary with a mid-Iron Age settlement known from the north (not included on this database as it was apparently mid-Iron Age only). To the east of the Iron Age enclosures were a series of adjoining rectilinear enclosures containing internal subdivisions, with recutting indicating maintenance over a long period of time. These produced little evidence for structures. Occupation appears to have begun in the 2nd century AD, indicating a break in occupation of at least 100 years between the Iron Age and Roman phases at the site. The Roman pottery suggests that Romano-British occupation may have ceased before the 4th century. Animal bone levels were low from both phases at the site, whilst significant amounts of charred plant remains indicate that crop processing was taking place in at least parts of the site during the Iron Age and Roman phases. The economy of the site during the Roman period appears to have incorporated both pastoral and arable elements."
23050,-100,250,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,4,1,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,plain or plateau,uncertain,No,No,No,"Excavation in advance of road construction at Kirby Muxloe, approximately 5km west of Leicester city centre, produced evidence for Iron Age and Roman activity. Iron Age features included four, possibly six, Iron Age roundhouses. These were dated to the mid-to-late Iron Age. Pits, post-holes and ditches were also of Iron Age date. Possible Roman structures were also represented by post-holes, pits, structural gullies and a possible rectangular post-built structure with a metalled surface of mid 2nd/mid 3rd century in date, overlying earlier Roman and late Iron Age structures, implying some continuity. It seems reasonable to interpret the site as a rural settlement of some sort. The information presented in the report was assessment data only, and detail and quantifications for most find types was not available."
23051,-100,300,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,plain or plateau,uncertain,No,No,No,"A site excavated during construction of the Great Glen A46 bypass, approximately 5.5km west of Leicester. Whilst 0.7375 hectares were investigated along the line of the bypass, this record focusses on an area of 0.3375 were open area excavation took place after Iron Age and Roman remains were discovered during topsoil stripping. Iron Age activity was limited to a pit containing sherds of Iron Age pottery and other residual Iron Age pottery. Romano-British activity was represented by a curvilinear ditch, partly cut by an enclosure ditch.  Within this enclosure there were a number of features including probable beam slots and pits containing Romano-British pottery, probably relating to structures. Two inhumation graves were located between the enclosure ditch and a parallel ditch, aligned with both ditches. A cobbled area also lay to the south east of the enclosure ditch. The site was seen as part of a more extensive site which extended to the north. Finds suggested that most of the activity on the site occurred during the late 2nd/3rd century AD, although the Iron Age sherds suggest some activity prior to this phase and later ditches indicate a later phase of activity also."
23052,50,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,1,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,No,No,Yes,"A site directly to the east of the Fosse Way Roman Road, on the western side of Sutton in the Elms, Broughton Astley, on comparatively high ground, overlooking the Soar valley and the Fosse Way some 200m to the west. Evaluation trenching took place ahead of the development of a golf course. Only one Romano-British feature was discovered: a circular structure which proved difficult to interpret, but which may have been a drainage feature associated with a small circular building, perhaps an out-building. Although no other Romano-British remains were recovered, it seems unlikely that the feature would be isolated and it is therefore likely to relate to a wider area of settlement, recorded here as an unclassified farm. An early Anglo-Saxon sunken featured building was also discovered at the site."
23053,-50,400,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,1,1,Yes,No,No,No,No,Yes,hill,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"A site situated approximately 6.4km south east of Leicester, in Oadby, immediately adjacent to the Gartree Road Roman road. The site occupies an area of a field which slopes towards the north-east, and the eastern boundary of the field is defined by a small stream. The site was subject to salvage excavation ahead of the development of university playing fields. The earliest activity on site was represented by a series of poorly preserved curvilinear gullies, not easily interpretable but just possibly the remains of Iron Age roundhouses. These gullies were truncated by a later ditch, implying a change in land-use. Late Iron Age/Roman activity was represented by an oval enclosure ditch of approximately 60m in diameter, which enclosed an area of around 250m2 and which appeared to contain structures represented by internal post-holes. The enclosure may have had Iron Age origins, but ceramics suggest that it may have continued into the early Roman period, into the 1st or 2nd century AD. Linear ditches outside the enclosure may have been part of a fieldsystem. A further ditch was revealed which had a young male skeleton at its northern end, probably buried during the 1st/early 2nd century. Further to the east of the enclosure ditch evidence of two Roman buildings were discovered. One was found to be a circular cobble founded structure enclosing an area of some 64m.2 An internal post hole and an area of burnt material (a hearth) was noted. The second building was rectangular (16m x 15m) and again had a cobble foundation, but with some surviving dressed ironstone superstructure. The frontage, facing the Roman Gartree Road, appeared to comprise a central apsidal bay and two projecting corner extensions.  The limited time available on site precluded systematic probing of the indoor area of the building, so it is not known whether internal room partition foundations also existed. Neither the circular cobbled building nor the rectangular building were closely dated other than being of Roman date, with surface finds of pottery ranging from 1st to 4th century AD in date."
23054,200,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,No,No,No,"A site on gently sloping upland at Fenny Drayton in the south of Leicestershire. A very small area of evaluation trenching (just 6m2) was undertaken. Romano-British activity was represented by post-holes and a ditch, suggesting a structure of some sort. Fragments of pottery including samian and mortaria as well as roof tile suggest that this activity dated to the mid to late Roman period, with a clear late 3rd to mid-4th century bias. A large quantity of residual Roman material was also recovered, suggesting a date range of circa AD 200 to 400. The presence of mortaria and jar fragments within the pottery assemblage and domesticated species such as cattle, sheep/goat, pig and fowl among the animal bone clearly implies domestic occupation within this period. The range of Roman building material, recovered in some abundance, is significant as the collection included roof tiles (including both tegulae and imbrices), a single keyed flue tile fragments of wall tile or brick and a piece of opus signinum. The quantity and condition of this material means that it is likely to be localised, and coupled with the discovery of similar material, along with building stone, adjacent to the church in the 1990s, clearly implies that Fenny Drayton church stands within immediate proximity to a comparatively high status Roman building. The authors of the report suggest that the site may be a villa, although there is presently insufficient evidence to argue this with confidence."
23055,-100,400,50,200,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,No,No,No,"A site situated on a hill to the north of Ashby de la Zouch in north-west Leicestershire. The site was subject to evaluation trenching by University of Leicester Archaeological Services and subsequent open area excavation by Birmingham Field Archaeology Unit. This record focusses on the excavated evidence only. Excavation revealed evidence for two possible enclosures of mid-late Iron Age date, possibly part of a more extensive enclosure complex. Traces of linear, curvilinear and semi-circular ditches and gullies and shallow pits may relate to settlement activity and sub-division within these Iron Age enclosures. To the east of the Iron Age settlement, and separated by a wide linear ditch dating to the Romano-British period, was a second phase of activity comprising several linear gullies, pits and a stone' surface, dating to the 3rd - 4th centuries AD. The chronological gap of at least 200 years, and the clear spatial separation between the two phases of activity indicates a sequence of abandonment and reoccupation."
23056,-50,200,,,medium (4 - 8 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"A site in the parish of Hathern, north west of Loughborough, in the Soar Valley, with land to the south-west rising towards the settlement of Hathern. Evaluation trenching was undertaken after a geophysical survey over an area of cropmarks revealed evidence for an area of enclosures covering an area of around 4.6ha. The evaluation confirmed that the enclosures relate to a late Iron Age/Roman settlement of overlapping enclosures and ditches, some of which formed extensive linear boundaries containing dispersed pits and gullies. The pottery evidence shows that the settlement continued from the late 1st century and through the 2nd century, appearing to have declined after the late 2nd century. The assemblage, though small, appears to be typical of a small rural settlement. The sandy soils of the site have meant that preservation of bone is extremely poor, with only bones from larger animals, teeth and burnt bone surviving and there were also low densities of charred plant remains. An isolated urned cremation burial that may have dated to the middle/late Iron Age was found in the south-eastern part of the site, outside the area of enclosures."
23057,-100,300,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"A site in the valley of Rearsby Brook, approximately 15km north east of Leicester. The site was subject to geophysical survey and evaluation ahead of gravel extraction. Geophysical survey revealed a complex arrangement of ditched enclosures. The trenching revealed a long period of occupation, although the site was not closely dated. The narrowest span of activity was from the late prehistoric period through to the late 3rd century, although it is not clear whether the activity was continuous. The recovery of iron slag on the site was seen as evidence for metalworking, possibly associated with probable Romano-British CBM, semi-fired clay and charcoal. Limited features were revealed through the trenching and the character of the site is uncertain."
23058,100,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,1,Yes,No,No,No,No,Yes,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"A probable Roman rural settlement at Rothley, on land that slopes gently down to the south and east, towards Rothley Brook. The site is in the Soar Valley, approximately 8km north of Leicester. Open area excavation produced evidence for early Roman ditches of 2nd century date. Later 3rd to 4th century activity was represented by tile dumps and a series of post-pits, probably part of a substantial timber building, as well as rubble walls or foundations and an extensive spread of roof tile and demolition rubble covering a roughly rectangular area. Tesserae were also found, although not in sufficient numbers to argue that the site was a villa, although it may be on the periphery of one.  An area of pebble metalling was also exposed."
23059,-50,400,150,275,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,,2,Yes,No,No,No,Yes,No,hill,uncertain,No,Yes,No,"A site at Melton Mowbray, approximately 22km north east of Leicester. The site is on a slope which descends towards the Scalford Brook. Excavations revealed a multi-phase Romano-British farmstead occupied from the 2nd to 4th centuries AD, with some very limited evidence for late Iron Age activity. Iron Age activity is limited to some post-holes and pits with animal bone and a small amount of Iron Age pottery. The form of the settlement during this phase is therefore uncertain. The absence of 1st or early 2nd century indicates that the Roman settlement was established in the mid-to-late 2nd century, suggesting a break between the Iron Age activity and the Roman phases. During the late 3rd-4th century the site changed from being 'semi-open' to fully enclosed. Buildings were represented by post-holes and slots but forms were generally not identified. However, an eaves drip trench for a possible late 3rd century aisled building was identified, as well as a rectangular structure of early 4th century date. Other possible rectangular structures were present, but the excavators were tentative about their interpretation. Some may have been granaries. A number of cattle skulls were excavated and the report raises the possibility that these may have been ritual deposits. Two human burials may have been of early-to-mid 4th century in date and may possibly have been part of a larger cemetery, as grave shaped discolorations in the sub-soil may also have represented burials. Finds from the site were not quantified in the report."
23060,75,200,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,No,No,No,"A site on a small hilltop at Kirkby Mallory, approximately 13km west of Leicester. Evaluation trenching produced evidence for Romano-British occupation in the form of boundary/drainage ditches, pits and post-holes. The activity appears to have dated from between the late 1st and 2nd centuries AD, possibly representing an early Roman settlement being established as a result of the proximity of a nearby Roman road running between Leicester and Mancetter."
23061,50,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"A site at Syston, Leicestershire, within the floodplain of the River Soar. The site was initially identified through aerial photographs from which an enclosure and a fieldsystem were recognised. Evaluation trenching and resistivity survey confirmed the enclosure and a fieldsystem, although they appear to be of different dates. The boundary ditches of the fieldsystem are likely to be of Roman date whilst the enclosure was not dated."
23062,100,350,200,275,uncertain,unclassified,No,,1,No,Yes,No,No,Yes,No,plain or plateau,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"A Romano-British rural settlement at Normanton le Heath, 23km north west of Leicester. Excavations produced evidence for three phases of activity at the site. The first phase was represented by ditches, forming the northern boundary of an adjoining rectangular enclosure which measured 45x15m. It is likely that these ditches were maintained from at least the early 2nd century AD until the late 2nd/early 3rd century AD.  The function of some of the ditches is unclear but they may have formed the boundary of a large enclosure now obscured by woodland to the north. There was limited evidence for domestic occupation in this area, and it is possible that the main area of settlement lay to the north. The ditches appear to have been deliberately infilled during the late 2nd/early 3rd century AD, and a trackway crosses the ditches at one point. The second phase of activity at the site is represented by this trackway, a rectangular post-built structure (possibly an aisled building) and a kiln. Aside from the kiln, slag from the site is suggestive of iron smithing. These features were succeeded by a group of enclosures which were short-lived and appear to have been abandoned during the late 3rd/mid-4th century AD. Very little bone survived on the site and recovered material culture was sparse."
23063,-50,400,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),complex,Yes,,,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"A site occupying the south-eastern flank of Lubenham Hill, on the western side of Market Harborough. Following a geophysical survey evaluation trenching was undertaken. The two investigations produced evidence for a Romano-British rural farmstead, possibly preceded by an Iron Age settlement, reflected by late Iron Age pottery, predominantly residual in later contexts. Two isolated rectilinear enclosures upslope of the Roman settlement are likely to be of late Iron Age in date. The majority of features at the site belonged to the Romano-British period and constituted a series of enclosures spanning the 1st-4th centuries AD. The enclosures were interpreted as likely to be fields or animal enclosures, although the quantities of pottery were seen by the excavators as evidence for domestic occupation in the vicinity. No definite structures were identified within the enclosures, although the presence of gullies, postholes and a surface suggests that these may be present within some. Alternatively, occupation may have occurred at the west of the site, outside the area of investigation."
23064,-100,400,250,,medium (4 - 8 ha),complex,Yes,5,1,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,No,river valley,pastoral,Yes,No,No,"A site in North West Leicestershire, located on a floodplain of the River Trent, between the confluence of the River Derwent and River Soar. Initial geophysical survey and evaluation trenching ahead of sand and gravel extraction produced evidence for an extensive Iron Age and Romano-British settlement comprising a large system of ditches on both co-axial and differing alignments. Some Iron Age ditches appeared to have been on the same alignment as Romano-British ditches suggesting continued activity from as early as the 5th/4th century BC to the 4th century AD. A range of enclosure size and shapes were recognised, ranging from large rectangular enclosures to small irregular squares. Many of the enclosures appear to have been laid out along a trackway (at least three trackways are represented). The evidence suggested that an adjacent Scheduled Ancient Monument ? a villa - to the east of the site may have been more extensive than previously recognised (see 23018 and 23019 for the villa and an adjacent site which is likely to be part of the same village settlement). Subsequent to the geophysics and evaluation, between 2006 and 2008 ULAS undertook excavations over c.18.5ha of land, again in advance of sand and gravel extraction. This revealed early-mid-Iron Age enclosures, but the landscape was radically reorganised during the later Iron Age, when the earlier enclosures went out of use and the overall orientation of the landscape changed ? the landscape at this time thought to be associated with large-scale stock management. It is thought that the main focus of habitation at this time would have been to the east, forming part of the linear spread of settlement showing as a cropmark in the scheduled area. The central feature was a trackway associated with 13 contemporary enclosures, some of which contained roundhouses (at least 5 roundhouses represented). Some roundhouses also apparently outside enclosures, and some had evidence for multiple phases of development. Roundhouses ranged in size from c. 8 x c. 11m to 9m in diameter. Some enclosures produced evidence for metalworking, and there may have been a discrete area for this. One roundhouse C14 dated to between 200BC and 40BC at 95.4% probability. One of the enclosures contained a large circular pit which is suggested as a watering hole for livestock. Early Roman activity (mid-late first century AD) represented a continuation of activity from the late Iron Age features. The basic Iron Age layout was maintained and the trackway remained in use, but activity extended northwards to cover a larger area than was previously evident, and there were also subtle changes in the morphology of enclosure plans, from 'organic' Iron Age forms to more regular rectilinear Roman forms. A new trackway was also constructed. Slight evidence for occupation in this part of the site was suggested , but no definite evidence for associated structures. In the late first-early 2nd century there was better evidence for occupation, but there was essentially a continuation of the site's development along the same lines ? the emphasis of development was on pastoral agriculture, with the introduction of a wider range of enclosures, paddocks and fields. A similar level of activity was indicated in the 2nd-3rd century AD, but a change in focus was evident. An enclosure complex appears to have been the focus, as before, but the location shifted southwards, though there may have been some continued use of the northern part of the site. Remains of a timber building with a hearth lay to the north of one of the enclosures ? right angled beam slots representing a structure at least 6m x 4m. Stone roofing tiles recovered from a pit next to the building suggested as evidence for a stone tiled roof. There was more limited evidence for activity in the late Roman (mid 3rd-4th century AD), and there may have been a change in use for this part of the settlement; the earlier focus of trackways and enclosures had apparently gone out of use, or had changed function, and remains of late Roman date apparently relate to a series of deliberately placed dumps or middens, possibly in association with arable agriculture. Slight evidence for later Roman activity included a quarry pit and several gullies."
23065,-50,400,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,No,No,No,"A site at Desford, approximately 11km west of Leicester, occupying a south-east facing slope. Geophysical survey, evaluation trenching and excavation revealed evidence for activity during the late Iron Age/early Roman period, centred around a ditched enclosure, much of which lies outside the excavated area. The enclosure was seen as defensive in nature. Work concentrated on the area outside the enclosure, and evidence for domestic hearths or corndriers was found. To the west of the enclosure a group of features may have been structural, including a section of a curvilinear gully and associated post-holes. The date of abandonment of the site is uncertain, but limited activity continued until the 3rd or 4th centuries AD, when evidence for small-scale iron working was revealed. The enclosure ditch itself may have been abandoned before the 3rd or 4th century however. The focus may have shifted in the later Roman period, and a late Roman well was placed near the enclosure, providing further evidence for continuity into the late Roman period in the area. The function of the enclosure itself is uncertain. The site is characterised here as an unclassified farmstead."
23067,-50,400,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plain or plateau,mixed,No,No,No,"A site at Castle Donington on land developed for East Midlands Airport. The site is located approx. 3km south east of the River Trent. The site was known from cropmarks and previous excavation in the area identified two phases of Iron Age brickwork fieldsystems and part of an enclosure, as well as a four-post structure which may have functioned as a double-gate for livestock control. Under excavation the sub-rectangular cropmark enclosure proved to have had origins in the late Iron Age and appeared to be defensive, with a barrier or gate at a south east entrance. Evidence for possible crop processing nearby was also found. The site continued into the Roman period when recuts may have been for drainage or boundary demarcation, whilst a further ditch to the north of the enclosure attested to late Roman activity, though it is possible that the fieldsystems and enclosure fell out of use for a time during the late Iron Age or early Roman periods. It is unclear precisely how long the enclosure was in use. The precise function of the enclosure is uncertain. No structures were identified, but comparison with other enclosures of similar morphology suggests that structures may once have been present. The site has been characterised as a possible enclosed farmstead for the purposes of this database."
23068,250,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,No,No,No,"A site at Red Hill, near Birstall, approx. 4km north of Leicester and 1.5km west of the Fosse Way, occupying a dry stream valley on a hillside. Chance discoveries of human remains on an allotment led to a small-scale excavation which revealed 2 Roman inhumations with ceramic grave goods and another feature which may have been a grave or possibly a pit. Possible other bone discoveries in the past may indicate a more substantial cemetery."
23069,-50,400,50,200,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,1,,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"A site at Evington, approx. 6km west of Leicester City centre, occupying a gentle north-east slope. Evaluation and subsequent excavation revealed a late Iron Age small rural settlement with at least one roundhouse and a small group of pits and ditches. The late Iron Age features were severely truncated by later Romano-British activity, although there may have been an Iron Age enclosure ditch. An early Roman, 1st-2nd century, phase followed the late Iron Age activity, and included post-holes and pits but little substantial evidence. More evidence was recovered for a 3rd-4th century phase, and features included a complex ditch system, possibly representing several enclosures, a possible threshing floor, a corndrier, a metalled trackway, pits and post-holes and gullies and a possible sunken-featured building. The 3rd-4th century site is interpreted as a group of agricultural enclosures based around a late Roman settlement located somewhere in the near vicinity."
23070,75,400,,,medium (4 - 8 ha),complex,Yes,1,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,mixed,Yes,No,No,"A site located off Seagrave Road, Sileby, in the Soar Valley. Following geophysical survey, evaluation trenching produced evidence for a Romano-British settlement of over c. 4ha, comprising a rectilinear ditched enclosure with fairly regular internal sub-divisions, an integral trackway and further activity to the south-east. Some evidence suggests that the trackway originated in the early Iron Age, and along with one of the square enclosures, was still in use when the Romano-British settlement was established (though pers. comm. from Mike Luke at Albion suggests that the southern Iron Age enclosure went out of use in the Roman period). Pottery suggests that it was occupied between the late 1st and 4th centuries AD. The presence of Saxon spindlewhorls hints at continuity into this period. The settlement was subdivided by a series of ditches, several of which had been redug, indicating continuity in layout over time. A number of possible buildings were identified; the most convincing of these was a roundhouse. A number of cobbled surfaces probably functioned as yards within the settlement. The animal bone and plant assemblage suggests a farming settlement, whilst ferrous debris suggests ironworking."
23071,-100,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,No,No,No,"Burrough Hill Hillfort, located on a flat ironstone promontory. The hillfort was constructed in the mid-Iron Age, but clear evidence for significant activity during the Conquest period and extensive later Roman use of the site, although the character of this use is uncertain. No RB structures known and early evidence is apparently restricted to pits. Site has been subject to a number of excavations over many years, drawn together in the principal bibliographical source for this record."
23072,-100,50,,,uncertain,enclosed,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,No,No,No,"The site of a univallate hillfort at Breedon-on-the-hill, in north-west Leicestershire, excavated during quarrying in 1946. The hill stands isolated in a basin, overlooking the Trent Valley to the north. The hillfort is believed to have been constructed c. 2nd century BC and refortified prior to the Roman Conquest. The hillfort does not appear to have continued beyond the conquest, though there have been casual finds of Roman material, and Eleanor Scott records a possible Roman building from the area in her gazetteer. Finds included pits containing pottery, querns, pot-boilers, animal bones and misc. small finds."
23073,100,200,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plain or plateau,uncertain,No,No,No,"Evaluation at a site identified through geophysical survey revealed a Romano-British fieldsystem, principally of 2nd century AD date, though possibly earlier and later material was also present. Features were sparsely distributed boundary or drainage ditches, although pits, postholes and one severely truncated Roman cremation burial were also recovered."
23074,275,400,,,medium (4 - 8 ha),unclassified,Yes,,2,No,Yes,Yes,Yes,No,Yes,plain or plateau,uncertain,Yes,No,Yes,"A nine-trench evaluation and geophysical and landscape surveys took place as part of a Time Team investigation. Earlier trial trenching in the 1970s produced evidence for Roman period occupation in the form of masonry buildings and a metalled road, probably forming part of a villa. These results were confirmed during the Time Team evaluation and substantial, though poorly preserved, Romano-British structures with stone walls and tessellated floors, and associated field boundaries and garden plots on regular, rectangular alignments were identified. Artefacts suggest that these remains are predominantly of late 3rd or 4th century AD date. The remains of a badly truncated inhumation burial were also discovered in an area where previous finds had highlighted the possibility of an Anglo-Saxon cemetery. This burial was not conclusively dated, although a late 3rd century AD coin may have been found in its immediate vicinity, perhaps suggesting it to be late Romano-British. The remains of at least seven Anglo-Saxon inhumation burials were found on the hilltop to the south of the brook, as well as a pit which provided evidence for possible cremation-related activities. The Saxon cemetery thought to be 6th century AD. No evidence for direct continuity between the Roman and Saxon."
23075,50,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,plain or plateau,uncertain,No,No,No,"Evaluation to the east of Market Harborough produced evidence for a Romano-British fieldsystem. Features constituted a series of ditches that may represent enclosures spanning the period from the 1st to mid 2nd centuries AD, possibly continuing until the 4th century AD. The excavated remains probably constitute fields or animal enclosures."
24001,75,300,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,fen,uncertain,No,Yes,No,"Timber causeway of Iron Age date, used for ritual deposition from the Iron Age and into the Roman period. As well as mid-IA finds much later Roman deposition of whetstones (perhaps symbolic replacements for swords during a period when all but the army were disarmed?), pottery and metalwork took place. The pottery ranges in date from the later 1st century AD to the 3rd century or beyond. Amongst finds recovered were fragments of box flue and imbrices and tegulae. These are difficult to explain but may represent dumping of hardcore onto the causeway's surface. A fragment of wood from a possible Romano-Celtic boat is notable."
24002,-50,400,50,150,large (9+ ha),complex,Yes,2,2,Yes,No,Yes,No,Yes,Yes,fen,uncertain,Yes,Yes,No,"Large nucleated settlement, initially an important late IA, perhaps tribal centre for the Corieltauvi. The IA site has evidence for the minting of Corieltauvian coins. The site continued into the Roman period apparently with a hiatus of around 100 years, with Roman occupation occurring from the mid-to-late second century. The site straddles the important north-south Durobrivae to Lincoln road at the point where it crossed the river Slea. The site has been subject to multiple investigations since the end of the 19th century - the reports of some of which are incomplete and inadequate and the data available for the site is limited. The buildings excavated appear to have been mainly of an agricultural nature, although a possible mansio was also discovered. An aisled building is thought to be of 3rd-4th century date. A corndrier and a structure interpreted as a likely malting kiln have been identified. Eight RB inhumations were excavated. Excavation ahead of installation of a pipeline in 1997 by APS revealed IA ditches and gullies (probably land boundaries or drainage), eaves drip gullies for two timber built huts, a possible trackway, late IA finewares, a rectangular enclosure, a Roman masonry building (at an oblique angle to the Roman road) with an external paved area. A near complete jar with likely ritual significance was part of a votive deposit including a lamb skeleton and near complete pots. It is possible that these formed grave goods, although no evidence for a grave or human remains were recovered."
24003,-100,400,50,75,medium (4 - 8 ha),complex,Yes,7,10,Yes,Yes,Yes,No,Yes,Yes,plain or plateau,mixed,Yes,Yes,Yes,"A nucleated settlement with an Iron Age origin, with occupation from before 100 BC to the late 4th century or later (there is evidence for early medieval activity also, but only in the form of unstratified finds, although these were seen as evidence for domestic activity). However, although clearly an important IA settlement, there is evidence for abandonment for as much as three decades following the conquest, before activity resumed again during the late first century. Finds of Roman ballista boltheads and spearheads as well as other pieces of Roman military equipment have been interpreted as potential evidence for an attack on the IA settlement and a resultant reduction in activity during this period of hiatus. IA votive objects and RB figurines suggest a shrine or temple, although no structure is known. In the IA the settlement may have been a major sub-tribal or clan centre and there is evidence for individuals higher in a social hierarchy than subsistence farmers (as indicated by fine-quality pottery, metalwork and silver coins). The settlement was characterised by ditched enclosures, an irregular pattern of streets, roundhouses in the IA and rectangular aisled buildings with stone footings in the Roman period. Excavations revealed evidence for agriculture, stock keeping, craft or industrial activities and trade. There was relatively little evidence for very early Roman settlement. A pottery kiln, early-to-mid Flavian in date, is interpreted as unusual and seen as having a possibly military association, perhaps for use at places other than Dragonby.  Site 1, Middle Roman: Site 1 in the middle period produced evidence for several substantial aisled rectangular building within rectangular ditched enclosures. There were also four 'ovens', the precise function of which were uncertain, but they may have been corn dryers or malting kilns, or domestic ovens. Several wells were also identified. Site 1, Late Roman: Site 1 in the 4th century was characterised by fenced enclosures or 'plots', occupying areas previously used for earlier buildings. At Site 2 Excavations produced evidence for well laid out rectangular ditched and fenced enclosures - main period of use 2nd century AD. This followed a hiatus when, after intensive activity in the LIA, there was little activity during the very early Roman period. An aisled building was identified from within one of the enclosures, and was identified as having a modest domestic function. Different parts of the settlement appear to have been occupied at different periods in the Roman period and Site 2 seemingly became derelict or had a change of use in the later 3rd to 4th centuries."
24005,,,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,Evaluation trenching ahead of development for a golf course indicated an area of multi-period activity including a probable ditched enclosure of late Iron Age/Roman date. A small inhumation cemetery located nearby was undated and may be of Roman or Saxon date. The site is difficult to characterise other than being a likely rural farmstead. As the dating for the site is poor the date fields have been left blank above.
24006,1,100,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Trial trenching revealed features relating to a probable late Iron Age to early Roman farmstead comprising probable enclosure ditches, post-holes, pits and artefacts, all thought to be 1st century AD in date. A large pit contained a large number and variety of artefacts, interpreted as domestic rubbish. Ring ditches visible as crop marks may represent enclosures around roundhouses or other domestic buildings."
24007,150,400,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plain or plateau,uncertain,No,No,No,"Excavation of a pipeline revealed two enclosures of Roman date. The larger 11m by 35m, the smaller 6m by 9m. No building remains were recovered but evidence from ceramics suggested domestic activity. Pottery ranged in date from the mid-2nd century to the late 4th century with the bulk dating from the later 3rd century. The function of the enclosures is not clear although the larger of the two was seen as more likely to relate to drainage and sub-division of land rather than having a defensive or demarcation function."
24008,-100,50,25,,medium (4 - 8 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,hill,mixed,Yes,Yes,No,"Evaluation and excavation following geophysical survey produced evidence for a mid-to-late Iron Age landscape with two successive systems of boundaries which saw activity until the 1st century AD. There was also some evidence for Neolithic activity. Principal features included large scale linear boundaries and pit alignments representing land division, dating from the early Iron Age and mid-to-late Iron Age with a marked change in alignment at some point in the 1st century AD (interpreted as being associated with a possible droveway or trackway linking two Roman roads, or perhaps leading to a cemetery known 500 metres east of the site).  Geophysical survey nearby has also revealed a rectangular enclosure with two or three internal circular structures, thought probably to be contemporary with either the earlier or later boundary features. 7194 grams of daub was recovered during the excavation. The later IA dating was based on the pottery assemblage which contained imprecisely dated pottery of mid-to-late Iron Age in date, ranging from 500 BC to the first century AD, although the date of IA occupation could possibly begin anywhere within this range. Two grain storage pits contained animal bone deposits, worked antler tine, an antler punch and copper-alloy working debris, interpreted as possible evidence for structured deposition, supported by the presence of a miniature copper-alloy axe blade recovered from one of the boundary ditches."
24009,-100,350,50,,medium (4 - 8 ha),complex,Yes,,4,Yes,Yes,Yes,No,Yes,Yes,hill,mixed,Yes,Yes,No,"A roadside settlement and multi-period ritual complex at Nettleton and Rothwell, positioned on the north-south arterial spine of the Lincolnshire Wolds ? occupying the highest land in the county, by the head of three radial valleys. Finds included buildings and a rich and varied finds assemblage. The site was initially identified during archaeological work associated with a British Gas pipeline and the initial investigations included geophysical survey and fieldwalking. Amateur metal detecting had also occurred at the site since the 1980s, and some finds were available for study. The earliest evidence included a Neolithic ceremonial landscape, and Bronze Age and mid and late Iron Age deposits and finds were also recovered. The site appears to have been a ritual focus in the Iron Age which continued into the Roman period, though there is evidence for extensive domestic activity as well. During the Roman period stone buildings lining the route of Caistor High Street ? a likely prehistoric trackway and Roman road. Features identified during geophysics include extensive land divisions as well as back-lanes beyond the enclosures. These seem to represent a coherent system of property boundaries fronting onto the road. Three stone founded buildings were identified, apparently part of a formalised settlement lay-out on an approximate east-west alignment. These were of mortared construction and all were aisled buildings; one was situated within its own compound. At least one produced evidence for an earlier timber phase. Postholes also suggest other structures. One aisled building was 8.45m x at least 18m. It is thought that roofs were of thatch or timber as little ceramic tile was recovered. A corndrier was located in one of the trenches, apparently of late Roman date. Whilst not recovered during the excavation, there is a local belief that a mosaic was found at the site ? suggested that this may have been associated with a mansion or a villa. One enclosure complex was regarded as unusual for a roadside settlement, resembling a separate farm unit or a shrine or temple, though no evidence amongst the finds supports this suggestion. However, an exceptional group of coins and small metal objects are known from the site, including items of miniature martial equipment and an inscribed lead curse tablet, suggesting the existence of a shrine, though this was not located during the excavations.  As well as the evidence from the small finds, structured deposition is potentially represented by the inverted skull of a horse, found in the fill of a ditch. Major reorganisation of the site may have occurred during the early Roman period, and it is not certain that there was direct occupation at the site before the mid-1st century AD, though votive activity appears to have occurred long before this, and it is thought probable that there would have been at least some domestic activity in the late Iron Age. Occupation at the site came to an abrupt end in the first half of the fourth century AD and there is no evidence for post-Roman occupation."
24010,-100,50,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,No,No,Yes,"Excavation revealed a multi-period site dating to the late Iron Age and Anglo-Saxon periods, with some unstratified pottery and metalwork dating to the 4th century AD, indicating activity in the area in the Roman period. The mid-to-late Iron Age archaeology includes two possible round barrows in the form of ring ditches and three possible square barrows may date from this period. The interpretation of the ring ditches as barrows is not certain, and small quantities of hammerscale from both ditches and hearth bottom slag were found in one of the ditches, casting some doubt on this interpretation, perhaps suggesting settlement in the area. The presence of daub also indicates a structure of some sort, although it is not clear whether this might be ritual or domestic in function. The function of the 'square barrows' is also unclear, as is their dating, and it is possible that they are platforms for structures.  Anglo-Saxon inhumations were also discovered."
24011,-100,50,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,Yes,No,"A large double-ditched enclosure of late Iron Age date, apparently occupied from the 3rd century BC, but with the majority of evidence of first century AD date. The site is thought to have had a defensive function.  Limited evidence for domestic use has been found, although the animal bones (sheep/goat, cattle and horse) were seen as possible evidence for a domestic function, whilst some have interpreted the site as associated primarily with stock grazing. A concentration of finds in the terminals of the enclosure ditches may perhaps suggest structured deposition."
24012,150,300,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,No,No,No,"Excavation and geophysical survey over a ditched settlement known from cropmark evidence revealed evidence for a small rural Romano-British settlement and associated enclosure. Associated features included gullies, pits, a robbed out wall footing and an oven built of mortared limestone blocks, with pottery of late 2nd to early 3rd century date. The site seems to have been established in the 2nd century and may have continued until the 4th century (though the evidence for 4th century activity is slight)."
24013,50,350,200,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plain or plateau,uncertain,No,Yes,No,"A Romano-British rural farmstead with two phases of occupation. The first phase is delimited by two parallel ditch complexes, possibly part of an enclosure. The second phase is defined by the abandonment of the earlier boundary system and a shift towards features related to agriculture and crop processing. A cobbled area may have had an agricultural or industrial function. Two large shallow pits, one of which contained high concentrations of charred plant remains, were excavated. These may have been processing areas for crops, possibly winnowing hollows. Two coarseware pots, one of which is a miniature pot, may represent deliberate structured deposits."
24014,150,400,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"The site of a Romano-British pottery kiln with evidence for manufacture of greyware, located adjacent to the River Trent. Part of the last load remained in situ in the kiln and a number of firebars were on the oven floor. Magnetic dating results were puzzling as they suggested a pre-Roman date for the oven floor and a late 5th century date for the walls, though the pottery and coin dates suggest a range of between the mid 2nd century and the 4th century (though the kiln products themselves are likely to be of 2nd century date). A substantial ditch enclosed the production area, recut on several occasions. Building debris recovered may have been associated with a structure to the south of the excavated area, perhaps a potter's workshop. A large settlement site may exist, unexcavated, to the west of the excavated area. At approximately 10m to the south of the above features a 1999 evaluation found kiln debris material associated with pottery manufacture, possibly representing an additional kiln, although this is not certain."
24015,70,150,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"The site of two Romano-British pottery kilns, situated close to the River Trent. The kilns are thought to have been constructed within a relatively short time of each other and both were orientated in the same direction. In addition to the standard kiln furniture the kiln included several fragments of triangular loomweights, generally thought to be of Iron Age date, but here they seem to be part of the kiln load. Cropmarks to the north-east of the kilns may represent an associated settlement. The pottery manufactured at the site suggests a late 1st to mid 2nd century date."
24016,-100,400,,,large (9+ ha),complex,Yes,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,plain or plateau,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"A large nucleated site of over 20 ha. known from casual finds, metal detector finds, cropmark evidence and survey. The nucleated settlement appears from the aerial photographic evidence to have been succeeded by a fort of approximately 3.8 ha. The site's phasing is poorly understood but it is likely to have had several, beginning with a major settlement in the late Iron Age, followed by the fort, which was itself succeeded by a major nucleated settlement.  The site lies in a commanding position in the gap between the valleys of the Kettleby Beck and the Skitter/East Halton Beck. Several miniature objects are probably votive, indicating the presence of a shrine. Cropmarks indicate several enclosures, Roman strip buildings and round houses as well as roads or droveways."
24017,200,400,,,large (9+ ha),complex,Yes,1,4,Yes,No,Yes,No,No,Yes,river valley,uncertain,Yes,No,Yes,"Part of a Romano-British nucleated site, situated along the Salter's Way Roman road and on the River Witham. The settlement has been known of since the late 18th century although recent work has been minimal. Dating from pottery and coins suggest a date range for the settlement between the 3rd and 4th century.  A possible roundhouse, a timber rectangular structure of possible Roman date and two masonry built structures were discovered during evaluation ahead of road widening, whilst part of a 2nd to 3rd century cemetery was revealed during excavation at a water treatment works. Metalled surfaces were revealed, although it is not clear if they were internal walls or yards. Disturbed human infant remains were sealed by building debris, taken to represent demolition debris from another masonry structure. The 2nd to 3rd century cemetery may have been placed in an area of abandoned occupation. Probable early Saxon burials. A 1915 lecture by Henry Preston (available as a pamphlet in the Sackler library, Oxford), also describes limestone blocks representing a ford, a well, a paved road, and many artefacts, including a Bronze Age dagger, recovered from near an area which produced a large number of brooches (including at least one zoomorphic brooch). Little evidence other than finds, but the possibility of a shrine should be considered (though this has not been included under site type as direct evidence for this is lacking)."
24018,1,400,250,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,2,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,hill,mixed,No,No,No,"A small rural settlement in use from the 1st-4th centuries AD. The first phase, late Iron Age to early Roman, is represented by a few pits and a small enclosure. In the 1st to 2nd century further pits and two roundhouses were constructed. The 2nd to 3rd century represents the main period of occupation at the site, with at least one roundhouse continuing. The 3rd to 4th century saw a reduction in activity across the site. Secondary smithing slag recovered from the site indicated small-scale ironworking. A cobble spread has been suggested as possible evidence for a threshing floor."
24019,1,200,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,No,No,No,"A late Iron Age or Romano-British ditch system likely to have been associated with a settlement nearby. Pottery suggests a date of first to second century AD. Iron working was indicated by a small amount of hammerscale, animal bone attests to the presence of cattle, sheep/goat, horse, pig and dog. Oyster shells were also present and spelt and barley were cultivated."
24021,275,350,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plain or plateau,uncertain,No,No,No,"The site of two Romano-British pottery kilns, located at Barnetby Top, in the gap of the Lincolnshire Wolds, approximately half a mile from a Roman Road (Middlegate Lane). The kilns are situated approximately 50m away from each other. Both kilns were of standard updraught design. A general spread of occupational debris was also found, including pottery, a small number of coins and a quernstone. The pottery from the kilns were of types common in the late third to mid fourth century."
24022,250,300,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,No,No,No,"The site of a kiln, one of at least six, the others of which have been badly damaged by ploughing. The kiln is a one-flued updraught form. The kiln had the remains of earthenware jars in situ."
24023,300,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,1,Yes,No,No,No,No,Yes,plain or plateau,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"A Romano-British settlement which lies alongside a Roman road, known as Long Hollow. Evidence for at least one stone building, possibly more, was recovered. Surface finds of pottery, coins, tile, dressed stone, tesserae and iron slag have been found. The pottery and coins are suggestive of a fourth century date."
24025,1,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plain or plateau,uncertain,No,No,No,"Pits and ditches spread out over 320 metres, associated with pottery of between 1st and 4th century AD in date."
24026,75,275,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,No,,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,plain or plateau,uncertain,No,No,No,"Excavation and magnetometry revealed five phases of ditched enclosures, aligned along an old stream bed. They were interpreted as a fieldsystem and were thought to have been used for drainage purposes for animal enclosures. Pottery suggested a date range of between the late 1st and late 3rd century AD. Five small hearths were also found, three of which contained charred grain. An additional hearth feature is likely to have been a corndrier. No direct traces of settlement were found, suggesting that this site was on the outskirts of settlement."
24027,250,300,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"A hearth and a clay surface were found associated with Roman pottery and building materials, suggesting the presence of a Roman building, fronting onto Ermine Street Roman road. The distance from the colonia (approximately 600 metres) may suggest it is a rural settlement in its hinterland or part of extramural settlement extending along Ermine Street. The site is defined as a roadside settlement here. The pottery evidence suggested a date of mid to late 3rd century."
24028,200,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"A rubble surface of limestone chunks, mixed with large fragments of Roman tile, sherds of pottery and animal bone. The tile included fragments of combed/box flue wasters. Pottery from the rubble spread dates from the later Roman period. It has been suggested that the surface functioned as a point of access to the River Witham or an associated creek, perhaps for fishermen or for off-loading cargo from boats. Circumstantial evidence from nearby fields indicates a settlement nearby."
24029,-100,350,150,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,6,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,plain or plateau,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Fieldwalking, magnetometry and excavation revealed an extensive multi-phase complex including a major triple ditch system with palisade of probable late prehistoric date as well as adjacent contemporary enclosures in which at least one late Iron Age post-built stock enclosing structure was built. The 2001 excavations have indicated that parts of the ditched enclosure appear to have been recut and reused during the mid-2nd century AD (contrary to the reports of the earlier excavations which suggested that the ditches had been filled and levelled at this time), when the area became the focus for a Roman quarry complex and settlement to the south-east, suggested by pits and occupation features on the geophysical survey. The limestone extracted from the quarry is thought to be fairly low-grade. The Romano-British settlement was indicated by burials, enclosures and an area of agricultural processing activities (including at least one probable corndrier and a four-posted structure interpreted as a possible granary) which continued into the late 3rd century, beyond the life of the quarry. The excavators suggest that the Roman excavation of quarry pits at Brauncewell was not only practical but it can be clearly seen as an active destruction of the triple ditch complex, a major pre-Roman boundary, and it has been argued, a site of cultural reference: a symbolic destruction of Iron Age organisation. The enclosures did not appear to contain any structures and have been interpreted as possible livestock enclosures. A possible trackway was also noted. The excavations in 2001 suggested that the Roman occupation extended into the 4th century, but produced no evidence for Roman activity earlier than the 2nd century. To the west of the ditched monument an enclosure containing 6 roundhouses was of mid-to-late Iron Age date. The presence of an iron sword of early La Tène date perhaps suggests it is of mid-rather than later Iron Age date. Excavations and a watching brief in 2005 produced evidence for continuation of the site to the west, with further ditches and enclosures situated west of the multiple ditch."
24030,-200,400,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,No,,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,No,No,No,"Geophysics and evaluation trenching have revealed a late Iron Age to Romano-British quadrilateral shaped enclosure with V shaped ditches. One of the enclosure ditches was redefined in the mid/late 3rd century AD and may have continued in use into the 4th century. An additional enclosure appears to have been added to the principal enclosure at a later date. Evidence for an associated fieldsystem of land boundaries is indicated by aerial photographs. The relative lack of artefacts and evidence for internal features within the enclosure has been suggested as evidence that the enclosure represents a stock enclosure rather than a settlement, and it is likely to be associated with the defended settlement at Horncastle."
24031,100,400,200,,medium (4 - 8 ha),complex,Yes,3,4,Yes,No,No,No,No,Yes,hill,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"A nucleated roadside settlement, sometimes referred to as a 'small town'. The site is known through several interventions. Evaluation trenching in 1994 revealed evidence for an early Roman site with ditched enclosures, one of which enclosed at least three roundhouses, including one of approx. 14m in diameter, and an area of stone founded buildings of probable late Roman date, thought to be structures fronting Ermine Street. These buildings were associated with hearths, floor surfaces and drains and are thought to be part of an extensive ribbon development. Additional features on the site include a road or track and a likely stone quarry, used to construct the limestone buildings along the Ermine Street frontage. Pottery from the stone building phases indicated a third or fourth century AD date, indicating that the site continued into the late Roman period. Test pitting ahead of laying of a pipeline in 1999 suggested that buildings had in the late Roman period (mid-to-late 4th century) encroached over the west edge of Ermine Street. Cremation burials were found to the west (these are a separate record, number 24075). A 2000 watching brief over Ermine Street suggested that the road predated the Roman features and provided evidence for the road surface, suggesting that the material for metalling was imported. It also suggested that the later road was either narrower than its predecessor or that it migrated slightly towards the west. Limestone rubble also provided additional evidence for RB structures. Further evaluation in 2001, 200m south of the area of previous investigations, produced further evidence for RB stone structures adjacent to Ermine Street and a metalled minor road extending west from it. An unusual polygonal structure, 15-17m in diameter, probably pre-dating the sub-road, was thought not to be of domestic origin and may perhaps be a shrine. It was probably demolished in the 3rd century.  Four RB inhumation burials were also found, as well as a possible charnel pit. Some of these may have been associated with a mortuary enclosure whilst one of the individuals was decapitated."
24032,50,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,1,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"A droveway and associated post holes, pits and ditches, as well as a probable circular structure represented by post holes. No occupation evidence was found and so the structure may represent temporary activity. No dating evidence was found although alluvium sealing the site and it has been suggested that this was deposited in the late Roman or early post-Roman period."
24033,100,300,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,No,No,No,"Two inhumation burials were discovered, along with several linear features (possible field boundaries), pits, possible post holes and a possible hearth. Pottery indicated landuse during the Roman and Anglo-Saxon periods. The site is thought to lie at the periphery of a 2nd to 3rd century settlement."
24034,100,300,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plain or plateau,uncertain,No,No,No,"Several ditches and pits containing animal bones and pottery of Roman date were revealed during a watching brief at Bourne, some distance away from previously recorded Roman sites. These features probably relate to a previously undiscovered Roman site that is located immediately to the southwest. Pottery suggests activity from the 2nd to 3rd century AD."
24035,100,325,200,250,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,3,Yes,No,No,No,No,Yes,hill,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"A Roman occupation site, one of several sites (see also database numbers 24035 and 24172) with evidence for Romano-British activity in the grounds of Bishop Grosseteste College, Lincoln, located on a hill in Newport, approximately 650 metres north of the walls of the colonia. It was interpreted as high status based upon the pottery assemblage. The site included evidence for structures in the form of stone walls and metalled floor surfaces, two infant burials beneath the floor of the stone building and possible evidence of quarrying or stoneworking. It may have had a 2nd century timber phase prior to the building in stone, evidenced by an arrangement of post-holes. The stone building(s) may have been built in the late 2nd to early 3rd century, with a period of extensive modification or rebuilding at some point before its abandonment, perhaps in the mid-third century. A possible timber building (perhaps a non-domestic structure) was built after the abandonment of the stone building.  Pottery suggested a date range of 2nd- to late third or early 4th century AD for activity, with abandonment of the buildings at around this time. The character of the settlement is uncertain, but it is defined as part of a roadside settlement here. One of the infant burials is unusual for having been decapitated, a rare rite for infants."
24036,50,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plain or plateau,uncertain,No,No,No,"This site produced evidence for Romano-British settlement nearby in the form of ditches and pits, possibly associated with a fieldsystem, and a Romano-British gravel quarry of uncertain extent, purposefully backfilled in the late 4th century. The fill contained relatively large quantities of roughly-cut limestones, possibly building demolition debris as well as ash, pottery and animal bone. A number of fragments of CBM were recovered from the site, suggesting a settlement in the vicinity."
24037,50,400,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,No,,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Geophysical survey and excavation revealed a Romano-British rectangular enclosure, 20x17m in extent, superimposed on an earlier RB fieldsystem. The enclosure was dated by pottery to the 3rd century onwards, and was suggested to be a stock enclosure (no structures were identified inside), associated with a nearby settlement, probably a small farm. Part of a cemetery containing four inhumations and the remains of two other individuals was found. Finds of early Anglo-Saxon date were also recovered."
24038,250,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,Yes,fen,uncertain,No,No,No,"A watching brief at Sleaford, approximately 250m to the east of the NGR associated with the nucleated IA/Roman settlement (database number 24002), revealed ditches, gullies and pits, with stone remains exposed in one area. Finds indicate that the main period of settlement was from the mid-3rd to late 4th century AD, although a small amount of pottery could be of late IA date. An inhumation burial was also recovered. The character and extent of the settlement is uncertain and it has been classified as if it were part of the small town here."
24039,50,300,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),complex,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plain or plateau,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"A watching brief at an area within Bourne which had previously produced a Roman pottery kiln (perhaps more) produced further evidence for Roman activity in the form of ditches (one of which was interpreted as a boundary ditch), pits and gullies, which produced evidence for metalworking in the form of iron rich fill. An overview of the pottery kiln is available in an appendix in the 2000 report for the site to the west (database number 24079), taken from Samuels' PhD thesis. Further evaluation trenching in 2001 revealed two ditches containing 1st-2nd century AD pottery, predating the accepted date for pottery production at the kiln site, perhaps indicating landuse prior to the industrial activity. 2 pieces of hammerscale recovered during environmental sampling during the 2001 evaluation indicates iron smithing somewhere in the area. Further drainage ditches and a single inhumation were found during a 2001 excavation. The burial was not dated although a Roman date is suspected. Additional Romano-British ditches, possibly for land division and drainage, and a pit were discovered in 2003. Further evidence for the ditches was found during an excavation in 2004, although limited finds were recovered. Together with other sites in the vicinity (24079, 24072), this site appears to be part of a roadside settlement adjacent to King Street Roman road."
24040,-50,400,50,175,medium (4 - 8 ha),complex,Yes,2,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,Yes,Yes,No,"A Roman nucleated settlement straddling King Street Roman road. The site developed over an area of land which was agricultural during the late Iron Age until the mid 1st century AD. The earliest settlement evidence includes the construction of the Roman road which may post-date the late Iron Age fieldsystem. The road was a track until it was metalled in the 3rd to early 4th centuries AD. The settlement developed during the mid-to-late 1st to early-to-mid 2nd century when the earlier boundary system was replaced with east-west and north-south aligned ditches and indeterminate structures. Metalled surfaces and additional structures of uncertain function were constructed on the brow of the hill. A timber post-built structure and a sub-circular structure were also built. Between the mid-late 2nd and mid 3rd centuries a cemetery was established near the base of the northern hill-slope. The cemetery contained 24 individuals with an excess number of young adult males, possibly slaves, represented. From the mid-to-late 4th century the site reverted to agricultural use. An isolated pit with the base of a pottery vessel included has been suggested as potential evidence for ritual or hoarding (structured deposition). There is tentative evidence that the town suffered a substantial fire, based on the highest quantities of burnt ceramic material. However, no evidence for this was identified in the investigation area."
24041,-100,400,75,200,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,plain or plateau,uncertain,No,Yes,No,"A late Iron Age and Romano-British Fen-edge settlement situated on rising ground close to the Car Dyke in south Lincolnshire, explored through excavation and geophysical survey. The settlement consists of a large and complex arrangement of enclosure ditches with two distinct areas, c. 80-90 metres apart. The distribution of pottery indicates a clear distinction between these two areas. The pottery from the northern end of the site was a more mixed assemblage with finer shell-tempered wares concentrated here. Coarse shell-tempered fabrics dominated the pottery in the south. This may be chronological with perhaps a trend towards finer domestic wares over time, which would indicate a shift in occupation from the southern to the northern end of the site. Over 90% of the Roman material came from the north. The more mixed assemblage of fine table wares at the northern end of the site could have been deposited in features closer to the centre of domestic activity in both the Late Iron Age/Early Roman and Late Roman phases of occupation. The southern area, outside the settlement boundary in the Late Iron Age and on the periphery of the Late Roman settlement, had a greater distribution of coarse wares, which can be seen as the result of different activities taking place, possibly manuring of the enclosures, particularly during the Roma period. At the north enclosure a mid-to-late IA settlement was enclosed by a possible palisaded banked ditch, possibly defensive in purpose (though perhaps for livestock). There was a break in occupation at the site during the 2nd century AD after which there was a major realignment of the site and a new rectilinear enclosure was laid out, probably for livestock. This is likely to be related to the development of a late Roman settlement.  A group of 3 cattle skulls from a ditch terminal of mid-to-late IA date may represent structured deposition."
24042,100,300,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plain or plateau,uncertain,No,No,No,"An area of field drainage ditches and a boundary, later used for industrial activity which was probably associated with an unknown settlement nearby (possibly of fairly high status). The site is represented by boundary ditches and pits, some of which contain industrial debris including ash and large quantities of burnt clay and pottery fragments. Some fragments show evidence of 'salt colours' indicating that they are possible briquetage fragments and suggest possible salt extraction, although the later excavation of the site found no evidence for salt extraction. A kiln was found, possibly linked with lead waste. The waste deposits date from the 2nd to early 3rd centuries with a principal date of mid-to-late 3rd century. The relatively large and varied size of the pottery assemblage from the site indicates that activity was not purely industrial and that this was associated with a settlement nearby."
24043,-100,400,150,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plain or plateau,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"A watching brief revealed an area of late Iron Age settlement and Romano-British agricultural use consisting of a series of fieldsystems arranged on different orientations, in use during or after the mid-to-late 2nd century AD. A droveway provided access through the fieldsystems. The Iron Age settlement included two timber four-post structures of a type often interpreted as granaries (their Iron Age date is assumed rather than proven). One of these structures was rebuilt twice."
24044,175,225,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"A site on the Fen edge, 1.25 km east of the river Glen. Romano-British activity was indicated by a small group of RB pottery and a probable RB inhumation burial of late 2nd to early 3rd century date. A later watching brief identified a 3rd century ditch, possibly a field boundary or for drainage."
24045,200,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,fen,uncertain,No,No,No,"The site produced a limited amount of evidence for possible Romano-British industrial activity in the form of a charcoal deposit with burnt clay fragments representing possible briquetage and some flakes of hammerscale. Vitrified hearth material was also present. Animal bones, marine shell and eggshell fragments are interpreted as evidence for domestic activity as well as possible industry."
24046,-100,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,Yes,"Located between the King Street Roman road and Car Dyke, the site is a series of late Iron Age to Roman enclosures, possibly for agricultural use. Two redeposited burials were found in one of the enclosure ditches. Small scale iron working was associated with an Iron Age context. 5th century Anglo-Saxon cremation urns recovered during earlier excavations indicate post-Roman activity on the site."
24047,50,200,,,medium (4 - 8 ha),unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,fen,uncertain,No,No,No,"A watching brief near an area of suspected Romano-British cropmarks revealed a double-ditched enclosure, probably a field boundary associated with settlement. Finds included pottery fragments of 1st and 2nd century AD."
24048,100,300,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,No,No,No,"One of several sites (see also database numbers 24035 and 24172) with evidence for Romano-British activity in the grounds of Bishop Grosseteste College, Lincoln, located on a hill in Newport, to the north of Lincoln. A watching brief identified evidence for 2nd-3rd century landuse and possible occupation at the site including a cut feature, possibly a drainage ditch or boundary,  and a burial."
24049,100,300,,,medium (4 - 8 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,fen,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"A Romano-British settlement and fieldsystem investigated during a watching brief of an area represented by cropmark evidence presented in The Fenland in Roman Times, and SAM number 230 (HER/SMR number 00230). Field boundaries and enclosures are represented by ditches, gullies and pits and a droveway was also recognised. The settlement was represented by enclosure ditches, interpreted as possible paddocks on the periphery of settlement. A layer of burnt clay fragments may derive from some form of industrial activity, associated with a general spread of debris to the immediate east. Dating evidence was sparse but a date range of 2nd to 3rd century is suggested."
24050,100,200,,,medium (4 - 8 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,fen,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Salvage excavation was undertaken at a Romano-British settlement and fieldsystem represented by cropmark evidence presented in The Fenland in Roman Times, and HER/SMR numbers 23573 and 23574. Field boundaries and enclosures are represented by ditches and gullies and a droveway was also recognised. Settlement is represented by enclosure ditches, gullies and pits. A layer of burnt clay fragments and clinker located immediately south of a sub-rectangular enclosure may derive from domestic or industrial activity. Such material was also recovered from other pits. A small amount of animal bone, sheep and cattle, was recovered.  Dating evidence from pottery suggests activity primarily in the 2nd century with a few sherds of 1st and 3rd century."
24051,100,300,,,medium (4 - 8 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,fen,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"A watching brief was undertaken at a Romano-British settlement and fieldsystem represented by cropmark evidence presented in The Fenland in Roman Times, and HER/SMR number SMR22167. Fieldsystems were represented by boundary ditches, gullies and a droveway whilst previously unrecognised enclosure ditches and pits were also identified."
24052,200,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,1,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,Yes,fen,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"A Romano-British settlement situated approximately 250m to the east of the nucleated settlement at Old Sleaford (database number 24002), and east of Mareham Lane Roman road (it is perhaps part of the nucleated site itself). Evaluation trenching revealed evidence for late Roman activity of two phases; a timber structured phase and a stone phase. Timber structures were represented by post holes and may have related to a building, a stock enclosure or a field boundary. The stone built phase included an area of metalled street emerging from Mareham Lane and at least one stone building, at right angles to Mareham Lane. The building may have had an industrial function (suggested by charcoal and a lump of iron slag), or may have been of moderately high status, with limestone roof tile, box flue tile, and painted wall plaster recovered. An additional metalled area may represent a courtyard or another street."
24053,-100,50,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plain or plateau,uncertain,No,No,No,"Two successive and adjoining ditched enclosures of late Iron Age date, positioned close to the present course of Hobba Dyke, possibly using the watercourse as an additional boundary ditch. Post-holes may have formed part of an additional linear boundary. A small number of fired clay fragments may be from daub, a hearth or a mould."
24054,50,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,1,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,plain or plateau,uncertain,No,No,No,"A potentially large settlement was revealed during a watching brief, with evidence for occupation between the 1st and 4th centuries AD. Perpendicular and parallel trenches were interpreted as building slots and the excavators suggested a possible high status for the site (although there is limited evidence for such an interpretation, other than a single sherd of amphora)."
24055,50,250,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,fen,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Ditches and pits containing Romano-British briquetage and fired clay found during a watching brief were interpreted as evidence for a salt extraction site. The site is on or adjacent to the route of a postulated Roman road. A fieldsystem located approximately 500m away, known from aerial photographs, may be related. The site is not well dated but an early Roman date is suggested."
24056,100,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,1,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,plain or plateau,uncertain,No,No,No,A group of Romano-British features were revealed during a watching brief for a pipeline. Some are drainage or boundary ditches whilst one may be a robbed out foundation trench for a structure of some sort. The building may perhaps have been an isolated agricultural building. A lack of evidence for domestic occupation has been suggested as evidence that it may have been a barn. A small amount of pottery including one sherd of samian was recovered.
24057,-50,100,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plain or plateau,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"A watching brief for a pipeline corresponded with an area of enclosures and a droveway known from cropmarks and pottery confirmed a late Iron Age date for the site. From the cropmarks the Dunholme site is best interpreted as a small farmstead. This is supported by the environmental evidence. The soil samples contained carbonised plant remains, including cereal grains and chaff. This evidence, along with the presence of cattle, sheep and possibly horse bones, probably indicates agricultural activity in the immediate vicinity of the enclosures. The pottery provides some clue to the dating of the site. The presence of a single sherd of Romano-British pottery with the Iron Age tradition sherds is highly significant. This would suggest a date sometime after the Roman Conquest of the mid-first century AD."
24058,-50,75,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,1,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,fen,pastoral,Yes,Yes,No,"Evaluation trenching and subsequent excavation in an area near to enclosures and a probable Roman road known from aerial photography revealed late Iron Age/early Roman deposits a ditched enclosure, itself surrounded by an large ditch, evidence for at least one roundhouse in the form of an eves drip gully, and a large amount of briquetage, probably indicating salt extraction in the near vicinity. Pottery from the site was predominantly of Iron Age date although some indicated continuity into the early Roman period. A lack of stratigraphic build-up at the site was taken as evidence that the activity on the site was sporadic and probably short-lived, possibly seasonal. However, the presence of burnt animal bone in some contexts suggest some domestic activity, as does the pottery assemblage had the presence of house mouse in the animal bone sample. The environmental/animal bone specialist argues for a pastoral basis for the site's economy. A late Iron Age pot contained burnt animal bones, placed within a linear cut which may be a boundary. The deposit is interpreted as domestic in the report but may be of ritual significance (structured deposition). The assemblage of briquetage from the site is considered important by the specialist as it includes a type unique to the site."
24059,-100,100,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plain or plateau,uncertain,No,No,No,"Evaluation trenching revealed a group of pits, ditches and gullies dating from the mid/late Iron Age to the Roman period. The character of the site is not clear. It may relate to settlement activity or possibly fieldsystems. Most of the Iron Age and Roman pottery was of probable later Iron Age date but sherds of Roman pottery suggest continuity. Individual bones of sheep and cattle were recovered and are thought to be of late Iron Age date."
24060,-100,50,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,fen,uncertain,No,No,No,"The site of a late Iron Age saltern, dated through pottery. The site is just one of 11 salterns identified during the construction of a 7km long pipeline. This was the only one which produced any dating evidence but the others are all assumed to be of Romano-British date. As the others are not securely dated they have not been included on the database."
24061,200,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,fen,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Evaluation trenching revealed ditches, pits and gullies and a levelled and metalled yard or track surface which was of 4th century date. General dating evidence for the site suggested a late Roman date of between the 3rd and 4th centuries. An evaluation and watching brief off Hall Lane in 2001, approximately 225m to the south west, revealed possible Iron Age features as well as a substantial Romano-British ditch and other gullies, ditches and pits, probably land divisions, perhaps part of a fieldsystem. This investigation also produced a concentration of pottery of 3rd-4th century date and so may represent a fieldsystem associated with the New Vicarage site. Some evidence for iron smithing was also found."
24062,-50,60,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,2,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"A late Iron Age enclosed settlement on the Lincolnshire Wolds, probably a small farmstead. It is located approximately 300 metres away from a prehistoric trackway. The site was occupied for a short time in the late Iron Age, probably spanning the conquest, shortly after which it was abandoned. A human inhumation burial was also found. Limited evidence for structures was found although curvilinear gullies may have been eaves drip gullies for roundhouses. Undated ditches revealed during a later evaluation nearby may possibly be related to the site. The pottery assemblage and bones of housemice attest to domestic occupation."
24063,200,300,,,medium (4 - 8 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"A potentially large Romano-British settlement, situated approximately 1km west of the River Witham and 1.1km south-west of the Fosse Way Roman road. The site has been interpreted as a possible village by the authors of the report (though evidence for this not clear). Whilst some evidence was found for late Iron Age activity, pottery suggested that occupation was predominantly in the third century AD, with slight evidence for some earlier Romano-British activity. The ceramic assemblage and a rotary quern have been taken as evidence for a domestic focus for the settlement, although industrial activity may also have occurred, evidenced by dense charcoal/ash deposits in a ditch. Between 100 and 300m to the south east an evaluation revealed an enclosure and ditches, pits and gullies, and was interpreted as lying on the periphery of a settlement dating from the 1st to 3rd centuries AD. The enclosure may be a stock enclosure, though the presence of slag within the ditch may suggest industrial activity in the area. It seems likely that this enclosure is associated with the area of settlement to the north."
24065,-100,300,50,200,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,2,2,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,Yes,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"A multi-period site on the outskirts of Lincoln, approximately 3km east of the Roman town, situated on the south-east slope of the Lincoln Edge on the northern side of the Witham Valley. Mid-to-late Iron Age activity was represented by a triple ditch system (see also database number 24095) whilst Romano-British buildings (perhaps 2 stone built or stone footed buildings) along with pits associated with industrial activity were found as well as a ring ditch, possibly the remains of a burial mound. The Roman period evidence was all datable to the 3rd century AD, after a period of abandonment during the first two centuries AD.  A subsequent geophysical survey over the evaluation area (as well as an extension north and west) produced magnetometry evidence for a small enclosure (perhaps a stock enclosure) as well as anomalies representing pits and hollows, including one with a magnetic signal suggesting a small industrial or agricultural feature such as a corndrier. Excavation in 1999 produced further evidence for Romano-British occupation including part of a late 3rd century cemetery containing 12 or 13 individuals, domestic buildings including two probable round houses, pits, ditches and 8 corndriers. One of the ditches contained large quantities of animal bone, probably situated away from the main area of settlement. Whilst some of the corndriers and huts are likely to be contemporary, they were not all contemporaneous as one corndrier cuts one of the ring gullies. One of the huts may have been associated with the storage of grain. The Romano-British cemetery may have respected the presence of the Iron Age ditched feature, as it may have formed one of the boundaries of the cemetery. However, the graves were contemporary with the corndriers and huts. Coffin nails recovered from the graves indicates at least some inhumations were in coffins. A more extensive area of Roman occupation is expected to the south of the site."
24066,200,250,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plain or plateau,uncertain,No,No,No,"A Romano-British ditch or pit was revealed during a watching brief and may represent the eastern edge of an occupation site. Possible functions for the excavated feature include a rubbish pit, a pit dug for clay, a ditch terminal or the SE comer of an enclosure ditch. Over 350 sherds of Romano-British pottery were recovered and fired clay fragments from a possible hearth were also found and were possibly in contact with some form of salt processing. The pottery mostly dates to the early/mid-3rd century AD and analysis suggests it comes from a nearby settlement occupied during the 2nd-3rd centuries. A small quantity of animal bones were also found."
24067,100,400,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,No,,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"An evaluation and subsequent excavation and a watching brief took place near an area of extensive pottery industry at Market Rasen. The evaluation produced evidence for ditches, pits and gullies as well as a large quantity of pottery including wasters as well as kiln debris from dumped deposits, confirming that the site was associated with the pottery industry, although no kilns were found. However, the subsequent excavation did discover a single kiln, associated with pits and ditches containing production waste. A clay quarry and a well, with a surviving wooden structure, were also found. Two hearths were discovered which were used for agricultural processing and possible drying pots were found. A quantity of iron smelting slag and hammerscale indicated ironworking. The site has been interpreted as a possible domestic area associated with the industrial complex, although no clear domestic evidence was found. Possible paddocks and a track were also noted. The use of heather as fuel for the kiln rather than solid wood prompted speculation by the report author that fuel from woodland may not have been available or that it was deliberately not used for fuel. The excavated evidence indicated that pottery production extended into the late 3rd and 4th centuries."
24068,100,200,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plain or plateau,uncertain,No,No,No,"A site at Market Rasen on the western edge of the Lincolnshire Wolds. Evaluation trenching revealed two Roman pottery kilns, as well as evidence for a third,  and numerous pits and ditches containing 2nd century pottery. The pits were probably quarry pits for clay and sand. No evidence for domestic activity was found.  Iron slag is suggestive of metalworking also taking place at the site. The pottery from the kiln deposits provides a tightly dated sequence from the 2nd century AD. This is earlier than the material found during evaluation of a site on the east side of Linwood Road, some 300m south-east of the proposed foodstore development (database site number 24067). No kilns were found on that site but pottery wasters were present and may indicate a shifting of the kiln industry to the south over time."
24069,100,300,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plain or plateau,uncertain,No,No,No,"Magnetometry survey revealed evidence for discrete local burning events, kilns, dispersed kiln material or pits/hollows incorporating kiln material. The site is clearly associated with the Market Rasen Roman pottery industry (see database sites 24068 and 24069)."
24070,200,400,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),complex,Yes,,1,Yes,No,No,No,No,Yes,plain or plateau,uncertain,Yes,Yes,No,"Evaluation trenching and a geophysical survey were undertaken to the north of a known Roman villa and bathhouse (excavated by amateur archaeologists in the early 20th century). The character of the site is uncertain, although it may be a roadside settlement with several individual buildings. Evidence from pottery suggests a date of 3rd to 4th century. A stone surface was found, believed to be a road connecting the 'villa' site at Haceby with the Long Hollow Roman road and beyond. To the east of this a cut interpreted as a robber trench contained structural material including limestone, tile and slate fragments. The bones of at least two infants were found in the base of the robber trench. The excavators interpreted the burials as having been buried in the backfill of the robber trench, which would clearly be unusual. It is perhaps more likely that the burials were disturbed during the digging of the robber trench (particularly as only one is intact and the other(s) is disarticulated), and if placed beneath a robbed out wall, may have been foundation deposits. The geophysical survey revealed a complex of additional features including pits, concentrations of CBM, ferrous material and linear, curvilinear and rectilinear features, some of which were thought to be structural. It is not clear whether the structure represented by the robber trench and the other structural features revealed by geophysics represent several individual buildings or are part of a larger complex such as a villa.  It is not clear how the features at the site relate to the villa and bathhouse known from the south. They appear not to have been physically connected, but may be separate buildings on an estate. The excavators suggest that the site may be separate and that the features to the south are a villa whilst this site is a roadside settlement, although it seems likely that they were linked in some way. To the west of these features, further along the route of the pipeline, the remains of a probable Roman road and, separately, a pit containing a complete cattle carcass were found, though no direct evidence for settlement was recovered."
24071,50,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,fen,uncertain,No,No,No,"A watching brief in an area of suspected to Roman settlement produced a single human female adult inhumation burial and a refuse pit and an animal burial (probably a dog, according to the report). The north-south alignment of the burial and iron nails, possibly from a coffin, suggest a Romano-British date for the remains."
24072,100,400,200,300,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,1,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,plain or plateau,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"A Roman industrial and occupation site near the Fen edge, enclosed by a substantial 4m wide ditch. Together with other sites in the vicinity (24079, 24039), this site appears to be part of a roadside settlement adjacent to King Street Roman road. During the 2nd century within the enclosure there were large pits excavated for their clay, presumably for the pottery kilns discovered 300m south of the site. Iron slag and a smithing hearth bottom were also found. In the 3rd century the land was subdivided and a small (2.8 x 2.6m) timber building and associated hearth were built and 2 human burials (one adult, one child) were found to the north and west of the building. In the late third to fourth century the subdivisions were abandoned and the site reverted to a single piece of ground. After a period of waterlogging in this final phase a 6m timber structure was built over an area used for rubbish dumping and fence lines were erected, as well as a yard surface. The excavators suggest that the site is nucleated, based upon the pottery and coin evidence. The coins do not really suggest that the site is anything other than a rural settlement although the pottery is unusual for a normal rural site (100 sherds of samian and reasonable quantities of mortaria and amphora), perhaps reflecting the location of the site adjacent to the Roman road."
24073,100,300,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,fen,mixed,Yes,No,No,"Excavation revealed evidence for peripheral activity next to a settlement known from cropmarks. Later 1st to 2nd century activity included a group of shallow gullies and hollows, probably for drainage, followed by further phases of drainage features in the early to mid 2nd century and the mid to late 2nd century. The latter features appear to demarcate or enclose specific parts of the site, perhaps representing a rectilinear enclosure and part of a droveway. A larger quantity of late 2nd century material from the site suggests that habitation existed close to the site at this time. During the later 2nd and early 3rd century AD a large curvilinear drainage ditch was dug and a human female skeleton of about 50 years old was found at the base of this ditch (suggesting deliberate disposal of the body while the feature was still open). The individual was probably killed by a deliberate blow to the head and possibly had her feet bound.  Complete pots appear to have been deliberately smashed over the position of the body. The ditch was deliberately backfilled, primarily with metalworking debris (some of which also covered the skeleton).  The site produced evidence for metalworking, including coal, which was interpreted as of sufficient quantity so as to suggest the presence of a resident (rather than itinerant) metalworker. Environmental evidence suggests that the site lay in an area of wet and marshy grassland and had a mixed pastoral and arable economy, with evidence for crop processing."
24074,100,300,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,mixed,No,No,No,"Excavation over part of an enclosure recognised through aerial photography and geophysics revealed a mid Iron Age phase and evidence for use in the Roman period, but with little evidence for late Iron Age or early Roman activity.  However, recutting of the ditches of the enclosure indicate its use over a long period.  As the centre of the enclosure was not excavated the character of the settlement is uncertain, although domestic occupation is probable given the pottery assemblages and its small size may suggest it enclosed just one or two houses. The lack of finewares in the Roman pottery assemblage suggests a site of relative low status. A Roman pottery vessel containing a cremation was recovered from a pit located towards the north limit of the site, adjacent to the west edge of a curved ditch. The pot was probably placed in the pit on its side. Finds from the site included a small amount of fired clay, slag, charcoal and burnt stone which may have been the result of industrial activity, possibly iron-smelting (though most of this came from contexts associated with mid IA pottery). Some charred cereal grains were found, but not in high numbers and the excavators suggest that arable production was not an important part of the economy (though this seems likely to relate to sample size). Plant macro-fossils suggest locally open vegetation of poorly drained weedy grassland, with some standing water in deep features."
24075,100,300,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,No,Yes,No,"A funerary site, located just 100 metres to the west of the linear RB settlement recorded on this database as 24031. The site appears to be distinctively ritual in character and is a ceremonial complex spanning between the Bronze Age and the Middle Saxon period, with ceremonial activities of different periods perhaps respecting those of earlier periods, with relatively little truncation of features by later activity.  A large pit of Romano-British date was stone-capped and may have had a cairn-like appearance. Two Romano-British cremations were contained within greyware urns and were separated by 0.5m, and were 0.6m north of the stone capped pit. These cremations dated from the mid-to-late 2nd century. A third RB cremation was in a pit and situated 14m south-west of the others. This burial dated from the mid 3rd century, dated by a Nene Valley Colour Coated funnel-necked beaker, deliberately placed within the cremation pit. Iron nails may have related to a coffin prior to burning.  The large, elongated stone capped pit was probably associated with ritual and contained animal bones, chiefly horse (at least two individuals), and butchery marks indicate that they were eaten, perhaps as part of ritual activity associated with a specifically ceremonial area. This pit was not closely dated, containing late IA/early Roman pottery and 3rd century forms.  Additional RB pits were also discovered which may have had some ritual significance, containing pottery and disarticulated animal bones.  A Romano-British enclosure ditch was also recorded, perhaps associated with the cremation burials, although its dating and relationship with the cremations is not certain. Part of a human femur was recovered from the ditch.  Anglo-Saxon burials were also found and further undated cremation burials could possibly be of Roman date."
24076,300,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,1,No,No,No,No,No,Yes,plain or plateau,mixed,No,No,Yes,"A series of late Roman ditches, pits and post-holes are likely to represent the edge of a late Roman rural settlement, probably a farmstead. A possible Roman building with stone foundations was discovered here during the 1950s. Pottery suggests a probable 4th century date. The ditches were interpreted as boundary ditches or drainage features. The Roman features were truncated by 30 Anglo-Saxon burials dating from the 6th century onwards."
24077,-100,400,100,250,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,1,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Evaluation trenching over an area of geophysical anomalies revealed evidence for an Iron Age eaves drip gully and post holes suggesting the presence of a roundhouse. These features were truncated by later Iron Age activity, perhaps an enclosure for an area of domestic activity. Fragments of briquetage from the Iron Age site have been taken as possible evidence for salt extraction, although it seems more likely that they represent exchange with other groups involved in salt making on the Fen edge to the east. Roman ditches of 1st to 2nd century were also found, including a pair apparently defining a trackway, as well as a possible enclosure, though these were not associated with the Iron Age site and no clear Roman domestic settlement was found, though one is thought to have existed in the immediate vicinity. A Roman inhumation of mid-to-late 3rd century date was found adjacent to one of the Roman ditches, along with nails suggesting a coffin. The burial truncated the trackway, indicating this had gone out of use. A small late Roman pit contained a large assemblage of charcoal and charred cereal which is thought most likely to derive from a domestic context. Subsequent excavation and a watching brief in 2004 confirmed the presence of late Iron Age and early Roman activity at the site, with drainage ditches, a possible trackway, and a pit discovered. A 2005 evaluation at a site approximately 250m to the south west produced very limited evidence of Roman activity, but included 7 sherds of mid 2nd to 3rd century date, including a sherd of samian and an amphora sherd. The investigation produced good evidence for a mid Iron Age settlement, and the focus for settlement may therefore have shifted towards the north during the late Iron Age to early Roman periods."
24078,-100,200,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,fen,uncertain,No,No,No,"A ditch revealed during a watching brief is probably associated with a settlement known from fieldwalking and cropmark evidence from the opposite field, and is a probable field boundary. Briquetage recovered during the watching brief is believed to be of late Iron Age or early Roman date and is seen as potential evidence for salt extraction at the site or in the immediate vicinity."
24079,200,300,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),complex,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Evaluation trenching produced evidence for  short lived Romano-British settlement occupied during the 3rd century, occupying a slight knoll adjacent to a Roman road, and together with other sites in the vicinity (24072, 24039), this site is perhaps part of a roadside settlement adjacent to King Street.  There was evidence for a mix of domestic and industrial activity. Linear ditches and gullies running perpendicular to the road alignment were interpreted as property markers. A number of smaller gullies/slots and pits may also be the truncated remains of structures, perhaps robbed out in antiquity, and larger intrusions interpreted as rubbish pits. Evidence for iron working was found as well as 'briquetage type material'. Whereas elsewhere this may suggest salt extraction, Bourne was inland with no known brackish water channel and it may be that salt produced in the coastal margins was brought inland to Bourne for further refining, or else briquetage technology was being utilised for some other process."
24080,50,400,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"A Romano-British ditch was interpreted as part of an enclosure, probably associated with a settlement. It occurred in an area of Roman activity known from aerial photography, which indicates other enclosures, also likely to be of Romano-British date. A scatter of Roman pottery was also found over the site, as well as a small number of fragments of Roman CBM. The ditch appears to have silted up in the post-Roman period but remained open as an earthwork and was not deliberately filled until the medieval period."
24081,200,300,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"A watching brief revealed a marked concentration of Romano-British activity at the site of the new Veterinary Hospital, alongside Ermine Street Roman road. A metalled surface was also found to the south, at the junction of Newport and Vere Street, either part of Ermine Street or perhaps a metalled surface belonging to a roadside property. The character of the site is uncertain, although the small pottery assemblage is seen as having potential military links and the site has been interpreted in the report as possibly rural and possibly a villa or a building with military functions (taken in conjunction with the other sites known from the area). The site is defined as part of a roadside settlement here."
24082,-100,200,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,1,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Ditches and gullies of mid-to-late Iron Age date were interpreted as landscape boundaries and at least one structure, which appears to have been rectangular (based on an L shaped gully), and pottery (mid-to-late IA), animal bone and pot boilers suggest domestic occupation in the near vicinity. Truncation of some features by later ditches indicated more than one phase of activity in the IA. A ditched enclosure contained both late Iron Age and Romano-British pottery, whilst a gully with post holes containing Roman pottery suggested a boundary fence. There therefore appears to be continuity between the late Iron Age and Roman periods at the site, with Roman pottery suggesting activity in the 1st or 2nd century, but not beyond."
24083,-100,50,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"A mid-to-late Iron Age site represented by an enclosure ditch and Iron Age pottery (as well as a small number of RB sherds), possibly associated with a site known from crop-marks. A Bronze Age barrow cemetery is located on the opposite side of the stream and would have been visible to the occupants of this site."
24084,100,300,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,fen,uncertain,No,No,No,"A number of Romano-British features including pits, linear features and ditches as well as undated features thought likely to be Romano-British in date were thought to represent land boundaries, suggesting a settlement in the immediate area.  Pottery from the RB features dated from the 2nd to 3rd centuries AD. A small environmental assemblage included fragments of animal bone and botanical evidence which suggested domestic occupation in the immediate vicinity."
24085,50,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,1,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"A series of ditches of Roman date suggest an extensive Romano-British fieldsystem, whilst a possible beam slot may indicate the presence of at least one structure. A very small group of Roman pottery was recovered and dating evidence is poor. A subsequent area excavation revealed little evidence for Romano-British activity, though a further 39 sherds were residual within later contexts."
24086,150,225,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,2,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,No,fen,mixed,No,Yes,No,"A rural domestic site, interpreted as a 'nucleated' settlement by the excavators, perhaps reflecting its position approx. 500m south of the line of a presumed Roman Road along Stonegate. The pottery assemblage is large and has been seen as of relatively high status (based on the presence of samian). A concentration of features include a natural creek, ditches, enclosures, 2 buildings, pits and associated industrial activity. It has been suggested that ditches fed by the natural creek may have been utilised for salt production, though they may be drainage or boundary ditches. Ditches contained most of the animal bone, much of it burnt, interpreted as a domestic waste disposal. Enclosures were formed by gullies and may have been agricultural or for stock enclosure. The two sub-rectangular buildings appear to have been timber post-built structures with surrounding drip-gullies and were closely associated with a kiln superstructure and may have been related to this industrial use. This kiln/oven is thought to be associated with briquetage production. Neonatal/juvenile calves and lambs indicate cattle and sheep breeding at the site and also possibly pig. A partial puppy skeleton in a deposit with other waste may possibly represent structured deposition."
24088,250,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,1,Yes,No,No,No,No,Yes,fen,uncertain,Yes,Yes,No,"Excavation revealed evidence for an agricultural production complex, perhaps associated with a major settlement somewhere in the vicinity. The activity may represent a milling site. A trackway and quarry pits for stone were identified and two corndriers were also discovered, one of which was within a rectangular stone building. The two corndriers were of different forms but apparently contemporary. One was T-shaped and the other H shaped. Both contained carbonised botanical evidence, predominantly of spelt, and the T-shaped example contained a high proportion of germinated spelt. The other did not have any germinated grains, perhaps indicating malting taking place in the T-shaped structure and drying in the H shaped one. A metalled surface was identified to the south of the H-shaped drier, possibly representing a threshing and grinding area and three millstones were found. The large size of the millstones (larger than quernstones) has been suggested as potential evidence for a grain processing complex, perhaps also associated with grinding malted grain for brewing. A post-built timber structure was interpreted as a possible granary as its six post holes were filled with charred grain (though the feature was undated). A further undated post built structure was also excavated. The size of the corndriers, the presence of a possible stylus and a parchment ware vessel were seen as potential evidence for a high status site, possibly part of a villa complex, though no villa building was identified. The only potential domestic structure on the site was a possible roundhouse, although this was undated. At least four neonatal puppies were deposited, two in one of the corndriers and two in a pit, possibly representing evidence for structured deposition. The millstone fragments were also recovered from the same corndrier as the puppies, and this may also have been an act of deliberate deposition.  Limited evidence for metalworking included 2 lead ingots as well as lead splashes and off-cuts."
24089,150,300,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plain or plateau,uncertain,No,No,No,"A complex of Romano-British ditches, gullies and pits were located as well as a reasonably large quantity of pottery, pieces of kiln furniture and charcoal rich fills, suggestive of a pottery kiln in the near vicinity. The dating evidence was exclusively of mid-2nd to 3rd century in date. The location of a kiln remains unresolved, although it may be associated with a diffuse geophysical anomaly near the south-west corner of the excavation that was part sampled during this investigation. The Romano-British activity seems to be exclusively related to the pottery industry. The lack of domestic activity is attested by the complete absence of animal bone within Romano-British contexts. The lack of later material from this group may indicate that the area featured fairly early in the sequence of pottery production at Market Rasen."
24090,-100,400,200,350,uncertain,complex,Yes,,1,Yes,No,No,No,No,Yes,river valley,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Evaluation trenching revealed evidence for late Iron Age/early Roman agricultural activity on the east of the site, perhaps associated with the nucleated Iron Age site known to the west (database number 24002). In the 2nd to 3rd century the focus shifted from the east to the west side of the site, with the metalling of Mareham Lane Roman road and agricultural land use in the form of ditches and pits, probably associated with stock rearing. A beam slot indicates the presence of a timber building at this time. Development at this time also appears to have occurred next to the Old River Slea, with the construction of a cobbled surface, possibly forming a hard standing area next to the river crossing. During the 3rd-4th century  there was a change in use of the west side of the site, when a sub-rectangular earthwork was constructed, apparently initially an enclosure for a late Roman cemetery, although the cemetery extended beyond this boundary, beyond the limits of the development. Although only a small number of burials (five) were positively dated to the Roman period, the cemetery has been described as 'extensive'.  The presence of nails in some of the graves suggest coffin burials.  A 'high status' stone building was also revealed in the area of the cemetery, suggesting either limited occupation before use of the cemetery or after it fell into disuse, perhaps in the 4th century. During the later Roman period further agricultural use of the area was revealed in the form of further field boundary and drainage ditches, pits and post holes, indicating land division and parcelling of land during the later Roman period. Roman pottery retrieved from the southwest corner of the site included imported samian wares, wine and olive oil amphorae, local Lincolnshire wares and wares from Oxfordshire, Much Hadham, Mancetter Hartshill and Doncaster or Dorset. Hammerscale and fuel ash indicate iron smithing at some level, though perhaps near to rather than precisely on the site."
24091,100,300,,,uncertain,complex,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,No,No,No,"A site to the west of the roadside settlement and south of the ritual area within Navenby (see database numbers 24031 and 24075), all clearly part of the same nucleated site. Numerous ditches, pits, a drystone wall, a well and several graves were discovered. The features were for the most part orientated east-west, perpendicular to Ermine Street and the ribbon development, and are likely to be boundaries associated with the settlement. At least three burials were exposed: one was a crouched adult, another was a child burial which appeared to have a neonate or young infant placed on its chest, as well as bracelets as grave goods. This burial cut two other possible graves. The apparent concentration of burials was seen as potentially indicative of a family plot to the rear of the settlement."
24092,-100,400,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plain or plateau,uncertain,No,No,No,"""A pottery production site which included a kiln, settling tanks and possible drying areas. Pits and ditches also contained pottery production waste. A large pottery assemblage of 9991 sherds was found. The pottery dating evidence suggests that the site was in use to some extent throughout the Roman period with pottery ranging from Late Iron Age type through to late 4th century. Previously dating of the site was thought to be largely confined to the late 3""""' century. It seems clear that the Market Rasen pottery industry had a long-life, certainly starting in the 2nd century, but continuing through into the later Roman period. This longevity confirms the considerable importance of this industry for the area. The quantity of slag from the site suggests a close association between the potters and iron workers, and wheat impressions on fired clay from earlier excavations in the area may be evidence for the proximity of threshing. This appears to indicate an important industrial area for an adjacent settlement and surrounding area."""
24093,100,300,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plain or plateau,uncertain,No,No,No,"Ditches containing Romano-British pottery may represent field boundaries near to a rural settlement or boundaries associated with a settlement enclosure, dating from the 2nd to 3rd century. Evidence for domestic activity was found, suggesting a settlement in the immediate vicinity,  thought to lie immediately to the NW of the site.  A ditch containing mid to late IA pottery (probably late IA) was also excavated. Industrial activity is suggested by iron working residues, probably from smithing."
24094,50,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,fen,uncertain,No,No,No,"A series of ditches may be Romano-British (dated by a single sherd of Nene Valley ware) and produced a group of briquetage, possibly indicating the site of a saltern either here on in the vicinity. The briquetage was considered to be possibly Roman."
24095,-100,50,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Part of a prehistoric triple ditched boundary (see also database number 24065). Excavation revealed a comparatively large assemblage of late Iron Age pottery in the final fill of the ditch, indicating late Iron Age use of the boundary (though its origins are likely to be earlier). A linear hollow, interpreted as a track, and a concentration of late Iron Age pits and postholes were associated with a 50m wide gap in the boundary, with the track passing the boundary ditch terminals. These features were therefore believed to relate to control of movement across the ditched boundary. The post holes may relate to structures associated with the gap in the boundary (a barrier or gate) or to domestic activity. An enclosure (perhaps a settlement enclosure) may have flanked the boundary system. Iron slag and hammerscale indicated metalworking. The track may have continued in use into the Roman period and unstratified pottery suggests activity here in the 2nd century AD, earlier than the establishment of the Romano-British settlement at Greetwell to the south (database number 24065), suggesting an unrelated focus of activity. However, no Romano-British features were indicative of major occupation."
24096,50,200,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,fen,uncertain,No,No,No,"Three separate watching briefs revealed Romano-British pits and ditches which contained 1st-2nd century briquetage, including structural material from the hearth/oven lining. The reports indicate that a Roman building and cropmarks of one of the best-known and important Fenland Roman sites has been recorded in close proximity to the development area, recorded by Hallam in 'The Fenland in Roman Times' in 1970. Additionally, pottery of early 2nd-late 3rd century date, coins, brick, tile and a limestone altar are known from the vicinity. The pits, ditches and briquetage were thought to be related to this settlement."
24097,200,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plain or plateau,uncertain,No,No,No,"A series of evaluation trenches produced evidence for a series of ditches and a finds assemblage that suggested domestic settlement, probably of rural farmstead type. The site is situated approximately 250m east of King Street Roman road. The pottery assemblage suggests that the site flourished in the third and fourth centuries AD, with some evidence for a late Iron Age or early precursor. Surface finds of limestone slabs are suggestive of a stone built structure having existed in the area, although no definite foundations for any such building were found. A single inhumation burial was discovered, orientated NW-SE, following the line of a boundary ditch."
24098,200,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,No,No,No,"The site of a Romano-British rural settlement of uncertain extent, revealed through fieldwalking, geophysical survey and evaluation trenching. Artefactual remains suggest that the Romano-British settlement was perhaps occupied between the 3rd and 4th centuries AD, with the main thrust of activity taking place during the 3rd century."
24099,175,325,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Geophysical survey, fieldwalking and evaluation trenching produced evidence for a widespread agricultural pattern of ditched fields, droveways and enclosures, associated with a 2nd-3rd century Romano-British settlement. There appear to be at least two phases of Roman fields, on slightly different alignments. The sparse pottery evidence indicates a date in the 2nd and 3rd centuries AD for both arrangements. Fields were predominantly sub-rectangular and of small but variable size. Burnt deposits that fill the ditches associated with the settlement and a small amount of iron slag and charred cereal grain were recovered suggest that some form of domestic or industrial processing may have taken place at the settlement. Post-holes may represent structural features, although no building stone was found. Some limited evidence for Iron Age activity was represented by pits."
24100,-50,400,50,200,medium (4 - 8 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,No,fen,mixed,Yes,No,No,"An extremely important late Iron Age to early Roman salt production and late Roman settlement site: the most extensively excavated of any salt making site and its environs in eastern England. The site is located on gently undulating ground which rises slightly to the west. It is situated approximately 2km north west of the River Welland, in the Fenlands. The site saw several investigations, beginning with evaluation and geophysics and culminating in open area excavation of approximately 6 hectares. Evidence was recovered for land use and settlement from the late Iron Age until the 4th century AD. The landscape was found to have been tidal, with a depressed 'salt pan' produced during marine flooding. Archaeological deposits were restricted to elevated areas of land. A late Iron Age droveway and stock enclosures may represent seasonal use of the landscape, located at a ridge on the eastern part of the site. A structure associated with iron slag was interpreted as a possible smithy associated with the late Iron Age phase. The creek system in the area may have altered during the 1st to 2nd centuries AD, forcing abandonment of this ridge, and there was a distinct change in land use during the period when the saltern was active between the first and early second centuries. The saltern was located adjacent to a lagoon fed by tidal water from the creeks. Features associated with the saltern included clay lined settling tanks and hearths. Frequent recuts in the settling tanks were seen as potential evidence for seasonal salt production. Structural evidence was also found including post holes, a curving ditch and a possible briquetage floor. Little domestic evidence was recovered, suggesting that these structures may have been storage areas or temporary shelters and the saltern appears to have been a purely industrial area. The concentration of salt production formed a pronounced mound of briquetage suggesting several generations of salt producers utilising the site. Almost 190 kg of briquetage has been recovered from the Wygate Park saltern. Salt is likely to have been traded from the site, but there is little evidence for the profits of this trade at the site itself. Salt production ceased during the 2nd century AD, possibly due to a change in the creek system, and the lagoon may perhaps no longer have been flooded. At this time there was an expansion of the fieldsystems. From the 2nd-4th Centuries AD the site was suitable for arable and pastoral farming with a succession of enclosures and fieldsystems represented by ditches cut into the elevated areas of site, interpreted as small arable plots and animal paddocks. The site appears to have been a fairly large farmstead at this time. A second, later area with a structure represented by post-holes appears to have been used for metalworking. Evidence for copper working was also found. The later Roman fieldsystems were abandoned in the later 4th Century when rising sea levels made the landscape untenable. Domestic animal bone was abundant in every period with the exception of the salt producing period. Cattle, sheep, horse and pig were documented indicating more varied animal husbandry than expected in a fen location of this period. There was a suggestion of breeding, particularly amongst the horse assemblage in the later settlement deposits c. later 3rd century. Evidence for small-scale bone working was also recognised in the faunal assemblage. Cereals and quern stones recovered from the late phase at the site indicate cereal production and processing within the 2nd-4th centuries AD."
24101,150,400,,,uncertain,complex,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,fen,uncertain,No,No,No,"Evaluation and a subsequent watching brief and excavation revealed evidence of a series of Romano-British boundary ditches, dominated by a substantial north-south possible settlement boundary that was recut and possibly revetted with large timber posts. Pits on the west side of the site may indicate a focus for settlement in this area, associated with the possible settlement boundary ditch. Few Roman features were revealed to the east of the ditch. A quarry pit and a well were also located, and significant assemblages of domestic artefacts were seen as evidence for domestic occupation in the immediate vicinity. Romano-British brick and tile were also recovered in moderate abundance from the site, although the material is possibly associated with buildings known from sites immediately to the west of this one. Four inhumation burials were identified, and whilst not conclusively Roman, they are considered likely to be, and are possibly part of a wider cemetery, perhaps associated with the extensive cemetery recorded in database number 24090.  The site appears to have spanned the Roman period, and began to see intensive activity by the mid-Roman period, from the mid-late 2nd century AD. A small number of early Anglo-Saxon pottery sherds may indicate post-Roman activity, whereas a single ditched feature contained pottery sherds of probable late Iron Age date, indicating pre-Roman activity of some sort."
24102,1,400,275,,uncertain,complex,Yes,1,,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,No,hill,mixed,Yes,No,No,"Geophysical survey, evaluation trenching and subsequent excavation revealed a busy coaxial fieldsystem of late Iron Age to Roman date. The site's earliest occupation was in the late 1st century BC or early 1st century AD, and continued until the late 4th or 5th century AD. A 12m in diameter eaves drip gully may represent a roundhouse constructed during the earliest phase of occupation. Early Roman features included a trackway, a possible ring gully, and two possible sub-rectangular enclosures as well as a group of co-axial field boundaries and a few pits and postholes, probably fields with fragmentary remains of structures within. The trackway continued in use during the mid-Roman period and a large curvilinear ditch in the centre of the site may be the remains of a large enclosure. Within these enclosures and fieldsystems six ovens/hearths were found, all of late-2nd to mid-3rd century AD and all were possibly used for cereal processing. The predominance of chaff within one oven may indicate that this waste was being used as fuel. Copper slag indicates small-scale non-ferrous metalworking during this phase. During the late 3rd century the trackway fell out of use and there was evidence for realignment of the fieldsystem and several  probable sub-square enclosures together with six smaller sub-rectangular enclosures were constructed during this phase. One enclosure may have contained a structure of slot and post-hole construction. The site was abandoned after the Roman period. There was some evidence that the settlement was based on mixed farming with charred grain and some animal bone surviving. Pottery, metalwork, roof tile, quern stones and other finds demonstrate that the site was of average status with limited access to high status goods."
24103,50,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,No,No,No,"A Romano-British fieldsystem revealed during evaluation trenching, with evidence for crop processing revealed during environmental sampling. It is possible that corndriers may have been located nearby. The size of pottery sherds and the quality of material indicates that a prestigious occupation site lies close by, to the north west."
24104,50,400,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,1,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,No,No,No,"A rural site approximately 500m west of a Roman marching camp west of Ancaster, and circa 1.3km north west of the Roman town itself. A curvilinear Romano-British ditch may have been part of a ring ditch from a circular building, and the presence of a stone-packed post-hole (although this was undated) may support this interpretation. The environmental evidence from the ditch indicated crop processing and malting were the main activities carried out in the area, which would suggest that the proposed structure was probably a granary or malt-house. An alternative interpretation of the ditch is that it was part of an entrance to a ditched enclosure around an area of agricultural activity. In either case it is a strong indicator of Romano-British occupation of the site, possibly a satellite farm associated with the town of Ancaster. A further evaluation in 2006 revealed several undated features, but major ditches were tentatively identified as Roman and may have been agricultural features associated with the settlement."
24105,50,200,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"A drainage or enclosure ditch and a gully and a small number of pits were associated with Roman pottery, whilst a fieldwalked assemblage of Roman pottery was thought to be large enough to suggest settlement in the immediate area. Pottery dated from the 1st to 2nd centuries.  The occurrence of native tradition cooking vessels alongside South Gaulish decorated samian, a cream flagon of early type and sherd from a rusticated jar in a fabric known from the legionary fortress deposits was considered unusual, and a military link was suggested by the ceramic specialist."
24106,150,325,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,fen,uncertain,No,No,No,"A watching brief and subsequent excavation revealed an 'abundance of Roman material', focussed on a shallow feature, interpreted as a possible pond, with linear drainage features running to it. Large quantities of fired clay were recovered, thought likely to have derived from a hearth or a corndrier. The presence of chaff in the environmental samples indicates crop processing on or near the site, and the environmental assemblage was thought to be consistent with that of a rural farmstead. Pottery from the site was of 2nd to 4th century in date and indicative of a low status rural settlement."
24107,150,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,fen,uncertain,No,No,No,"A watching brief revealed a series of intercutting features, with a pottery assemblage of mid-2nd to 4th century date, suggestive of a low-status rural settlement. A soil sample produced evidence for domestic settlement in the vicinity in the form of animal bone and burnt grain and seed. The lack of chaff from the sample suggests that this material is derived from food waste rather than the processing of cereal crops, indicating the presence of a settlement or small farmstead in the general vicinity of the site. No direct evidence of settlement activity was identified, other than a small, heavily truncated area of burning, which could easily have been the result of a single fire, and need not be a permanent hearth. The features exposed are more likely to represent several successive phases of intercutting field boundaries and enclosures associated with agricultural practices, probably also serving a drainage function (although the environmental specialist suggests that the environmental sample is consistent with occupation). The presence of small amounts of hammerscale from a ditch also indicates the possibility of iron smithing in the area, although only on a very small scale."
24108,50,125,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plain or plateau,uncertain,No,No,No,"A watching brief and excavation revealed part of a Romano-British enclosure, divided into at least three areas, one of which may have contained graves. The enclosure ditches contained pottery of 1st to early 2nd century in date, including some fabrics which have been suggested to have military associations, and the site is suggested in the report to have been associated or close to a Roman army encampment. A mortarium and a cream ware flagon recovered from the enclosure were sooted, which is very unusual as these types of vessel, suggesting the burning may be the result of ritual activity, possibly associated with cremation. The date range of the pottery is thought to represent a single event, rather than a prolonged period of activity. A subsequent watching brief revealed a ditch with pottery which confirmed an early to mid 2nd century date."
24109,50,400,,,medium (4 - 8 ha),enclosed,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,No,No,Yes,"Geophysical survey, fieldwalking survey and evaluation trenching produced evidence for extensive areas of Romano-British cultivation with planned fieldsystems possibly adapted from earlier fieldsystems. The authors of the report consider it likely that the field boundaries identified by geophysics formed part of the estate connected to the villa site at Scampton, 1.5 km to the north, or possibly to that at Burton, 2.5 km south. These villas lay within an affluent grain producing area, immediately north of Lincoln and adjacent to the Ermine Street, which formalised the line of the prehistoric ridge-way. The main focus of the investigations was an early Anglo-Saxon cemetery, dating from the late 5th to early 7th century."
24110,-100,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,fen,uncertain,No,No,No,"Evaluation trenching revealed an area of cut features and industrial residues, probably of late Iron Age or Roman date, possibly associated with the settlement recorded as database number 24100. A small assemblage of fired an partially fired clay fragments was thought to be an industrial dump. A small number of fragments may have been structural, possibly part of a kiln."
24111,100,400,,,uncertain,complex,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,No,No,No,"A watching brief revealed a single large pit containing relatively unabraded Romano-British pottery of 2nd to 4th century date. The site is located approximately 350m east of the nucleated settlement at Stainfield, and 250m east of King Street Roman road. The evidence may therefore be associated with the Stainfield site or to activity within its environs."
24112,100,300,,,medium (4 - 8 ha),complex,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,fen,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Fieldwalking, metal detector survey and geophysical survey over an area of cropmarks confirmed that they are Romano-British and of 2nd to 3rd century date. The presence of Romano-British roof tile and brick fragments amongst the assemblage indicates that possible buildings were located along the road frontage."
24113,125,175,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,No,No,No,"A site situated approximately 600m west of the Roman walled town at Caistor. A watching brief revealed linear features and a pit, as well as a quantity of Roman pottery. It is possible that the evidence may reflect agricultural activity in the hinterland of the town, although the authors of the report also suggest that the site may represent a distinct focus for settlement, on or near the site. A subsequent watching brief revealed intercutting linear features of probable Romano-British date, recut at least three times,  which appear to be boundary or drainage features that may define a unit of landholding. Finds included pottery, evidence for metalworking in the form of hammerscale and a domestic bone assemblage. The main pottery group was of mid-2nd century date."
24114,50,125,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"A site located approximately 3km to the south of the Roman colonia at Lincoln. A watching brief produced evidence for very late Iron Age to early Roman occupation, spanning the period from around AD 40 to AD 125, based upon comparable pottery assemblages from Lincoln. Features were predominantly ditches and pits. The Roman pottery wares were of types recovered from the legionary deposits from Lincoln, and the authors of the report consider it possible that this site was also of military character, perhaps associated with control of the Fosse Way road. Domestic settlement was thought to have been present in the immediate vicinity, though the site may have been on the margins of occupation."
24115,75,150,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,1,Yes,No,No,No,No,Yes,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"A Romano-British occupation site to the west of Lincoln, where evaluation trenching revealed evidence for at least one stone built structure of late 1st to early 2nd century date, whilst earlier pottery sherds suggest activity in the area from the mid-first century AD. Associated pits and ditches contained large quantities of animal bone with evidence for butchery, leading to the suggestion that the site functioned as an abattoir (although this could simply be domestic waste). A geophysical survey also produced evidence for potential building remains, and the excavated structure is considered likely to be just one of a complex of buildings. Large amounts of roof tile were recovered, and a concentration of tile from one area is taken as potential evidence that the roof of the building was removed first, stockpiled and then reused elsewhere, allowing the subsequent removal of the stone walls, not later than the mid-2nd century. The presence of high status quarter circular tiles, box flue tiles, samian and amphorae were suggested as evidence that the site may have been high status, perhaps including a bath house. Geophysics indicated that boundary ditches divided the landscape into a network of fields. Definite activity post-dating the abandonment and demolition of the structure(s) was restricted to small quantities of pottery of 3rd/4th century date which attest to only very limited activity at the end of the Roman period, of unknown character. However, two inhumations were identified, interpreted as being distinctly Christian in form, being east - west aligned extended supine burials. These were believed to be of late Roman date."
24116,-100,400,150,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,1,,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,Yes,Yes,No,"A multi-period occupation site with evidence for activity from the Bronze Age through to the medieval and post-medieval periods (see also database number 24148). The site included a mid-to-late Iron Age phase as well as a late Roman phase, interpreted as a low status rural settlement. The mid-to-late Iron Age features included a roundhouse, ditch system, two large ponds and several smaller pits and post-holes. The location and extent of the settlement suggests that it may have directly succeeded an earlier Iron Age settlement. Significant quantities of pottery and briquetage were associated with the mid-to-late Iron Age settlement, and salt production was clearly an important role of the site.  An undated crouched inhumation burial was situated near to one of the mid-to-late Iron Age ditches, and may therefore be Iron Age, although this was not confirmed. One of the Iron Age pits produced nearly 13kg of animal bone as well as significant amounts of pottery and burnt stone, considered possible evidence for feasting. A group of post-hole structures may have been of early or later Iron Age date. An enclosure associated with the mid-to-late Iron Age activity did not contain evidence for contemporary structural features, and may have been for livestock or horticulture. The roundhouse was neither within or outside this enclosure, instead forming part of the enclosure boundary. The entranceway to the roundhouse seems to have been located so as to simultaneously give direct access both to the enclosure and the outside world. The site saw a hiatus during the early Roman period, with renewed occupation during the mid-2nd to 4th centuries AD. Part of a settlement enclosure lay in the southwest corner of the site, on the same alignment as a grid of field boundaries extending to the north and east. This forms part of a much wider system of enclosures and fields visible as cropmarks, running at right-angles from the double-ditched trackway to the south of the site. Roman features associated with the fieldsystem included a hearth of possible Roman date and finds included baked clay and slag as well as a complete crucible used for cuprous metalworking, indicating industrial activity. The Romano-British settlement enclosure was placed within the fieldsystem and shared its alignment, and it was sub-divided by ditches and a sub-enclosure. No buildings were evident, and features were restricted to pits and a single inhumation burial. One of the pits in the enclosure included a near-complete coarse-ware vessel whilst another included a complete articulated horse skeleton, possibly representing structured deposits. Finds from the settlement enclosure were mainly restricted to 3rd-4th century pottery and animal bone, although fragments of a millstone grit rotary quern were recovered from a ditch. The density of finds was clearly much greater in the north-western part of the excavated area than elsewhere, suggesting that this was the main focus of occupation. It is likely that the core of the settlement lay beyond the limit of excavation to the west and its extent is therefore uncertain. Informal fieldwalking in the adjacent field on this side produced four sherds of Late Roman pottery, one piece of Roman tile and three pieces of Collyweston stone tile, as well as 735g of iron slag of unknown date. These finds may derive from the westward continuation of the settlement enclosure, and could possibly indicate the presence of a building. Morphologically the settlement is seen as similar to a site immediately to the east (database record 24148), which is convincingly complex in plan."
24117,50,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,fen,uncertain,No,No,No,"Fieldwalking and evaluation trenching revealed evidence for Romano-British occupation in the form of a north-south aligned linear feature with a u-shaped profile, with tesserae in its fill and a scatter of tesserae over the surface, indicating a high status Roman building in the near vicinity, though no structures were found."
24118,50,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"The site of a probable Roman ironworking furnace, represented by a pit including charcoal, burnt stone and tap slag. The furnace itself was not discovered, but was believed to be nearby. The site was dated based upon it overlying post-Iron Age alluvium and an associated sherd of samian."
24119,50,400,,,medium (4 - 8 ha),complex,Yes,,1,No,No,No,No,No,Yes,hill,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"A series of watching briefs between 2003 and 2004 over part of the Roman nucleated settlement (see also database record 24031) confirmed the form of the ribbon settlement, revealing intensive activity immediately adjacent to Ermine Street. Parts of one or two stone structures were exposed. Finds suggested a date spanning the Roman period, from the 1st to 4th centuries AD. Several finds included coins and other artefacts. A further 2008 watching brief around 100m north produced evidence for a boundary ditch of Roman date. Only three sherds of 1st to 2nd century pottery were recovered in this watching brief."
24120,-100,250,75,100,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,1,3,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,No,Yes,plain or plateau,uncertain,No,No,No,"Geophysical survey, evaluation and subsequent excavation took place over several years at a villa site approximately 7km north east of Lincoln. The site is notable for being a relatively early villa, constructed during the 1st and 2nd centuries AD, and demolished during the 3rd century. The earliest activity at the site, 90m west of the main excavation area, included a mid-to-late Iron Age roundhouse, with a diameter of circa 12m and an east facing entrance, and a hearth. A ditch respecting the Roman features ran through this roundhouse, although no Roman finds were recovered from this area.  Early Roman structures in the main excavation area were represented by post-holes and beam slots and pits, interpreted as representing a farmstead which emerged during the later 1st century AD. At least three neonate or infant burials were associated with the early pre-masonry building phase at the site. The main period of occupation at the site is thought to have been the 2nd and probably early-to-mid 3rd century. During the late 1st or 2nd century the timber phase structures appear to have been replaced by at least three masonry buildings which included a bath house with at least three linked heated rooms, identified based upon findings of a monochrome tessellated floor, Opus Signinum, red and white geometric and figurative wall plaster, and a hypocaust. A possible 'plunge pool', was closely spaced but physically separate from the main bath house, although was possibly attached to another range of rooms. A further large masonry structure, perhaps part of the main villa building, was represented by robbed out walls. A series of post and stake features to the north indicate external activity on a similar alignment to the masonry structures. The masonry buildings are thought to have been deliberately demolished after having been damaged or destroyed, probably during the 3rd century. There is further evidence for some continuity of activity at the site that may have involved agricultural/horticultural use, and certainly included the systematic robbing of masonry. Other activity may have included later squatting or scavenging actions, though the current evidence for particular activities is weak."
24121,50,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"A section of the Car Dyke. An evaluation trench produced good evidence for the profile of the ditch, which was broad and flat and had sides less than 45°, suggesting it could have been a navigable waterway for barges. The south bank of the dyke was also notable for having been built c.5m south of the dyke, providing space for a berm or a tow path where horses could possibly have been utilised. Roman artefacts were recovered which confirm a Roman date for this section of the dyke."
24122,250,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"A site approximately 750m north of the walled town at Ancaster, and adjacent to Ermine Street Roman road. A watching brief revealed a Roman ditch and a pit, probably for domestic waste, although this was not excavated. Both pit and ditch were of late Roman date. Artefacts recovered included late pottery and a silver radiate of Gallienus."
24123,-100,200,100,,medium (4 - 8 ha),enclosed,Yes,2,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Three excavations revealed part of a large Iron Age and Roman settlement, in an area with previous Neolithic and Bronze Age settlement/ritual activity. The settlement is situated adjacent to natural springs, with enclosures either side of The Beck. The earliest phase of the IA/Roman settlement was mid-to-late Iron Age in date and consisted of an unenclosed domestic settlement, including a posthole and slot structure (possibly originally sub-rectangular in plan), ditches and pits. A ditched enclosure was also constructed during this phase, although it is uncertain how features related to it as only some were contained within it. One of two four-post structures may also date from this phase, and has been interpreted as possible excarnation platform or a granary. Between c. 50 BC and AD 50 another ditched sub-square enclosure was constructed which was interpreted as a farmstead by the excavators and a ring gully, c.13m in diameter, suggests a circular structure with a large entranceway within the enclosure. Other structures included a post-pad structure, part of a post-hole/slot structure and part of another possible ring gully with a diameter of c.8m.  A kiln or hearth/oven was also found. A feature interpreted as a temple or shrine by the excavators was also constructed during this phase, located at the junction of two former streams (there seems little supporting evidence for its interpretation as a shrine however). The feature consisted of a sub-rectangular enclosure ditch with a north-east entrance and a smaller sub-square enclosure in the centre with an entrance along the same orientation. A four-post structure lay on higher ground 5m to the north. A group of burials lie to the east of the possible shrine feature and some of these may be of this phase, although grave goods from one grave indicate a later 1st century AD date. The four-post structure was interpreted as a possible excarnation platform, although environmental evidence points to the fact that it could have been a granary for the storage of cereal crops. Several of the enclosure ditches were also recut during this phase. A moderate collection of finds was recovered from the backfills of the enclosure ditches including evidence for metalworking. During the early Roman phase, from circa AD 50 to the early 2nd century, the major enclosure ditch went out of use. The 'temple complex' continued in use into the Roman period but seems to have gone out of use by the early 2nd century. At least one of the four burials dates to this period, whilst the others were undated. 2nd century activity included several boundary/drainage ditches, although the site may have been abandoned during this period, possibly as a result of flooding, and flood deposits from the adjacent palaeochannel sealed the 'temple' site and the burials. None of the excavations produced evidence of Roman activity beyond c.AD 200."
24124,200,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Excavation revealed two boundary features, thought to represent activity on the periphery of settlement, probably located to the south. One boundary was aligned north-south, the other was aligned east-west and was later. The boundaries both showed several phases of recutting, suggesting a fairly long period of occupation in the area. A deposit of cremated human bone was located within a pit cut into the upper fills of one of the ditches. There was no sign of a cremation vessel, and a sherd of 3rd-4th century fineware provided the only dating evidence. Earlier evaluation on the site had identified one of the ditches together with a small quantity of Romano-British pottery."
24125,200,400,,,large (9+ ha),unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,fen,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Evaluation trenching took place at a site east of the Iron Age and Roman nucleated settlement at Sleaford. The investigation revealed four phases of Roman activity including three ditch systems on slightly different alignments representing activity in the early-to-mid 3rd century, the mid-to-late 3rd century, and the late 3rd-4th century. The later ditch system appears to use an earlier trackway as a boundary. The early features were early to mid 3rd century in date. The site was thought by the excavators to be agricultural and domestic in nature, with the 3rd century date potential evidence for part of a late expansion of Old Sleaford. Early Saxon pottery was recovered although no features were found."
24126,-100,400,50,150,uncertain,complex,Yes,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,fen,mixed,Yes,No,No,"A site to the east of Sleaford Old Town, approximately 250m east of the late Iron Age and Roman nucleated settlement (database number 24002). It is probably part of the same site represented by database numbers 24038, 24052, 24090 and 24101, although these produced less evidence for Iron Age activity than this evaluation. Here,  evaluation trenching revealed evidence for late Iron Age occupation in the form of pits and linear features (probably boundary ditches) containing domestic refuse, although no structures were identified. The alignment of the features appear to have respected Mareham Lane Roman road (or its Iron Age precursor). The Iron Age pottery from the site includes French imports, attesting to the high status of the site in this period. The Iron Age faunal remains suggest a very strong emphasis on sheep/goat husbandry with foetal remains indicating the breeding of animals on site and aging evidence suggesting utilisation not only for meat, but also retention of older animals to maximise wool and milk production. Charred plant materials recovered from environmental samples include an input of hearth waste with burnt food stuffs and fodder also suggestive of occupation in the immediate vicinity.  There is evidence for a hiatus after the end of the Iron Age, with no evidence for renewed occupation until the mid-2nd century AD. The Roman activity may have been less intensive than during the late Iron Age. The majority of the Roman features probably represent boundary ditches forming part of the extensive pattern of ditched fields and enclosures evident in fieldwork and on air photography to the east and north. Environmental samples also suggest that the site may have been on the periphery of settlement during the Roman period. 4th century Roman pottery was relatively abundant within a 'dark earth' deposit, although no features dated to this period. Late Roman burials were identified and were seen to have been more regularly laid out with a more regular burial practice than other burials known from the area, but may represent part of the same cemetery area (see database numbers 24090 and 24101).  The recovery of nails from several of the burials indicates that coffin burial was the norm, whilst a 3rd century beaker from one of the graves provides a terminus post quem for this burial, and probably the others."
24127,-50,200,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,4,1,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,No,No,No,"A late Iron Age to early Roman settlement, located approximately 10km north west of Horncastle. The site is notable for having little structural or morphological evidence for being of high status, but the presence of high status Claudian pottery imports may be suggestive of a high status focus. Furthermore, the find of a parting vessel (probably a Roman introduction) used for precious-metal working is the first discovery from a rural site, as they are normally urban finds. The site was discovered during evaluation trenching during the construction of a pipeline. Phasing was not always clear and it was not always possible to distinguish between late Iron Age and early Roman features. The earliest activity on the site was represented by three ring gullies, interpreted as small late Iron Age roundhouses. Similar, later features suggest continuity in settlement, although the original roundhouses went out of use and were replaced by others built nearby. In the following phase the ditches of a fieldsystem were established, cutting through earlier structures and subsequent activity on the site follows these new alignments. Two crouched burials date from the time when the fieldsystem ditches were still open, and were buried within the ditches. During the early Roman period a larger roundhouse succeeded the earlier roundhouses whilst at least one rectangular structure of uncertain function was represented by slots and postholes. The features were interpreted as representing a small Romano-British farmstead, possibly enclosed by a ditch. The animal bone assemblage suggested that sheep/goat were the most prevalent species during both Iron Age and Romano-British phases at the site, followed by cattle and pig.  The age structure of the populations suggests that the sheep or goats were managed for milk, wool and meat while cattle and pigs appear to have been managed for beef and pork. Tiles and a fragment of painted wall plaster suggest the presence of a high status building in the vicinity, although no evidence was recovered for this building on the site. The presence of Terra Rubra, a rare Claudian import, was considered by the ceramic specialist to be evidence that the site was of high status. Evidence for ferrous metal production was found and precious metal working evidence was recovered from a late Iron Age roundhouse gully and included two fragments of a probable Roman parting vessel used in the separation of gold and silver."
24128,-100,200,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,No,No,No,"A small site approximately 11.5 km north west of Horncastle, comprising an enclosure ditch with a small group of other features including two pits with charcoal-rich fills and two post-holes. The small pottery assemblage suggests a late Iron Age to early Roman date, and that the site was peripheral to settlement. The burnt charcoal and in situ burning in the pits may suggest some sort of minor industrial or domestic use for the site. Any associated settlement must have been located outside the area of the pipeline easement."
24129,-100,350,100,250,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,plain or plateau,uncertain,No,No,No,"A late Iron Age to Roman settlement located approximately 5.5km north east of the Iron Age to Romano-British nucleated settlement at Old Sleaford. Three phases were identified: Phase 1: mid to late Iron Age; Phase 2: Late Iron Age to early Roman; Phase 3: 1st to 2nd century AD. However, the pottery evidence suggested continued activity into the 4th century, possibly after a hiatus during the 3rd century. A series of east-west aligned ditches defined a fieldsystem which was probably established in the late Iron Age and maintained until the 1st century AD. Ditches were in use and maintained through the period of the conquest. A gully was thought possibly to be a foundation trench for a wattle-walled structure, with an apparent break representing an entrance. A midden contained metal-working evidence. Phase 3 (early Roman) ditches were aligned differently to the earlier system. The artefactual evidence suggests that occupation of the site was more or less continuous, so this re-alignment may indicate that there was an organised re-allocation of land, probably in the early part of the second century AD. Some of the small Iron Age enclosure ditches may have gone out of use by this time, but the larger ditches are likely to have been still open, abandoned only when the area was incorporated into a more widely managed landscape that utilised larger arable fields during the Roman period. Several large pits of this date may have been either for water supply or for drainage.  The pottery assemblage shows occupation from the middle Iron Age until the fourth century AD., the majority being late Iron Age to early Roman in date. There does not seem to have been any large changes in the nature of the site in the early part of the Roman conquest although metal-working activity seems to date from around this time and may have been influenced by it."
24130,50,400,80,,uncertain,complex,Yes,,4,No,No,Yes,No,No,Yes,river valley,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"The site of an unwalled 'small town', situated immediately south of the River Humber and along the line of Ermine Street Roman road, which divides as it approaches the settlement. Evidence for settlement has been found on both arms of the road. The site has long been known from a scatter of surface finds, but excavation has occurred since the 1960s, although only parts of the site have been excavated. The site is not thought to have had an Iron Age precursor, and military activity at the site may have occupied 'virgin' land. No fort is known, but the early Roman activity is seen as being military in character and the site may have supplied the conquest of Yorkshire via the crossing of the Humber. A civilian settlement followed the military activity, and the site saw less intensive activity from c. AD 80, although an end date for the military phase is not known. At least two simple rectangular masonry buildings were recovered during the 1960s excavations. One was built during the 3rd century and may have continued until the mid-4th century. It contained a hearth, heated channels, interpreted as parts of furnaces, and 4 infant burials.  Post-holes are suggestive of an internal partition. The other building may have been late 3rd century and also had an internal partition in one corner. This building also had a furnace as well as 3 infant burials beneath the floor, in the same area where the partition may have been. The furnaces in both houses were seen as likely to have been domestic cooking ranges. A dog had also been buried in the rubble after the destruction of the building. The building was destroyed by fire, although occupation continued and it appears to have been dismantled.  A series of trenches and gullies of mid-to-late 1st century AD in date were located beneath the second of the buildings and were interpreted as being Roman military buildings. Parts of the roads were also excavated and were thought to have been of military origin."
24131,-50,225,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,1,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,fen,uncertain,No,No,No,"A late Iron Age to Romano-British site situated 2 km east of the late Iron Age and Roman nucleated site at Old Sleaford. The site was on an area of fairly flat land. Evaluation took place over cropmarks which showed rectilinear enclosures and a possible hut circle. Activity on the site spanned the late Iron Age to the 3rd century AD, with an emphasis on the late Iron Age and early Roman periods. No late Roman artefacts were found."
24132,200,400,350,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,1,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,fen,uncertain,No,No,Yes,"A site on fairly level ground situated approximately 2.5km east of the late Iron Age and Roman nucleated site at Old Sleaford. Evaluation revealed part of a rectilinear enclosure system with a pottery assemblage which dated from the 3rd to 4th centuries AD with a peak in the mid to late 4th century. A large quantity of Roman CBM, including box tiles, suggest the close proximity of a high status Romano-British building. A group of gullies may represent the remains of a circular structure, possibly of early 3rd to 4th century in date. This building was thought not to be a domestic dwelling, due to a limited number of finds. The site may be on the periphery of settlement, and is interpreted as a low-status farmstead during the 3rd and 4th centuries. A greater level of activity in the mid-to-late 4th century is suggested by a greater quantity of artefacts and more regular features. The range and quantity of CBM from this period  suggests that there was a substantial building nearby, possibly a villa building. The later ditches may possibly have formed part of an enclosure around this building. The site produced a relatively large assemblage of animal bone. Cattle were the commonest species; estimates of age at death suggest that they were mainly being raised for prime beef. The population structures of both sheep and pig are also consistent with meat production. Perhaps of more interest was the evidence from butchery marks that horses may have been exploited for meat. This does not necessarily indicate human consumption as there is evidence that dogs were also being kept. Generally, this material suggests the continuation of farming and domestic occupation of the site in this phase. An articulated horse skeleton from one of the ditches showed evidence of joint disease symptomatic of heavy work. A large assemblage of metal working slag and tuyeres, an assemblage typical of smithing, were also recovered from the same 4th century ditch.  The transition from Phase 1 to Phase 2 seems to represent a development from a small farmstead to a higher status site, probably with a brick-built dwelling, accompanied by a change from a purely agricultural to a more diverse use. Iron-working was undoubtedly taking place on or very near to the site, and there may also have been some other industrial activity also taking place. This development seemed to have occurred towards the end of the fourth century. An adjacent site, which encroaches upon some of the ditches associated with this site, was of early Anglo-Saxon date and included at least one Grubenhaus."
24133,100,300,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,1,Yes,No,No,No,Yes,No,fen,uncertain,No,No,No,"The site of a Romano-British aisled building of 2nd to 3rd century date, located approximately 1200m east of the nucleated Iron Age and Roman settlement at Old Sleaford, located on a fairly slight rise, which falls slightly to the south. Evidence for the building consisted of eight posts and the building was believed by the excavators to have been around 9m wide, with an internal area of around 100m2. Limited evidence for domestic activity was found and the building may have been a barn rather than a house, although a small assemblage of animal bone recovered from pits was seen as likely domestic refuse, perhaps indicating that the building may have served a domestic function of some sort. Little CBM was found and it seems likely to have been a purely wooden structure. Ditches and gullies, if contemporary, may have formed a boundary around the building. Two post holes may have formed part of an additional structure. The pottery assemblage from the site was one suggestive of high status."
24134,100,300,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"A site at Boston, 7km northwest of the coast of The Wash, on the banks of the River Witham in the Fenland. Evaluation at the site revealed a buried soil and field boundary drainage ditches overlain by marine flood deposits, along with a small assemblage of Roman pottery of 2nd-3rd century in date. Environmental sampling showed that the growing and processing of wheat was being carried out indicating dry conditions."
24135,200,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,No,No,No,"A Romano-British ditched feature, possibly part of a fieldsystem, situated approximately 650m north of Ancaster, adjacent to Ermine Street, and possibly associated with the features recorded at a site approximately 100m to the north (database number 24122). The feature dated from the 2nd to 4th century and finds included a small quantity of animal bone and pottery, as well as a rare patera handle fragment from a ritual vessel, usually associated with the military."
24136,200,300,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,coastal,uncertain,No,No,No,"A site located just west of the Grayfleet Drain, in a relatively flat landscape approximately 5.5km west of the coast. The Roman coastline may have been immediately adjacent to the site in the Roman period. Archaeological evaluation revealed ditches and an assemblage of mid to late 3rd century pottery and the site was interpreted as a low status settlement site. Artefacts included fired clay, a single fragment of brick and three iron objects whilst environmental evidence included animal bone, charred wheat and barley and oyster shells."
24137,75,400,180,,medium (4 - 8 ha),unclassified,Yes,3,7,Yes,No,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,hill,uncertain,No,No,No,"The site of a substantial courtyard villa complex at Winterton, located on a slope approximately 5km south west of the 'small town' at Old Winteringham and around 6km south west of the River Humber. The site was located adjacent to a spring line along the side of the Lincoln Cliff. The site has been known of since the late 17th century and the mosaics were discovered in stages since the mid-18th century and the site has seen numerous early investigations. The site has been subject to several modern excavations since the late 1950s, initially ahead of opencast mining.  The pre-villa settlement was founded at least by around AD 100, perhaps earlier. The earliest structures, of second century date, include two circular masonry buildings, both of which were destroyed and levelled within a century of their construction. These buildings were associated with a contemporary fieldsystem and the second century settlement has been interpreted as a prosperous farmstead.  A slightly later circular building was constructed in circa AD 180 and perhaps served as a workshop.  Before the end of the 2nd century there appears to have been a radical change at Winterton, when the buildings were demolished and replaced by a series of sophisticated rectangular buildings. The excavation report emphasises the stark contrast between the two phases: from archaic round houses to an ultra-modern villa, one of only four villas in the country to boast mosaics in the 2nd century. Several rectangular buildings were constructed, with at least seven individual buildings arranged around a courtyard. Some buildings had hypocausts and functions for individual buildings include a kitchen, a workshop, a bathhouse, two aisled buildings, one of which provided domestic accommodation, bathing quarters and a barn-like department."
24138,-50,400,50,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,Yes,No,"A rural site on the edge of Bottesford in the Trent Valley. Archaeological evaluation following on from geophysical survey revealed a late Iron Age settlement represented by a group of two or three ditched enclosures, one circular, which were replaced by a large rectilinear enclosure in the early Roman period, with evidence for settlement shift from the south-east facing slopes to the plateau in the north and west. The large enclosure may have been sub-divided during the 3rd-4th centuries AD. Evidence for small-scale smithing at the site in the Roman period was found. The position of a horse cranium in a ditch was thought possibly to be ritual. Processing and possible production of cereal crops took place during the Roman period, whilst it has been suggested that the Iron Age phase at the site focussed on cattle."
24139,200,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,No,No,No,"A site in the centre of Burgh le Marsh, occupying a low hill adjacent to the Lincolnshire Marsh. A very small area of trial trenching revealed dense archaeological deposits representing pits and ditches, predominantly of 3rd-4th century in date. A possible wall foundation may have been of Roman date but was not closely dated. The artefactual evidence and the intensity of the archaeology were seen by the excavators as evidence that the area was within or on the periphery of settlement.  Chalk rubble and daub may have been structural in origin. The charred plant remains are typical of late Roman rural settlement, including evidence for the drying and processing of grain."
24140,300,400,,,large (9+ ha),complex,Yes,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,Yes,fen,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"A site which was part of the nucleated settlement of Old Sleaford. Evaluation trenching revealed evidence of late Roman structures including a masonry building foundation, possibly part of a large yard which enclosed a corn drying oven discovered during the 1960s. A further rubble structure was excavated. A small quantity of Roman pottery, tile, glass and a coin were found. The Roman road, Mareham Lane, ran through the development site."
24141,-50,400,50,250,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plain or plateau,uncertain,No,No,No,"A site occupying flat land west of Addlethorpe and approximately 4km west of the present coast. A watching brief during construction of a bypass produced evidence for a late Iron Age area of dumped deposits containing significant quantities of briquetage, suggesting a saltern in the immediate area, although none was found. However, the deposits do not seem to be of domestic origin either. Romano-British deposits included a dumped layer adjacent to the dumped Iron Age material, and the pottery assemblage was thought to suggest domestic occupation in the immediate vicinity, particularly during the late 3rd and 4th centuries."
24142,100,300,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,No,No,No,"A site near the centre of Bassingham, situated on a slight rise around 250m from the modern course of the River Witham, approximately 14km south west of Lincoln. Archaeological evaluation revealed a large number of linear and curvilinear features representing a complicated multi-phased system of field boundaries and drainage ditches. Post-holes suggest the presence of semi-permanent structures on the site, perhaps in the form of animal shelters, stores or similar buildings. Whilst dating of features was often problematic, at least some of the fields were Roman in date, probably of 2nd and 3rd century AD (possibly earlier), and there was little evidence for Roman activity into the 4th century. Pottery of early Anglo-Saxon date suggests activity at this time, after a hiatus."
24143,100,300,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plain or plateau,uncertain,No,No,No,"A site on fairly flat land on Gonerby Moor, east of the Foston Beck watercourse. The site was subject to geophysical survey and evaluation trenching which revealed evidence for a Romano-British settlement. Gradiometer survey detected a complex of ditched features and other features including part of a large ditched enclosure, within which other ditches define internal plots. Magnetic anomalies were thought likely to reflect building materials or possibly small-scale industrial activity. Elsewhere, further sub-rectangular enclosures were noted. The evaluation trenching confirmed that these features were of Roman date. A discrete area of mid-to-late Iron Age pottery may have represented earlier settlement, although no direct evidence for settlement was found. The small Roman pottery assemblage suggests activity during the 2nd and 3rd centuries AD."
24144,-100,50,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plain or plateau,uncertain,No,No,No,"A site situated on flat ground around 350m east of the Field Beck watercourse, approximately 1.5km north of the nucleated late Iron Age and Roman settlement at Old Sleaford. The site was excavated as part of a watching brief during pipeline construction. Archaeological features of late Iron Age date included a series of ditches, used over five phases, indicating successive use of the area for agricultural purposes over several decades. The ditches may have been boundaries for fields or plots. Evidence for metalworking (smithing) and weaving suggested that a late Iron Age settlement lay nearby. Romano-British finds probably also originated from a nearby settlement. The pottery assemblage had similarities to the Iron Age assemblage from Old Sleaford. Environmental information from the site indicates that barley and spelt wheat were apparent in the Iron Age period, but the results suggested that no waste material was present and that the remains recorded were peripheral to a settlement. Note, a ring ditch visible on the plan is of Neolithic date."
24145,175,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"A site in the Gwash Valley, east of Stamford. Evaluation trenching produced evidence for a series of ditches, probably for drainage or the marking of boundaries. Ceramics and CBM were recovered from the ditches, suggesting a possible building in the vicinity. An area of probable Romano-British earthworks representing terracing and an associated bank may have been flood defences from the nearby River Gwash."
24146,150,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,fen,uncertain,No,No,No,"A site 500m north of Spalding town centre, in the Lincolnshire Fens. Romano-British deposits consisted of a series of ditches, pits and dumped deposits, probably used for waste disposal. The ditches may have been boundary markers and some were recut. No structures were found, though the dumped deposits and a fragment of tile suggest structures in the vicinity. The main period of Roman activity on the site appears to have dated from the mid-2nd to 3rd century, although some features appear to be of 4th century in date."
24147,100,200,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,No,,3,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,No,No,No,"A pottery production site within Market Rasen, a known centre of Roman pottery production industry in Lincolnshire. The site occupies an elevated position, sloping gently down towards marshy ground in the north and rising gently in the south west. The site produced evidence for a notably early date for industry between the early to mid-2nd century AD, making it the earliest pottery-manufacturing centre identified in Market Rasen so far. However, later deposits were also found. Most of the pottery types were utilitarian grey ware vessels, mostly jars. Two truncated pottery kilns were exposed. An unusual mortaria sherd suggested that there may have been a local mortaria industry, unusual because the production centre is more typically associated with non-specialist manufacture. Evidence for smelting and smithing were recovered from several features, indicating metalworking in the vicinity. Other features included ditches and pits associated with drainage and possibly clay extraction. A number of rectangular structures discovered on the site were interpreted as workshops or stores rather than domestic dwellings. Other possible structural features included a large circular enclosure, a beam slot and ditches."
24148,100,250,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),complex,Yes,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,pastoral,Yes,No,No,"A site 2.5km north of Langtoft, on the edge of the Fens. Excavation took place over an area of approximately 3ha in advance of quarrying, adjacent to the quarry site (database reference 24116) to the immediate west. The site was interpreted as a rural farmstead. Later prehistoric activity was represented by a fieldsystem, associated with the settlement recorded to the west. Romano-British features included ditches interpreted as part of a fieldsystem and the north-west corner of a rectangular enclosure, extending towards a trackway to the south.  At least two phases of activity and redevelopment along with artefactual dating, suggests that the enclosure was only occupied from mid to late 2nd century through to the mid 3rd century AD. With a similar morphology to the enclosure recorded during the excavations to the west, and the location close to King Street Roman road, it seems probable that these represent settlements associated with this major Roman routeway. Other features included a further enclosure or boundary ditch, pits/wells and watering holes. Most of the pits appear to have been used for water and many were artefact rich. Structures included a possible four-poster feature (function uncertain, but possibly used for storage), a three sided structure, possibly an out-building for animals or light industrial use. A further structure was represented by beam slots and was of uncertain function. The structures were located towards the south of the enclosure, indicating that the main habitation was here. The main domestic buildings were thought to be further south, towards the road, out of the area of excavation. The lifespan of the settlement was relatively short, perhaps just three generations. The artefactual and structural evidence was thought to reflect a degree of sophistication and prosperity. The excavators suggest that the settlement's prosperity may have been based on goat's cheese, based on a high number of sheep/goats at the settlement and the presence of sieves/colanders which could have been used in the separation of curds and whey, though no typical cheese presses survived."
24149,-50,300,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,fen,mixed,Yes,No,No,"A site located on flat land on the edge of the Lincolnshire Fenlands. Evaluation trenching over an area of geophysical anomalies produced further evidence for IA and Romano-British settlement. Features recognised through the geophysics included several enclosure ditches, boundaries, pits and depressions. The trenching revealed evidence of settlement within several sub-rectangular enclosures. Structures were represented by gullies, post-holes, pits and a possible beam slot and a possible hearth, providing evidence for domestic occupation. Some enclosures produced dating evidence of late Iron Age to early Roman date whilst others were of Roman date and some seemingly late Iron Age. A droveway was probably of late Iron Age to the Roman transition in date.  A rich assemblage of cattle bone was found, indicating rearing of cattle, sheep/goats, pigs and horses. Charred plant remains were recovered, but the numbers were small. The composition of the weed assemblages may indicate that areas of newly cultivated grassland were coming into cereal production for the first time, possibly as a result of a changing agricultural regime during the later Iron Age and Roman periods."
24150,-100,350,100,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,plain or plateau,uncertain,No,Yes,No,"A site located c.1km east of East Halton and NE of North Killingholme, occupying relatively flat land approximately 1.5km west of the Humber Estuary. The site was subject to geophysical survey and excavation ahead of the development of a power station. A series of rectilinear enclosures were identified and these were shown to be part of a substantial Romano-British rural settlement occupied from the first half of the 2nd century AD to the second half of the 4th century. A deliberately infilled ditch contained a complete Roxby form jar of Antonine date ? structured deposition? Later evaluation approx. 200m to the SW by Northamptonshire Archaeology produced evidence for Iron Age and Roman activity, represented by ditches and gullies ? clearly part of the same site. There appeared to have been a gap between the Iron Age activity and the Roman. Roman occupation seems to have begun in the late 1st/early 2nd century, and focused on two areas of the site. Ditches and gullies may have defined enclosures and structural elements associated with the above described 'ladder' settlement, identified by Humberside Archaeology. Pottery evidence suggested that the settlement was of modest status and reached its peak in the 3rd century. To the south-west a further enclosure system was located. Ditches and gullies again produced pottery of principally 2nd to 3rd century in date, though not in the same quantities as the settlement."
24151,-50,150,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,No,,1,No,No,No,No,No,Yes,hill,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"The site of a late Iron Age to early Roman building and field/enclosure boundaries, located approximately 1.75km south east of Ancaster. Evaluation trenching revealed late Iron Age /early Roman field boundaries or an enclosure that were subject to significant alteration, probably reflecting renegotiation of the boundaries. The construction of the masonry rectangular building, revealed during excavation, in the late Iron Age/early Roman period may be related to the changes in the landscape at this time. The building was of enough import to warrant rebuilding after it collapsed or was demolished, though it may have been agricultural rather than domestic. The building lay close to the route of a probable trackway identified through geophysical survey.  It appears to have collapsed or was destroyed in the early Roman period. Finds from the evaluation trenches to the east of the building may suggest that the focus of activity shifted east at this time, and pottery of 2nd-4th century was confined to this area."
24152,-50,400,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"A site approximately 15km north east of Lincoln, situated on a gentle slope with rising ground to the north-west. Geophysics, earthwork survey and trial trenching produced evidence for dense late Iron Age and Romano-British activity. The settlement was defined by a large linear boundary, possibly originally palisade fenced. A ring ditch and penannular ditches revealed in the geophysical survey were thought likely to represent late Iron Age houses. Roman features were represented by networks of rectangular enclosures and a possible trackway.  The enclosures may have been used for different purposes and may not all be contemporary, perhaps representing settlement shift. No structures were identified. Much of the site was unexcavated but most of the features excavated were Romano-British. The pottery assemblage suggests that the site was occupied from the late Iron Age through to the 4th century AD. Metal detector finds have also been recovered from the site and may be available on the Portable Antiquities Scheme database."
24153,50,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,fen,pastoral,No,No,No,"A rural field-system site at Weston, in the Lincolnshire Fenlands. The site appears to have had activity during the Roman period from the 1st through to 4th centuries AD. The site may have been subject to seasonal marine flooding during the early Roman period. However, environmental evidence suggests that the area was open, dry land during the 2nd to 3rd centuries, though marine and wild resources were still being utilised. The pottery assemblage suggests that the site may have been of moderately high status. The economy appears to have been sheep based, with potential local crop production."
24154,-100,200,,,uncertain,enclosed,No,,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,fen,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"A site approximately 1km to the north east of the nucleated settlement at Old Sleaford, with Mareham Lane Roman road running immediately past the site on the east. A watching brief revealed a complex of enclosure ditches of late Iron Age and early Roman date. These were abandoned in the Roman period when a boundary ditch and associated fieldsystems were introduced. Activity was focused on the higher ground in the south west of the site because the ground in the north was too wet. The pottery assemblage included material often associated with the military, although no further evidence for military activity was found. The limited evidence for occupation, coupled with relatively few finds suggests that this may have been an area of animal enclosures and enclosed fields, in the late Iron Age/ Roman period."
24155,100,400,250,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plain or plateau,uncertain,No,No,No,"A site revealed during quarrying approximately 2km west of Market Deeping on relatively flat land. Evidence for a 2nd to 4th century Romano-British fieldsystem was discovered, reorganised in the later Roman period, probably as part of the development of a villa landscape."
24156,50,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"A site at Knaith Park, north east of Knaith and around 3km south of Gainsborough, in the Trent Valley. Evaluation trenching ahead of construction of a pipeline, over an area of anomalies recorded during a previous geophysical survey, produced evidence for a possible Romano-British ironworking site represented by iron smelting and smithing slag found in association with Roman pottery and a hearth, considered to be a furnace bottom (though the specialist suggests that this was too large to be a furnace)."
24157,75,300,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plain or plateau,uncertain,No,No,No,"A watching brief took place at Tetford, in the Lincolnshire Wolds, 6.5km north east of the Roman town at Horncastle. The watching brief found evidence of Roman pottery production, including wasters and fired clay from a kiln structure, from a single isolated pit, dating from the late 1st or 2nd century AD. Shallow ditches and junctions are possible evidence of domestic Roman occupation in the area between the 1st and 3rd century AD, dated by a small group of pottery sherds."
24158,100,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,1,,Yes,No,No,No,No,Yes,plain or plateau,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"A site subject to evaluation trenching, located at Welton, approximately 9km north-north-east of central Lincoln, subject to two separate evaluations. The investigations revealed at least three phases of activity. The earliest features may have been of pre-Roman Iron Age in date and included stake holes and post holes, representing possible evidence for timber structures. No dating evidence was recovered but these features pre-date an overlying occupation surface of late 1st to 2nd century date. Further stake holes and post holes are likely to be of 1st to 2nd century in date, or possibly slightly later, suggesting a second phase of timber structure. A possible trackway of this date was also recorded. A spread of demolition material may be associated with the destruction of a 3rd-4th century curved stone building recorded in a 2007 evaluation. The demolition material included large quantities of Romano-British building debris that included ceramic and stone roofing tile, hypocaust material, red painted wall plaster and mortared stone rubble along with an iron nail and domestic 4th century midden material. Tegula fragments and a single tessera were found in the 2007 eval. The pottery assemblage is indicative of a fairly high status site. The quantity and range of tile recovered are suggestive of a substantial building, probably a villa in the immediate area of the site. Early to mid Saxon pottery was also recovered."
24159,50,200,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,fen,uncertain,No,No,No,"A site in Spalding, north west of the town centre, in the Lincolnshire Fens. Evaluation produced limited evidence for early Romano-British activity in the form of linear features and a dumped deposit of frequent charcoal, abraded Roman pottery and animal bone fragments, many of which were burnt. The environmental assessment suggests that the relative lack of charred grain and other plant remains, which is common within domestic waste dumps suggests the possibility that the deposit represents a dump of material representing waste from meat processing. Analysis of the animal bone assemblage also suggested a group of material representing butchery waste. Activities such as meat processing and rendering of carcasses generally occurs at some distance from the core of any settlement activity, which may also tie in with the lack of archaeological activity exposed in the other trenches. The site may therefore be on the periphery of a settlement."
24160,100,400,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"A site in Barrow upon Humber, approximately 3km south of the River Humber. Trial trenching produced evidence for several Romano-British features on the site, comprising a number of pits, postholes, gullies, ditches and a gravel bank, along with at least two stone surfaces. The remains are indicative of an extensive settlement, probably dating to the 2nd to 4th century AD, based on the pottery evidence. The two stone surfaces may be roads, although based on their location and the material recovered overlying one of the surfaces, it seems more plausible that these are yard surfaces associated with adjacent farms, or other buildings. The pottery assemblage from the remains is fairly typical for a Roman settlement site for this area, although a Crambeck ware import from North Yorkshire is rare for the county, but most likely suggestive of limited coastal trading. Previous investigations at Deepdale in Barrow upon Humber and at Barton upon Humber have also identified similar pottery assemblages, indicative of settlement to the south of the Humber of 2nd to 4th century AD date. A total of 24 fragments of Roman roof tile, including both tegula and imbrex, were recovered from a number of contexts across the site. Although not a large quantity, they do point towards the presence of a stone structure with tiled roof in the vicinity. This is given further weight by the recovery of a large piece of worked building stone from a Roman stone surface."
24161,200,400,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,No,No,No,"A site at Great Limber, around 19km north of Market Rasen. The site lies on a south facing slope. Excavation revealed ditches and pits of 3rd-4th century Romano-British date. Roman pottery from the features occurred as large, unworn fragments and this, together with building materials and evidence of industrial activity, initially gravel quarrying and later iron smithing, suggests the site was on the periphery of settlement. Finds retrieved included Roman pottery and roofing tile, fired clay, animal bone and industrial residues. An earlier evaluation produced pottery of substandard or waster material, although none was found during the excavation. The pottery suggests relatively low status occupation through the Roman period, probably on the periphery of a larger settlement. The presence of Roman roofing tile, including some from the evaluation, indicates buildings of this date in the vicinity."
24162,-50,50,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,No,No,No,"A site on the south-east edge of the Lincolnshire Wolds. Two enclosures identified by geophysical survey were trial trenched and dated by ceramics to the late Iron Age. The enclosures appear to have had internal divisions. The pottery assemblage is typical of rural settlement of the late Iron Age, although the presence of an imported sherd raises the possibility of a higher status settlement."
24163,50,400,,,medium (4 - 8 ha),complex,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"A site at East Halton Skitter, adjacent to the River Humber and the East Halton Beck. Evaluation took place over an area previously investigated through geophysical survey. The survey results produced evidence for a large multi-period settlement complex consisting of enclosures with associated trackways and ditches. The focus of settlement appears to be an area of raised ground and consists of a polygonal enclosure containing a circular feature and bounded on the north and east sides by a trackway. A series of rectilinear enclosures is located to the south-west. A separate smaller area of possible enclosures is located to the north of the main polygonal enclosure and linked by the trackway to the west and south. The excavated features and artefacts were suggestive of rural settlement of agricultural nature. The pottery assemblage suggests two phases. The assemblages from the main polygonal enclosure and the area of possible settlement adjacent to the trackway leading to the north both date from the mid-1st to late 2nd century AD and may be contemporaneous. The assemblage from the rectilinear enclosures to the south, in contrast, dates to the 3rd to late 4th century AD."
24164,-100,325,250,50,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,4,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"An excavation site in Barnetby le Wold, situated on an area of flat low-lying land in the rear of a small valley, branching off the Ancholme Valley. Prior to the late Iron Age the site appears to have been an area of open countryside, with only limited evidence for previous activity. Late Iron Age activity at the site commenced with the construction of an irregular enclosure ditch, between the 3rd and 1st centuries BC. During the life of this ditch a shallow grave was cut into its base and the body of a mature woman was placed face down with her wrists and ankles tied in the base of her back. Her head was probably removed at the time of burial, and deposited several  metres away in a shallow pit. This burial was dated stratigraphically to the late Iron Age, although questions were raised about this date because of the nature of the burial, being unusual for the late Iron Age. The results of a radio-carbon date were being awaited. The enclosure ditch probably formed part of a farmstead, with gullies to the north probably part of a contemporary fieldsystem. This enclosure was superseded by an extensive curvilinear ditch and a contemporary fieldsystem developed to the north. A group of pits are also contemporary with this phase. The curvilinear ditch was then realigned and its internal area divided, with a roundhouse constructed to the north of the ditch. Re-aligned fieldsystems appear to have developed to the north of this building. In the latest pre-Roman Iron Age phase a possible enclosure was constructed at the south east corner of the excavation area, containing two storage pits. The field-system was again redefined. The pottery evidence suggests there may have been a short-lived break in occupation at the site during the 1st century, as there are no 1st century Roman pottery forms present. The earliest phase of Romano-British activity, from the 1st-2nd century AD, saw the re-excavation and readjustment of the previous rectilinear fieldsystem, whilst another roundhouse was constructed in the ditched enclosure in the south east of the site. In the 2nd to mid 3rd century the 'ladder system' of fields was replaced or supplemented by new ditches to create more enclosures. The second roundhouse may have become redundant. The landscape was then reorganised at some point during the 2nd to 3rd century and the earlier fieldsystems had disappeared by the mid 3rd century. At this point the southern half of the site was divided into a series of sub-rectangular enclosures. Two of these contained stone-built corndriers, with a roundhouse also having been constructed near the western edge of one. The southern enclosure contained a number of burials, with additional burials dispersed across the northern part of the site. The final phase of Romano-British activity is represented by a single settlement enclosure located at the south-eastern corner of the trench, constructed during the late 3rd ? 4th century AD. A circular building was situated in the enclosure, with another possible structure immediately to the north. A single crouched inhumation and a cremation were also likely to be of this phase."
24165,50,150,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"A site approximately 1.5km north west of the village of Winterton, on the west-facing slope of the valley of the Winterton Beck. Winterton villa lies approximately 1km to the south west. Trial trenching investigated an enclosure recognised through geophysical survey. The investigations confirmed ditches associated with a Romano-British enclosure measuring approximately 50m by 45m, with an area of approximately 2250m2. The interior of the enclosure was subdivided with evidence for slots, post-holes and gullies, interpreted as successive timber buildings which lay to the centre of the enclosure. The enclosure was assumed to have been a small farmstead. The settlement appears to have been occupied for a relatively short period of time in the late 1st/early 2nd centuries. The pottery was thought to be typical of rural settlements.  Finds and biological material were sparse. The report speculates that the short-lived nature of the occupation at the site may be a result of annexation during the expansion of the nearby Winterton villa."
24166,100,150,,,medium (4 - 8 ha),complex,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plain or plateau,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"The site of a group of enclosures of early Roman date, situated to the south of the fort and civilian 'small town' at Kirmington (database number 24016). A watching brief revealed a ditched trackway and several rectangular enclosures with internal divisions, as well as a number of pits of uncertain use. The pottery assemblage indicated that the site was occupied during the early part of the 2nd century AD. The excavators suggest that the site is a south western continuation of the nucleated settlement."
24167,100,200,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,2,1,No,No,Yes,No,No,Yes,river valley,mixed,Yes,Yes,Yes,"Evaluation trenching and subsequent excavation in advance of the construction of a primary school at a site occupying a prominent position, close to the junction of the River Ancholme and the Humber. The Romano-British period remains included fieldsystems associated with mixed farming in the 2nd century AD, as well as the development of a small stone-built farmstead and a stone-walled possible octagonal shrine/temple (located near to a group of mid-Iron Age burials). The stone rectangular building had evidence for internal subdivision. Parts of the site appear to have had an industrial focus during the later 2nd century, and the site was almost totally abandoned in the early 3rd century. A late Roman Christian burial was also identified. Early Anglo-Saxon pottery and a single grubenhaus indicated early Saxon activity on the site. V tentative suggestion of a late prehistoric or RB roundhouse."
24168,200,375,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,No,No,No,"A site situated on a plateau on a spur of land, immediately east of the scarp edge of the chalk wolds of eastern Lincolnshire, overlooking the fertile valley to the south. Evaluation trenching over an area previously subject to fieldwalking and geophysical survey provided further information about a group of enclosures. A controlled metal detector survey was also undertaken. A substantial area of 3rd-4th century settlement activity was identified, largely concentrated within a series of rectilinear enclosures, with further limited evidence of late Roman activity beyond the boundary of the enclosure to the southwest and east. A small concentration of earlier, 1st-2nd century AD features, including ditches and a north-south aligned inhumation containing 2nd century pottery (possibly residual) were also identified, but without a clear settlement focus. A further rectilinear enclosure was tentatively dated as prehistoric, and broadly 1st millennium BC in date. The animal bone assemblage from the late Roman enclosure is suggestive of domestic activities with evidence of dairying practices, wool production and primary butchery being undertaken at the site. Environmental samples produced evidence of hearth waste, culinary refuse and fuel debris. The lack of late 4th century pottery and coinage was seen as possible evidence for the site's abandonment before the end of the 4th century AD."
24169,100,350,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,No,No,No,"A site south-west of Barrow on Humber, located on a south-facing site of a gently sloping hillside. Evaluation and subsequent excavation and a watching brief revealed boundary and/or drainage ditches associated with a Romano-British fieldsystem, north-east south-west orientated.  No definite evidence for occupation was found, although pits and post-holes of uncertain function and a mid to late 3rd century oven or hearth were found. The oven was believed to be a corndrier as it contained relatively large quantities of wheat, barley and oats. Four burials were also found, including three adults and one infant. Three of the burials were located near or in visible boundaries.  Quarrying also appears to have been undertaken in the Roman period, as well as later, mainly for gravel."
24170,50,400,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,No,No,No,"A site on the north-west side of the Lincolnshire Wolds, to the east of the villages of Horkstow, Saxby All Saints and Bonby. Evaluation was undertaken ahead of the development of a windfarm, following on from a geophysical survey at the site. Two parallel ditches were thought to relate to an enclosure, and pottery of Romano-British date, and possibly of Iron Age date in the lower deposits, suggest a Roman and possibly late Iron Age date for the site. Two adult burials were recovered. Specialist reports for pottery, small finds and environmental material had not yet been completed at the time of the report, reducing the detail that could be provided."
24171,150,200,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,No,No,No,"A Romano-British iron smelting site on a low hill in the parish of Counthorpe and Creeton in south Lincolnshire, excavated ahead of quarrying. Excavation enabled characterisation of the site as an iron production centre, with the presence of iron smelting furnaces confirmed. Other features included a ditch or gully, possibly a boundary or possibly for drainage, pits, iron ore fragments, and several tonnes of iron slag. Charcoal heaps were also found and hammerscale fragments from smithing were also recovered. The 400kg of iron slag from the site included smelting and smithing slag. The main emphasis of the pottery seems to indicate a mid to late 2nd century date for the occupation of the site"
24172,100,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"One of several sites (see also database numbers 24035 and 24048) with evidence for Romano-British activity in the grounds of Bishop Grosseteste College, Lincoln, located on a hill in Newport, to the north of Lincoln. Two small evaluation trenches produced evidence for Roman activity dating from the 2nd to the 4th century, comprising pits, a ditch and a gully, thought likely to be associated with strip buildings fronting onto Ermine Street. The small pottery assemblage consisted mostly of finewares, suggesting that any associated buildings were likely to have been of high status. The character of the settlement is uncertain, and it has been classified as part of a roadside settlement here."
24173,150,325,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,fen,mixed,No,No,No,"A low-lying site in the Lincolnshire Fenlands, south of the village of Sutterton.  Evaluation trenching revealed evidence for Romano-British settlement from the late 2nd to early 4th century AD, focussed around a palaeochannel, with some settlement shift and reorganisation within this timeframe. The palaeochannel and other drainage ditches were maintained throughout the life of the settlement and the report suggests that the channel may have been used for transport. The site was interpreted as domestic with a mixed farming regime. Structural elements were limited to a single post hole and a single tegula, and a possible box flue tile fragment. The pottery assemblage from the site suggests relative prosperity, with a significant proportion of fine tablewares present suggestive of high status. A significant volume of burnt deposits in the 2nd to 3rd century features and the presence of sprouted and charred grain were seen as possible evidence for malting. The site may be the southern part of the site recorded as 24042 on this database."
24174,50,200,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,3,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"A site at Goltho, approximately 14.4km to the north east of Lincoln, located on slightly undulating land, on a slight rise. The site is best known for the excavations of an early medieval manor and deserted settlement, although the excavations also recorded an early Roman phase dating from circa AD 50 to 200. The Romano-British remains included three roundhouses ranging from 8.7-12m in diameter. The roundhouses appear to have been enclosed by a palisade, separating the farmstead from fields, two stock enclosures and a water pit. A thin scatter of late Iron Age pottery on the site and chance finds nearby suggest some activity prior to the Roman conquest. The layout of the palisades and buildings and the quantity and quality of the pottery were seen as indicative of a prosperous farmstead during the 1st and 2nd centuries, probably replaced by a more complex building in the later Roman period, evidenced by a spread of occupational and structural debris close to the area of excavation, indicating that there had been a substantial building nearby during the third and fourth centuries. The site was subsequently occupied from the 9th century onwards."
24175,50,360,125,225,medium (4 - 8 ha),enclosed,Yes,1,6,Yes,No,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,hill,uncertain,No,No,No,"The site of an enclosed Romano-British villa, excavated during the 1930s. The site is located on a hill, approximately 185m east of the Fosseway Roman road and 14.5m south of Lincoln, commanding a wide view over the surrounding area. Occupation appears to have begun during the mid-to-late 1st century AD, continuing into the second half of the 4th century. During this period, the villa passed through several phases, beginning with drainage ditches and a series of timber structures during the 1st century AD, developing into a winged corridor villa with a large aisled building and bath house. The initial timber buildings were burnt down and replaced by a stone and timber structure during the early 2nd century. The building took the form of a simple winged corridor house during the later 2nd to early 3rd century. Mosaics may have begun to be incorporated after the early 3rd century and a circular structure interpreted as a gatehouse may also be of this date. The presence of ditches surrounding the buildings, possibly dug during the early 3rd century AD, led the excavator, A Oswald, to suggest that the site had been fortified. Three burials were found, including one over a threshold. Two separate buildings were connected by a bathhouse during the 3rd century, creating a right angle in plan. Although no kiln was found, the presence of one is suggested by the discovery of two kiln stands and pottery wasters, and the site is on clay and sand geology. The number of individual buildings at the site is not completely clear, but as many as 6 distinct rectangular buildings built over the course of the villa's development can be recognised. At the end of the life of each building they all appear to have been destroyed by fire."
24176,-100,250,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"One of several sites in Market Rasen, approximately 700m south of the River Rase. The town is the location of a well known Roman pottery industry. Evaluation revealed a probable Roman soil layer. Other features included pits and ditches, some of which contained material interpreted as a domestic assemblage including pottery and animal bone, indicating settlement nearby, with a date range of late Iron Age to late 2nd-3rd century, although not all ditches appear to be contemporary and represent redevelopment and realignment of boundaries. A large pit was used as rubbish for kiln waste, including pottery wasters and possible fragments of a kiln structure, indicating pottery production nearby. Possible evidence for metalworking was also found."
24177,100,350,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plain or plateau,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"A site at Newport, Lincoln, approximately 600m north of the walls of the colonia, and along the line of Ermine Street Roman road. An excavation and watching brief followed an earlier evaluation, revealing a series of ditches and gullies, mostly aligned north-south, parallel with Ermine Street. Some of these features may have demarcated land into rectangular blocks aligned to the road. These ditches were infilled in the 3rd century or later. Close to the road two human burials and two cremations were found during the evaluation, with one of the graves cut into the one of the ditches. 2 further graves were found during the excavation and 2 more during the watching brief (6 inhumations and 2 cremations in total). Other features included rubbish and cess pits. The Roman pottery on the site dated overwhelmingly to between the 2nd and 3rd centuries AD. There was a high proportion of drinking vessels and a relatively large proportion of imported pottery, indicative of high status consumption. It is unclear whether the site should be seen as an extension of the colonia, perhaps including part of an extra-mural cemetery, or an area of settlement independent of the city. It has been included and characterised as part of a roadside settlement here, although it may form part of the city's extra-mural settlement."
24178,50,275,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,fen,uncertain,No,No,No,"One of several sites around the late Iron Age and Romano-British nucleated settlement at Sleaford. This site is located approximately 1.5km to the east of the nucleated settlement, at the foot of a gentle slope of the eastern side of the Lincoln Heath, at the edge of the historic western fens. The site is c.800m south east of the modern course of the River Slea. The site has been interpreted as a small settlement of some prosperity, perhaps a farmstead incorporating a small burial ground perhaps for just one family group. However, the pottery assemblage includes many burnt vessel fragments, including burnt samian, and the pottery specialist suggests that the site may have been associated with funerary activity during the 2nd century. Evaluation revealed extensive evidence of activity of the Roman period, spanning the mid 1st ? late 3rd centuries, with some limited evidence for activity during the late Iron Age/Conquest period. The evidence consisted of several large pits, some reused as rubbish pits; boundary and possible enclosure ditches; gullies and postholes of possible structural origins; and possible 'working hollows' and furnace or oven pits (there is the suggestion that these may have been used as pyre pits, although no human bones were recovered from them). Two disarticulated inhumation burials of Roman date and a possible truncated/disturbed cremation burial were also observed. A large amount of residual material was identified within the plough soil, including fragments of ceramic building material and limestone blocks, providing further evidence that some structures and associated occupation may have occurred at this location. Both the residual material and the buried remains were concentrated in the southern third of the site and extended the full width of the site alongside the Boston Road. The results of the evaluation indicated that the southern third of the site was densely utilised and possibly occupied during the Roman period and that the intensity of land use diminished notably to the north, although enclosures and fieldsystems may be anticipated in this area."
24179,200,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"A site located approximately 3km south west of the Roman colonia at Lincoln, immediately to the west of the River Witham. Evaluation revealed evidence relating to Roman industrial use of the area in the form of a large 'occupation deposit', a series of ditches and a pottery kiln; this being an apparent outlier of the later Roman Swanpool industry, with the kiln being of 'Swanpool type'. The earliest evidence for activity at the site is a ditch of possible 2nd century, whilst most of the features were of late Roman date."
24180,100,400,300,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plain or plateau,uncertain,No,No,No,"A site on the south-west edge of North Hykeham, approx. 1km to the west of the River Witham. A watching brief and subsequent rescue excavation revealed the eastern limit of a site interpreted as being a relatively high status Romano-British settlement. The earliest phase of activity in the 2nd-3rd century AD was a square enclosure with ditched boundaries. During the 3rd-4th century this was succeeded by a rectangular enclosure which itself contained a sub-circular enclosure. In a further 4th-late 4th century phase the rectangular enclosure was expanded and an additional smaller enclosure was created. Cut features included ditches, pits and post-holes, but no other structural evidence was found. The character of the settlement is uncertain, although the ceramic and environmental evidence suggests it was domestic."
24181,-50,400,100,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,3,1,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,plain or plateau,uncertain,No,No,No,"A site between the villages of Gautby and Bucknall, in a low-lying level landscape, discovered during a watching brief during pipeline construction and subsequently excavated. Part of an extensive late Iron Age and Romano-British settlement was revealed. Iron Age features included a probable enclosure (possibly for stock) and eaves drip gullies for roundhouses, and evidence for domestic occupation was found as well as artefacts associated with weaving and iron working. Occupation seemingly continued into the Roman period with no break, and a further roundhouse was added in the late Iron Age/early Roman transitional phase (mid-to-late 1st century AD). An area of industrial activity and a possible rectangular structure may also date to this phase. Whilst no high status building was found, painted wall plaster and box flue tiles suggest a high status building in the vicinity. Evidence for domestic structures and occupation appeared to decrease in the second century and new ditches were laid out. The site at this time is interpreted as a fieldsystem adjacent to a higher status site rather than the settlement core itself. 3rd-4th century pottery suggests late Roman activity in the wider area, although there is no evidence that the excavated area was occupied at this time, and it may have continued to function as a fieldsystem."
24182,-50,50,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plain or plateau,uncertain,No,No,No,A small group of late Iron Age features were discovered to the north-west of the village of Ewerby during trenching for a pipeline. These consisted of two substantial linears and a small gully all of which contained artefactual remains consistent with domestic habitation. The full extent and layout of the site remains unknown. The features probably reflect the presence of a late Iron Age settlement adjacent to the pipeline route.
24183,-50,50,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,5,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plain or plateau,uncertain,No,No,No,"Small-scale excavation on features revealed during a watching brief to the west of the village of Ewerby  (report states to the east of Ewerby, but grid ref. and location map show it west of the village) revealed part of a settlement dating to the late Iron Age, and continuing into the latest transitional period before the Roman invasion. The site consisted of a number of features including ditches, pits and postholes. A number of curvilinear gullies were uncovered, probably ring gullies, representing at least five roundhouses, and a possible stacking area for animal fodder."
24184,-50,50,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,3,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,plain or plateau,uncertain,No,No,No,"Part of a late Iron Age settlement of at least two phases of occupation was uncovered to the west of the village of Ewerby during small-scale excavation after discovery during a watching brief. The remains of three possible roundhouses, as well as the majority of the other archaeological features, lay to the east of a large boundary ditch. Medieval and modern ploughing are likely to have destroyed much of the remains on the site."
24185,-50,50,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,2,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"A site excavated during construction of a pipeline, located 500m SE of Kirkby la Thorpe, in a valley between two hills. The site contains two possible circular structures, a number of boundary ditches and gullies, and several pits. An enclosure appears to have had several internal divisions (some possibly for stock). All the dateable evidence suggests two phases of occupation dating exclusively to the late Iron Age, with two phases within this period. Several sherds of middle Bronze Age pottery were recovered from various contexts, suggesting some pre-Iron Age activity. The site was abandoned at the end of the late Iron Age. The animal bone recovered suggest that the settlement contained a variety of livestock, including cattle, sheep, horse and pigs. The recovery of the fragments of up to six triangular loomweights shows that the inhabitants of the settlement were presumably weaving on the site."
24186,-100,50,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"A site south of Kirkby la Thorpe, occupying a flood plain between two hills, and discovered during a watching brief for a pipeline. A complex of ditches, gullies, postholes and pits were revealed. The ditches represent a series of possible settlement enclosures, dating from as early as the early Iron Age, through to the late Iron Age. A number of Roman pottery sherds were also recovered from the topsoil, suggesting that Roman activity occurred nearby, although not directly associated with the enclosures. There was a major reorganisation of the enclosures in the late Iron Age, with ditches cutting through earlier enclosures and some slight settlement shift to the north. The enclosures may have been used for stock. The settlement may have been abandoned as a result of flooding."
24187,250,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,plain or plateau,pastoral,No,No,No,"A site approx. 1.5km to the north east of Minting, identified during a watching brief for a pipeline and subject to rescue excavation. At least 6 enclosure ditches were identified as part of a fieldsystem and several pits and a probable well were also found. Pottery dated from between the mid-3rd and late-4th centuries AD. Few animal bones were recovered, most of these of cattle, including a calf burial from the north end of the site. It is likely that the enclosures were used for animal husbandry."
24188,150,300,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,fen,pastoral,No,No,No,"A site located by watching brief during trenching for a pipeline, 1km south-west of the village of Martin, on the Fen-edge. Features comprised a trapezoidal enclosure with an internal division probably for the containment of stock, and portions of at least seven small rectilinear enclosures which once formed part of a fieldsystem. They ran for some 90m along the construction easement with excavations being carried out on a width of 25m. Pottery from the rectilinear enclosure ditches dates the site to the Romano-British period, in use from the mid-second century AD to the later third century AD. Pottery suggests activity may have begun in the later Iron Age, although this is uncertain. Tile fragments, some identified as either tegulae or brick, were recovered from the enclosure ditches, suggesting the presence of a stone-built structure relatively nearby."
24189,200,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plain or plateau,uncertain,No,No,No,"A site located by watching brief during trenching for a pipeline, 400m to the east of Kirkby la Thorpe on low-lying flat terrain. A number of archaeological ditches and pits were found. Geophysical survey, aerial photographs, evaluation and excavation, showed the site to be part of a larger complex, active during the third to fourth centuries AD, after which it was sealed beneath an alluvial deposit. The site was interpreted as a fieldsystem."
24190,50,400,100,350,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,1,Yes,No,Yes,No,No,Yes,river valley,uncertain,No,Yes,No,"A site north of Long Bennington, approx. 1km from a bend of the River Witham, on low-lying sandy river gravels and alluvium. The site was excavated by Wheeler in the 1970s. Initial activity consisted of part of a ditch complex of mid-1st century, with sparse finds, suggesting that the focus of domestic settlement was elsewhere at this time. In a succeeding phase, in the 2nd-early-4th centuries, more ditches and pits were dug, and more artefacts and animal bone were associated with this phase. In the later 4th century a rectangular stone building was constructed above the earlier ditch complex, and was subsequently extensively modified. The building is thought to have been part of a larger complex. A four post timber structure surrounded by two circular gullies was of uncertain function also belonged to this late phase, and was suggested as a possible shrine, although there is fairly limited evidence other than that coins below packing and post-pipes in the timber structure may have been deliberately deposited. A possible structured deposit represented by parts of a dog in a gully, possibly decapitated. Other features at the site included a water-hole."
24191,250,350,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,fen,uncertain,No,No,Yes,"A site in the Fens at Gosberton Clough, subject to small-scale excavation during the Fenland Project. Features including ditches of mid-late 3rd century Roman date, into the 4th century. Substantial amounts of pottery. Abundant cereal grains from Roman contexts. Evidence for early Saxon activity, but none to suggest direct continuity from Roman. Character of the site uncertain, but quantity of pottery and cereal grains from Roman ditches perhaps suggestive of a domestic focus?."
24192,-100,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,1,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,fen,uncertain,No,No,No,"A site in the Fens NE of Market Deeping, at the interface of the Fen-edge and Welland valley. Subject to excavation during the Fenland Project. Iron Age activity included salt production (though probably only in mid-Iron Age), with features including ditches, pits, post holes, mortar floor, hearths and a four-post timber structure. Roman features included ditches and enclosures and a probable circular structure. Iron Age activity not closely dated, Roman activity from 1st century AD - 4th century, predominantly 4th. Wide range of finds and abundant cereal remains from Roman contexts (mainly spelt). Marked lack of Roman period saltern debris in Roman contexts."
24193,75,200,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,fen,uncertain,No,Yes,No,"A site east of Thurlby Fen, immediately north of the River Glen, excavated as part of the Fenland Project. The character of the site was enigmatic, and the main feature was a deep waterlogged pit/well with access from three cut steps, bolstered with stone 'stairs'.  Also a 2nd waterlogged pit with complete Roman vessel inside (structured deposit?). Pottery dated from late 1st century AD to 2nd. Small and poorly preserved assemblage of animal bones present. No certain evidence for domestic activity, and burnt plant remains may indicate and industrial function. Site is set within system of rectilinear fields/paddocks suggesting an agricultural base."
24194,75,150,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,fen,mixed,No,No,No,"A site at Morton Fen, 3km to the north of Bourne, excavated as part of the Fenland Project. The site is one of a number of Roman salterns known from the area, though few excavated. Salt production appears to have taken place at the site between the late 1st and mid-2nd centuries, with repeated, perhaps seasonal, use of the site over this time. Interpreted as production on purely local scale. Features included an oven used in the extraction of salt, possibly fuelled by crop processing waste. No domestic occupation in the excavated area in this phase."
24195,50,50,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,fen,uncertain,No,No,No,"A site at Morton Fen, where a section of the Bourne-Morton Roman canal was excavated. A ditch lying parallel to the canal produced briquetage indicating that it was associated with salt making, and abundant charred cereal remains (mainly spelt) were interpreted as crop processing waste used as fuel. Salt making at the site thought to be limited in scale and duration, and perhaps just a single seasonal event. A circular gully is thought not to be Roman and is possibly substantially later. The briquetage was suggested to be of transitional late Iron Age to Roman date."
24196,275,450,370,,medium (4 - 8 ha),unclassified,Yes,,2,Yes,No,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,hill,uncertain,No,Yes,Yes,"Site of a Roman villa located on high ground overlooking a tributary of the River Witham. First discovered in 1727 when ploughing uncovered a tessellated floor and wall foundations. More substantial excavations occurred in mid-20th century before the site was destroyed by ironstone workings. Reported on by J T Smith and E Greenfield.  The excavations uncovered a sequence of buildings, including villa, bath house and well, the latter containing much building debris in its fill, as well as pottery, animal remains and pieces of buckets. 2 inhumations from the villa and human remains from the bath house are suggested to be of Saxon date, possibly 6th century. These seen as evidence that the building continued in some way until the 6th century, as the burials were placed within the principal rooms of the villa. The villa had three phases of construction, initially a timber aisled building, constructed in the late 3rd century AD, followed by a partial reconstruction in stone (only approx. half), the creation of tessellated pavements (mosaics in three rooms) and the addition of a bathhouse at around AD 370. This was followed by further rebuilding in stone, and  maintenance, possibly throughout the 5th and into the 6th century. Greenfield's later excavations focussed on the bathhouse and well, which were located approx. 91m south west of the villa. It was rectangular in plan and completely detached from the villa. Dating suggested as AD 360/70- c. AD 400. Contemporary with reconstructions carried out at the villa. Bathhouse seemingly deliberately broken up at the end of its life. Bathhouse described in detail by Greenfield. Parts of lead tank deposited in well possibly structured deposits (see other finds for detail). Dating of well thought to be mid-to-late 4th century."
24197,280,350,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Site of a pottery kiln, located at Swanpool, approx. 2.5km SW of the southern gate of the Roman city. Kiln products of late 3rd-4th century, circa AD 280-350."
24198,70,100,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"The site of a pottery kiln at North Hykeham, recorded as it was destroyed during quarrying. Located approx. 450m north of the Fosse Way and 6.5km SW of the Roman city at Lincoln. Kiln thought to be Flavian in date, between c. AD 70-100."
24199,-50,400,50,200,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plain or plateau,mixed,No,No,No,"A site to the west of Immingham, approx. 7km west of the Humber Estuary. Evaluation trenching as part of road improvement revealed a network of settlement and domestic activity set within enclosures. Three broad phases of activity: pre-Roman Iron Age, early Roman of 1st-2nd centuries and late Roman 3rd-4th centuries. Initial enclosure and land division c. 100 BC to AD 40. Animal husbandry possibly more important than arable during Iron Age phase. Shift in settlement focus to east from AD 50 with peak in activity circa AD 150. Suggested increase of arable production in this phase. Redefining and recutting of enclosure complex in late Roman period but respecting earlier Roman alignment. Evidence for crop production and processing greatest from this late Roman phase, suggesting move from focus on animals to crops over between IA and Roman periods (though increase in consumption of pig in LRB phase). Extent of continuity between all phases not well understood, but continuity at least probable between Roman phases."
24200,50,400,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,1,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,fen,uncertain,Yes,Yes,No,"Approx. 0.5mi north of West Deeping in the south Lincolnshire Fens, excavated during destruction by gravel quarrying. Interpreted as a Romano-British farm, first recognised through aerial photographs. Features included circular roundhouse, 43 ft in diameter and a series of rectangular ditched enclosures, with boundaries including two trackways coming from King Street Roman road. These enclosures were probably fields or paddocks.  Pottery from ditches suggested occupation from the mid 1st century AD and in the 4th century, though it was not certain whether this was continuous, though mid-2nd century pottery also found. Enclosures probably therefore reflect a sequence of development. A separate enclosure was not dated.   Other features included quarry pits, possibly for metalling of the Roman road. Filling of one pit contained squared limestone blocks and a timber beam and an 'elaborately carved stone boss' was reported by workers. Evidence for structured deposition came from pit interpreted as a quarry pit which included animal bone, fragments of a shoe, an uninscribed altar and a pewter plate (interpreted as a hoard in the report, but more likely to reflect ritual). A further pit contained an undecorated bronze bowl and a circular ditch may have surrounded the pit, although this was destroyed before it could be examined. Had this ditch been confirmed there would be grounds for considering the site as a shrine. However, as the reported circular ditch was not actually seen by the excavator the site is not included as a shrine here. Three human burials also discovered. An undated well was also found, but possibly Roman. Triangular in shape and built from limestone slabs."
24201,300,325,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plain or plateau,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"A site near Heckington near the fen edge, 8mi east of Sleaford and immediately to the west of the Car Dyke. Initially identified through fieldwalking, many tiles recovered indicated site of tile production. Many tile wasters. Several kilns identified and partially excavated. Tiles being produced most frequently tegulae and rarest were pilae. Pottery suggested kilns operating around AD 300, with decline in industry during the next 20 years or so. 1 kiln was later than one of the others. Two trackways converge on the site, indicating trade routes - one going towards the nucleated settlement at Sleaford, another to a large and important site at Heckington (not excavated and therefore not on this database). Interesting find a fragment of a chimney pot."
24202,,,,,medium (4 - 8 ha),unclassified,Yes,,1,No,No,Yes,Yes,No,Yes,plain or plateau,uncertain,No,No,No,"Site of a villa, excavated in early 19th and early 20th centuries. No recent excavation. Mosaics present as well as a bath wing from a likely corridor villa. Little dating evidence other than coins which ranged in date from AD 96 to AD 364."
24203,150,250,180,230,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"A pottery production site at Little London, Torksey, situated on a slight rise above the surrounding area.  Aside from the three kilns, traces of clay floored buildings. Early 2nd century date suggested for initial occupation. Mid-3rd century destruction and suggested reoccupation of the site later (based only on a single 4th century coin and 4th century pottery). Several stages of manufacture, sometimes with long gaps between. Last date for manufacture approx. AD 240/50, with 2nd phase having started in approx. AD 230-50. First phase of manufacture suggested as mid-2nd century at the latest, probably c. AD 150-80. Wares from kiln likely to have been transported via the Trent. Pottery wares from the site known from Mansfield Woodhouse villa."
24204,-50,300,100,,small (<1 - 3 ha),complex,Yes,,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,mixed,No,No,No,"Site located 5km west of Skegness revealing evidence of a relatively large complex enclosure settlement and associated field-system through geophysical survey. The survey suggests that various phases of development occurred at the site with additional enclosures being added to the settlement in a rather piecemeal fashion. Limited trial trench excavation produced pottery which demonstrated LIA settlement origin, though a possible break in occupation may have occurred before a 2ndC AD settlement was established. Pottery generally dated occupation through to the late 3rdC AD. The form of the early settlement is not known. Assessment of the environmental remains suggest that the settlement was engaged in mixed agriculture."
24205,275,300,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plain or plateau,uncertain,No,No,No,"Investigation after pottery was recovered during ploughing revealed dark lines in the soil and a six trench excavation revealed several ditches  containing large quantities of pottery, bones, chalk and stones. High phosphate in the ditches was regarded as evidence for manuring and the ditches were viewed as cultivation trenches. The ditches were regularly spaced at c. 7.5m apart. The authors of the report speculate that the ditches were for viticulture (vineyards), based on the writings of Columella, though there is no conclusive evidence for this. They note that similar cultivation trenches are visible in the Mediterranean. Most pottery was of 3rd century date, though some extended into the 4th."
24206,-50,200,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,2,1,Yes,No,Yes,No,No,No,plain or plateau,uncertain,No,No,No,"Excavations were undertaken at Aylesby, on the Lincolnshire Marsh, in advance of construction of a new water main pipeline. The earliest features were late Iron Age in date and included a ditch, penannular gullies associated with two roundhouses, postholes and a pit, as well as at least two probable four-post structures. A metalled surface may have lain between some of the structures. Romano-British features were of 2nd century date included a ditch with a comparable alignment to its late Iron Age predecessor, suggesting, perhaps, some continuity. Further RB features included a pit and a probable rectangular structure represented by postholes, which potentially had internal subdivisions."
24207,-100,-1,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,3,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plain or plateau,uncertain,No,Yes,No,"Archaeological excavations were carried out at three locations near Killingholme, North Lincolnshire, in an area of flat land approx. 1km south of the Humber Estuary. In  Area D3 a Late Iron Age settlement comprising two large sub-rectangular enclosures and three roundhouses as well as numerous discrete features was identified. This settlement produced evidence for crop production and processing in the immediate vicinity. A four-post structure was also identified. Pottery evidence suggests a date of between the 3rd and 1st centuries BC. No evidence for continuity beyond the late Iron Age. The full extent of the settlement was not established within the excavation area with activity extending both to the east and west beyond the limit of excavation. One of the ring ditches produced a particularly rich pottery assemblage, and the fragmentary remains of several vessels were found including an early fine ware bowl - this regarded as a possible structured deposit."
24208,100,350,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,plain or plateau,uncertain,No,No,No,"Archaeological excavations were carried out at three locations near Killingholme, North Lincolnshire, in an area of flat land approx. 1km south of the Humber Estuary. In  Area D5 an area of superimposed ditches forming a Romano-British rectilinear fieldsystem of 2nd to 3rd century AD date was revealed. Some modifications over time, though it is thought the changes were quite rapid and made within a short period of time. The features were thought to represent field boundaries and small paddocks/enclosures. No evidence for domestic occupation. The site is clearly part of the same site investigated by WYAS in 2006, which was interpreted as fieldsystems and a very possible enclosure. Slag indicated very low-level metalworking (smithing) and some briquetage was recovered."
24209,175,300,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plain or plateau,uncertain,No,No,No,"Archaeological excavations were carried out at three locations near Killingholme, North Lincolnshire, in an area of flat land approx. 1km south of the Humber Estuary. In  Area D7 a small area comprising Romano-British rectilinear boundary ditches were revealed, with a suggested chronology of late 2nd to mid 3rd century AD with possible continuation into the later 3rd and 4th century AD. No evidence for domestic occupation. The excavations were directly east of an area excavated in 2006 by WYAS, in which the features were also interpreted as field boundaries, though postholes and substantial pits were also identified."
24210,-100,400,250,275,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,hill,mixed,Yes,Yes,No,"Area excavation by PCA ahead of residential development at a site occupying the crest of a ridge, in a commanding position with views to the west, south and east, produced evidence for significant late Iron Age and Romano-British activity, up to 4th century AD. Features of probable Mid-late Iron Age date were scarce, though small assemblages of faunal remains, pottery and burnt hearth material suggested contemporary activity in the vicinity. The limited IA features may have been associated with a fieldsystem. The presence of a single mid-late IA ceramic vessel within one of the linear features of this phase may represent structured deposition. During the late Iron Age/early Roman period substantial boundary ditches were established, perhaps associated with an enclosed settlement north of the excavated area. No direct evidence for 1st century AD habitation, but the presence of early Roman pottery indicates the presence of early Roman settlement in the vicinity. During the mid-to-late 2nd century the site was used for agricultural purposes, and features included a well, postholes and an enclosure. A hearth is likely to have been a pottery kiln. The 2nd-3rd centuries saw an increase in activity, with features including two stock enclosures, one which became obsolete and replaced by a droveway, which in turn was replaced by a corndrier. Also numerous pits and postholes and a second well probably also from this phase ? in use in the later 2nd-3rd centuries, possibly a replacement for the earlier well. Clay extraction pits may have been for the construction of corn drying ovens. The most intensive period of activity at the site occurred during the mid-3rd century following a noticeable change in land use, with earlier, widely dispersed stock enclosures replaced by a more ordered system of rectilinear plots within which a variety of farming activities, notably cereal processing, were undertaken ? four corndriers associated with this phase. There was still no evidence for domestic habitation in the excavated area, though this is thought to have lain just outside the excavated area. The presence of a stock enclosure and a large faunal assemblage during this phase suggests that the site had a mixed arable and pastoral economy at this time. Also evidence for small-scale metalworking. There was an apparently significant change in land use during the later 3rd century ? evidence that many existing features were deliberately dismantled and infilled. A considerable faunal assemblage was recovered from the infilled well of this period, including three dog skeletons ? structured deposition or disposal of waste (authors suggest not ritual)? The use of the plot may therefore have changed at this time. The late 3rd and 4th centuries saw a marked reduction in activity, though a single corndrier and a single hearth from this phase suggest the site continued to some extent."
24212,,,,,medium (4 - 8 ha),unclassified,Yes,,1,Yes,No,Yes,Yes,No,Yes,plain or plateau,uncertain,No,No,No,"The site of a large courtyard villa of Roman date, first excavated in 1795. Reports refer to more than 40 rooms, many tessellated pavements, plus numerous finds including fibulae and coins. Around 20 inhumations, some lying on the wall foundations, some in stone coffins, were discovered in two rooms in the west wing - All were orientated E-W, and point to Saxon or later Christian burials. Further excavation occurred in 1973 in advance of road works on the southern part of the site (no data from this). Examination of air photographs by RCHME in 1996 noted probable parts of the villa as fragmentary cropmarks, as well as traces of enclosures. The plan shows a large group of buildings, including a bath house, extending over an area 200 feet square and arranged round two courtyards. The main entrance was in the middle of the west side. No detailed dating information so the dating fields are left blank above."
25001,-100,50,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plain or plateau,uncertain,No,No,No,"Excavation of gullies revealed during a watching brief for a pipeline produced evidence for late Iron Age activity in the form of a single post hole and industrial activity in the form of charcoal, fired clay and iron slag from both smelting and smithing, indicating metalworking on the site. It is possible that some of the fired clay was from furnace structures, although this is uncertain. A small number of Roman pottery sherds recovered suggest that there may be Roman occupation nearby."
25002,-100,50,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plain or plateau,uncertain,No,Yes,No,"Excavation of a mid-to-late Iron Age site revealed a pair of opposing ditch terminals, one of which included a large amount of pottery and animal bone interpreted as domestic refuse (but possibly representing a structured deposit) House mouse teeth indicate probably domestic occupation. A notable find was the base of a small oak vessel. An oak timber was also recovered from a ditch.  The terminals represent a 4m wide entrance to an enclosure."
25003,40,75,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"A site at Ruddington Lane, Wilford, Nottingham, located south of the River Trent. Evaluation revealed archaeological features dating to the transitional period between the late Iron Age and early Roman period, namely the later first century AD. All were linear in character and likely constitute evidence for the organisation of agricultural land into fields and/or livestock enclosures. The shallow depth of these features is likely to have been due to the reduction of ground level during the creation of the school playing fields and probably also explains the apparent absence of structural archaeological evidence in the form of post holes, beam slots etc."
25004,100,200,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,No,No,No,"A site located c. 1.5km west of the modern suburbs of Worksop, on an east facing slope approx. 2.5km west of the River Ryton. Evaluation confirmed evidence from aerial photography and fieldwalking, that the site is part of a fieldsystem, and a brooch and pottery finds indicate a Romano-British date. Little evidence for occupation was found, although there is a possibility of limited occupation associated with a small enclosure."
25005,100,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,No,No,No,"A site at Redhill, Ratcliffe-on-Soar, on high ground adjacent to the River Soar and 20m south of a Scheduled Ancient Monument (SMNotts141) which contains the remains of Romano-British settlement and ritual activity (marked on maps as a temple or a villa). Previous fieldwalking, small excavations and metal detecting in the vicinity have produced a wealth of Iron Age and Romano-British material, and there may have been a small town to the west of the Scheduled site. Excavations at this site revealed a series of ditches dating to the Roman period, along with several pits likely to be quarries, also of Roman date. Artefacts of Roman date included an in situ remains of an amphora. There appears to have been little evidence for domestic occupation and the activity may relate to agricultural activity and quarrying on the periphery of the Scheduled settlement, with possible industrial activity. The pottery assemblage suggests Roman activity largely during the 2nd century, although later regional wares are present indicating continued activity into the 3rd and 4th centuries."
25006,50,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"A site at the base of Pancake Hill, a Scheduled Monument located approx. 0.5km from the village of East Bridgford in the Trent River valley. The site is principally medieval and the Scheduled Monument is a motte and bailey, but evaluation trenching revealed a Roman made-ground and a large group of CBM including large fragments of tegula, imbrex, box flue and wall tiles. The Roman pottery is mainly unremarkable; however the presence of near complete fragments of tegula and imbrex associated with roof covering and boxflue tiles used in hypocaust heating systems as well as wall tiles used for general construction suggests the presence of a stone, tiled roofed building with at least one heated room in the immediate vicinity. The geophysical survey identified nothing obviously structural in this area. The two most obvious suggestions point to either a Roman structure on the castle mound or possibly buildings lying beneath the made ground which were demolished once prior to its construction. There were no other obvious Roman features in the excavated trenches. Although the pottery suggests a late 1st ? 2nd century date redeposited pottery indicates a Roman presence in the 3rd ? 4th centuries."
25007,1,200,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"A site at Clifton, south west of Nottingham in the Trent Valley, approx. 1.6km SW of the River Trent. A large enclosure ditch of Romano-British date was revealed through geophysical survey and excavation. Further Romano-British archaeology comprised a curvilinear feature and a pit. The fragmentary remains of sub-rectangular fields were also present to the northeast of the enclosure of Iron Age or possibly Romano-British date. The large enclosure ditch appears typical in shape and size to excavated examples in the Trent Valley, the majority of which enclosed settlements. A small amount of pottery was of 1st and 2nd century date, although it is possible that there may have been earlier and later phases."
25008,200,400,,,uncertain,complex,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"A site at Newark on Trent, immediately to the east of the River Trent and west of the Northgate road, on the line of the original Fosse Way Roman road. The site appears to be part of an extensive roadside settlement which has its focus to the south (apparently an unwalled nucleated site). Evaluation trenching revealed a Roman linear feature which confirmed the continuation of the settlement, or at least associated activity."
25009,200,400,,,uncertain,complex,Yes,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"A site at Newark on Trent, immediately to the east of the River Trent and west of the Northgate road, on the line of the original Fosse Way Roman road. The site appears to be part of an extensive roadside settlement which has its focus to the south (apparently an unwalled nucleated site). Excavated features included 3rd and 4th centuries AD ditches, several small gullies and an articulated skeleton with associated grave goods. Four post-holes located within the enclosure may represent the remains of raised granary, but no dating evidence was recovered. Enclosure ditches in the north-eastern corner of the site were also dated to the 3rd and 4th centuries AD."
25010,-100,50,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plain or plateau,uncertain,No,No,No,"A site on the outskirts of the Roman small town of Brough, adjacent to the Fosse Way Roman road. Evaluation trenching along the line of the A46 Fosse Way bypass produced evidence for late Iron Activity, possibly a farmstead, preceding the Roman town. Features included field boundaries, pits, postholes, and curvilinear gullies 'of the kind which encircled roundhouses'. During the Roman period the site was believed to be agricultural land."
25011,1,400,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),complex,Yes,5,4,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"A complex Iron Age and Roman settlement which extends for approx. 3ha across the alluvial floodplain and two low islands of sand and gravel, adjacent to the River Trent at Rampton. Linear ditches and gullies indicative of an associated fieldsystem also extend south and west for at least another 3ha. The site has been excavated by several groups since its discovery in the 1960s.  Aside from the late Iron Age and Roman evidence the site also produced evidence for Bronze Age and early/mid Iron Age activity. The late Iron Age and Roman focus appears to date from the late 1st century BC/early 1st century AD and continued until the 4th century AD, although occupation may not have been continuous. Post-Roman alluviation suggests the site may have been abandoned due to flooding. No clearly phased domestic structures were found, but ring-gullies in some of the enclosures are suggestive of several roundhouses (perhaps five or more, and three are postulated in Ponsbury 1992) and domestic occupation is attested by the presence of hearths, including one formed of broken tegulae. Ponsbury also excavated three or four rectangular timber/wattle and daub buildings. The settlement appears to have gone through several stages of development, although understanding of the dating of the various phases is not clear. The authors of the report consider the site to be of 'village' rather than farmstead status, but based on the plan the site is perhaps best described as a complex farmstead."
25012,100,400,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,1,1,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"A site in the Trent Valley, approx. 750m west of the River Trent, on a gravel terrace (one of three closely spaced sites, see also 25013 and 25014). Evaluation revealed numerous Romano-British features including seven ditches, two gullies, a possible corn dryer or oven, three pits, and a row of post-pads for at least one structure. Pottery was fairly abundant and was largely of 2nd-4th century AD in date. Other finds included a quernstone and iron slag, suggesting some crop processing and limited iron working. The site is interpreted as a multi-phased Romano-British ditched enclosure complex, with evidence for domestic activity. Geophysical survey suggests that the site extends for at least 100m north to south, along the ridge of the gravel terrace."
25013,50,400,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"A site in the Trent Valley, approx. 500m west of the River Trent, on a gravel terrace. Evaluation revealed a number of Romano-British features and the site was interpreted as a multi-phased ditched enclosure complex (one of three closely spaced sites on the gravel terrace - see also 25012 and 25014). Artefacts included slag suggestive of smithing, while the quantities of pottery found (245 sherds) indicated activity from the 1st to 4th century AD"
25014,100,400,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"A site in the Trent Valley, approx. 500m west of the River Trent, on a gravel terrace. Evaluation revealed a number of Romano-British features and the site was interpreted as a large rectangular ditched enclosure complex extending 110m by 100m, with possible evidence for a realignment or extension of the enclosure after the 2nd century AD. The site is one of three closely spaced sites on the gravel terrace - see also 25012 and 25013."
25015,50,150,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"A site at Gedling, on the north side of the Trent Valley, approx. 1km north of the River Trent. Two small evaluation trenches were placed over features known from cropmarks and confirmed a series of linear features of Romano-British, late 1st-early 2nd century  AD date. The site was interpreted as a small-scale enclosed rural domestic settlement."
25016,100,425,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,river valley,pastoral,No,Yes,No,"A site at Raymoth Lane, to the north of the centre of Worksop, 2.5 km north of the River Ryton. Evaluation trenching was followed by excavation, which took place over an enclosure recognised through aerial photography. Investigations confirmed the presence of a D-shaped Romano-British enclosure with two entrances, probably domestic, demarcating an area of around 0.66ha. The enclosure may possibly have had Iron Age origins, although this is unproven. Pottery from the enclosure ditch and related internal features indicates that the majority of activity took place during the 2nd century AD, with continuity into the 3rd. The evaluation report authors suggest that the relatively large quantities of animal bones and pottery indicate a fairly high level of economic and social sophistication, whilst the pottery specialist in the excavation report suggests that the pottery assemblage suggests a relatively low status. A cattle ABG may have been a 'special' deposit, or merely an animal burial. Internal features of the enclosure included pits and a possible stock enclosure, whilst a late 1st-2nd century pottery kiln was discovered in part of the enclosure ditch. The enclosure may have had a particular focus on animal husbandry. A group of ten inhumations appear to have been interred when the settlement had fallen out of use in the 4th century AD. The burials may have continued into the early 5th century AD."
25017,100,400,,,uncertain,complex,Yes,,1,No,No,No,No,No,Yes,river valley,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"A site at Newark, in the Trent Valley, approx. 200m east of the River Trent, to the north of the modern town centre. The site appears to have been a substantial Romano-British settlement, probably a 'small town', located on the route of the Fosse Way Roman road (see also database number 25008). Previous evidence for buildings, burials and a kiln have been discovered. Evaluation trenching in 1997 and 2000/2001 found further evidence for the Roman town, extending north of the evidence known from previous archaeological work. Features included part of a substantial stone building, a corndrier, a cobbled yard, and numerous Roman features, ditches, pits and gullies were also found. The reports on finds were assessments only, and limited detail was provided."
25018,100,250,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plain or plateau,uncertain,No,No,No,"A site on a fairly level plateau north of Arnold, to the north east of Nottingham. Evaluation trenching undertaken over a features recorded through aerial photography revealed a number of features interpreted as likely evidence for domestic occupation including pits and post-holes as well as areas of burning. Dating was not always clear, but finds suggest that at least some of the features were Romano-British in date. Ditches associated with a fieldsystem were also investigated, and whilst these were not dated, they were considered likely to be of Romano-British date, with the possibility of continuity from the prehistoric period."
25019,,,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,No,,,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,No,river valley,pastoral,No,No,No,"An evaluation site in Gedling, on the north side of the Trent Valley, approx. 1400m north of the River Trent. Trenching targeted features known from aerial photography and identified them as enclosures, probably not for domestic use, but rather for stock enclosure or agricultural activities. The enclosures were dated as Romano-British, although it should be noted that this is based on a single sherd of mid-late 1st century pottery only (although this corresponds with the proposed date of the cropmarks). Dating left blank above."
25020,100,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"A site to the south east of Mattersey, approx. 450m west of the River Idle, excavated ahead of quarrying. Excavations were preceded by evaluation trenching and followed by a watching brief. The investigations focussed on 'brickwork' fieldsystems previously known from cropmarks, confirming their date and that some ditches appeared to be cut for drainage. Environmental sampling suggested an agricultural, cleared landscape, subject to seasonal waterlogging. No evidence for domestic settlement was found. The watching brief produced evidence for drainage gullies which may either have performed an agricultural function or may have kept temporary structures such as tents or free standing wooden buildings dry, although no evidence was found for any structures."
25021,-100,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"A site 4km to the east of Newark on Trent near Averham, situated on river gravels on the western bank of the River Trent. A watching brief revealed evidence for features associated with a fieldsystem of probable late Iron Age to Roman date, supported by a small number of late Iron Age-Roman pottery sherds."
25022,100,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,plain or plateau,uncertain,No,No,No,"A site adjacent to the Car Dyke earthwork near Scarrington, subject to salvage excavation during a watching brief, when a scatter of stone, Romano-British pottery and tile were revealed. A ditch, post-holes, 1st-4th century AD pottery and a small amount of animal bones and oyster were recovered, and one area appears to have been particularly rich in finds. The main focus for activity appears to have been between the 2nd and 3rd centuries, with some activity extending into the 4th century. The size of the finds scatter was regarded as evidence for extensive occupation, although the form and character of settlement is uncertain."
25023,50,400,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plain or plateau,uncertain,No,No,No,"A site at Scrooby Top Quarry, to the west of the A638 between Bawtry and Ranskill, where a sub-rectangular ditched enclosure known from cropmarks was evaluated ahead of quarrying. The enclosure exists within a pattern of 'brickwork' fieldsystems. Pottery evidence suggests activity from the 1st to the 3rd-4th centuries AD, and the site is interpreted as a low status rural settlement set within a system of fields."
25024,50,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"A site at Little Carlton in the Trent Valley, approx. 1.3km north of the River Trent. Evaluation trenching over features known from cropmarks showed that whilst some of the cropmarks were geological, some were of Romano-British date, including three enclosures, although their function is not clear and insufficient pottery (49 sherds) was recovered to suggest a domestic focus. The site has therefore been recorded as a fieldsystem here, in the absence of a more definite function."
25025,-100,400,,,large (9+ ha),unclassified,Yes,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,Yes,No,"A site in the Vale of Belvoir on the crest of a low interfluve separating the River Smite from the Car Dyke, c. 4km. east of the Romano-British small town of Margidunum. Excavations were undertaken over part of a large enclosure known from cropmarks, which extend for over 25ha. A trench revealed a remarkable density of late prehistoric and Romano-British features immediately inside the enclosure. No structural traces were encountered away from a c. 50m zone around the edge of the enclosure, suggesting that occupation may have been concentrated around the periphery. Several phases were noted, including a poorly dated pre-enclosure phase and an Iron Age double-ditched enclosure phase which revealed large quantities of pottery and animal bone, some apparently deliberate deposits in the ditches. The outer ditch did not continue into the Roman period whilst the inner ditch may have continued. Iron Age and Roman features included pits, post-holes and curving gullies which could represent the foundations of circular buildings or associated drainage gullies. Late Iron Age pottery suggests late 1st century BC or early 1st century AD activity, although earlier Iron Age pottery could extend the site further back into the Iron Age. The report is limited in detail, but refers to a small collection of triangular fired clay loomweights and bone weaving combs, suggesting textile production, together with an unusually large assemblage of animal bones and charred plant remains. The plan of the settlement is unusual and the precise function of the large enclosure is unclear, but the site is interpreted on the basis of its material culture as a low status settlement."
25026,100,300,,,large (9+ ha),complex,Yes,,,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,Yes,Yes,No,"Part of a roadside settlement site situated 1km to the north of Ratcliffe-on-Soar and 200m east of the River Soar. A  Scheduled Ancient Monument (SMNotts141) which contains the remains of late Iron Age Romano-British settlement and ritual activity (a possible late IA shrine and possible subsequent Roman temple) lies immediately to the north. Two Roman roads also meet in close proximity to the site. The results of evaluation trenching (as well as previous evaluation investigations) are suggestive of a 'semi-urban' site, with deep layers of stratigraphy. Floors, building remains, industrial practices, fieldsystems and a possible cemetery have been recognised. The frequency of imported pottery along with fine tablewares from a variety of sources indicates a thriving community with extensive trade links. The pottery seems to indicate a 2nd to 3rd century date for the site, though coin finds suggest continuity into the late 4th century. The site seems likely to be a 'small town' with a direct relationship to the shrine/temple to the north, and metalworking (smithing) may have been associated with the manufacture of objects such as curse tablets for visitors to the shrine. A dog burial may have been a 'special deposit'."
25027,-50,400,,,uncertain,complex,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"The Ferry Lane Farm site at Besthorpe Quarry, north west of Collingham, in the flood plain of the Trent Valley, immediately to the east of the River Trent. Evaluation trenching (as well as fieldwalking and geophysical survey) was undertaken over a site known from cropmarks and described previously as a 'village like settlement' of late pre-Roman Iron Age/Romano-British date (Whimster 1989, 77). The evaluation suggested that the site has at least two phases: a late Iron Age phase and a Romano-British phase.  The function of the site is uncertain, but the quantity of finds suggested that the site was domestic and the morphology of the site, which included enclosures and droveways, was regarded as indicative of agricultural activity. It is suggested that the site lies in relatively close proximity to a villa at Cromwell and there may have been some association. The relatively large quantity of samian was regarded as evidence for a fairly high status."
25028,50,350,,,uncertain,complex,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"The Mons Pool site at Besthorpe Quarry, north west of Collingham, in the flood plain of the Trent Valley, immediately to the east of the River Trent. Two phases of evaluation trenching (as well as fieldwalking and geophysical survey) were undertaken approx. 1km to the north of a site known from cropmarks (this database number 25027). The evaluations produced a large quantity of sherds of 2nd-4th century Romano-British pottery. The plan of the site appears to have been a group of at least ten enclosures, probably surrounding a rural settlement."
25029,,,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plain or plateau,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"A site at Gleadthorpe Farm, east of Warsop, where excavation of features known from cropmarks revealed ditches representing a trackway and boundaries as well as Romano-British pottery which was seen as evidence for a settlement focus. The report contains very limited detail and no dating information."
25030,50,400,,,uncertain,enclosed,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"A site at Hoveringham in the flood plain of the River Trent, where evaluation trenching over cropmarks 1770b on the SMR confirmed a Romano-British date. The site is a quadrilateral enclosure, 40x40m, surrounded by linear features including a possible trackway. A small trench found numerous sherds of RB pottery of 1st-4th century AD. A possible internal feature in the enclosure was not excavated."
25031,,,,,uncertain,enclosed,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"A site at Hoveringham in the flood plain of the River Trent, where evaluation trenching over cropmarks 1777 on the SMR confirmed a Romano-British date. The site consists of a main quadrilateral enclosure with at least three smaller conjoined enclosures. The ditch fill of the main enclosure ditch contained numerous sherds of RB pottery, some Iron Age sherds, animal bone and organic-rich fills (though no information on these is presented in the reports). Some of the outer enclosure ditches also contained similar material. No refined dating available."
25032,50,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"A site at Tiln, adjacent to the River Idle, where features known from cropmarks were evaluated ahead of destruction through quarrying. The evaluations indicated that the ditches known from cropmarks represent only a small proportion of the actual ditches present. Features suggestive of settlement activity were present in a number of the evaluation trenches, and the artefacts recovered were seen as evidence for a Romano-British settlement nearby, but outside the area of evaluation, possibly at the cropmarks known from the south (SMR 4967). The ditches revealed through the evaluation may relate to fieldsystems in the wider landscape associated with such settlement."
25033,-100,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,No,Yes,No,"A site at Flawborough, located on a ridge overlooking the River Smite, 500m to the west. A small scale excavation took place after metal detector users discovered a 4th century Christian lead tank bearing a Chi Rho and an inscription 'good luck to the user', as well as possibly graffiti and possible deliberate violent damage to the tank. The tank was placed in a pit in two halves, with the Chi Rho upside down with the base facing upwards and the other half placed on top, in the corner of a former enclosure ditch. The two halves were folded. The burial of the tank has a terminus post quem of the 4th century. As well as the lead tank, ditches and pottery of late Iron Age and early, mid and late Romano-British date were found. Stone scatters may indicate the remains of structures, and finds of Iron Age and Romano-British pottery and metalwork found by metal detectorists in the area suggest that there was a settlement in the area."
25034,100,400,325,,medium (4 - 8 ha),unclassified,Yes,,1,No,No,Yes,Yes,No,Yes,plain or plateau,uncertain,No,No,Yes,"A site at Southwell, approx. 4.5km NW of the River Trent. The site has previously been identified as that of a courtyard villa with two wings: a south range containing at least four rooms with mosaics and an east range with bathhouse suite. Mosaics appear to have been part of redevelopment of the villa in the early-mid-4th century. Signs of early 6th century Anglo-Saxon occupation were also discovered. A watching brief near to the earlier excavated villa revealed a possible part of a northern range of the villa produced finds of imbrex, tegula, pilae and box flue fragments as well as tesserae, painted wall plaster, a floor layer and part of a wall."
25035,-100,400,,,large (9+ ha),complex,Yes,,2,Yes,No,Yes,No,No,Yes,river valley,uncertain,Yes,Yes,No,"The site of a Romano-British unwalled roadside 'small-town' and temple at Redhill, north of the village of Ratcliffe on Soar, adjacent to the River Soar (a tributary of the Trent). The site may have been an important junction where the transfer of goods between road and water took place. The site has been subject to several archaeological interventions since the early 20th century. This record is based on a 2003 assessment of all investigations up to that point, as well as a 1982 report on E Greenfield's excavations and previous finds. Early finds from the site include 18th century discoveries of coffins and skeletons with Roman artefacts and a temple was excavated by Greenfield in the 1960s. A large part of the site may have been destroyed during construction of the adjacent Power Station. The temple plan is incomplete, but Greenfield discovered the foundations of a square or rectangular cella surrounded by an area of gravel or pebbles, in which were buried at least two curse tablets. The focus of Iron Age pottery is also this area and the site may have had a ritual focus prior to the Roman period. Many metal finds have also been recovered from the site, some likely votive. An additional stone walled building with a tiled roof, box flues, tesserae and a possible bath house has traditionally been interpreted as a villa, though the possibility of a mansio has recently been suggested. The site probably had at least a late Iron Age origin, if not earlier."
25036,50,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"A watching brief at the Scheduled Monument of Redhill revealed the remains of a series of ditches interpreted as part of a post-conquest fieldsystem. The boundary ditches yielded limited environmental data, whilst the ceramic evidence suggested the site is some distance from habitation but close to areas of crop processing."
25037,50,250,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Evaluation trenching on the edge of a low gravel island in the flood plain of the Trent in Lamb's Close revealed several components of a rectilinear fieldsystem, dated by ceramic finds to the 1st century Ad. No domestic occupation, but a focus of occupation may have lain nearby, based on the presence of heat cracked pebbles."
25038,-50,80,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plain or plateau,uncertain,No,No,No,"A site at Dorket Head, occupying a small plateau of a mudstone hill. Excavations revealed a late Iron Age ditched enclosure, possibly defensive, that was possibly succeeded by a Roman fort (though evidence is somewhat inconclusive, resting on the shape of ditches and banks and little supporting evidence was found during excavation). Dating evidence from pottery was c. 50 BC to AD 80. A large assemblage of pottery was recovered but not quantified in the report."
25039,100,400,,,medium (4 - 8 ha),complex,Yes,,1,Yes,No,No,No,No,Yes,river valley,uncertain,Yes,No,Yes,"A settlement at Broughton Lodge, Willoughby, adjacent to the Fosse Way, occupying a gently undulating landscape which is part of a spur projecting from the south side of the Trent Valley, on a gently sloping side of the valley of the Willoughby Brook. Excavations ahead of road development revealed part of a Roman road, a RB settlement and an early Saxon cemetery. The site has been identified with the Vernemetum of the Antonine Itinerary, and may have extended for up to 2km along the road, and probably contained at least one colonnaded building, with other structures of timber and possibly stone, as well as a series of drainage ditches, recorded in then excavations. The excavated area may have been on the edge of the settlement and was principally of 4th century AD in date, with a lesser presence from the 2nd century AD. The rescue excavations concentrated on the Anglo-Saxon cemetery. Earlier, Stukeley wrote of the discovery of mosaic pavements and finds of coins. A corn dryer oven contained cereal grains."
25040,-100,200,75,50,small (<1 - 3 ha),complex,Yes,1,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"A site at Gonalston in the Trent floodplain. Excavations revealed a late Iron Age and Romano-British settlement located on a low island of sand and gravel. Settlement appears to have been a complex sequence, from late Iron Age to 2nd century AD, with probable abandonment of the site by the early 3rd century, possibly because of rising ground water. First phase mid-late IA, including a possible roundhouse west of main enclosure complex and a ditched enclosure. Next phase is conquest period (mid-1st century AD) when an enclosure was associated with a rectilinear fieldsystem. Changes to settlement layout during late 1st-2nd centuries AD, with complex system of joined rectilinear enclosures linked to fields by trackway with occupation focussed on a large central enclosure. Some enclosures interpreted as paddocks. A large pond also present."
25041,200,300,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"The site of a wooden, oak, lined well within an enclosure, set within a system of Brickwork-plan fieldsystems, located to the north east of Lound and approx. 1km to the west of the River Idle. Pottery suggests the well was of 3rd century AD in date. Aerial photographs show two rectilinear enclosures."
25042,-100,100,1,50,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,No,,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"A site on the outskirts of West Bridgeford, west of Gamston, occupying an elongated gravel island approx. 1.5km south of the River Trent. Previously known through aerial photographs, the site was excavated ahead of housing development. The site is a complex multi-period site, with origins in the early Iron Age or late Bronze Age, but dating mainly from the mid-late Iron Age and 1st century AD. Four main structural phases - initial open settlement, followed by an enclosure (2nd or 3rd centuries BC-late 1st century BC), followed by a rectilinear boundary system of fields/paddocks with integrated trackways (circa early 1st century AD), followed by a second large enclosure (origin in mid-1st century AD) - possibly a paddock, and no evidence for domestic occupation (in either enclosure). Substantial finds. Few animal bones, but good charred plant assemblages."
25043,150,400,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"A site to the west of Worksop, occupying a broad interfluve between two tributaries of the River Ryton, where a site known from cropmarks was subject to salvage excavation ahead of road construction. Part of an enclosure ditch was excavated, and possible palisades or gateway features were represented by post holes."
25044,75,250,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,Yes,Yes,No,"A site to the east of Lound, approx. 600m west of the River Idle, where a site known from cropmarks was subject to salvage excavation ahead of quarrying. Cropmarks showed a large complex of approx. 3ha with a rectilinear enclosure sub-divided into several smaller areas, one of which contained ovoid features, and inner compounds or occupation zones. Probable trackway visible on cropmark plan."
25045,-25,300,150,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,4,Yes,Yes,No,No,Yes,No,hill,uncertain,No,No,No,"A site approximately 4km west of Retford, on a broad ridge between the rivers Ryton and Idle, occupying a south facing slope on the side of this ridge. The site was previously known from cropmarks, and was excavated in order to explore the relationship between enclosures and the brickwork fieldsystems in the landscape. A cluster of enclosures are attached to the brickwork fieldsystems, and most of one enclosure was investigated. Three phases of occupation were identified, dating from the late 1st century BC to the 2nd-3rd century AD. In phase 1 the enclosure was defined by a substantial ditch and large pits were dug; in phase 2 a timber building (aisled?) with its own yard was constructed inside the enclosure; and in phase 3 (2nd century) the enclosure ditch was replaced by a palisade and the area was partitioned, with at least three timber buildings erected within the new divisions, and new functions may have been assigned to different areas, possibly including livestock control. Excavation of some of the ditches forming fieldsystems indicated that not all parallel ditches that seemed to be aligned were contemporary. Additional features at the site included a four post possible storage structure."
25046,100,200,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"A site at South Muskham in the Trent Valley, excavated ahead of gravel extraction. Previously known through aerial photography as two large rectangular enclosures. Ditches and pits found to be of RB date, interpreted as field boundaries of a farmstead. The domestic centre was probably destroyed by gravel extraction and was not excavated, though a well was found as well as possible stone foundations. Possible iron smelting activity, as slag found in some pits."
25047,100,300,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,No,No,No,"A site to the south of Bunny, where a well and a corndrier were excavated ahead of gravel extraction. Pottery dated from between AD 100-300. The well included pottery, bones, a shoe, wooden implements."
25048,200,400,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,3,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"A site 800m north of Staunton, near the northern edge of the Vale of Belvoir, close to the east bank of the River Denton, excavated ahead of quarrying. A RB settlement of over 1.6ha in extent was revealed. Features included 3 roundhouses and abundant pottery of late-3rd-4th century date, as well as three inhumation graves (a further skeleton reportedly found previously may or may not be related, though 13 inhumations subsequently found 50-60m west seem likely to have been)."
25049,200,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plain or plateau,uncertain,No,No,No,"A site approx. 2.5km south-east of Margidunum walled town, at the foot of the southern slope of Parsons Hill. Found during pipe-line operations, and subject to salvage excavation. Finds included three inhumations and a masonry wall as well as ditches containing Roman pottery and animal bone. No further evidence for structures."
25050,80,350,125,300,medium (4 - 8 ha),unclassified,Yes,3,5,Yes,No,Yes,Yes,No,Yes,hill,uncertain,No,Yes,No,"A villa site near Mansfield Woodhouse, just above the eastern boundary of Sherwood Forest, sited with sweeping views to the south and east. Site first excavated in 18th century, and subsequently excavated in mid-20th century by Oswald. The villa was preceded by a 'Romano-British village', dating from around AD 80, consisting of 'oblong and circular huts of wood', set within an enclosure, possibly one of several. Other features from this phase also included ovens. Circular buildings still being constructed in AD 110.  Evidence for a cat or polecat buried in a wooden coffin in earliest settlement. Roundhouses replaced by rectangular wooden structures in c. AD 125. Circa AD 180 buildings destroyed by fire and first stone building constructed - simple rectangular building. Various additions made to building between AD 180-230, including wings, hypocaust, and detached buildings including a bathhouse and another building. Destruction by fire in mid 3rd century, then reconstructed with a tessellated corridor and a mosaic. Further rebuilding at end of 3rd/beginning of 4th century including construction of a separate larger building which contained baths, and which was later added to in the 4th century. No good evidence for end date, but no pottery or coins found of post AD 350."
25051,100,350,,,medium (4 - 8 ha),unclassified,Yes,1,2,No,No,Yes,Yes,No,Yes,river valley,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Site of a Roman villa, subject to several interventions in the early-mid 20th century, drawn together in the principal source for this record.  In mid 19th century a tessellated pavement also found.  The site is on ground sloping gently down to the River Trent, approx. 1 mile to the north, backed to the south by the Wreake Hills. Evidence that the tessellated building replaced an earlier timber building destroyed by fire. Only small trenches dug (very approximate total 100m2 or less), most of the villa thought to be under modern farm buildings. Plan therefore not well understood, but possibly a winged corridor villa. One trench revealed a freestanding circular stone structure, internal diameter approx. 40ft (stone circular house?), probably containing a stone paved floor. Interpreted as a possible threshing floor. Aside from main villa building also a probable second, separate building, interpreted as an outbuilding or living quarters for estate workers. Dating evidence slight, but thought to run from early 2nd century AD to mid-4th century. Within this period indications of rebuilding, though dates for this uncertain. Villa seen as an agricultural centre. Finds of plaster, tegulae and tesserae. Slight evidence for a trackway or road."
26001,-100,-50,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,5,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"A site excavated during work on the A43 road in Silverstone, Northamptonshire. The site lies approximately 1.7km south west of Towcester. The site is of mid-late Iron Age date, although the absence of diagnostically late Iron Age pottery suggests it was abandoned by the mid-1st century BC. A few sherds of Roman pottery were recovered, although not in sufficient quantities to suggest a Roman phase. The site was small, at a little over 1 hectare in size. The settlement comprised a group of small enclosures and roundhouse ring ditches, some of which were intercutting, lying on the north-eastern side of a linear boundary that appeared to be represented by a pit alignment. On the south west side of the boundary lay a large enclosure with few internal features other than a further roundhouse ditch. The same broad site layout was maintained throughout occupation, although up to four phases of enclosures were recognised."
26002,-100,75,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,1,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"A site excavated during work on the A43 road in Silverstone, Northamptonshire. The site lies approximately 2km south west of Towcester (and just 2-300m south of Silverstone 3, database number 26001).The settlement comprised a large sub-rectangular enclosure, measuring 60m north to south and 105m east to west. A smaller enclosure in the north-west corner and a ditched trackway leading to an entrance in the south-west corner were also revealed during geophysics. Features within the enclosure were limited to a roundhouse ring ditch of two phases. Most of the pottery was of mid-to-late Iron Age, although Roman pottery suggests that occupation continued into the 1st century AD."
26003,75,125,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,1,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"A site to the east of the core of Deanshanger, in the valley of a south-east draining stream, near its confluence with the east flowing Great Ouse. An evaluation produced some limited evidence for some early Roman activity, with pottery dating from the late 1st to early 2nd centuries AD. Features included a small ring gully and a ditch, consistent with the presence of three possible cropmark enclosures to the east of the site. A road surface with wheel-ruts was also identified. This was undated, but had the appearance of an agger and flanking ditches of a Roman road."
26004,50,125,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"A site south of Raunds, where a brook runs through the centre of the site through a steep sided valley, with sloping land to the west and flat and sloping land to the east. Evaluation trenching revealed some limited evidence for early Roman activity in the form of field or enclosure ditches, gullies, a pit and a cut feature, associated with unabraded 1st century/early 2nd century AD pottery, burnt clay, animal bone and charcoal. A cropmark enclosure is located to the southwest of the site, although it is unclear whether the two sites are related. The site is not easily characterised, but has been classified as a rural farmstead for the purposes of this database. The presence of early to mid Saxon pottery perhaps indicates early Saxon activity in the area."
26008,75,125,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,No,No,No,"A site lying in a poorly drained hollow to the south of Thorpe Mandeville in the undulating uplands of south west Northamptonshire, excavated during the construction of a pipeline. The excavated evidence consisted of a series of gullies, ditches and a few pits, apparently peripheral settlement features. No definite structures were recognised, although it is possible that some of the gullies marked the site of a structure of some sort. The pottery assemblage from the site is suggestive of a small early Roman rural site."
26009,175,400,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),complex,Yes,,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,No,No,No,"A site on the south-western outskirts of Northampton, straddling the northern end of a spur of high ground which overlooks a small stream, a tributary of the River Nene, to the north and east. Excavation revealed evidence for Romano-British activity from the late 2nd/early 3rd century AD to the 4th century. The earliest evidence comprised a number of small gullies, possibly forming a series of livestock pens, and a small oven. Two human cremation burials were recovered from the southern part of the site, but were later found to be of Neolithic date. A 'ladder' enclosure, which dated to the 3rd and 4th centuries AD, consisted of a subrectangular enclosure, aligned north to south and measuring approximately 150m long and 35m wide, divided into a number of small sub-enclosures. There was a triangular annexe on the east side of the settlement, defined by two boundary ditches extending from the corners of the main enclosure. Access to the annexe and 'ladder' enclosure appears to be from the east. The settlement was probably primarily used to hold livestock, although the northern part of the settlement, which had been extensively modified, may have had other agricultural uses. There was no clear evidence for habitation within the enclosure or annexe, although the pottery, glass and building material recovered from the site suggest that there was a building, possibly a small villa, nearby. Quantities of charred cereal grain and several iron tools recovered from ditch deposits indicate agricultural activities and crop processing being carried out on or near the site."
26010,-50,200,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,1,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"A site immediately to the west of Little Houghton, in the Nene Valley. Geophysical survey and evaluation trenching produced evidence for a late Iron Age gully and three ditches. The gully may have formed part of a roundhouse ring ditch. The linear ditches appear to have formed part of a boundary. Roman activity was represented by a single ditch, dated to the late 1st century or after. The ditch was thought to be a continuation of the earlier boundary into the Roman period. The moderate amount of pottery recovered from the Iron Age and Roman features and the fairly good condition of the assemblage indicate it was possibly derived from nearby, suggesting there may be a settlement in the immediate vicinity."
26011,-100,400,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"A site at Dallington Grange, an undulating landscape on the north-western edge of Northampton. The highest point within the site boundary lies at c.100 m OD falling to c. 60 m OD on the valley floor of the River Nene along the eastern boundary of the site This record amalgamates the results of several investigations in the area since 1990 which have included fieldwalking, geophysical survey and evaluation trenching (the area of investigation provided in the core data field is an estimate only as detailed trench dimensions were not available for all evaluations).  Aerial survey identified a small cropmark complex and fieldwalking and trial trenching confirmed this to be of Romano-British date with a possible Iron Age origin. Features included substantial ditches and a series of gullies, suggesting stock enclosures, boundary features, possible trackways and a stone lined well, indicating a small settlement area."
26012,-50,150,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"A site located to the east of the River Nene on the eastern outskirts of Higham Ferrers. Geophysical survey and evaluation trenching revealed a complex of inter-cutting enclosures, gullies and ditches, relating to late Iron Age and early Roman settlement, probably a succession of small farmsteads, with the focus of settlement shifting throughout the period of occupation. A small assemblage of artefacts was recovered, which included hand-made Iron Age pottery, wheelthrown Gallo-Belgic and locally produced Romano-British wares, and animal bone, together with a small quantity of other finds and environmental remains. The settlement was probably established in the 1st century BC, or perhaps slightly earlier, and was abandoned in the mid 2nd century AD, possibly due to the foundation of a large Roman village c 0.7km to the north-west, situated on the road between the Roman towns of Irchester and Titchmarsh. The abandonment of the settlement may reflect changes in land ownership and/or the economic base of the area in the century following the Roman conquest. Despite the apparent change in the morphology of the settlement in the 1st century AD, occupation was probably continuous throughout the site's history."
26013,50,200,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"A site situated 4km to the north-east of Northampton and directly to the north of the village of Sywell, approximately 400m south-east of a tributary stream of the River Nene. A watching brief revealed evidence for Roman activity consisting of an oven, a pitched-stone surface, a short length of ditch, a stone-edged feature and an isolated pit. The oven and pit produced Roman pottery of mid-to-late 1st-2nd century in date. The purpose of the oven is uncertain as only part of it survives, but it could have been used to dry or malt grain. These features were clustered towards the centre of the present field and it is likely that further settlement remains are preserved below the subsoil. If so, this settlement may be part of a farmstead."
26014,75,150,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,3,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"A site on the south-eastern outskirts of Thrapston, on relatively high ground, overlooking the River Nene to the west. A geophysical survey and trial trenching produced some evidence for Roman activity, comprising sections of curvilinear gullies which may have been the remains of three roundhouses. A densely clustered group of post-holes may also have been structural. A group of large pits were undated, but were thought to be gravel extraction pits. However, there is little to suggest that these were of Roman date. An undated cremation burial is more likely to be of Bronze Age rather than Roman date, as Bronze Age pottery was found in close proximity and it may be contemporary with a ringfort, also excavated."
26015,-100,400,50,200,small (<1 - 3 ha),complex,Yes,1,1,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,No,Yes,No,"A multi-phased site approximately 4km to the south-west of central Northampton, occupying ground that slopes gently to the south towards the River Nene, about 1.5km from the site. The north of the site rises more sharply, providing distant views to the south across the Nene Valley towards Hunsbury hillfort. After activity in the Mesolithic, Bronze Age and early and middle Iron Ages there was late Iron Age and Roman occupation at the site. The late Iron Age activity continued from several centuries of agrarian activity at the site, yet the settlement appears to have contracted in the late Iron Age. Either in the late 1st century BC or into the 1st century AD an earlier linear boundary ditch was replaced by a new ditch system that followed the same alignment but was relocated. Earlier enclosures fell out of use, new boundary ditches cut through them, and two or three new enclosures were established, although the focus for occupation appears to have centred on a single enclosure, which may have contained a roundhouse. One enclosure contained evidence for structured deposition in the form of large stones and part of a saddle quern in the terminal of a ditch. Another of the enclosures contained a cremation deposit, a juvenile accompanied by hobnails, probably of 1st century AD in date. The settlement was abandoned at some point around the time of the Roman conquest and the old landscape divisions appear to have been significantly reorganised. During the later 1st and 2nd centuries a group of large rectangular enclosures may have served as livestock enclosures. The activity may have been peripheral to but associated with the Roman 'small town' at Duston, 0.5km to the east. To the east of the enclosures 2nd to early 3rd century industrial activity including a pottery kiln and a small building interpreted as a possible potter's workshop and a well were found, which apparently had a short lifespan. Evidence for metalworking was also recovered. Two burials were also found. During the 3rd to 4th century the earlier industrial activity appears to have ceased and a new pattern of ditched boundaries emerged, possibly paddocks.  No direct evidence for domestic activity was found on the site during the Roman period, but the coins and pottery assemblage were seen as evidence for a domestic building(s) nearby."
26016,75,125,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"A site at Delapre, south of Northampton centre, approximately 675m south of the River Nene. Emergency excavation of took place of 8 pottery kilns that were unexpectedly discovered. The kilns were of late 1st to early 2nd century in date and it is suggested that their production succeeded that of the nearby Hardingstone kilns, with the potters moving closer to a suggested Roman road to allow better distribution of their products. A possible boundary ditch may have enclosed the area of kilns. A burial from the site was undated and may not be of Roman date."
26017,100,325,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,plain or plateau,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"A site at Burton Latimer, 6km south east of Kettering, located on a slight projection on generally flat land. Aerial photography produced cropmarks indicative of an enclosure complex, confirmed by geophysical survey and dated during evaluation, excavation and watching brief to the Roman period. Enclosure ditches, gullies and a large pit were excavated, and the enclosures were thought to be livestock pens. A possible droveway was also identified. No evidence for houses or other structures was found, although considerable quantities of pottery were seen as evidence for likely domestic activity within the enclosures complex. Based on the pottery from the site, it appears to have been occupied from the late 1st or 2nd century AD to the early 4th century."
26018,175,575,250,,medium (4 - 8 ha),unclassified,Yes,,1,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,No,Yes,hill,mixed,No,No,Yes,"The site of a villa complex, north of the village of Croughton, occupying level ground above a shallow valley of a tributary stream of the River Cherwell. The site has been subject to several archaeological interventions after it was discovered during the construction of a pipeline. These have included a watching brief, geophysical survey, evaluation trenching and multiple excavations. The results of these were discussed together in the principal bibliographic source for this record. The earliest dating evidence for Roman activity at the site indicates an origin in the late 2nd century AD, although a single find suggests previous mid-Iron Age activity in the area. The complex appears to have included several enclosures and the excavated evidence suggests some of these contained a combination of post-built and stone-founded structures, whilst some may have been stock enclosures. A stone row-type house  building formed the focus of activity in the 3rd-4th centuries AD, which comprised at least 5 rooms and included at least two mosaic pavements and a hypocaust. Although there is no direct evidence for Christianity at the site, David Neal suggests that the depiction of Bellerophon killing the Chimaera may suggest the presence of a house church, based on the Christian associations of other similar mosaics. The coin assemblage from the site has also been compared to those of temple sites and villas with religious associations, perhaps suggesting a religious focus at the site which went on to become a house church. The villa may have continued in use until as late as the end of the 6th century AD. In the area surrounding the villa there is evidence for post-built structures, metalled surfaces and trackways amongst ditched enclosures. The villa is thought to have been primarily agricultural and the site produced evidence for crop processing, animal husbandry and also iron smithing."
26019,25,400,75,200,medium (4 - 8 ha),unclassified,Yes,4,5,No,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,hill,uncertain,Yes,Yes,No,"The site of a Romano-British villa, situated approximately 1km north-east of the village of Stanion in north-east Northamptonshire, on a south facing slope above the Harper's Brook. Excavation in 2002 followed the unexpected discovery of the villa ahead of building construction, and the villa was subsequently subject to further investigation in 2010. The 2002 excavation revealed the main villa building and ancillary structures were also discovered. Occupation at the villa site occurred from at least the late first century AD, possibly as early as the mid first century. The main villa building was constructed in the later first century AD and comprised a building aligned west to east, at least 30-35m long, with a corridor along the northern side. Excavated and aerial photographic evidence suggests a simple plan form, with perhaps five domestic rooms. Tessellated pavements were revealed and box flue tiles suggest a hypocaust. Other features included a pond, a corndrier and a stone-lined well which included partially articulated cow skeletons as well as a raven. The building was abandoned in the late second or early third century. Small quantities of fourth century pottery indicate some sort of later activity in the area surrounding the villa. An earlier watching brief near the site (for which no report exists) suggested iron quarrying and iron working, with evidence recovered from between 50 and 175m away, which suggests that this activity was associated with the villa. The metalworking evidence recovered from the excavation and watching brief are seen as suggestive that iron smelting may have been a significant economic activity of the villa. The 2010 investigation indicated that the villa superseded Iron Age activity, in the form of a substantial boundary ditch, and three early-to-mid 1st century AD roundhouses. The villa's ancillary structures included an aisled barn with a corn dryer, two further corn dryers outside the barn, stone-lined wells and a water cistern. These features dated to the late 2nd-3rd centuries, the time when the first winged corridor building was abandoned, and represent an area of crop processing. One of the wells may have had a ritual function.  Buildings excavated during 2010 were clearly a continuation of those excavated in 2002. To the east of the buildings there was a possible metalworking area focused around a stone-built roundhouse. A droveway defined by parallel ditches led to a partially metalled ford over the Harpers Brook. The villa, the processing area and perhaps the droveway appear to have gone out of use by the late 3rd century, when a series of ditches, some utilised for animal stock control were created, and an oven was inserted into the demolition deposits of one of the villa buildings. The site appears to have been abandoned in the 4th century AD."
26020,-50,70,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,plain or plateau,uncertain,No,No,No,"A site evaluated ahead of pipeline construction to the west of Newton Bromswold. The site is located on level ground with a gentle slope to the north, in an area of undulating upland approximately 7km south east of the River Nene. An Iron Age enclosure system identified through aerial photography and geophysical survey was evaluated and characterised as a farmstead that originated in the late Iron Age (1st century BC) and fell out of use in the early Roman period (in the middle decades of the 1st century AD). The enclosure ditches and other features produced a small assemblage of late Iron Age and early Roman pottery and a single brooch. At least one of the enclosures was interpreted as a paddock."
26021,-50,350,75,250,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,1,1,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,No,plain or plateau,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"A site to the north of West Haddon, occupying the summit and eastern slope of a plateau. Field survey, evaluation and excavation revealed an early Romano-British low-status rural settlement. The earliest occupation at the site was represented by enclosures of late Iron Age to early Roman date. The Romano-British settlement was established in the late 1st century AD and comprised a number of enclosures arranged around a trackway. A possible small timber building may have been represented by beam slots and two opposing gullies may have been a roundhouse. There was some evidence for crop-processing and a corndrier was found. The settlement peaked in the late 2nd century AD and there was probably a contraction in the 3rd century, when new ditches replaced parts of the former enclosures. The site was abandoned by the mid-4th century."
26022,75,400,150,200,medium (4 - 8 ha),unclassified,Yes,3,3,No,Yes,Yes,Yes,No,Yes,river valley,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"The site of a Roman villa at Deanshanger in south Northamptonshire, lying on a level area within a tributary stream valley of the Great Ouse river. Several excavations have taken place on the site since it was discovered in 1957. All were poorly reported on, but their results are summarised in the principal bibliographic source for this record. The area of excavation included in the core data includes the area investigated during the 2004/5 excavations only. The multiple excavations revealed a stone-built villa and a system of enclosures. There was limited evidence for late Iron Age activity in the form of a few pottery sherds and post holes but no certain domestic occupation. The earliest occupation at the site occurred during the late 1st to 2nd century AD with the construction of enclosures and a large roundhouse, and there were two later roundhouses associated with the villa. The stone-built villa and its associated enclosures were built during the early 2nd to late 2nd century AD and a stone walled courtyard was added during the late 2nd-3rd centuries. Outside the courtyard the numerous enclosures were interpreted as livestock paddocks and other features included a corndrier, a pond, a rectangular apsidal building and a stone-founded barn with an annexe (as well as the three roundhouses mentioned above). The rectangular building and roundhouses had 'elements of both timber and stone in their structures'. The site has been interpreted as an agricultural villa of relatively modest status."
26023,50,100,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"The site of a Romano-British enclosure and other ditches, identified during a watching brief during the development of a business park in the flood plain of the River Nene, south west of Northampton. The site lies approximately 100-500m west of an Iron Age settlement excavated during the same programme of work, although as the Iron Age settlement was likely to be of mid-Iron Age in date, only possibly extending into the 1st century BC, detail is not included here. However, it is possible that the Roman enclosure identified during the watching brief represents settlement shift from this earlier settlement. The enclosures appear to have dated to the mid to late first century AD, based on a small amount of pottery recovered. A possible trackway was also identified. The character of the activity at the enclosures is uncertain, but it has been identified as a possible farmstead here."
26024,1,375,200,275,uncertain,complex,Yes,2,1,Yes,Yes,No,No,Yes,Yes,plain or plateau,uncertain,Yes,No,Yes,"A multi-period site on the northern fringes of Oundle, situated on a broad plateau, approximately 1km to the east and south, with the site in a peninsula within a loop in the river. A number of investigations included fieldwalking, metal detecting survey, trial trenching, geophysics, a watching brief and excavation. The principal occupation at the site was Romano-British and the site has been characterised as a farmstead with late Iron Age, 1st century AD, origins. The late Iron Age features included at least 2 roundhouses and two other smaller circular structures may be represented by gullies. Together, these features were interpreted as a small unenclosed farmstead. This late Iron Age arrangement continued into the 2nd century, and by this time the settlement included a system of ditched enclosures, and a possible timber building may have been constructed. In the early 3rd century there was an expansion of settlement, including the provision of a trackway, with modification of the system through the 4th century. In the earlier phases the domestic focus may have lain in an adjacent area to the west, probably surrounded by a timber palisade. During the late-3rd century a walled rectilinear enclosure was created. Although no building was discovered, the presence of roof tile and box flue tile is suggested to be evidence that the domestic buildings within the walled compound may have been a small villa (although this interpretation must be regarded with caution as no building was discovered - the site is therefore not classified as a villa here). The domestic compound opened to the east into two ditched enclosures, which in the 4th century contained a corndrier and other ovens/hearths. A stone-lined well was also discovered.  At least one enclosure was interpreted as a livestock paddock. A small Anglo-Saxon cemetery of between c.AD 550-650 occupied part of the former Roman enclosure. Additional work at Creed Road, comprising geophysical survey and evaluation was clearly part of the same site."
26025,-50,375,25,175,medium (4 - 8 ha),enclosed,Yes,2,3,No,No,Yes,Yes,No,Yes,hill,uncertain,No,No,Yes,"The site of a Roman villa at Wootton, Northampton, situated on the southern slope of an east-west ridge, south of the River Nene. Archaeological investigations included a watching brief and subsequent excavations, evaluations, metal detection survey and watching briefs, which are summarised in the principal bibliographic source for this record. An additional site lies on the opposite side of the valley, a few hundred metres to the south west (database number 26026). The villa was occupied between the late 2nd and 4th centuries and stood within a square ditched enclosure of nearly 0.5ha, overlying a pit alignment and mid-to-late Iron Age settlement. The main villa building comprised a simple strip building with front and rear corridors. One room had a hypocaust and painted walls but no tesserae were found. An original bath house at the northern end of the range was replaced by a bath house at the southern end. The villa was regarded as of modest status. To the north east a late Iron Age/early Roman small ditched enclosure was dated to the 1st century AD and a pond and pits containing iron smelting debris dated to the 3rd-4th centuries AD. Two pottery kilns were also found in this area.  A small coin hoard was deposited in a pit next to the pond in the 370s AD. To the west of the villa a roundhouse and other associated ditches and pits were also excavated, dated to between circa 50 BC and 25 AD, whilst a further possible roundhouse was identified to the north. Inhumations were present in three specific locations near the villa, apparently marking the presence of small inhumation cemeteries. All are undated, and some may be Roman in date, though an Anglo-Saxon inhumation was also found, making the dating of the others slightly unclear. There was some evidence for Anglo-Saxon occupation in the 5th century AD, and the Saxon burial was 7th century in date. An area of industrial activity was also associated with the villa, containing hearths, furnaces, ovens or kilns, though these features were not excavated."
26026,175,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,No,No,No,"A site situated on the southern slope of a small river valley, south of the River Nene. The site is on the opposite side of the valley to the Wootton Fields villa, which lies 350m to the north west (database number 26026). Pottery evidence from the site suggested activity from the late 2nd century onward, suggesting activity at about the same time as the establishment of the villa to the north west. The site may have been directly associated with the villa. Features discovered included a pond, ditches which probably formed a boundary system and a corndrier. An inhumation burial was found, and 3m north of this a 4th century coin hoard was found, buried in a pit. The activity at the site was difficult to characterise. The linear ditches were suggestive of a fieldsystem but the presence of fairly large quantities of pottery and some building material may suggest domestic occupation nearby, and the site itself may have been on the margin of a settlement associated with the villa."
26027,-50,400,50,150,small (<1 - 3 ha),complex,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,hill,mixed,No,Yes,No,"A site on the northern outskirts of Earls Barton, 10km east of Northampton and approximately 2.7km north of the River Nene. The site is near the top of a south facing valley side. Geophysics, evaluation, metal detection and excavation revealed late Iron Age and early Roman enclosures as well as a walled Roman enclosure. The Iron Age enclosure was surrounded by a deep ditch and contained several storage pits which contained a quern and antler working debris (these are not interpreted as structured deposits in the report, but this is a possibility). Evidence for copper-alloy production and some limited evidence for iron production was also found from late Iron Age contexts. This enclosure dated from the 1st century BC to the mid-1st century AD, when it was encompassed within a more complex system of shallower ditches that formed a new enclosure. Nearby domestic occupation was suggested by the presence of numerous shallow pits. The ditched enclosure was abandoned before the mid-2nd century AD, when a rectilinear walled enclosure was created to the south. This may have contained a high-status building (the excavators suggest a possible villa), though any such building has been lost to recent quarrying. A corndrier and a well were found to the north. The walled enclosure was levelled in the 4th century or later."
26028,-100,200,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"A site excavated in advance of construction of a road bypass on the A6 at Higham Ferrers, in the Nene Valley. The site is situated on level ground approximately 2km south east of the River Nene. Excavation at the site followed fieldwalking, geophysics and evaluation. The results of the investigations revealed a continuous sequence of shifting occupation in a linear development from the middle Iron Age through to the later 2nd century AD, with an intensification in the late Iron Age and early Roman periods, and most features were of these dates. Mid-Iron Age ring gullies and a sub-circular enclosure were replaced in the 1st century AD by a more rectilinear layout of enclosures. No definite structures were identified and the enclosures appear to have been agricultural plots. The site produced a relatively large quantity of Roman pottery. The site has been interpreted as part of a non-villa agricultural settlement. The phases shown in the plans are Phase 1: Middle Iron Age; Phase 2: Mid-to-late Iron Age; Phase 3: 1st century AD; Phase 4: Mid-to-late 1st century AD; Phase 5: Late 1st-early 2nd century AD; Phase 6: Late 1st-early 2nd century AD; and Phase 7: 2nd century AD."
26029,-100,400,25,100,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,1,,No,No,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,No,No,No,"A site to the east of Irthlingborough town centre, approximately 1km north of the River Nene, near the top of a south-facing slope overlooking the river valley. The principal features revealed by the work at the site related to medieval occupation, but mid-late Iron Age and Roman features were also recorded. The late Iron Age features included a roundhouse ring ditch within a small concentric enclosure and dated from between the 1st century BC and the early 1st century AD. The Roman features comprised a small rectangular enclosure and a parallel ditch as well as a cluster of small pits. Pottery and coins indicated activity in the Roman period between the 2nd and 4th centuries. There may have been a hiatus between the late Iron Age and Roman phases at the site."
26030,-100,25,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,No,No,No,"A site at Great Houghton, to the south-east of Northampton, on the southern side of the valley of the River Nene. It is situated on the west-facing slope of a spur of high ground, with extensive views across the river valley to the north and west. Excavation along the route of a pipeline revealed an extensive Iron Age settlement, occupied from circa 400 BC to the early 1st century AD. The majority of the features related to the early-to-mid Iron Age settlement and a small amount of late Iron Age pottery in the fills of the settlement's eastern enclosure ditch indicates that it was abandoned in the early 1st century AD. Animal bones from the final phases of the ditch may also be of late Iron Age date."
26031,-50,100,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,No,No,No,"A site to the east of Thrapston, occupying a relatively high point overlooking the Nene Valley to the west. The principal feature revealed during an excavation ahead of development was a late Bronze Age ring ditch. However, late Iron Age activity at the site was represented by a number of poorly defined, shallow and irregular pits and some roughly bowl-shaped pits, that in general, respected the enclosure ditch and the area of the likely bank, although they occur within and outside the enclosure. The pits may possibly have been used as threshing floors, quarry pits for material used in cob construction, or possibly connected with marling. Imported Gallo-Belgic pottery was recovered from the excavation and this, combined with the evidence provided by coins found in the field to the south, may suggest that some activity was occurring near the site in the Roman period, although no structural evidence was identified."
26032,150,350,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,1,Yes,No,Yes,No,No,Yes,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"The site of a Roman bath house was excavated near Rushton by the Ise Archaeological Research Society. No report is available for the excavations, but the notable find of a lead early Christian tank/font warrants a record for the site on this database. Additional information on the site was kindly supplied by Northants HER and the additional detail in this record is based on that held by the HER. Dating evidence suggests main occupation from mid 2nd to mid 4th century. Building materials and pottery fragments recovered during survey, and multi-roomed bath house with hypocaust excavated. Possible pottery production on site or nearby. Possible early Saxon cemetery also at the site."
26033,100,400,200,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,No,,1,No,No,No,No,No,Yes,hill,uncertain,No,No,No,"The site of a late Bronze Age or early Iron Age hillfort at Borough Hill, immediately to the east of Daventry, approximately 3km south west of the Roman 'small town' at Bannaventa (Norton). During the Roman period the hillfort was the focus for a 2nd century barrow cemetery and excavations were undertaken during the 18th and 19th centuries. Eighteen barrows were noted in the 18th century and 14 were investigated in the 19th century. Some of the barrows contained urned cremations and they were arranged in a row. The number of barrows makes the cemetery the largest Roman barrow cemetery known from Britain. A substantial Roman building was also excavated during the 19th century, within a northern enclosure on the hillfort, and appears to have been a well appointed structure with mosaics and tessellated pavements as well as elaborate bathing arrangements. The building and its location are suggestive of a religious structure. The author of the summary report suggests that an interpretation of the building as a villa may be more appropriate, although if so its location on the hillfort would seem odd. Most of the finds from the building were apparently of 4th century, but earlier material was also recovered."
26034,-50,425,1,50,large (9+ ha),unclassified,Yes,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"The site of a Roman nucleated settlement between Titchmarsh and Thrapston in the Nene Valley, approximately 750m south of the River Nene. The site is at the intersection of two Roman roads, one of which is the Gartree Roman road. The site is known principally from aerial photography and metal detector finds, although some trial trenching has taken place. This record is based on the information available from cropmarks, excavation, fieldwalking, chance finds and detector finds. The site produced significant quantities of Iron Age coins and other artefacts, indicating a significant late Iron Age presence and that the site was one of importance. The coins also indicate a break in occupation in the 1st half of the 1st century AD. The large number of late Iron Age coins has been argued to be potential evidence for the presence of an Iron Age ritual site. The wealth of small finds from the site also indicate that the site was one of some significance during the Roman period and a shrine is also suspected at the site during this period. A cemetery associated with the site was revealed during quarrying, whilst the presence of major buildings at the core of the settlement was suggested when large pieces of pottery, tesserae, painted wall plaster, and a stone capital were brought to the surface by ploughing. Enclosures, building foundations and roads are indicated by cropmarks on aerial photographs, and one cropmark showing a multi-sided building is interpreted as a possible temple."
26035,150,425,375,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,2,Yes,No,Yes,No,No,Yes,plain or plateau,uncertain,No,No,No,"A site occupying a plateau commanding extensive all-round views at Hemington, East Northamptonshire. The site is known from fieldwalking, metal detector finds and small-scale excavation. The excavations revealed a long, poorly constructed Romano-British rectangular building with three rooms and metalled areas outside. A semi-circular basin was found outside the building but was of uncertain function. Coins were recovered from the site but pottery was scarce. The earliest phase of activity at the site was mid or late 2nd century. The main occupation of the building appears to have been during the 4th century, and a fire may have destroyed the building during the reign of Valentinian (AD 364-75) or shortly after. The site saw a further phase of occupation after the building's destruction, represented by an area of rough flooring, post holes and a spread of domestic material. This occupation may have continued into the early 5th century. The building produced little evidence for domestic and was interpreted as a possible storage building. A further square stone-founded building was discovered at the site in 1996, 35m to the west and 10m north of the first building. Pottery suggested a mid to late 4th century date for the second building. The excavator suggested that the distribution of surface material indicated that more buildings were probably located in the area."
26036,-50,350,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,3,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"A site located to the west of Potterspury, situated on a south-facing slope. The site has been subject to watching brief, fieldwalking, metal detection, evaluation trenching and excavation and was known previously from cropmarks. Evidence for Iron Age and Romano-British settlement was found. Iron Age features included a possible circular structure whilst two Romano-British possible circular structures were found. Post holes and gullies may have represented further Romano-British structures. Ditches seem to have formed enclosures around the structures. A separate area defined by a ditch contained pits and appeared to show a different type of activity. A possible road or trackway was also identified. The chronological evidence available from the site suggests continuity between the late Iron Age and Roman periods, and activity up until the early 4th century, although seemingly not beyond the mid-4th century. Environmental analysis of samples from the site indicated that the main cereal in evidence was spelt wheat. Cropmarks and finds recovered in the surrounding area suggest the presence of a large Roman-British site."
26037,50,200,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,Yes,No,Yes,"A site to the north of Grendon, on river terraces to the south of the River Nene, where excavations were undertaken in advance of gravel extraction. Principal features were prehistoric, but Roman features included a trackway, a possible bridge or causeway, a number of ditches and postholes and at least three pottery kilns. Pottery from the kilns dates to the 1st or 2nd centuries A.D. and the material found in the ditches is of the same period. Lazy beds were present of the type also found at Wollaston, perhaps suggesting a vineyard. Early to mid Saxon pottery and sunken featured buildings were also recorded from the site."
26038,150,400,200,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,1,No,No,Yes,No,No,Yes,hill,uncertain,No,No,No,"A site at Wollaston on hills to the east of the Nene Valley. The site is situated on a west-facing spur. It was subject to investigation through watching brief and excavation. Romano-British features included ditches which formed part of an enclosure of 2nd-3rd century date, but which may have been maintained for some time, into the 4th century. Elements of a bath house were also excavated and the site is interpreted as part of a villa, with the remainder of the bath house and the villa building lying to the east of the excavated area. The bath house produced 3rd and 4th century pottery. The levelling of the site did not occur earlier than the mid 4th century, although it is possible that this took place in the late 6th to early 7th century, when there is evidence for Saxon activity. Additional features at the site included a corndrier and an inhumation burial which was undated but assumed to be of late Roman date."
26039,50,225,100,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,1,,No,No,Yes,No,No,Yes,hill,uncertain,No,No,No,"A site near Bozeat on the east side of a valley. The site was excavated in the 1960s by E. Greenfield and was destroyed by quarrying. Agricultural activity at the site in the 1st and 2nd centuries was represented by ditches. The principal feature revealed by the limited area of excavation at the site was a local limestone founded circular building with a central square arrangement of four post pads for roof supports and four inner walls. The building was approximately 15-16m in diameter. Other features at the site included undated post-holes and a gully. The building was not well dated, but was thought to be of 2nd century based on finds from the ploughsoil (this replaced a  mid-3rd century date for the building suggested by Hall and Nickerson). It is suggested that occupation may have ceased in the early third century as later Roman pottery was very scarce. The pottery was regarded as a typical domestic assemblage. Occupation prior to the construction of the building may have continued from mid-1st century AD. The site has been interpreted as a potential shrine in the past, based on minimal evidence."
26040,75,370,150,275,large (9+ ha),unclassified,Yes,,2,No,No,Yes,No,No,Yes,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"A site to the north-west of Higham Ferrers in the Nene Valley, approximately 200m east of the River Nene. A small area was excavated in part of an area of extensive Romano-British occupation represented by cropmarks and finds covering around 40ha. Three phases of activity were recognised. The first was represented by a rectangular stone building with an additional room on its east side, probably of late 1st to mid 2nd century in date; the second by an area of limestone quarrying, possibly in the later 3rd or 4th century; the third by an unusual rectangular building with rounded corners, which included a hearth and a pit containing a mid-4th century coin hoard. The structure is thought to date from the late 3rd to mid-4th century AD. The function of the site is uncertain, and it is probably best regarded as a farmstead, though it is possible that it is associated with the nucleated settlement c. 300m to the north."
26041,75,200,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,1,1,Yes,No,No,No,Yes,Yes,river valley,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"A site at Great Oakley, on the north side of the Harper Brook valley. The site was subject to excavation over a limited area ahead of destruction by ironstone extraction. The exposed remains formed a group of structural elements to the south of a metalled east-west track. Earth cut features may have been the remains of timber structures, although only one was positively identified - a roundhouse measuring approx. 4.5-5m in diameter. This structure was not dated, but was probably succeeded by a stone founded aisled building that was also partially excavated. This building measured approx. 35m long by 12.5m wide. The long axis of the building was parallel to the trackway. Pottery from the building suggested that the site began in the late 1st century AD and the aisled building continued until the end of the 2nd century AD. The site was characterised as a probable farmstead."
26042,-50,50,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,1,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plain or plateau,uncertain,No,No,No,"A site at Hemmingwell Lodge, Wellingborough, approximately 3km north of the River Nene, excavated ahead of development. The excavations revealed a late Iron Age roundhouse, pits and ditches (including possible enclosure ditches, although these may have been other boundaries)."
26043,100,400,150,200,medium (4 - 8 ha),unclassified,Yes,,6,Yes,No,Yes,Yes,No,Yes,river valley,uncertain,Yes,Yes,No,"The site of a Romano-British villa, temple and other buildings, situated between the rivers Great Ouse and Tove, approx. 800m west of their confluence. The villa lies around 1.6km east of Watling Street, and directly adjacent to another suggested Roman road. Excavations were undertaken by C. Green and H. Quinnell, though the site has been known since the early 19th century when a coin hoard and a burial were found. The excavations revealed the main villa house, which incorporated a bath suite, and which was constructed in the mid-2nd century. A timber shrine and various agricultural buildings were also probably associated with the villa at this time, as was the construction of an enclosure wall. A possible earlier phase (perhaps beginning in the late 1st or 2nd century) was represented by a single-roomed house which was extended during the 2nd century. The baths, and probably the main house, fell into disuse in the late 2nd century and were demolished. The site was then reorganised with the construction of a stone-built Romano-Celtic temple, a new substantial enclosure wall, and a new agricultural building in the late 2nd century, and the original more simple house may now have been the only domestic building. At around AD 280 there were alterations to the temple. During the third and fourth centuries the simple house and agricultural buildings fell into disuse, although the temple may still have been standing post-AD 400. Structured deposits at the site include 2 skulls buried within the foundations of the stone-temple."
26044,100,225,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,1,No,No,No,No,Yes,No,hill,uncertain,No,No,No,"A site at Fineshade in the north east of Northamptonshire, situated towards the lower slope of an east facing hill overlooking a small valley. Evaluation trenching during construction of a pipeline revealed a pottery kiln, and 80m to the south, an aisled barn (12.5 x 7.3m in size). It is uncertain whether these two features are contemporary. The pottery from the kiln was of 2nd to early third century in date."
26045,70,425,200,350,medium (4 - 8 ha),unclassified,Yes,1,5,No,No,Yes,Yes,No,Yes,river valley,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"The site of the Romano-British villa at Great Weldon, east Northamptonshire, occupying a level area, approximately 140m NW of the Ise Brook, which lies at the bottom of a gentle slope. The site was originally excavated in the 18th century and re-excavated by D.J. Smith in the 1950s. The first stone-footed structure at the site was a four-roomed rectangular building with a veranda along at least part of one side. This building was established in around AD 70 and destroyed by fire by c. AD 200 and replaced by a larger corridor house. A simple bath suite lay at one end of the corridor and a separate circular building stood nearby. During the mid-4th century the main building was embellished with mosaic pavements and extensions. A large walled enclosure lay in front of the house. An unaisled barn was constructed in the 4th century and this was destroyed by fire twice. The building was identified as a granary based on the presence of carbonised grain. A further outbuilding and two burials were also discovered. Evidence for iron smelting was found and was seen as of economic importance for the villa by the authors of the report. A hoard of coins was buried in one of the rooms of the villa at around AD 350. The villa may have continued into the early 5th century and there is no evidence for sudden decline."
26046,-100,65,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,3,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,Yes,No,"A site excavated during work on the A43 road in Silverstone, Northamptonshire. The site lies approximately 2km south west of Towcester. The settlement was occupied between the mid-Iron Age and very early Roman period and consisted of a group of roundhouse gullies and pit groups within a shallow ditched, trapezoidal enclosure. Some of the pits were quarries and some storage pits. In the north-west corner there was a smaller enclosure with an east facing entrance. The site yielded a large assemblage of Iron Age pottery and dated from the mid-to-late Iron age, although early Romano-British pottery suggests that the enclosure continued until around AD 60-65. Five infant burials were found, placed within the enclosure ditch terminals and ditches. Part of an articulated cattle skeleton lay above one of the burials."
26047,50,300,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"A site excavated during work on the A43 road in Silverstone, Northamptonshire. The site lies approximately 2km south of Towcester. Evaluation identified Roman activity that may have related to a small agricultural settlement, dating to the first and second centuries AD, possibly continuing until the 3rd century, although it is not certain that occupation was continuous. Other activity revealed by evaluation trenching in the wider area may have related to outlying fieldsystems."
26048,200,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,No,No,No,"A site on the south-east facing slope of the valley of the Great Ouse river, around 1km south-east of Syresham. The site was discovered during a watching brief and was subject to excavation. The site was interpreted as a midden, and the considerable amount of Roman material suggests a domestic site nearby, possibly on higher ground to the north. Dating evidence from the site is predominantly later Roman, although a brooch of the 1st century AD was also found."
26049,-100,50,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,5,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"A site excavated during work on the A43, immediately south of Syresham. The site was predominantly mid-to-late Iron Age in date, although it may have continued into the very early Roman period, and it may have been abandoned at around the middle of the first century AD, or possibly earlier. The site comprised a linear boundary ditch, a number of ring ditches and curvilinear ditches, linear pits, postholes and three iron smelting furnaces, as well as a number of associated pits and gullies. Up to 5 roundhouses and other structures were recognised."
26050,50,300,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,No,No,No,"A site excavated during work on the A43, where evaluation trenching was undertaken in an area of 15.5ha lying between Biddlesden Road, Syresham and Whitfield, which was to be used for permanent soil disposal. The area of the site which produced evidence for Roman activity is to the north of The Brook, a tributary of the Great Ouse, where land sloped down towards the watercourse. Romano-British features included gullies, a ditch, a heavily truncated pottery kiln and an iron smelting furnace. Pottery evidence suggested occupation from the 1st-3rd centuries AD and the assemblage suggests a site of modest status, although attention can be drawn to the range of other artefacts which include a jasper intaglio, bone pins, and fragments of lead and vessel glass."
26051,75,300,,,medium (4 - 8 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"A site excavated during work on the A43 at the southern end of the Syresham bypass, approximately 11.5km south west of Towcester. Excavation revealed a sparse scatter of ditches and pits as well as two pottery kilns. Spreads of rubble were interpreted as remnant structures. A geophysical survey showed the site to have been extensive, comprising a series of enclosures, with the excavated area probably only on the margins. A large assemblage of pottery was recovered, predominantly dating from the late 1st, 2nd and 3rd centuries AD. The kilns themselves were thought to be of late 1st-2nd century in date and were producing pottery for a local market."
26052,-100,,50,150,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,4,,Yes,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"A late Iron Age and Roman settlement site on the Weekley/Geddington parish border, around 3.2km north-east of Kettering. The settlement occupied a low spur with an open aspect to the east where it overlooked the River Ise, around 1.2km away. The site was excavated ahead of quarrying. The settlement continued uninterrupted from the late Iron Age to the late 2nd century period, culminating in the development of a villa, originally identified in the 18th century, and outside the area of excavations in this report. The Iron Age site may have been established in the 2nd century BC when several possibly distinct settlements were linked by a series of field or boundary ditches. During the late Iron Age three major enclosures were constructed. At least 4 roundhouses were associated with the Iron Age phases at the site, whilst other buildings are also suggested by gullies, pits and post-holes. One of the roundhouses was constructed in the mid-1st century AD and is the only hut to have continued in use into the Roman period. A group of enclosures were interpreted as likely animal pens. The enclosures continued in use into the Roman period and at around the time of the conquest a further enclosure was built, and a substantial gateway was interpreted as evidence for a defensive function. Roman military objects were recovered, although no certain evidence of a military presence was found. In the mid-to-late 1st century 14 Romano-British pottery kilns were constructed, and the site became the focus for a small local industry. A Roman road was established through the site after the pottery kilns went out of use. Other features identified on the site included a lime kiln, which may have served the villa, which seems to have been constructed or altered during the mid-2nd century. The main villa building lay outside the area excavated."
26053,75,325,,,large (9+ ha),complex,Yes,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,Yes,hill,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Part of a roadside settlement at Kettering, which lies above the confluence of the River Ise and its tributary the Slade brook. Land at the site slopes gently to the east, towards the course of a stream. The settlement lay on a route which led from Irchester towards the Gartree Roman road, and onwards to Leicester. Casual Roman finds have been recovered from the area of the site for many years, and masonry foundations were reported during ironstone quarrying in the early 20th century, although the character of the structures is not known. Roof tiles, slate and painted wall plaster have been noted, and a well may also have been Roman. A building with a hypocaust has also been recorded, and a group of burials were found approximately 350-400m west of the main area of settlement. An industrial function for the settlement has been suggested based on limited evidence which includes finds of ovens, hearths, kiln furniture, quarry pits for ironstone and tap slag and furnace debris. A small excavation on part of the site, undertaken ahead of construction, produced evidence of quarry pits for ironstone containing later 1st and 2nd century and others containing 3rd and 4th century pottery respectively. A metalled area and structures of uncertain function represented by post-holes were also found."
26054,-50,400,100,300,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,5,2,Yes,No,Yes,No,Yes,Yes,river valley,mixed,Yes,No,No,"A late Iron Age and Roman rural settlement site at Ashley, Northamptonshire, in the Welland Valley near the Leicestershire border, adjacent to the Roman road leading to Medbourne. The site is approximately 125m south of the River Welland. Late Iron Age activity was represented by pottery and up to 5 circular structures, although not all were contemporary, and one of the roundhouses may have been of early-Roman date. A boundary ditch which may have enclosed the roundhouses appears to have been filled in at the end of the 1st century AD. Following infilling of the ditch a series of stone-based buildings were constructed on an east-west orientation, interpreted as probable outbuildings for a nearby farm. These buildings included a probable mid-2nd century AD small rectangular stone-founded timber structure with two rooms, with a timber lean-to building attached. A further building, an early-to-mid 2nd century barn built on stone foundations, was located 9m north of the first building, and whilst initially separate, was probably linked to the first building by a wooden corridor. This building also had a later annexe. This building went out of use in the late 3rd century or after and was succeeded by a smaller stone-founded multi-roomed structure on the same orientation, which had a line of unusual circular bases of ironstone and reused concrete running down its centre (suggested by the authors to be the foundations for a building with a raised floor). Rubble suggests that the building was tiled. This building may have gone out of use by the end of the 3rd century. A scattered hoard of 3rd century radiates were recovered from the soil above the building. Metalled surfaces surrounded the buildings. Roman activity in the area after the destruction of the buildings is suggested by 4th century coins and a bronze-working hearth set in the rubble of the demolished buildings. To the east there was an extensive spread of metalling, walls and dumps of rubble which produced dating evidence from the late 1st to 4th century. The later patches of rubble contained tesserae, tesserae offcuts and masonry which were seen as rubble and waste material associated with the rebuilding of a high-status domestic building nearby, although any such building was not found."
26055,-100,200,50,100,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,4,1,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,No,Yes,river valley,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"A late Iron Age and Romano-British rural settlement at Clay Lane, Earls Barton, 2km south west of the village and approximately 500m north of the River Nene. Excavation took place ahead of gravel extraction at a site recognised from aerial photographs where cropmark enclosures extended for over 18ha. The excavation revealed evidence for late Iron Age domestic occupation (possibly continuing from mid-Iron Age activity) in the form of a large enclosure containing 2 roundhouses, additional enclosures with features including a possible granary, as well as possible stock pens and a droveway. An external roundhouse predating the enclosure was also identified. The excavations suggested that the enclosures identified through aerial photography were not all contemporary and there may have been gradual settlement shift from earlier Iron Age activity. This continued in the Roman period and the Roman occupation at the site appears to have drifted south from the Iron Age occupation. An extensive pattern of rectilinear field boundaries and post-built structures represented the earliest phase of Roman activity at the site, dating from the mid-to-late 1st century AD. The site may have then been briefly abandoned, before a group of buildings with stone foundations were built. These included a rectangular structure with a tiled roof which developed from a two-room building into a large building, interpreted as a modest farmhouse. The building went through several developments including construction of a boundary wall which later had a stone circular building built next to it. These buildings were occupied from the very late 1st or early 2nd centuries AD until the end of the 2nd or early 3rd centuries AD. A rectilinear pattern of field boundary or drainage ditches surrounded the farmhouse."
26056,100,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,3,No,No,Yes,No,Yes,Yes,hill,uncertain,No,No,No,"A site at Harringworth on the slopes of the Welland Valley, approximately 750m south east of the River Welland, excavated ahead of quarrying. On the west side of the site, excavated in 1978, Romano-British features included ditches and pits and the corner of a stone-built rectangular structure of probable 2nd century AD date. Some of the pits contained slag and ironstone, attesting to some ironworking. An iron smelting furnace was not well dated but may have been late Iron Age or 2nd half of the 1st century AD in date. On the east side of the site, excavated in 1972, a stone built rectangular building with two rooms was discovered, possibly of post-2nd century AD in date. This building was replaced by a large rectangular building, possibly an aisled building, with post-pads and a pitched stone floor. Painted wall-plaster suggested that the building was domestic and the building appears to have had several internal partitions. The building is suggested by the report author to have had a mixed domestic and agricultural function. The site was not well dated, but there was evidence for activity through most of the Roman period."
26057,-50,400,50,75,medium (4 - 8 ha),unclassified,Yes,2,1,No,No,Yes,Yes,No,Yes,river valley,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"A site at Ringstead in the Nene Valley, 500m south east of the River Nene, on the edge of the gravel terrace and the flood plain, with rising ground immediately to the east. The main area of the Roman settlement was not excavated and apparently lies to the east of the excavated area. The earliest evidence at the site appears to have been a possible 1st century BC roundhouse and several late Iron Age pits. There was no evidence for continuous occupation between the late Iron Age and the Roman periods. The site appears to have been a working area during the earliest phase of Romano-British activity at the site, and lumps of lime and partially fired bricks were associated with late 1st-2nd century activity. A group of lime kilns were found and although not dated were thought possibly to relate to Roman period building at the site. Several gravel extraction pits were also found. A timber roundhouse was not closely dated but may have been constructed after the deposition of the building materials. At a subsequent but uncertain date a stone built roughly circular building with a tessellated floor was constructed, which seems to have still been in use during the 4th century. Following the construction of the circular building, a multi-roomed rectangular building (or buildings) with stone foundations was erected to the north east (likely southern end of a villa building), which may have abutted the circular building. The author of the report raises the possibility that the circular building was a shrine, although there is no direct evidence for religious activity at the site. A segment of a large decorated stone column was also found on a different part of the site, interpreted as possibly part of a freestanding column dedicated to Jupiter (which would presumably have come from a large piece of architecture and is at odds with the evidence from the rest of the site). At least three burials were found 75m west of the stone circular building. Subsequent work at the site indicated that the settlement may have been over 7.5ha in extent. Cropmarks indicated a series of rectangular enclosures sharing a common alignment and a droveway was also present. Metal detector survey also provided a number of coins from the site."
26058,50,150,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,No,No,No,"A site at Camp Hill, south west of Northampton, occupying a north facing slope overlooking the River Nene, which lies 750m to the north. Salvage excavation revealed four Roman pottery kilns, most of which were in use during the mid-1st century AD, although one produced pottery of later 1st to early 2nd century in date. Other features recorded at the site included walls, robbed out walls and pits and ditches. No  evidence for domestic activity was found at the site and it is unclear whether the site was continuously occupied between the 1st and early 2nd centuries AD."
26059,50,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,No,No,No,"At Brookfield Cottage Quarry, Bulwick, two concentrations of features, approximately 350m apart, apparently represent two discrete areas of iron working. Features included 6 iron smelting furnaces, channel hearths, ditches and quarry pits for ironstone and clay. The furnaces at Bulwick appear to have been deliberately sited where ore, clay, and presumably charcoal were readily available. No evidence for domestic activity was found and no close dating evidence is provided in the report."
26060,50,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plain or plateau,uncertain,No,No,No,"A site at Gretton, East Northamptonshire, situated on a limestone plateau, where a Roman iron working site was identified during ironstone quarrying. Features at the site included a furnace, channel hearths and ditches, some of which contained slag, ironstone and ash. No dating evidence was recovered but the furnace was identified as Roman on typological grounds."
26061,25,150,65,,medium (4 - 8 ha),unclassified,Yes,,1,Yes,No,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,hill,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"The site of a villa at Mileoak, Handley, approximately 2.7km west of Towcester (Lactodorum), occupying a slightly raised area of land around 600m south-east of the River Tove. The villa has been known since the 19th century and was excavated in the 1950s by C. Green. The earliest activity at the site is poorly dated but may perhaps have been the 'middle fifty years of the first century AD'. Features of this phase included hearths and a metalled area, as well as probable timber buildings of uncertain form and function. A substantial rectangular stone aisled building with a hypocaust, mosaic, tiled roof and complex internal and external decoration was constructed at the site between AD 65-75. The building had corridors on both long sides with 12 rooms opening off. The building was abandoned by the mid-2nd century and there appears to have been no activity at the site beyond this. A possible trackway associated with the villa was also recognised."
26062,-50,50,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,4,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,river valley,pastoral,Yes,No,No,"A late Iron Age rural settlement site at Thrapston Gravel Quarry, Aldwincle, excavated ahead of destruction for gravel extraction. The site lies on the western side of the River Nene valley, approximately 275m from the Nene and 30m from its tributary, Harpers Brook. Features at the site included three enclosures and a complex ditch system. Excavation focussed on just one sub-rectangular enclosure which contained at least four roundhouses, some of which were constructed at different times. The site appears to have been occupied from the late 2nd century/early 1st century BC until the early 1st century AD, possibly into the early Roman period. The other enclosures at the site may be contemporary. A group of enclosures near the main excavated enclosure were interpreted as paddocks and a possible trackway was also recognised. A mid-1st century Roman road also passes nearby the site. The site was interpreted as a farmstead, possibly with a pastoral economic focus."
26063,-50,250,,,large (9+ ha),complex,Yes,,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,hill,,No,No,No,"A site in Wellingborough occupying a small spur which slopes gently towards a small stream running east-west to the River Ise, partly excavated ahead of housing development. The rest of the site was subject to a watching brief. The large site consists of a number of rectangular enclosures (at least seven) which began during the late Iron Age and subsequently continued into the Roman period. Some of the enclosures had internal divisions. During the mid-to-late 1st century AD the site had an at least partly industrial function and five pottery kilns were recorded. Three lime kilns were not closely dated but were likely to be of Roman date. A pit containing iron slag suggests metalworking was also undertaken at the site. Many of the enclosures were interpreted as stock enclosures and were believed to have maintained their function from around 100 BC to circa AD 250."
26064,100,400,275,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,3,,No,No,No,No,No,Yes,hill,uncertain,No,No,No,"A Romano-British rural site to the north east of Northampton centre, in the parish of Moulton. The site occupies a relatively commanding position on the brow of a gentle south east facing slope. Excavations at the site revealed late 1st to 2nd century ditches and 1 or 2 circular timber buildings which were succeeded by a circular building with stone foundations and an associated yard area, probably constructed during the late 3rd century. Tegula fragments were thought by the report author as unlikely to be associated with the circular building, although as other circular buildings with tessellated pavements are known this is a possibility. Window glass was also found. A huge pit contained a large group of late 3rd century pottery and some evidence for iron working was found. The pit may possibly have been a quarry. Residual Iron Age pottery was found but no certain pre-Roman features were recorded. The site was interpreted as domestic and probably a small farmstead. The stone building probably went out of use during the late 3rd or early 5th century."
26065,50,400,100,275,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,3,,Yes,No,No,No,No,Yes,hill,uncertain,No,No,No,"The site of a Romano-British farmstead at Overstone, north east of the centre of Northampton, near the top of a slight incline 3.5km north of the River Nene. Excavations ahead of road stripping revealed a settlement dating from the first to fourth centuries AD. The earliest phase of activity was represented by a series of gullies and possible post holes of mid-1st century AD in date, which were overlain by a circular timber building (or buildings), probably constructed during the 2nd century. At least one of the buildings appears to have still been in use during the 2nd half of the 3rd century. At some time towards the end of the 3rd century the site underwent a radical change and the earlier timber buildings were reconstructed in stone and a metalled yard was established. These structures continued until at least the mid-4th century, after which the quantity of pottery and coins declined significantly, although a coin of Arcadius suggests activity at the site until the very end of the 4th/early 5th century. Finds of 'Belgic' pottery suggest possible activity in the late Iron Age, although direct evidence for this was not found."
26066,-50,400,200,300,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,2,3,Yes,No,Yes,No,No,Yes,plain or plateau,uncertain,No,Yes,No,"The site of a Romano-British rural settlement at Quinton, approximately 6.5km south of the River Nene and Northampton, excavated by the Upper Nene Archaeological Society. The earliest features at the site were of Neolithic and Bronze Age date, whilst the late Iron Age and Romano-British settlement seems to have started at around 50 BC, and continues throughout the Roman period (though a possible hiatus is suggested at some point between the late 2nd and late 3rd centuries). The first features are isolated and unconnected post-holes and pits. From around AD 1-49 settlement boundaries may have been remodelled.  A roundhouse and a pottery kiln then dated from the mid-1st century AD. Other features of around this date include a line of stone-lined post-holes which may have been structural. 2 stone rectangular buildings, 1 of three rooms, were constructed over the roundhouse in around AD 70, as well as one timber building.  These had fallen out of use by around AD 225. By the late 3rd or 4th century another circular and crude round houses was built close to the site where the stone buildings had been.  Unusually shaped pits and a small enclosure of uncertain function were interpreted by the excavator as possible evidence for a ritual focus, although the evidence for this is tenuous. Odd groups of animal bones were also seen as potentially representative of ritual deposition."
26067,-100,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,No,No,No,"A site at Wakerley in East Northamptonshire, occupying an area of flat land above and south of the Welland Valley, with the Welland approximately 1.5km to the north. Evaluation trenching and geophysics produced evidence of late Iron Age and Romano-British industrial activity in the form of a group of iron smelting furnaces, iron slag and a quarry pit. Other evidence for industry was of mid-Saxon date. Only a small amount of evidence for late Iron Age/early Roman activity was found and there may have been an intensification of occupation during the 2nd century and a possible enclosures was laid out at this time. Other Roman features included pits and structures thought to be associated with agriculture, and 3 corndriers were identified. These features were thought to be of mid-Roman date. Environmental sampling suggested that the landscape was dominated by agricultural and domestic settlement, although no settlement focus was found."
26068,1,200,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,No,No,No,"A site 2.5km to the north of Daventry, occupying an area of gradual slopes. Excavation and watching brief ahead of housing development revealed evidence for low-status rural activity of 1st-2nd century AD date. Features included ditches, pits and a gully and may have related to a fieldsystem."
26069,-50,400,100,275,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,6,,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,Yes,hill,mixed,No,No,No,"A site on the south-western outskirts of Upton, Northampton, in the Nene Valley. The site was situated on a south-east facing slope leading down to a tributary of the River Nene. Excavation took place ahead of development and revealed a 2nd/1st century BC rural farming settlement which continued until the late 4th century AD. The site had a complex series of at least four phases and the settlement underwent significant morphological changes during its history. The first phase, in the late 2nd/1st century BC saw the development of an unenclosed farmstead, including gullies, pits and a roundhouse. In the 1st century AD, probably prior to the conquest, the settlement expanded significantly and two rectangular enclosures were added. The original settlement nucleus was now enclosed and two or three overlapping roundhouses were built over the earlier roundhouse, indicating four successive roundhouses were built on the same spot. Outlying fields or paddocks were also associated with this phase. In the late 1st or early 2nd century AD the site was substantially remodelled with new enclosures laid out on different alignments to the earlier enclosures, though earlier substantial ditches may have been incorporated. A roundhouse was associated with one of the enclosures and a stone founded circular building with a tiled roof, possibly a shrine, was constructed, outside the main enclosed area and on the edge of the floodplain. Also associated with this phase were three cremation burials of late 1st/early 2nd century in date, and a T-shaped corndrier (described as a malting oven in the report), with a possible shelter constructed over it. Activity at the site may have tailed off in the late 2nd/early 3rd century AD and the site may have been temporarily abandoned during much of the 3rd century. In the late 3rd century there was a marked increase in activity on the site with the construction of a series of small square and rectangular enclosures forming a grid-like pattern, possibly reflecting a change in economic focus such as an emphasis on livestock. The nucleus of the settlement appears to have shifted in this phase and the possible shrine was either demolished or had gone out of use.  There is circumstantial evidence for there having been one or more early Saxon graves on or near the abandoned settlement; part of a shield boss and an iron spearhead which date to the late 5th/6th century and were often placed as grave goods, were recovered from the plough soil."
26070,-100,200,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),complex,Yes,,,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,No,No,No,"A site at Hemington in east Northamptonshire, situated on a south-east facing slope overlooking Alconbury Brook, a small stream draining into the Great Ouse to the south-east. Geophysical survey and evaluation trenching confirmed the presence of extensive Roman settlement enclosures in the western part of the site. The site appears to have developed from a mid-to-late Iron Age settlement, although it is not clear whether there was direct continuity as the Iron Age settlement is not well dated. Roman occupation at the site began in the 1st century AD and continued through until the late 2nd or 3rd century. Several phases of development occurred throughout the Roman period, although this seems to have been simple redefinition and extension of the existing settlement. Features at the site were predominantly gullies and large ditches defining small enclosures. Some of the gullies may have been beam slots although there was no certain structural evidence."
26071,50,300,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,hill,mixed,No,No,No,"A site at Middlemore Farm about 2.5km north of Daventry, occupying a south facing slope. Excavation and a watching brief produced evidence for a rural Romano-British site, characterised as part of a small farmstead occupied between the 1st and 3rd centuries AD. Features were primarily ditches which were thought to represent parts of field enclosures associated with a farmstead."
26072,75,400,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,No,No,No,"A site to the north of modern Daventry, on land sloping to the south, where watching briefs and contingency excavation were undertaken ahead of development. Features included pits, an L-shaped gully and two linear ditch systems and an assemblage of pottery ranging from 1st-4th century AD in date. A faunal assemblage was also recovered. The site was interpreted as the northern extent of an area of Roman settlement that may have included timber buildings with ceramic tiled roofs."
26073,75,400,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,1,1,Yes,No,No,No,No,Yes,plain or plateau,uncertain,No,No,No,"Salvage recording in an area 100m x 90m revealed a large ditched enclosure and many negative features including postholes, among which at least one undated roundhouse can be identified, with a central four-post arrangement and possible hearths nearby. Other features, however, may have been lenses of humic material or the vestiges of later archaeological levels left behind by the topsoil-stripping. Few of these features other than the ditches were investigated. Quantities of pottery from the backfilling of the ditches suggest that they were in use, probably with some recutting, from the late 1st to the 3rd/4th centuries AD. The wares include greywares, combed coarsewares, samian, Nene Valley colour-coated types, and imported amphorae. South of the enclosure a small area of more substantial remains comprised part of a stone building with a metalled floor containing a coin of Victorinus (AD 268-70: RIC 57). A nearby stone oven had been deliberately backfilled, possibly at around the same time, as suggested by two other coins of Victorinus and one of Tetricus I."
26074,75,400,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),complex,Yes,,7,No,No,No,No,No,Yes,river valley,mixed,Yes,No,No,"A site excavated along the route of the A45, between Higham Ferrers and Stanwick, in the Nene Valley. Evaluation, fieldwalking, geophysical survey and metal detecting survey were also undertaken. The work revealed a substantial Romano-British settlement containing at least seven stone buildings and a metalled road or yard, closely grouped and set within a fieldsystem. The common alignment of some of the buildings suggested the presence of a road. The site was not well phased, but the stone buildings may have been of later rather than earlier Roman date, although activity at the site appears to have occurred from the late 1st century AD. The site seems very clearly to be on the route of a Roman road and is defined as a roadside settlement here."
26075,1,200,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plain or plateau,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"A site located at Crick in west Northamptonshire, adjacent to the course of Watling Street Roman road, occupying a slight plateau on a hillside. Geophysical survey and evaluation trenching identified a group of at least two intercutting enclosures of late Iron Age to early Roman date, specifically 1st-2nd centuries AD. Features included a number of postholes, a probable ditch, an area of cobbling, and a ditch containing substantial amounts of Romano-British pottery. The site was interpreted as a low status rural farmstead."
26076,50,400,,,medium (4 - 8 ha),complex,Yes,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,Yes,river valley,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"A site at Earls Barton Quarry, in the middle Nene Valley, extending north from the modern river to the lower slopes of the valley side, either side of a south-flowing stream, which forms the Ecton-Earls Barton parish boundary. Geophysical survey and evaluation trenching revealed evidence for a series of up to five mid-to-late Iron Age settlements, but as their dating was poorly understood none have not been included in detail in this record (though the presence of some late Iron Age pottery from their assemblages may suggest some activity into the late Iron Age). Indeed, it is possible that the settlements reflect a long phase of development and gradual settlement shift, into the Roman period. Roman activity appears to have been confined to a single settlement, comprising an extensive pattern of enclosed fields and trackways, with a number of buildings including possible industrial features. At least two phases of activity were present. The first had a trackway as its primary feature, with an associated ladder patterned fieldsystem. The second phase was located to the east and west of the track and comprised a series of enclosures lying on a different alignment, containing stone structures and significant quantities of domestic Roman pottery."
26077,-50,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,Yes,"A site at Bozeat in the Nene Valley, approximately 4km south east of the River Nene. Evaluation trenching, fieldwalking and geophysics revealed evidence for a late Iron Age/early Roman settlement, represented by an extensive pattern of enclosures and magnetic anomalies. The site was heavily truncated and limited interpretation has been undertaken. Early-mid Saxon features were also identified."
26078,-50,200,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,No,No,No,"A site at Brackley, occupying a bluff overlooking the River Great Ouse to the east. Evaluation trenching produced evidence for late Iron Age/early Roman activity of 1st-2nd centuries AD in the form of ditches, pits, postholes and stakeholes, some of which may have formed a structure. The site may have been at the periphery of a settlement, perhaps centred near modern St Peter's Church, where other Romano-British remains have been found. There is no evidence on the site for activity beyond the 2nd century AD."
26079,50,400,,,uncertain,complex,Yes,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Evaluation trenching was undertaken over part of the site of the unwalled 'small town' at Ashton in the Nene Valley. Roman remains included ditches, part of a limestone and gravel road, a possible hearth, a group of postholes, possibly representing a timber structure, and a father metalled area and postholes representing additional structures. A single pottery kiln of early 2nd century AD date was also found. Most remains were heavily truncated by later activity."
26080,-100,400,50,100,small (<1 - 3 ha),complex,Yes,,1,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,Yes,Yes,Yes,"A site located just beyond the south-western fringe of Northampton, with the M1 motorway to the south, the River Nene to the north and the village of Kislingbury to the northwest. Geophysical survey, fieldwalking and evaluation trenching by BUFAU revealed two separate settlements, one of mid-to-late Iron Age date, the other Roman. The Romano-British settlement comprised a cluster of conjoined enclosures with internal divisions and features and associated trackways. The settlement seems to have been located deliberately on higher ground above the floodplain. The site was interpreted as an enclosed rural farmstead by the excavators. Ongoing (at the time of this record - 2014) work by University of Leicester Archaeological Services over 7.5ha suggests that a late Iron Age settlement became a focus for a late Roman farmstead and subsequent early Anglo-Saxon settlement. An enclosure containing a number of adjoining paddocks was offset at right-angles to the south side of an earlier east-west field boundary. Features within the enclosure included a watering hole, with a cobbled approach and a timber revetment and a stone 'smoke' house or drying oven, but no other identifiable buildings. The 'smoke' house was a square-shaped stone structure with a flue running around the internal perimeter and stoke hole on one corner (clearly not strictly a corndrier, but included as one here in order to draw attention to it). One well was excavated to a depth of five metres and contained articulated animal bone (structured deposition?). Also remains of a circular lead tank which had been cut up into lift-able, flattened pieces which were laid individually along a short section of a ditch forming the southern boundary of the enclosure. Excavation is continuing in the area to the west during summer 2014."
26081,75,400,,,uncertain,complex,Yes,,3,No,No,Yes,Yes,No,Yes,river valley,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"A site to the north of Weldon, in east Northamptonshire, where geophysical survey and evaluation trenching produced evidence for major Romano-British occupation. Activity appears to have begun in the late 1st or early 2nd century AD, with the laying out of a trackway and a series of enclosures. Within these enclosures were buildings, probably constructed between the later 1st and later 3rd centuries AD. Roof tiles (tegulae and imbrices) suggest a tiled roof whilst the presence of painted wall plaster suggests some sophistication. Flue tiles were also recovered, suggesting the presence of a hypocaust, and a fragment of window glass was also found. It is possible that one building may have been a bathhouse, although this is currently uncertain. The quality of construction of some of the walls and the quality of the building materials were seen as evidence for a high status settlement such as a villa, possibly of some size, wealth and status. The main villa building(s) was subject to only limited investigation, yet the resistivity survey indicates that it comprised an extensive building or range of buildings with a complex internal layout, and at least one room was well decorated with complex designs. Large quantities of slag and furnace debris recovered from east of the villa indicate that metalworking was taking place on an industrial scale in the near vicinity of the site. There was little evidence for agriculture; much of the bone seemed to derive from butchery or kitchen waste. The limited cereal remains included mostly grain with very few examples of wheat seed, and so may represent imported material rather than on-site processing. However, quantities were very low and such conclusions are very tentative. It is possible that the site suffered a significant decline in the 3rd century, although it should be borne in mind that excavation of the building remains was mostly limited to abandonment deposits. The buildings on site appear to have been abandoned and collapsed, or were demolished in the 4th century."
26082,100,400,,,uncertain,complex,Yes,,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"A site at Wollaston in the south-eastern floodplain of the River Nene. Geophysical survey, metal detection and evaluation trenching over an area of cropmarks confirmed evidence for a rural agricultural landscape including small enclosures interpreted as paddocks, an Iron Age farmstead and a Roman domestic settlement. The AP and geophysics plots are suggestive of a linear settlement."
26083,100,300,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"A site to the north-east of Winwick village, on slopes either side of Yelvertoft Brook, a tributary of the River Avon, which flows west, then south, to the north and west of Winwick Warren Farm. Evaluation trenching produced evidence for a probable Romano-British ditched enclosure and linear features. The low number of artefacts suggested the site may have been part of a fieldsystem or on the periphery of a settlement."
26084,-100,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plain or plateau,uncertain,No,No,No,"A watching brief at Byfield, in south west Northamptonshire, revealed an iron smelting furnace near to an enclosure known from cropmarks. It is not clear whether the furnace was inside or outside the enclosed area. Single Iron Age and Roman pottery sherds were taken as evidence for a Roman date for the furnace, although the dating was not conclusive. It is possible that the siting of the furnace and the enclosure are coincidental and that they were not related."
26085,50,400,150,200,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,1,Yes,No,No,No,No,Yes,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"A site at Laxton Lodge in north Northamptonshire, spanning a small valley with a spring and an adjacent stream to the east. Salvage excavation ahead of road development revealed an extensive iron-working complex and associated dwellings or workshops and a large inhumation cemetery. Iron working at the site may have been of two phases, with a row of five exceptionally large furnaces occurring in Phase I (1st-mid-2nd century AD), and at least 6 (perhaps many more) smaller, more conventional, shaft furnaces in Phase 2, which may have replaced the larger examples, or may have been contemporary with their later use. In the early period iron-working appears to have been on a massive scale. Part of the site appears to have been a working area associated with the furnaces, but timber structures may have been built in the 2nd and 3rd centuries and subsequently stone buildings were constructed, possibly in the later Roman period, and  these may have been domestic. A further evaluation indicated that the area of iron working and occupation was larger than previously recorded. Further excavation of furnaces in 1998."
26086,50,400,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),complex,Yes,,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,plain or plateau,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"A site evaluated prior to the construction of Daventry International Rail Freight Terminal, located to the west of Crick in north west Northamptonshire on gently undulating land, with a slight valley running north-south on the north-eastern part of the site. Geophysical survey revealed a network of rectilinear features, presumed to be Romano-British field boundaries and enclosures, confirmed by evaluation excavation. Little further information about the character of the site was recovered. Finds were predominantly of 1st-4th century date, with some early-mid Saxon sherds. No definite structures were found, but they are thought likely to have been associated with the enclosures. See database record 26087 for the adjacent LIA roundhouses site on the plan."
26087,-50,50,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,17,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plain or plateau,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"A site evaluated prior to the construction of Daventry International Rail Freight Terminal, located to the west of Crick in north west Northamptonshire on gently undulating land, with a slight valley running north-south on the north-eastern part of the site. Geophysical survey revealed three groups of overlapping circular and semi-circular ring gullies, found by excavation to be of late Iron Age in date. Only two circles could have existed simultaneously, and the features therefore represented several sequences of development. The site appears to have had a relationship with Watling Street, or an earlier precursor. Pottery suggests that the site was low-status, and probably dated from the end of the 1st century BC to the 1st century AD. The plan of the site suggests the roundhouses were unenclosed. See database record 26086 for the adjacent Roman site on the plan."
26088,-50,50,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plain or plateau,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"A site evaluated prior to the construction of Daventry International Rail Freight Terminal, located to the west of Crick in north west Northamptonshire. Circular and semi-circular features were recorded by geophysical survey which were found by excavation to be late Iron Age in date. The features appear to have had a formal layout, divided by tracks and with a possible enclosure. Dating evidence from pottery suggests a late Iron Age date, with no evidence for any continuity into the Roman period. The site was interpreted as a low-status farm. The site may have had a relationship with Watling Street or a prehistoric precursor to the Roman road. The geophysics plan may suggest a sequence of development involving a series of unenclosed roundhouses culminating in an enclosed settlement."
26089,50,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"A site at Fineshade abbey in north Northamptonshire, which lies across the steep valley of Fineshade Brook, which flows to the north before joining the River Weiland. Geophysical survey and limited evaluation trenching revealed a Roman iron furnace and large quantities of tap slag, as well as two tegulae. There was some evidence to suggest that the furnace may have been rebuilt on more than one occasion."
26090,50,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"A site on level ground at Grendon, approximately 1.2km west of the River Nene. Evaluation and excavation revealed a timber structure, probably a form of river crossing, possibly a 'chainbridge', which consists of a jetty on either bank with a tethered boat between or a 'drovers crossing' where brushwood is thrown between the vertical timbers, usually at times of low water to make a temporary crossing. Roman pottery suggests that the structure is Romano-British in date. The feature is probably related to a Romano-British settlement previously recorded nearby in advance of gravel extraction (database number 26037)."
26091,-100,325,50,75,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,1,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,Yes,No,"A site adjacent to the Roman 'small town' of Irchester, in the Nene Valley, next to the River Nene. Excavations revealed part of the walled town and the extramural area, as well as middle and late Iron Age settlement in the surrounding area, and possible elements of a Roman farmstead, beyond the urban area. This record focuses only on the late Iron Age settlement evidence and the Roman farmstead, as the walled 'small town' falls outside the scope of this project. One enclosure was only broadly dated to the mid-to-late Iron Age and is not included here. A further enclosure was also identified, interpreted as a late Iron Age farmstead, dating from the 1st century BC to 1st century AD. The enclosure had a pre-enclosure structural phase that included a single roundhouse. An additional, smaller LIA sub-rectangular enclosure was located to the north of the enclosure. A tree hole in the centre was interpreted as possible evidence for a central tree, possibly a ritual focus, perhaps supported by the presence of possibly deliberately deposited globular jars from the fill of the ditch. The precise relationship between the two enclosures is uncertain however. Several pits and postholes were also revealed, though these were not well dated. Features associated with the possible Roman farmstead included a small sub-rectangular enclosure, a stone-lined well and linear gullies, perhaps defining a timber house."
26092,-100,200,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plain or plateau,uncertain,No,No,No,"Archaeological evaluation and metal detector survey was carried out on land to the east of the Great Harrowden Road, Wellingborough,  identified Iron Age and Roman remains which had been damaged by nineteenth-century quarries. A small group of late Iron Age and early Roman pottery were found as well as a small number of coins. The poor preservation of the remains prevented interpretation of the site, and it has been classified here as a fieldsystem."
26093,50,200,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"A site located in the centre of a triangle formed by the villages of Great Cransley, Loddington and Old, occupying the head of a south-west to north-east facing valley, which drains into the River Ise. The site is situated within a gently rolling landscape. Geophysical survey, fieldwalking and evaluation trenching identified a site interpreted as a late Iron Age/Romano-British farmstead. Features included an area of burning, probably a hearth, enclosure or boundary ditches. The majority of the pottery recovered dates from the 1st and 2nd centuries AD and is indicative of the main period of occupation on the site. The presence of a small amount of Iron Age pottery and a single sherd dated to the mid 3rd-4th centuries AD suggests activity on the site during these periods. Environmental analysis suggests that the site lay generally within an open area or grassland habitat during the Iron Age to Romano-British period. A small amount of tapslag suggested limited some metalworking on site or nearby. Analysis of the animal bone indicates the presence of domesticated animals with some evidence of butchery and dog gnawing."
26094,50,300,75,150,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,5,Yes,No,Yes,Yes,No,Yes,hill,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"A site near Towcester, at Wood Burcote in south west Northamptonshire, occupying a minor escarpment. Activity at the site appears to be exclusively post-conquest, and the earliest Roman features are an enclosure ditch dating from the mid-1st century AD. The earliest structures were represented by a series of post-holes, indicating the presence of large wooden buildings during the Flavian period. These buildings were succeeded by at least 5 stone buildings from the late 1st century AD, one of which appears to have had timber internal divisions and included three corn-dryers, which possibly dated to the later life of the building. The building sits next to a stream and has been interpreted as a possible mill, and carbonised grain and large pieces of millstone were recovered. A further corn dryer was located outside the mill building. A further walled building was also of late 1st century date, which may have continued to the 3rd century. This building included painted wall plaster. A further building may have represented another phase of development at the site, and this building had several phases of additions, but it was first constructed in the mid-2nd century AD. This building also had painted wall plaster and possibly a tessellated pavement. A further small rectangular building contained a corn dryer and may have been built specifically for corn drying and storage, perhaps built at around AD 200. Given the presence of painted wall plaster, a number of stone buildings and evidence for a tessellated pavement the site has been interpreted here as a possible villa, although the distinction between 'villa' and farm is not completely clear in this instance."
26095,-100,425,100,300,large (9+ ha),complex,Yes,92,49,Yes,No,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,river valley,mixed,Yes,Yes,Yes,"An immensely important site consisting of a Roman villa and associated estate, situated on the west side of Stanwick, occupying a gravel terrace on the east bank of the River Nene. The site was subject to extensive excavation ahead of gravel extraction. The site is especially complex and 201 buildings were recorded, including 20 building complexes with 62 circular timber houses, 30 circular masonry houses, 10 rectangular timber houses, 39 rectangular masonry houses, 56 four-post structures interpreted as granaries and 4 six-post structures.  27 wells were also discovered, as well as 17 corn dryers. Activity at the site began in the late Iron Age, dating from at least circa 100 BC, and probably earlier. Even earlier activity at the site included a Bronze Age barrow, notably later enclosed by a Roman temenos. Several Iron Age coins and brooches were recovered. The IA site can possibly be divided into two areas, with an area of around 3ha with a high concentration of ring-ditches lying close to the river and occupying an area of higher ground, possibly separated from the eastern part of the site by a palaeochannel. A droveway may have passed through this complex. Not all of these circular buildings were contemporaneous, but many are likely to have been. An enclosure was added to this area during a second phase, and individual enclosed farmsteads may have developed. By the later 1st century AD the site appears to have been a series of individual ditched enclosures and there seems to have been direct continuity from the late Iron Age. By the 2nd century the site appears to have been remodelled, with the construction of a series of rectilinear ditched enclosures which may have originated from the earlier enclosures. Some of these enclosures were separated by trackways. By the 2nd century masonry circular houses had been introduced and were found in most enclosures. Most building complexes had their own wells. By the 4th century many of the enclosure ditches had been replaced by walled boundaries. The individual complexes had different fortunes, and 3 of the complexes show development from circular to rectangular forms, and one of these may have had an administrative function. One complex, which began as a group of circular houses, had an aisled hall built in the 3rd century, which subsequently was enlarged with a cross range and a bath suite added, and became the main building at the complex with opus signinum floors and painted wall plaster. By the late fourth century a major programme of rebuilding converted the house to a winged corridor villa and the bath suite was demolished and replaced. There is evidence for the building having been two storeyed. Five mosaics were found at the site.  None of the other building complexes developed beyond that of a simple farmstead, although notably, new farmsteads were created in the 3rd or 4th centuries. A notable feature of the site is the retention of circular styles of building at many of the site, including some later farmsteads. By the early  5th century the main villa was no longer a luxury house as some of its mosaic floors were cut by corndriers. The bath house was demolished and the space used as a working area.  Post-holes cut some of the buildings and pagan Saxon graves were found. There may have been a shift in economic focus from pastoralism to arable cultivation in the early Roman period. Other features at the site include a Romano-Celtic shrine, apparently focussed on a temenos surrounding a Bronze Age barrow, and a small cemetery. Minor industrial activity included iron smithing (no evidence for smelting) and bone working."
26096,-100,50,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,2,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"A mid-to-late Iron Age site at Grange Park, Courteenhall, on undulating land sloping gently northwards towards Wootton Brook, a tributary of the Nene. The site is one of several discovered during a large area of excavation totalling 16.1ha, though the area of excavation included in this record under the core data field is just that of Area 6.  The site was investigated through multiple methods including geophysics, fieldwalking, metal detecting survey, evaluation and open area excavation. Elsewhere at the site major occupation occurred from the mid-Iron Age (c. 400-200 BC) when at least three separate enclosure complexes were occupied. This record relates to a late-mid to late-Iron Age site which was occupied from c. 200 BC to AD 50 at a new location. The site comprised three enclosures representing at least two sub-phases. Features included roundhouses, a kiln, and a four-post structure (a possible granary). Late in the sequence a trackway was also established. A further major phase of activity occurred from c. AD 1-100, when the main focus of occupation shifted to a new location approx. 300m away in Area 5 (see record 26097), although an enclosure and a possible pottery kiln were established in this area. The only Roman features at Area 6 were a possible droveway and some pits, presumably related to the settlement activity at Area 5."
26097,1,300,,,medium (4 - 8 ha),complex,Yes,2,,No,Yes,No,No,No,Yes,river valley,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"A late Iron Age to Roman site at Grange Park, Courteenhall, on undulating land sloping gently northwards towards Wootton Brook, a tributary of the Nene. The site is one of several discovered during a large area of excavation totalling 16.1ha. The area of excavation included here under the core data field is just that of Area 5. The site appears to have been newly established in c. AD1-100, when the main focus of occupation shifted to this site from Area 6 (database record 26096). The principal features of the late Iron Age 'Belgic' phase of the site were a complex of at least five sub-square and sub-rectangular enclosures. Two of the smaller enclosures may have been settlement enclosures, one of which contained the truncated remains of a roundhouse. A third smaller enclosure formed an annexe was later added. The two large enclosures may have been for stock or for agriculture. One had an open side next to a palaeochannel and was probably sited to exploit the water source. Occupation may have continued throughout the Roman period, although pottery evidence suggests that the settlement was principally of early Roman date and had fallen into disuse by the 4th century. A large rectangular enclosure was laid out to the north of a droveway or access route, and this contained two smaller enclosures within it, as well as other sub-divisions. It also contained a deep, stone-lined well and evidence for small-scale iron smithing and a cobbled working surface. To the east of the large enclosure a smaller rectangular enclosure included a large circular structure with limestone foundations, possibly a domestic building. In the later Roman period the main focus of settlement may have shifted to the Wootton villa, to the north-east of the area."
26098,100,450,175,375,medium (4 - 8 ha),unclassified,Yes,2,3,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,No,Yes,river valley,mixed,No,No,Yes,"The site of a villa and associated buildings and a fieldsystem, located at Stanwick on a sand island in the floodplain of the River Nene, adjacent to two palaeochannels, probably extant during the Roman period. Aside from probable late Bronze Age activity, the site appears to have initially developed during the 2nd century AD. The Romano-British fieldsystem appears to have followed the earlier prehistoric alignment however. During the 1st half of the 2nd century AD a rectangular building may have been a watermill. Other early 2nd century structures include 2 possible barns, though they may also have had a domestic function.  In the later 2nd to late 3rd century the mill was adapted into a winged corridor villa, with multiple rooms and a hypocaust. A courtyard wall may also have surrounded the villa. Field boundaries were also formalised in stone. Yards were also provided, probably for livestock and other activities. From the late 3rd to later 4th century further changes included the laying of a tessellated pavement and a mosaic, as well as a new coat of painted wall plaster. The furnace area was walled and a veranda was added. Walls were added to the wings to create separate rooms. Beyond the villa two roundhouses were constructed, probably with a mixed domestic/farming function. From the late 4th century parts of the villa ceased to function in the same way. The hypocaust room fell into disuse, though re-flooring suggests an attempt to reuse it. Some of the site was robbed, though there is evidence for continued or renewed domestic activity in some of the rooms after the villa's decline. The west wing, however, contained four inhumation graves. These were not deposited all at the same time, suggesting that this wing was never reoccupied as a living area. To the east of the villa a roundhouse and barn escaped the upheaval endured by the villa and may have continued to function in some way. Three sunken featured buildings were constructed to the east of a roundhouse and a yard associated with the roundhouse was still visible and possibly useable at this time. Both roundhouse and the SFBs were abandoned at some point in phase III (5th century?). A burial in roundhouse the other roundhouse marks the disuse of this building. The fieldsystem, however, remained largely unaltered into the medieval period; the fields themselves may have been cultivated well into the Saxon period. Other features included Romano-British quarry pits."
26099,50,400,70,275,medium (4 - 8 ha),unclassified,Yes,1,2,Yes,No,Yes,Yes,No,Yes,hill,uncertain,No,No,Yes,"The site of Brixworth Roman villa, situated on high ground approx. 1km north of Brixworth village. Published information on the site is limited, though a villa building and earlier Romano-British farmstead were present. The farmstead consisted of a roundhouse, probably of mid-to-late 1st century AD in date. The site was thought not to have had a preceding Iron Age phase. The roundhouse was succeeded in around AD 70-100 by a masonry 'cottage house' villa with a range of five rooms. There was then a major period of reconstruction during the late 2nd to early 3rd century, and a rectangular outbuilding may have been constructed at this time, which lasted until the end of the 3rd century. Crucibles and evidence for bronze working were recovered from this building. The villa may have experienced a hiatus from c. AD 235-300 (though the ceramic evidence apparently supports continuity of occupation). At the end of the 3rd century or the beginning of the 4th the area of the villa was almost doubled, and there was a major phase of additions including a bath house, although the evidence suggests that the bathhouse may never have been used. The villa continued until the 2nd half of the 4th century, perhaps into the 5th. Early Saxon sherds and post-holes suggest post-Roman reuse of the site, and an undated burial may either be of very late Roman or early Saxon date, as part of a collapsed wall from the bathhouse had been used as a cairn. Two infant burials were also found beneath the floor of one of the villa rooms."
26100,1,100,50,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,No,No,No,"A site at Hardingstone, approx. 3.5km south east of Northampton, occupying the crest of a slight ridge. Excavations revealed a pottery manufacturing site established at around the time of the conquest, possibly established to serve the army. Four pottery kilns were identified and three more may have existed. A network of ditches and gullies were predominantly of  the same date as the kilns, although some included some late Iron Age, pre-conquest material. A group of undated and early-mid 1st century AD enclosure ditches were also excavated approximately 300m to the west. A group of other kilns of possible late 1st century date had previously been located just to the north west of this site. A notable find from the site was a skull with evidence for trepanning. The kilns may have been active from around AD 43-68, and the site appears to have been abandoned towards the end of the 1st century AD, perhaps with the departure of the army."
26101,-100,350,75,150,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,5,,No,Yes,No,No,No,Yes,hill,uncertain,Yes,Yes,No,"A multiperiod site at Mawsley New Village, Great Cransley. A late Bronze Age/early Iron Age pit alignment became the focus for a mid-late Iron Age open settlement consisting of a large roundhouse. Subsequently a small enclosed farmstead was established at the end of the 1st century BC. The settlement was reorganised during the early decades of the 1st century AD and a new focus was established with two new roundhouses. This settlement form continued until the mid-late 1st century AD, with the timber roundhouses replaced and the expansion of new ditch systems, including a large probable stock enclosure and associated droveway. Further reorganisation took place at the end of the 1st century when the main enclosure and sub-enclosed areas were formalised into a single sub-rectangular enclosure. A stone roundhouse containing a number of ovens was established close to the focus of the earlier domestic settlement. Nearby features included two wells and a trough. During the mid-2nd century there was further transformation, and the large enclosure was infilled.  A number of possible corndriers were found and the ovens in the stone building may have dated from this phase (though there was little plant evidence for these being used for crop processing). However, the report author suggests that this phase may have been non-domestic and perhaps associated with crop processing. The main focus of domestic settlement may have shifted or the settlement may have been abandoned and incorporated into a wider estate. The site also appears to become a focus for ritual activity at this time, with the internment of a burial in the side of the enclosure and evidence for structural deposition also, with a possible closure deposit from the top fill of an enclosure ditch. It is uncertain when the site was abandoned but coin evidence indicates some activity at least until the early 4th century. An Anglo-Saxon burial of mid-6th-7th century date was also found."
26102,-100,50,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,2,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"A site adjacent to the River Nene at Stanwick, subject to a watching brief during construction of a silt pond. Features included enclosure or drainage ditches of Iron Age date and perhaps 2 roundhouses. Other features included pits and postholes and a trackway. A platform of limestone and gravel of uncertain date was also revealed next to a palaeochannel, possibly a bridge or jetty. Pottery of early-mid Iron Age and late Iron Age was discovered, and the site may have had a long period of occupation."
26103,100,425,150,275,small (<1 - 3 ha),complex,Yes,1,,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,No,river valley,mixed,Yes,Yes,No,"A site on the eastern fringes of Burton Latimer, located on a slight slope adjacent to a brook which drains into the River Ise, in a watershed of the Rivers Nene and Welland. Two separate open area excavations revealed a Romano-British settlement of over 1.8ha in extent, with a regular layout of enclosures and trackways which were modified over time. There was evidence for occupation throughout the Roman period, but most evidence pointed towards the late 2nd-3rd centuries AD.  The settlement was established in the late 1st/early 2nd century, with creation of a 'ladder' enclosure system in the mid-2nd/early 3rd century. The enclosures contained at least one roundhouse, possible structural slots and a number of cremation burials. Major alterations to the enclosure system occurred in the late 3rd-mid-4th century, together with the burial of around 40 inhumations, most within a planned cemetery to the north of the enclosure system. At this time the trackway went out of use and quarrying took place. The large number of burials, as well as a large number of coins and evidence for commerce in the form of steelyards/weights etc. make the site unusual and significant. A burial including a coin of Honorius (AD 395-402) suggests activity into the early 5th century."
26104,-50,400,,,medium (4 - 8 ha),complex,Yes,4,6,No,Yes,Yes,No,No,Yes,river valley,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"A site on a valley side to the north of Stanwick in the Nene valley. Limited data available in published report on Roman remains, full excavation report not acquired. IA pottery scatters suggest likely preceding late Iron Age settlement. Magnetometer survey showed enclosures associated with the Roman settlement identified through excavation, revealing three rectilinear enclosures and the presence of 2 or 3 possible roundhouses. An additional enclosure system located 60m upslope. Also a third set of enclosures incorporating trackways and a further possible roundhouse. Fieldwalking produced large quantities of Roman pottery which suggests a date range of mid-2nd to 4th centuries, supported by excavated material. Excavation also revealed a series of late 2nd/early 3rd century ironstone quarry pits. 6 rectangular stone structures also exposed, at least one of multiple rooms, and coins suggest a late 4th century date for some. Other finds included at least 3 corndriers, two of which were in buildings. Five late Roman burials also found. Scatters of early-mid Saxon pottery may suggest early Saxon activity, but no definite excavated evidence. Proximity to the course of a probable Roman Road suggests it may be a roadside settlement."
26105,50,400,,,medium (4 - 8 ha),unclassified,Yes,1,6,Yes,No,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"The site of an extensive courtyard villa at Cotterstock in the Nene Valley, approx. 2km to the west of the River Nene. The villa is the largest known from the Nene Valley area. The villa has been known since the 18th century when the mosaic was discovered. This record is based upon a review of the evidence, including air photographs, geophysics and fieldwalking, published in Britannia. Only a very small part of the villa has seen recent excavation, just a ditch which produced pottery and a small number of other finds. Little information is available about the development of the villa or its phases, but the final villa, with ranges of buildings arranged around four courtyards may have developed from a 'cottage-house' type structure, which then became a winged corridor villa, and subsequently the courtyard villa. A possible aisled building has also been suggested based on the plan. Evidence from pottery and the mosaics suggest that the buildings were still being maintained and improved into the latter 4th century. A roughly circular feature shown on geophysics plots may possibly be a roundhouse, a shrine or a mill."
26106,100,300,,,large (9+ ha),unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"A site in the Nene Valley at Wollaston, one of several sites excavated ahead of large scale gravel extraction, and one of three sites excavated with evidence for viticulture (see also Grendon and Wollaston 1, which have potential evidence for vineyards). 7.5ha of parallel beds and post holes were interpreted as evidence for viticulture and this was supported by pollen evidence. Dating for the bedding trenches was thought to be 2nd-3rd century."
26107,50,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"A site in the Nene Valley at Wollaston, one of several sites excavated ahead of large scale gravel extraction, and one of three sites excavated with potential evidence for viticulture (see also Grendon and Wollaston 1, which have potential evidence for vineyards). Whilst no bedding trenches were found on this site, non-structural post-pits were interpreted as a possible continuation of vine cultivation in the area."
26108,-50,250,25,50,medium (4 - 8 ha),unclassified,Yes,6,,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"A site in the Nene Valley, near its confluence with the Ise, excavated ahead of development, approx. 3 km from the Roman town of Irchester. Excavated remains included a series of non-defensive enclosure and drainage ditches, hut circles, hearths, pits and part of a trackway. Two complete enclosures and parts of several more were found, mainly of late Iron Age and Roman date. Several pottery kilns were found and some timber structures were present. Also evidence for some ironworking. Features extended for 5.5ha and may extend beyond, possibly up to 12 ha. A dramatic increase in the density of occupation occurred from around AD 25 to AD 60 and a complex system of enclosure ditches was created, and within a main enclosure up to 6 roundhouses were constructed and the enclosure was divided into a series of sub-divided activity areas. Objects associated with spinning and weaving and agriculture were common. A subsequent enclosure was built over this area, possibly destroying some of the domestic sites. There appears to have been a marked change in the character of the site between c. AD 45-50, related in the report to the presence of 'Intrusive Group Potters', and a concentration of kilns and pits suggest a change in function from agricultural to industrial use."
26109,-50,50,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,6,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"The site of two adjacent late Iron Age enclosures located at Moulton Park, to the north of Northampton, excavated ahead of development. Enclosure 1 is defined by a roughly circular ditch and contained the remains of at least 2 roundhouses of late Iron Age date. Enclosure 2, 20m to the north of Enclosure 1, was more rectilinear in shape and contained at least 3 roundhouses, with a possible additional house outside."
26110,-50,50,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,1,,No,No,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,No,No,No,"A site to the east of Northampton on land overlooking the Nene Valley, on land developed for housing, where a site known from cropmarks was excavated. The site is a double-ditched enclosure, roughly square in shape. Within the enclosure were the remains of a single oval timber building and 28 pits. Pottery was of late Iron Age, 'late pre-Belgic' in date. The occupation appears to have been short-lived. Finds were scarce but included a rotary quern and the pits were interpreted as possibly for grain storage."
26111,-50,450,44,280,medium (4 - 8 ha),enclosed,Yes,7,5,Yes,No,Yes,Yes,No,Yes,river valley,uncertain,Yes,Yes,Yes,"Site of a late Iron Age settlement and Roman villa at Piddington, 6 miles SE of Northampton, in the upper Nene Valley. Subject to long period of continuing excavation by the Upper Nene Archaeological Society. V. complex sequence of development. Occupation may have begun at around 50 BC, when 3 post-built structures were built. These structures were followed by a series of at least 7 early 1st century AD roundhouses within an enclosure, as well as a small rectangular building with plastered walls. Farming, weaving and metalworking associated with this phase. Even at this stage the site may have been high status, with a range of continental pottery and fine Gallo-Belgic copies. Soon after the conquest the enclosure had gone out of use and a ditch contained many imported Claudian and Neronian fine wares and military fittings suggest presence of a military presence for approx. 10-15 years (and APs suggest a probable fort in the adjoining field). Also possible copper-smelting at this time. From c. AD 65 a timber proto-villa of at least 6 rooms emerged, followed 20-30 years later on an adjacent site by a stone-built 'cottage type' villa, as well as a smaller detached building - these buildings occupied from c. AD 90-120. Both buildings extended until linked into a L shaped corridor building by a small bathhouse. By end of 3rd century a major programme of refurbishment, though this was finished abruptly, with incomplete structures, unpainted walls, and building materials present and then minimal activity until c. AD 330, when intensive occupation resumed and several family units may have lived within the area of the old villa, continuing until well into 5th century, followed by a small amount of Saxon occupation, including a small cemetery and a grubenhaus. Structured deposits include military phase features including a ditch with skeletons and jaws of dogs and a crow or raven and complete vessels, and a 3rd century bone assemblage from a well."
26112,150,300,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,No,No,No,"A site north of Ecton in the Nene Valley, approx. 4km N of the river Nene on slightly raised ground. Site of a pottery production centre, with four kilns recorded and at least 12 more likely. Cropmarks in the area suggest settlement nearby. Pottery of mid-2nd to 3rd century. Mortaria included amongst products."
26113,100,400,250,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,2,,No,No,No,No,No,Yes,plain or plateau,uncertain,No,Yes,No,"A site approx. 1.8km east of Brigstock in NE Northamptonshire, where two shrines, one circular and one polygonal, and possibly part of a larger group, were excavated. Constructed in second half of 3rd century AD, occupied until late in 4th century. Likely domestic settlement at the site before construction of the shrines, perhaps from 2nd century. Many objects of bronze and iron of ritual significance discovered and a large number of coins and votive deposits were recovered from the circular shrine. ABGs also associated with circular shrine, probably deliberate deposits, some in pits. Evidence for rites such as placement of coins in animals jaws. Animal bone buried in pits also in polygonal shrine."
26114,50,325,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,3,1,Yes,No,No,No,No,Yes,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"A site in Collyweston Great Wood, south east of Collyweston in the Welland Valley, less than 5 km from Ermine Street and approx. 8km NW of Durobrivae (Water Newton). Site of a religious complex, with masonry buildings including a rectangular building, a hexagonal building with paved area around it, an octagonal building with opus signinum floor, a circular paved area surrounded by a wall, and the remains of a further possible polygonal structure. Pottery and worked stone over a wide area indicated further buildings not excavated. Pottery suggested date of c. 1st to early 4th centuries AD."
26115,100,400,200,300,medium (4 - 8 ha),complex,Yes,4,10,Yes,No,No,No,No,Yes,river valley,uncertain,Yes,Yes,Yes,"A substantial Roman roadside settlement in the Nene Valley, established in the earlier 2nd century AD with evidence for circular buildings, wells and a small cemetery. The site was bounded to the west by a ditch. Significant change in the layout of the settlement during late 2nd to 3rd century, with a series of rectangular buildings aligned on the eastern side of the road. A gravel 'pavement' was constructed along the length of the roadside frontage and on the western side of the road a monumental shrine complex was constructed. In late 3rd-early 4th century the settlement expanded to the north and the shrine fell out of use, with religious focus perhaps shifting to a small 'temple' at the north of the settlement. Site abandoned  during 2nd half of 4th century. Saxon reoccupation of the site from mid-5th century."
26116,-100,-1,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,No,No,No,"A mid-to-late Iron Age site in the Nene Valley, located 370m NE of the Roman nucleated settlement and shrine at Higham Ferrers, overlooking the Nene Valley to the west. The site consisted of a group of enclosures, including a small defended ditched enclosure, interpreted as a defended farmstead. Evidence for small-scale pottery production and limited metalworking. Overall date range for the site c 3rd-1st century BC."
26117,-100,400,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,1,,No,No,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,No,No,Yes,"Crow Hill Iron Age hillfort, occupying a prominent location near Irthlingborough, on the western side of River Nene with views over the valley. The hillfort dates from the early or mid Iron Age, but the defences may have been refurbished during the 1st century AD with the introduction of a palisade trench and recutting of the main ditch. These may have been slighted in the early Roman period, but occupation apparently continued, indicated by a late Roman roundhouse and extensive pottery scatters. The site may have been redefended in the early-mid Saxon period and an early-mid Saxon building was also present."
26118,100,400,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),,Yes,2,,No,No,No,No,No,Yes,river valley,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"A site in the Nene Valley, where fieldwalking and excavation has confirmed several areas of broadly dated Iron Age activity as well as a Roman settlement. The Roman site appears to have included enclosures and dated from the 2nd century AD to the 4th century. Dense stone could represent stone buildings and excavation revealed up to four buildings, 2 possibly circular, have been suggested. A human burial and a road were also recorded. Also a series of ditches. The site is just 50m east of a site (26074) recorded as a roadside settlement on this database and seems likely to be part of the same settlement."
26119,75,150,400,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,1,2,Yes,No,Yes,No,No,Yes,river valley,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"A substantial Roman settlement located in a loop of the River Nene near Woodford. Site known since early 18th century when tesserae, tile and urns discovered. Salvage excavation during gravel extraction revealed ditches, a metalled area and a circular building which was partly overlain by one of two nearby rectangular structures of probable 2nd century AD date. A well, boundary ditches and part of a road also recorded. Cropmarks show an area of two rectangular ditched enclosures on the same alignment and a further one on a different alignment. Phasing not well understood but no evidence for IA activity, and possible backfilling of enclosures and change during 2nd century AD. Large quantities of roofing tile seen as evidence for tiled roofs and a column, box flue tiles, white plaster, window glass and tesserae point to a sophisticated building."
26122,-100,50,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,1,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"A site on the upper edge of the Nene Valley on flat ground on boulder clay. Excavation during road construction revealed a pit and ditch with mid-Iron Age pottery, but most features were ditches and gullies of late Iron Age date, including a probable roundhouse."
26123,-50,400,200,50,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,7,1,Yes,Yes,No,No,Yes,No,hill,arable,No,Yes,No,"A site excavated ahead of quarrying at Wakerley in NE Northamptonshire, south of the River Welland, on sloping ground overlooking the river. Occupied during the late Iron Age and Roman periods, the site produced evidence for agricultural and industrial activity. Clear evidence for settlement in the IA, no clear evidence for domestic occupation in the Roman period. IA domestic occupation included 7 roundhouses (perhaps only 5 contemporaneous) contained within an enclosure (enclosure maybe later than some of the huts, and also included a sub-enclosure for livestock). A further enclosure may also have been for livestock. Also a four posted structure, replaced by a 6 post structure (interpreted as granaries or look-out towers). Evidence for stone quarrying in IA, though no buildings of stone. Also iron production in IA and at least 7 smelting furnaces and channel hearths discovered but not well dated. Whilst it is possible some roundhouses continued into Roman period, no good evidence for this. Features from Roman period on site included an aisled barn (dating evidence poor, but perhaps mid-2nd/3rd c).  In addition to 3 pottery kilns (though pottery industry short lived and unsuccessful due to inexperience of potters), 47 other kilns, ovens or hearths found, some probably corn drying ovens, which were in use throughout the Roman period. Pottery kilns possibly late 2nd century and possibly contemporary with aisled barn, and a point when the enclosed area was sub-divided, so AD 200 has been  used as a phase date for this activity here. Unusual find from one of the pottery kilns a pipe clay cockerel's head (structured deposit?)."
26124,-50,400,150,,large (9+ ha),complex,Yes,1,8,Yes,No,Yes,No,No,Yes,river valley,uncertain,Yes,Yes,No,"Site of a Romano-British unwalled roadside settlement at Ashton, near Oundle in the Nene Valley, adjacent to the River Nene. Several excavations ahead of road development. Prior to Romano-British settlement evidence for late Iron Age 'Belgic' activity with many imported fine wares and an Iron Age coin. Early buildings included a probable stone roundhouse and two small pottery kilns. Roman roadside settlement possibly established mid-to-late 2nd century and continued until late Roman period. 2 metalled roads flanked by buildings, with at least 8 rectangular buildings partly excavated (one with compelling evidence for iron smithing including furnaces, slag, hammerscale, a quenching tank, a smith's hammer etc.). Some industrial focus. Extent of site suggested from cropmarks and scattered pottery and building debris covers an area of over 30ha. Other features included a well, which had a lead tank bearing a Chi Rho placed within it, as well as other finds. Possibly an important LIA centre."
26125,125,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"The site of a pottery kiln in the lower Nene Valley, briefly investigated before destruction by quarrying. Finds included much kiln furniture. In an area of much other Romano-British activity and buildings and burials previously reported from area. Extensive scatters of 3rd-4th century pottery. A large Roman building also previously excavated nearby by Oundle School. Pottery from kiln probably from a single firing. Pottery of Nene Valley grey ware, though many wasters. Pottery from kiln suggests a mid 2nd century AD date for manufacture."
26126,175,400,250,,medium (4 - 8 ha),unclassified,Yes,,1,No,No,Yes,Yes,No,Yes,hill,uncertain,No,No,No,"A site overlooking the Nene Valley, approx. 1.5km to the east of the River Nene. Excavations revealed a rectangular building, initially dating from the end of the 2nd century. A quarry pit for clay was used for some of the tiles from the site. A second phase of the building took place in mid-3rd century, when the building was refurbished and a hypocaust was installed. Finds from the site included 3rd and 4th century coins. Interpreted as one part of a much larger complex."
26127,50,75,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,No,No,No,"Site of a Romano-British pottery kiln at Weston Favell, on high land to the north of the river Nene, approx. 4km north of Northampton. Kiln active in the mid-1st century AD."
26128,-100,400,50,200,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,2,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,plain or plateau,uncertain,Yes,Yes,No,"A site in north east Northamptonshire, immediately north of Weldon in the Rockingham Forest, on a gentle south facing slope of a tributary valley of the Willow Brook. Excavations revealed a late Iron Age industrial landscape including nine well-preserved iron smelting furnaces. Little evidence for non-industrial activity in this phase. Occupation from late Iron Age into the early RB period. Following iron production phase (c. 100 BC to AD 50) site possibly became part of estate of Weldon villa (from c. AD 70-80), when several enclosures, a small fieldsystem, possible structures and pits were present. Little evidence for activity beyond 2nd century until medieval period, though traces of a possible late Roman smelting site. With onset of Roman period change from focus on iron production to agriculture. Features associated with the IA phase industrial activity included quarries for clay and possibly iron ore. Non-industrial IA activity included a waterhole, a group of four-post structures and two ring-gullies possibly representing roundhouses, several pits and a droveway (possibly also associated with the later RB villa to the south). Features associated with early Roman period included possible field enclosures and groups of pits. Possible lean to structures against a boundary wall associated with Weldon villa to south. Almost complete vessels found from a ditch terminal possible structured deposits. A single samian sherd from a post-hole also interpreted as possible deliberate deposit. V little evidence for late Roman activity, but some possible smelting and a small cemetery aligned along northern boundary wall of the Weldon villa (possibly directly associated with burials recovered during 1950s villa excavation)."
26129,-50,450,100,275,medium (4 - 8 ha),unclassified,Yes,2,4,No,No,Yes,Yes,No,Yes,hill,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Site of a Roman corridor villa at Nether Heyford, approx. 650m E of Watling Street, located on a hill with views eastwards over the upper Nene Valley. Site excavated by community project 'Whitehall Roman Villa and Landscape Project', and this record based on information available on website only. No published or grey lit reports. Chronological development of site begins in LIA  as a farmstead and fieldsystem, with reorganisation in late 1st-early 2nd century AD. 2nd century activity included two stone built roundhouses followed by a 'proto-villa' and then a late Roman corridor villa (from late 3rd century AD) and two bathhouses (the second, smaller and more modest from mid-4th century AD). Abandonment of villa followed by a post-Roman timber building phase, of 5th century date and activity seems to have continued at the site well into the 5th century."
26130,100,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,1,No,Yes,No,No,No,Yes,river valley,uncertain,No,Yes,No,"Geophysical survey and small-scale evaluation took place in the Great Ouse Valley, at the location where a striking and unusual bust, believed to be Marcus Aurelius, had been found during ploughing in the 1970s. The geophysics revealed an extensive rural settlement of Iron Age/Roman date, with features including walls (part of a stone building), a hearth, pits and slag. Two pewter serving dishes of 4th century date were found to have been rammed up against an earlier Roman stone wall, thought to be associated with a stone building. A further stone wall was thought to be a boundary wall. A skeleton was believed to be post-Roman. The range of finds suggests activity from the 2nd-4th century AD. Pewter vessels and bust of Marcus Aurelius evidence for structured deposition? The geophysics plot of the site suggest that the settlement may be an extensive complex farm site."
26131,-50,150,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,Yes,"An archaeological evaluation was undertaken by CFA Archaeology Ltd at Upton Lodge, Northampton. A geophysical survey identified archaeological remains possibly relating to prehistoric or Romano-British settlement activity, along with ditches, cultivation furrows and other features from these or later periods. The evaluation recorded three probable enclosures, a surrounding fieldsystem and possible pit alignments which were all dated between the Late Iron Age to Early Roman period. Analysis of the recovered pottery suggested the peak of the activity on the site was immediately post-conquest, although there was some evidence that suggested the site was still used for a short period into the mid-2nd century. The pottery was all domestic, probably from settlement nearby. Potentially three sets of human remains were identified and included a possible inhumation and cremation in one area and an inhumation in an enclosure ditch in another area (none closely dated). A small amount of Saxon pottery was recovered which was broadly 5th-9th century in date and a possible 'Grubenhaus' was also tentatively identified. Other features included relict track-ways and a possible as yet undated enclosure."
26132,75,150,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,plain or plateau,uncertain,No,No,No,"Excavation in advance of residential development produced evidence for a low-status farming activity of mid-late 1st century AD in date, continuing into the 2nd century AD. No focus for the settlement was identified, but ditches and gullies indicated enclosed fields and features interpreted as temporary shelters (including an oven or cooking pit) suggest settlement nearby."
26133,-100,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plain or plateau,uncertain,No,No,No,"A 28 trench evaluation and geophysical survey were undertaken to the east of Northampton on land overlooking the River Nene. Settlement activity appears to have continued from the mid-Iron Age into the late Iron Age/early Roman period, again focused on the high ground overlooking the River Nene, though the mid-Iron Age activity may have been replaced by a more rectilinear layout of fields. The activity continues into the Roman period proper, with some evidence that it became more extensive in the late Roman period. A length of stone-built wall footing was present in one of the trenches and is almost certainly Roman in date. Whether this formed part of a building or some other structure was not clear. The settlement was considered to be of relatively low status."
26134,150,300,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plain or plateau,uncertain,No,No,No,"A two-trench evaluation over a group of geophysical anomalies showed them to be ditches of Roman date, indicative of activity on the periphery of a farmstead or small low-status settlement. Based upon the size and shape of ditches it is suggested that these features represent field or settlement boundaries. Postholes may represent structures or fences, possibly associated with the ditches. The relatively large quantity (for the size of the evaluation) and condition of the pottery further corroborates the inference that a settlement was close-by, with refuse being discarded along the boundary."
27002,200,410,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,No,No,No,"After initial mechanical excavation of an agricultural drainage sump disturbed three inhumation burials within a single stone-lined cist, excavation was undertaken of a late Roman coin hoard and five graves, together with the remains of at least 11 inhumation burials. At least three of the graves had been reused. Three bracelets, one of shale and two of copper-alloy, and two pottery accessory vessels were recovered from two of the graves, providing a date for the burials from the 3rd century AD onward. A total of 1418 coins were recovered from the hoard, which had been deposited in one of the graves, either at the time of burial or perhaps as a later insertion. The latest coins in the hoard were of Theodosian, dating from AD 395-402, suggesting that the hoard was deposited in the first decades of the 5th century. The late date for the hoard is unusual, and is also potentially the largest and latest hoard recorded from a grave in Britain."
27003,-100,1,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,No,No,No,"A triple ditch feature, previously known through aerial photography, was evaluated ahead of construction of a pipeline. The function of the ditch is uncertain but it may have been a boundary marker. The recovery of two late Iron Age brooches and metalworking debris, including small fragments of a mould, possibly for a brooch, make the site notable and suggest late Iron Age occupation nearby, although late Bronze Age to early Iron Age pottery was also recovered, suggesting that the ditches may have had a long period of use."
27004,290,400,350,370,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,1,3,Yes,No,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Site of a Roman villa excavated from 1950 onwards, located approximately 400 metres north east of the site of Great Casterton small town. The history of the site falls into two main periods, commencing with an aisled barn and a circular drying floor building (which superseded a more usual corn dryer) of c.AD 290-310 to c.350-65. A long rectangular building lay to the SW of the barn, probably of the same date. About 190' SE of the barn was a timber 'cart shed', later rebuilt in stone and incorporated in the south wing. No dwelling house of this period was discovered. The barn and drying floor were deliberately dismantled to make way for other buildings. In the second period (c.AD 350-65 to late 4th or early 5th century) a small house was erected on the site of the barn, utilizing its north wall. It consisted of a single large room with an unheated mosaic floor from which projected eastwards two narrow wings. This was very soon enlarged and in AD 370-80 extensively rebuilt and heated by a channelled hypocaust, and a self-contained bath house was built. The villa was finally destroyed by fire, almost certainly after AD 388. Part of the building continued in use for storage and a corn drying oven was constructed in the ruins. An iron smelting furnace was said to have been found in the field west of the villa. Slag was found during the excavations. Two stray coins of Burgred of Mercia (9th century) were found, possibly part of a hoard that had been robbed or ploughed away. A hoard of 327 late Roman, 4th century, coins was discovered during excavation of the villa site in 1950."
27005,50,400,150,275,medium (4 - 8 ha),enclosed,Yes,,,Yes,No,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,plain or plateau,uncertain,Yes,Yes,No,"A Romano-British religious complex, sometimes interpreted as a small town. A  winged corridor building may be located immediately adjacent (though the poor records of the site have led to some confusion as to whether the records for this villa actually refer to a different corridor villa, located approximately 800 metres to the north west - database number 27008) . Poorly reported excavations in the mid-20th century are the primary source, as well as more recent geophysical survey to the west of the temple.  The site is mainly in the area of 'Black Holmes' and 'Black Wang' with a cemetery in the quarry, 'Kirk Hole'. Early finds consisting of coins, pottery and personal objects, were made in 1740 and excavations were carried out in 1884. A Roman well was discovered some time before 1779.  In the late 1950s and early 1960s E. Greenfield excavated the site ahead of quarrying and describes finding 'seven stone buildings, postholes, three wells, a series of gullies, twenty three circular hearths, seventy five pits, sixty two much-used oven bases, twenty six small stone quarries and a cemetery. Clearly, this is a slice across a busy settlement where iron smelting was a major activity'.  A religious focus is indicated by the discovery of a temple building with a temenos ditch enclosing a large area, in the centre of which stood several successive temples. A 1st century AD  circular gully around a limestone floor marks the site of a wooden building rebuilt more than once. It was replaced by a circular structure 41 feet in diameter with stone walls and a crushed stone floor on which stood a cement statue or altar base. In the 2nd century a tessellated floor was inserted, and in the late 3rd century a large basilican temple was constructed on the same site, solidly built of limestone slabs, and porched and divided inside into a nave and side aisles. A series of small holes were dug in the nave to below the level of the round shrine, two containing a silver feather and an inscribed silver plaque, both of votive type. At some time the temple is thought to have been converted to domestic use (although this is questionable) and the floor was raised with rubble which contained building stones and roof tiles, implying destruction of the superstructure of the temple. This occupation lasted until the late 4th or early 5th century. Other discoveries included houses, wells, kilns, many ovens and hearths and burials, suggesting that the site may have been an industrial or agricultural centre as well as religious. Brooches, at least 352 coins and other bronze artefacts have been recovered from the area. The coin finds include two small third century coin hoards. 29 Iron Age coins indicate pre-Roman activity in the area. A stone lined well contained 21 coins and many thousands of animal bones of cattle, sheep, pigs, dogs and other small animals including rodents, organic matter,  fragments of a pewter bowl, much pottery, slag, mussel and oyster shells. The more recent geophysics and fieldwalking revealed one field with exceptionally dense quantities of Roman material culture, including pottery and tap slag indicating iron smelting. The material recovered was predominantly of 3rd and 4th century, perhaps indicating intensification of activity at this time. The geophysics revealed a probable road or track as well as multiple enclosures."
27006,-100,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,1,No,No,No,No,Yes,No,plain or plateau,uncertain,No,No,No,"An archaeological evaluation was undertaken on land for a proposed quarry near Thistleton, Rutland, approximately 800 metres north west of the religious complex and town of Thistleton (database number 27005). Geophysical and fieldwalking surveys were followed by trial trenching. Dispersed areas of Iron Age and Roman occupation were revealed. The late Iron Age occupation was located in two areas to the north edge of the development, one comprising a group of gullies, pits and postholes, the other an isolated ring ditch of uncertain function (suggested as having a potential ritual function although there is no evidence for this). The Roman occupation was located to the west and east parts of the site, characterised by ditches and gullies together with the occasional pit. The few finds suggest the occupation is on the periphery of a settlement, with the linear features representing part of a fieldsystem. Finds included Roman and medieval pottery, animal bone, a coin, and a fragment of lava quern. A number of undated linear features were identified, which were perhaps associated with Roman activity. An aisled building at the site is only a possibility as the linear features could alternatively be gullies. The pottery from the site indicates two small areas of clear Roman date, with 1st-2nd century pottery from a trench at the west end of the site and 3rd to 4th century pottery from a trench to the east. One trench contains a limited number of Roman features, with richly burnt deposits and one feature producing a number of 1st to 2nd century pottery finds, which possibly related to occupation and agricultural processing in the vicinity, possibly further to the south. A ditch in one of the trenches was the only other clearly Roman dated feature that formed a possible field boundary or enclosure, that corresponds to the field pattern that was identified to the south of the Witham Road."
27007,-50,400,300,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,1,Yes,No,No,No,No,Yes,plain or plateau,uncertain,No,No,Yes,"Excavation ahead of development produced evidence for enclosed settlement which originated in the late Iron Age and continued into the early Roman period. A possible enclosure ditch showed evidence for final silting up in the late 2nd to early 3rd century.  By the 4th century AD the presence of a villa or other substantial building located somewhere nearby is suggested by a pit which contained fills including 55 kg of painted wall plaster, as well as flue tile, pottery and limestone (phase 3). One of the 4th century structures excavated was interpreted as a possible villa although a farmstead is also possible. A villa was reportedly previously excavated at The Lodge, 50 metres to the north (Leics HER MLE5516), where '1900 sherds of Roman pottery, Roman tile and Roman coins consistent with the presence of a villa type farmstead' and so this site may potentially be part of the same complex. The pottery from ceramic phases 1-3 were based on local production with no imports suggesting that the settlement was of a lower status with local contacts. In the 4th century however the pottery displayed a wider variety of vessel type and much higher levels of table wares and imports from the continent. This reflects the change from a rural farmstead to a higher status villa also supported by the presence of wall plaster and tile destruction debris in the pit.  The charred plant remains again suggested that the site was on the periphery of a larger settlement and that crop processing was taking place nearby. Of note was a linear feature with two post holes, interpreted as a loom base, with triangular loom weights of Iron Age or Roman date recovered from the features. The loom weight was tentatively dated to the 1st century AD on the basis of one sherd. The presence of early Anglo-Saxon pottery in one of the post holes and the upper fills of one of the ditches suggests some early Anglo-Saxon activity."
27008,-100,350,100,300,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,1,Yes,No,Yes,Yes,No,Yes,plain or plateau,uncertain,No,No,No,"A large winged corridor house constructed in the early 4th century (apparently replacing earlier buildings) with a life span of around 50 years, its construction date dated by coins. The reports are confused (seemingly sometimes confusing the site's location with the religious complex to the south west - database number 27005)  but apparently the villa had three phases, 2nd century, 3rd century and later, overlying Iron Age occupation. The villa reportedly had outbuildings and a well and a channelled hypocaust were also found. Rooms had mosaics and hypocausts and the villa appears to have been well appointed. (Note, due to confusion in the reports for this site and on the Pastscape website, it is unclear whether this is the same villa referred to as being immediately adjacent to the temple site and the location of the site should perhaps be treated with some caution)."
27009,150,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,1,No,No,Yes,Yes,No,Yes,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"A Roman villa revealed by excavations in 1958-9 by the University of Leicester Archaeology Department. Earlier 20th century finds included part of a hypocaust, tesserae, geometric design mosaic pavements, walls, pottery and coins (not fully published). The main axis of the villa lies NNE-SSW and it seems likely that it faced east where the ground slopes gently towards the River Welland, 200 metres away. A natural spring is situated 100 metres south of the villa. Two rooms were found during the 1958-9 excavations, both of which were heated by a hypocaust and tesserae and wall plaster were also found. The smaller room to the west was thought to be an addition to the larger room. Dating of the site is based on unstratified pottery and coins. Samian of mid-second century suggests occupation from around AD 150, and mid-4th century coins and pottery may suggest an end date. The mosaics are thought to date from the second half of the 4th century, but it is not clear whether they are later additions to an already existing building. The earlier pottery came from the north of the site and the later from the south, perhaps indicating some settlement shift."
27010,-100,50,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,4,,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,No,plain or plateau,uncertain,No,Yes,No,"A multiperiod settlement site with intermittent occupation from the mid to late Iron Age through to the late Saxon, medieval and post-medieval periods. There was less evidence for Roman and post-Roman landuse. The Iron Age remains included at least four successive roundhouses (some perhaps occupied at the same time, but certainly not all at once), large enclosure ditches and a set of intermittent ditches, possibly part of a stock management system. The Iron Age occupation at the site appears to have had two broad phases, as one of the later roundhouse gullies is cut by a feature from a later ditch group. This group of gullies and ditches has been interpreted as a speculative structure for control of livestock. Another set of enclosures of this period have been seen as potential evidence for stock enclosures. A probable Iron Age enclosure ditch is notable because of the large quantity of pottery concentrated within one area of the ditch. A large burnt stone in the fill was removed to reveal the remains of two smashed Iron Age vessels, possibly indicating structured deposition. An undated crouched burial was found. If it was contemporary with the IA features then it would seem to have been buried within the threshold of one of the roundhouses, or within the internal space of another of them (although not central). Small quantities of Roman pottery were recovered but were seen as intrusive from manure scatters. Roman tile was recovered from several deposits. No evidence for Roman structures was found. The presence of Roman ceramics and tile suggests that the site continued to see Roman agricultural use, and there may have been a shift in settlement in the Roman period. Early Saxon pottery was recovered but again no structures were identified and intensive occupation appears to have ceased between the late Iron Age and the late Saxon period."
27011,50,400,160,220,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,1,5,Yes,No,Yes,No,Yes,Yes,river valley,uncertain,Yes,Yes,No,"Excavated in advance of construction of a reservoir, the site is a rural Romano-British farmstead overlooking the River Gwash (on an apparently deliberately terraced part of the river valley). The site has several phases including the construction of a masonry aisled building, which became the main focus of the settlement in the third and fourth centuries AD. Metalworking evidence was recovered from the building and elsewhere and five burials were found from areas surrounding the site. The report's authors recognise 8 phases; 1: Prehistoric activity (Mesolithic to Neolithic or early Bronze Age); 2A: c. mid-1st to early 2nd century AD; 2B: c. mid-1st to c. 160 AD; 3: c.220 to270/300 AD; 4: c.270/300 to 350 AD; 5A: c.350 AD; 5B: c.350-400 AD; 6: Post-Roman activity. Phases 2A and B comprised one or probably two timber buildings and possible hearth structures, possibly associated with metalworking. The structures may have been destroyed by fire accidentally or deliberately in advance of construction of the masonry building. A possible stone trackway linked the site to database record number 27012 (Empingham Site 3) at this time. There may have been a break in occupation between circa AD 160, when the timber buildings were burnt or demolished, and AD 220 (Phase 3) when the first construction phase of the masonry building began, heralding a major reorganisation of the site. The break is suggested by a lack of later 2nd and early 3rd century samian and British fine wares. The initial phase of the building was an aisled barn with a cobbled area to the south, a timber gateway to the yard, a circular stone-lined well and a cobbled trackway. The well went out of use at around AD 275-300 and became a dumping place for sheep carcasses and a large amount of masonry rubble (indicating possible structured deposition). During Phase 4 a masonry boundary wall was constructed and a corndrier was situated in a corner formed by the wall (probably originally within a building). During Phases 5A and B (2nd half of the 4th century), the aisled barn was internally partitioned and a small single roomed building was constructed against the yard wall. Other structures included overlapping buildings, one circular and one rectangular, although their sequence was uncertain (though the rectangular one was thought to be later Roman in date). Evidence for metalworking was recovered from the aisled building and in the form of a stone-built furnace, possibly associated with a building (perhaps a workshop), with scatters of slag, clinker and burnt stone, the aisled building and the river, indicating an area of industrial activity."
27012,75,200,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,Yes,No,Yes,"The site of an early Anglo-Saxon cemetery and settlement was preceded by early Roman activity consisting of a cobbled limestone trackway, perhaps linking the site to database record number 27011. Roman domestic rubbish dating from the first and second century was found and a ditch was thought to represent a rectangular enclosure (which perhaps continued as an upstanding feature into the Anglo-Saxon period). The slight evidence is difficult to interpret, but the Roman enclosure may be a part of a rural settlement of which only a small part has been discovered."
27013,275,400,,,medium (4 - 8 ha),unclassified,Yes,,1,No,No,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"A late Roman villa site comprising an aisled house, later reused as a Christian cemetery in the mid-to-late 7th century. The building probably dates from the late 3rd century but may be as late as the mid-4th. It may have been preceded by an earlier structure, not recorded. The aisled building was large and constructed of limestone, measuring at least 21m east-west by 11m north-south. At least 8 separate rooms were identified. It is not clear whether this was a later phase of subdividing an earlier undivided aisled on building due to time constraints on the excavation. The building had a north aisle with three or four subdivisions, a south aisle which was similarly subdivided with at least one hypocausted room (added later and interpreted as a bath suite in the report). A nave may have contained a central hall. A square stone-lined well was also excavated and a key-hole shaped corndrier was also found. Two burial areas were found associated with the site, one, a group of four or five burials were found 50m south-west of the building, the other, a group of 8 burials, were found 80m east, although they have not been confirmed as definitely Roman. The Anglo-Saxon burials were cut through the floors of the building."
27014,-100,1,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,3,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,Yes,"A multi-period site with occupation during the early Iron Age, mid-to-late Iron Age and early Anglo-Saxon periods. The mid-to-late Iron Age phase included three roundhouses, probably unenclosed but a ditch running to the south of two of the roundhouses could possibly be Iron Age. The pottery from the site indicated a broad date range of the 3rd to late 1st centuries BC, but probably in the 1st century BC. The subsequent Anglo-Saxon settlement dated from the late 5th to 6th centuries."
27015,250,400,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,Yes,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"The site of a Romano-British building and a corndrier. The building had a mortared wall. The excavated features were associated with pottery of later 3rd to 4th century in date. The building was robbed out, probably for a field-drain which disturbed it. The building and corndrier may by contemporary with and perhaps associated with the villa at Empingham Site 2 (database record 27013, 100 metres to the north)."
27016,50,400,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,2,No,No,No,No,No,Yes,river valley,uncertain,No,Yes,No,"A group of masonry buildings, a corndrier and a well. The features are loosely associated and were excavated separately. Limited information is available on the excavations and only the plan of the corndrier is available. The dating derived from the fills of the features indicates a fourth century date for the abandonment of the site, but no information about its previous development. The number of buildings present is not certain as they had been badly damaged by construction traffic and it was not possible to record them in detail. However, they were constructed from foundations of limestone masonry blocks and spread over an area of 60m by 30m (as there appears to have been a minimum number of two buildings 2 have been included under No. of rectangular buildings). The well had been cut to a depth of 4.6m and was circular, constructed of predominantly ironstone blocks. It had been backfilled with a mix of domestic rubbish and masonry rubble including a large masonry block with a mortice slot. A discrete group of substantially complete pottery vessels of Lower Nene Valley colour coated ware and grey ware and a fragment of leather were also recovered from the well. The upper fill of the well contained a large amount of animal bone, including complete skeletons of a horse and a cattle carcass, as well as sawn fragments of red deer antler, suggesting structured deposition. A hearth, interpreted as an iron working furnace was also found."
27017,75,400,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,1,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,plain or plateau,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"A site at Ridlington in Rutland, located on the northern side of a plateau with a valley edge 150m to the north. The site was excavated ahead of construction of a pipeline and a badly truncated Roman occupation and iron working site was revealed. Evidence for settlement included post-holes and a probable circular gully from a roundhouse,  with pits, post-holes and stake-holes. The roundhouse was dated to the late 1st or early 2nd century AD. Further slots may also have represented structures and intercutting ditches formed parts of rectangular enclosures. Parallel ditches may have been part of a droveway.  A pit contained significant quantities of burnt clay and slag, and was interpreted as the base of a smelting furnace. A further pit may have been an ore roasting pit. The pottery from the site indicated a broad Roman date, from the late 1st century AD to the 4th century AD. The site was interpreted as an enclosed Romano-British rural settlement."
27018,-100,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,No,No,No,"A site at Ridlington in Rutland, located on a ridge side with a valley bottom and a water course 130m to the south. The site was excavated ahead of construction of a pipeline. The excavation revealed a probable prehistoric boundary ditch along with discrete Iron Age and Roman features. Part of a structure may have been represented by three shallow gullies and post-holes, containing Iron Age and Roman pottery. A large deposit of haematite was undated and was considered as a possible source for the iron smelting activity undertaken at site number 27017, also in Ridlington. The site was thought probably to lie on the periphery of a rural Roman settlement."
27019,-100,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,No,No,No,"A site at Ridlington in Rutland, located on a ridge side with a valley bottom 200-300m to the south and a plateau 200m to the north. The site was excavated ahead of construction of a pipeline. The excavation revealed evidence for possible unenclosed late Iron Age settlement and possibly enclosed Romano-British occupation, though the limited area excavated makes it difficult to classify the evidence from either period morphologically. Iron Age features included a double-ditch and several potential structures of Iron Age date, including a semi-circular structure represented by a gully, and one by an arc of post-holes. Likely Romano-British structures included features represented by post-holes and rectangular gullies. 6 rectangular fired features were thought to be Roman and ranged between less than 2 metres to 4 metres in length. Four contained stone and clay structural elements and 4 had stone lined flues and floors whilst one had a clay lined flue. These features may possibly have been associated with iron production, but as they contained charred grain and one contained sprouted grain these are most likely to have been corndriers.  Industrial activity was represented by two small pits with concentrations of slag and other industrial residues, possibly associated with smelting. A small quantity of hammerscale was found."
27020,-100,200,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,plain or plateau,uncertain,No,No,No,"A site at Ridlington in Rutland, located on the extreme sough edge of an extensive flattened plateau, overlooking a valley. The site was excavated ahead of construction of a pipeline. The excavation produced evidence for several ditches with multiple recuts, all associated with late Iron Age and early Roman activity. The ditches may have functioned as a boundary, and early Roman pottery from the upper fills of the ditches suggests that it continued to be used into the Roman period. Later Roman material was found on the surface of a number of the ditches. A possible late Iron Age structure was represented by slots and post-holes. The character of the site is not certain, and it has been classified here as a possible LIA/RB landscape/fieldsystem in the absence of better evidence."
27021,200,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"A site occupying a south-facing slope which gives way to flat meadowland along the north bank of the River Gwash. A watching brief produced evidence for a possible Roman building, with pottery suggesting a late Roman date of 3rd to 4th century. A substantial stone and cobbled layer and fragments of imbrices and tegulae may suggest a substantial building. 5th-6th century Anglo-Saxon pottery may indicate continuity into the early medieval period."
27022,-100,375,150,250,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,5,,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,No,plain or plateau,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"A site on level ground on the north-west periphery of Oakham, Rutland, in the headlands of the River Gwash, a tributary of the River Welland, largely flooded by Rutland Water reservoir, 1975-1979.  An Iron Age and Roman settlement was subject to open area excavation, and there appears to have been general continuity between the two periods. Two settlement foci from the 2nd to 1st century BC were identified: one was excavated and one was preserved in situ. The excavated focus contained at least four roundhouses, culminating with a single roundhouse, and an adjacent D-shaped enclosure with associated pits in the vicinity of domestic occupation. There was limited evidence for some iron smithing during the late Iron Age. During the 1st to mid-2nd century AD a roundhouse was constructed to the south of a major ditch that partitioned domestic occupation in the south and east from less evident activity in the north-west. During the mid-2nd to 3rd century AD domestic activity moved outside the excavated area and former boundaries were filled in. A new arrangement of ditches was established for a series of large fields that continued the general alignment of earlier ditches and the spatial distribution of the site. At least one of the enclosures associated with this phase was interpreted as a stock enclosure/paddock.  Late Roman occupation in the 3rd to 4th century AD included a domestic focus that probably included a timber house (heavily truncated) which was served by two wells and a trackway was established leading to the north, closing the building off from the surrounding fields. A single human burial was also associated with this late Roman phase, aligned roughly parallel with one of the boundaries. During the late 4th century the wider fieldsystem and late Roman building were abandoned and by the 5th century the land was vacant."
27023,-50,125,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,2,,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,No,plain or plateau,uncertain,No,No,No,"A site on the east side of the town of Oakham, Rutland. Area excavation followed trial trenching and geophysical survey. The excavation revealed a series of late Iron Age/Romano-British enclosures and associated features situated along the bank of a stream that formed the edge of the site.  In the late Iron Age two substantial ditches (subsequently frequently recut) defined a plot, and the remains of two roundhouses were excavated within this area, and ancillary structures were also recognised. A smaller contemporary enclosure was located immediately to the east, quite possibly a stock enclosure. Iron slag from one of the enclosure ditches suggests metalworking during the late Iron Age. The ditches were recut on a similar alignment at some point in the late 1st century AD and then again in the late 1st to early 2nd century. It is thought that flash flooding occurred repeatedly, necessitating the frequent recutting of ditches and eaves drip gullies. The alignment of the original enclosure appears to have been respected throughout the history of the site."
27024,150,500,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,No,1,1,No,No,Yes,No,No,Yes,river valley,uncertain,No,Yes,Yes,"The site of a Roman shrine and enclosures, located at Rutland Water, on a gentle south-east facing slope overlooking Egleton stream, at the eastern end of the Vale of Catmose. Excavation, which followed evaluation trenching and geophysics, produced evidence for a mid-Iron Age settlement and Roman settlement including a stone-built circular shrine and enclosures. As the Iron Age activity was some distance from the shine, and did not extend beyond the first century BC (and may be much earlier than this) it has not been included in this record. Approximately 300m to the south-west of the Iron Age settlement was a circular stone building, situated near the centre of a rectangular enclosure formed by a number of gullies. A more substantial enclosure was subsequently built around the stone building, whilst an additional enclosure, containing a small rectangular timber building, was built to the north. The site is interpreted as a Romano-British shrine complex and was probably established in the mid 2nd century AD and continued in use until the late 4th century AD. Between the late 2nd century and 4th century the interior was subdivided by the construction of a timber partition. On one side of the partition there were the partly articulated remains of a young sheep/goat. Additional pits also contained ritual depositions including three small 4th century cups. Lying on the floor of the shrine were up to 50 Roman coins, fragments of glass, several items of jewellery, a lead curse tablet, a fragment of a figurine of Minerva and two spear heads. In the late 4th or 5th century AD (possibly into the 6th century) a young adult male, who had died in his early 30s, was buried in a grave in the centre of the stone building. Articulated animal bones indicate that joints of meat were buried with the individual. The building eventually collapsed or was demolished, the rubble covering the grave and the foundations of the shrine."
27025,200,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"A Watching Brief in Empingham, in the Gwash Valley, revealed four inhumation burials of probable Roman date. Two of the burials were aligned east-west, and may have been Christian. Possibly part of a larger cemetery. An undated linear feature may have been a boundary ditch or gully."
28001,50,340,100,340,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,No,Yes,No,"A site at Engine Vein, Alderley Edge, part of a mining landscape with evidence for exploitation from the Bronze Age until the post-medieval periods. The site consisted of a twelve-metre deep square-cut shaft, initially discovered as a result of ground subsidence. During safety works including the digging and capping of the shaft a Roman coin hoard was discovered, consisting of 564 early fourth-century AD nummi, packed into a pot. These were thought to have been buried long after the original working, at some time around AD 340. The report authors believe this was not a structured deposit, although this surely remains a possibility. Below the level of the pot was shown to have been a short-lived Roman working, probably of the mid-first century AD, worked either for copper or lead ore. Wooden planks from the mine were recovered from the base of the shaft and were C14 dated to 360-280 BC or 250 BC to AD 15, and whilst this provided a pre-Roman date it is thought that this reflects the reuse of earlier timber within the mine, which is considered to be clearly Roman in character. The mine is thought likely to have been operational between c. AD 50 and 100, confirmed by a C14 date of c. AD 50 from charcoal.  Finds from the mine included weathered lead ore and hammerstones, though some may have had prehistoric origins. Further possible Roman mining features are visible as earthworks in the immediate vicinity. The mine is thought to have been under the control of the military, though no direct evidence for this has been found."
28002,70,325,,,uncertain,complex,Yes,,36,Yes,No,Yes,No,Yes,Yes,river valley,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"The site of a Romano-British nucleated settlement at Wilderspool, Warrington. The site was probably a 'small town' and certainly a major roadside settlement with an industrial focus, situated on junction of the route of the north-south Roman road 'King Street' and the east-west road from Chester to Manchester. The settlement is also on the shore of the River Mersey, with a clear area of waterfront settlement. The site has been subject to several programmes of excavation since the late 18th century, most recently during the 1990s. Since the earliest excavations finds of stone buildings, pottery kilns (associated with jar, flagon and mortaria manufacture), a well, iron smelting furnaces, bowl furnaces for smithing and metalworking areas have been found. Also evidence for potential glass production. Evidence of an east-west street and a north-south back lane parallel with King Street was found, and this appears to represent clear evidence for an internal gridded street system. There is no evidence for defences within the excavated area. Excavations in the 1930s, approx. 500m to the NE of the main area of settlement, produced evidence for a courtyard building with stone foundations and a hypocaust (thought to represent a bathhouse), established in the late 1st century, interpreted as a villa, though it may be directly associated with the nucleated settlement (see database record 28003 for detail on this villa). Work in the 1960s revealed timber-framed buildings (including 2 aisled buildings measuring 14m x 9.5m and 12m x 9m respectively and another of 31m x 15m), some associated with industrial processes including iron working. Industrial activity appears to have increased in intensity towards the end of the 2nd century. Coffin burials suggested a cemetery situated to the east of the main settlement on the line of the road running to Manchester. The most recent work at the site, in the 1990s, revealed truncated remains of four fenced building plots fronting onto an alley aligned parallel with King Street and these contained a succession of timber-framed buildings with associated yards, hearths and furnaces, dated mainly to the 2nd and 3rd centuries AD, with general evidence for occupation in the area from the late 1st century AD until the 4th century. Some buildings interpreted as workshops. Most appear to have had ceramic tile roofs, though some also of stone. The dating of the settlement is imprecisely understood, but the overall impression is of a roadside settlement founded at around the time of the conquest and certainly well established by the Flavian period. It was perhaps established as a supply base by Cerealis in c. AD 71 and later consolidated during Agricola's campaigns of the AD 70s-80s, becoming increasingly active by the early 2nd century. The site appears to have continued until at least the early 4th century, with distinct fluctuations of periods of construction and industrial activity."
28003,-100,400,75,200,medium (4 - 8 ha),complex,Yes,2,6,Yes,No,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,river valley,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"A site at Loushers Lane, situated approx. 500m to the NE of the main area of settlement at Wilderspool, a major roadside settlement. Work in the area has taken place since the 1930s, when a courtyard building was discovered. Initial settlement in the area appears to have been pre-conquest in date, and located slightly to the east of the site of the later villa a square enclosure contained roundhouses which pre-dated the villa's construction. The site at this time is interpreted as a small native enclosed farmstead. The roundhouses were of approx. 9-11m in diameter. The villa was constructed in the late 1st century, and whilst imprecisely understood, in its final form it formed a courtyard building with a central cell and ranges of rooms around it including a room with a hypocaust, probably a bath suite. Painted wall plaster, roof tiles and stone columns were discovered. At around the same time the villa complex was constructed the farmstead enclosure to the east was remodelled: further enclosures were laid out to the east and south, creating an east-west lane extending in the direction of the courtyard building. These enclosures contained circular and rectangular structures. The lane was closed off by a towered gateway, separating the courtyard building from the buildings along the lane. Further development took place in the late 2nd or 3rd century when the buildings and enclosures along the lane were reconstructed, and there appear to have been two main rectangular buildings, including one aisled building with dimensions of 30m x 15m and an unusual aisled building with an ovoid entrance. At this time the circular buildings at the site appear to have been completely replaced by rectangular ones. Other poorly understood structures were also present, as well as a four post structure. Some evidence for smelting in the lane area as well as a copper-alloy crucible, and the dyeing of cloth possibly took place in clay-lined tanks. Other features included a probable threshing floor and a large stone water tank, possibly for livestock. Grain processing took place in the area. The courtyard building was certainly occupied into the 4th century and perhaps beyond. This site is clearly separate to the main nucleated site at Wilderspool, but must have been closely related, and it is speculated that it may have been the residence of an official with local administrative responsibilities."
28004,150,200,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,No,No,No,"A watching brief was undertaken by Northern Archaeological Associates Ltd during topsoil stripping of a quarry extension at Norley. The site occupies a glacial ridge north-west of the village of Norley. The work identified a probable settlement and features were thought to represent the south-eastern part of a small rectilinear enclosure. Features within the enclosure were heavily truncated and the function of most was not identified, though they included probable structural post-holes and part of a probable timber building. A small assemblage of Romano-British pottery was recovered, all consistent with a date in the mid-to-late 2nd century, though it is possible that the settlement saw a longer period of use than this and that this was the only phase when ceramics were deposited. Although not identified, it is thought the settlement may have been associated with a domestic building probably of relatively high status, and imported samian, amphorae and Black-Burnished ware were present. Linear features outside the enclosure may represent part of a fieldsystem, though these were undated."
28005,-100,360,70,130,large (9+ ha),complex,Yes,3,18,Yes,No,Yes,No,No,Yes,river valley,uncertain,Yes,Yes,No,"Roman Middlewich, subject to a large number of developer-funded excavations in recent years, and to various work since the early 20th century, though many remain unpublished. The site is known to have been the site of a Roman auxiliary fort, probably held c.AD 70-130, and its accompanying vicus, situated to the south of the fort. The vicus flourished for another generation and thereafter occupation became less intensive, but continued in some form until the AD 360s at least. The site occupies gently undulating land on the Cheshire Plain. The fort was established next to the confluence of the Rivers Dane and Croco, and roads ran to Wroxeter via Whitchurch and past Nantwich, to Holditch and Chesterton, to Wilderspool past Northwich, to Manchester, probably to Chester, and possibly to Buxton. The vicus is thought to have been established c. AD 80, with a surge in activity in the 2nd century, followed by decline in the 3rd and 4th centuries. Some of the investigations in the site have produced some limited evidence for pre-Roman occupation, including the remains of two possible roundhouses found in separate locations, which are undated but appear to predate the earliest phases of Roman occupation, and undated field or enclosure ditches to the east of the settlement are also claimed as possibly pre-Roman. Some potential evidence in the form of Cheshire Stony VCP (briquetage) that the site may have been a focus for salt production as early as the late Iron Age. Activity at this time may have been small-scale and dispersed. Early work on the vicus indicated a linear well-planned settlement of rectangular buildings with King Street as the principal thoroughfare. Buildings were virtually all rectangular and of trench construction, comparable to the 'strip-buildings' found in military vici and small towns throughout Roman Britain. Buildings were of varying size and some had multiple rooms. In one area a timber-built corridor house superseded strip buildings in the late 3rd or 4th century. Also an oval building from outside the southern defences of the fort, dated to the Antonine period. Only one possible stone building known, where stone wall footings, box flue, cast window glass and glass unguent bottles were found, suggesting either a bath house or mansion nearby. The site had a diverse economy, but salt extraction was a constant and important feature. Features associated with salt extraction at the site include brine pits, lead brine pans, brine ovens and much briquetage. Other industry included iron, lead and bronze working, as well as leatherworking, pottery production and window glass manufacture. A hearth pit in one building contained the remains of a cauldron and a suspension chain, together with a tankard. These high status objects were deliberately buried. Also an infant burial placed within one of two amphorae which had been sunk in the ground. Further potential structured deposits include rectangular 'grave-like' features lacking human remains (see burial record), which contained deliberately placed pots .If not graves these are likely to be structured deposits. Also a group of samian vessels found approx. 0.5km to the SW of the settlement, apparently stacked inside a clay oven, may also be a deliberate deposit. Other examples include an almost complete mortarium, plus coins and brooches, all dating to the late 1st-early 2nd centuries, together with a thick deposit of hazel branches, found at the base of a brine pit. Also contemporary placement of cattle skulls in a timber-lined well and a brine extraction pit."
28006,75,275,,,uncertain,complex,Yes,,6,Yes,No,Yes,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"A site 300m south of the nucleated roadside settlement at Warrington (see database number 28002 for a full overview of the site). Excavations were undertaken ahead of the construction of a new primary school at Stockton Heath. Evidence of timber structures, boundary ditches, post holes, pits, clay ovens, a stone lined well and three cremation groups, dating primarily to the second century AD, were excavated, flanking the major arterial road that ran north to the important settlement at Wilderspool. The timber buildings ranged from between 8m x 9m to 19.5m x 5.6m and some were of multi-roomed construction. Ceramic evidence suggests activity from the late first century with possibly reduced activity in the second and third centuries, though with some activity continuing into the latter part of the 3rd century."
28007,100,200,,,uncertain,complex,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,Yes,No,"A site in the Roman 'small town' of Nantwich, subject to an informal watching brief over a small area during construction of an electricity substation. The site is on the northern fringe of the present centre of Nantwich, near the east bank of the River Weaver, and produced the first evidence for Roman occupation on this side of the river. The work recorded in-situ remains of waterlogged timbers, some associated with wattle hurdles, along with other substantial structural timbers, mostly dated to the Roman period by dendrochronology, which suggested timber buildings constructed in the early 2nd century (assuming the timbers were not reused). Earlier timbers suggest occupation in this part of the town may have begun as early as the 1st century AD. All artefacts recovered were of 2nd century date. Given the personal nature of the artefacts the report author suggests the possibility of ritual deposition associated with the brine springs, though as only a bone pin and a leather shoe were recovered this is clearly very speculative."
28008,90,400,120,,large (9+ ha),complex,Yes,,13,Yes,No,Yes,No,No,Yes,river valley,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Heronbridge, the site of a Romano-British roadside settlement which sits alongside Eaton Road, ancient Watling Street, approx. 2.5km to the south of the walled town at Chester beside the River Dee. The site has been subject to multiple excavations since the early 20th century, most recently by Chester Archaeological Society. The roadside settlement lined both sides of Watling Street for at least 650m. Occupation focused on the road frontage. Buildings were predominantly 'strip buildings' and most are thought to have been occupied by artisans and traders, with some evidence of workshops associated with metalworking ? particular evidence for bronze working (crucibles, moulds, bronze slag). Evidence for initial timber buildings established c. AD 90, followed by major redevelopment along both sides of road in the Hadrianic period, when the timber buildings were replaced with masonry buildings, some multi-roomed and some with evidence for a degree of pretension (worked stone including columns found). The settlement appears to have been laid out on more regular lines during this phase. An inhumation 'battle cemetery', initially thought Roman is now considered post-Roman stratigraphically. A possible shrine or small temple suggested by an altar found reused in the stone buildings dedicated to 'the foreign(?) Mother Goddesses') by Julius Secundus and Aelia Augstina (recovered during Peth's early 20th century excavations). Occupation thought to have continued into 4th century. Recent work focussed on the eastern part of the settlement, in an area between the Roman road and the River Dee. Investigation of the ancient river cliff toward the north end of the site revealed a natural inlet which had been modified to function as a quay serving the Roman settlement, probably during the Hadrianic period. A ramped trackway led down to the quay from the north. These works were provisionally dated to the early/mid 2nd century. Around the middle of the 3rd century three graves were excavated in the rock close to the edge of the quay which had fallen out of use by this time (see burial record for detail). The site is believed to have had a close relationship with the garrison and canabae at Chester, just 2.5km to the north, and may have been a vicus associated with the fort."
28009,-100,-1,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,3,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plain or plateau,uncertain,No,No,No,"A site excavated during the construction of a Transco gas pipeline from Birch Heath to Mickle Trafford, occupying a plateau of high ground with gentle slopes on all sides. The investigations revealed a settlement of six possible domestic structures along with other features dating from the mid-Bronze Age to the late Iron Age. Two circular buildings were occupied into the middle Iron Age, radio carbon dated to 390-160 cal BC, and this may have been a period of decreased nucleation. The last centuries BC saw activity taking place around three structures: one an oval or 'bow-sided' roundhouse with late Iron Age parallels, radiocarbon dated to 390-90 cal BC and 200 BC to 20 cal AD;  another was a roundhouse with two constructional phases, c. 12m in diameter, radiocarbon dated to 170 BC to 60 cal AD; the third was a roundhouse, rebuilt at least twice, with three phases of activity spanning approx. 1000 years from the Bronze Age possibly through to the Roman conquest, with dating for this long sequence provided by radiocarbon evidence. The date for the abandonment of the site is not clear, though the lack of any clear Roman period material suggests it was abandoned before the end of the late Iron Age, before the end of the first century BC. LIA finds from the site included VCP (Cheshire briquetage) and a stone pounder. No late Iron Age pottery. Metal artefacts absent despite use of a metal detector to survey the site."
28010,100,250,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,3,1,No,No,No,No,No,No,plain or plateau,pastoral,No,No,No,"A site excavated during the construction of a Transco gas pipeline from Birch Heath to Mickle Trafford. The archaeology was heavily truncated, but the work revealed a small Romano-British rural settlement of three roundhouses, a possible rectangular building and boundary ditches, as well as a number of linear features and pits. It was occupied during the late 1st/2nd century AD, through to about the mid-3rd century. A further building associated with ironworking was dated to the post-Roman period (c14 dated). The circular buildings were of 7m, 6.5m and 6m in diameter respectively. Notable finds include a number of ceramic cheese presses."
28011,100,300,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"A developer-funded excavation on the site of the Augustinian friary at Warrington, c. 100m north of the River Mersey, produced evidence for Romano-British activity including three pits (function uncertain) a buried ground surface and two extensive deposits with a large quantity of Romano-British pottery. The report suggests that a settlement was located in the immediate vicinity, and that pottery was being made or distributed nearby. The pottery was of 2nd to 3rd century in date, mostly of Wilderspool ware jars. As the character of the site is uncertain the site has been defined as a rural settlement under major site type, and the minor site type has been left blank."
28012,100,200,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,plain or plateau,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Targeted fieldwalking, geophysical survey and sample excavation took place over two cropmark enclosures in northern Cheshire. One was shown to be of prehistoric date, whilst the other was oval, apparently Roman and of late 1st/2nd century in date (with possible earlier activity). Finds included a very small assemblage of locally produced Romano-British pottery and an object of worked black shale. A spread of stones was thought to be a track or road. Postholes are suggestive of some structures, though no form for these was established."
28013,300,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,Yes,No,"A small excavation was undertaken on land east of Shavington after a metal detector user discovered a Roman lead salt pan, approx. 50m north of the location of another find of an inscribed lead salt pan, discovered in 1993. The excavation revealed a third pan, folded and placed in a shallow pit. The pans are believed to be of fourth century date. The inscription on one of the pans (see other finds data) suggests the saltworks was under the control of the church. The saltworks may have continued in production into the sixth or seventh century, based on the discovery of chance finds from the area, though there is little firm evidence for this. All of the Shavington pans were located in low-lying land within a broad valley drained by Swill Brook, a minor tributary of the River Weaver. It is thought brine springs would have been present in the Roman period and that the location may have been a major salt production site."
28014,100,300,200,250,uncertain,complex,Yes,,5,Yes,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,Yes,Yes,No,"Following evaluation and geophysical survey an excavation was undertaken by University of Manchester Archaeological Unit ahead of Development at Kingsley Fields, Nantwich, ahead of housing development. The work produced evidence for a substantial site of principally industrial character, with salt production the most important industry. The site lies on the west bank of the River Weaver. Roman deposits were truncated, though there was evidence for groupings of buildings, waterlogged structural remains, three cremation burials and a road which provided a focal point of activity on the site. Most features lay alongside or close to the road, with structural features typically positioned at an approximate right angle. Suggestion of organisation and planning to the layout of the settlement, with suggestions that the site was arranged into discrete areas of activity. The road is thought to have been constructed in the very late 1st or early 2nd century, when the settlement is likely to have begun. The cremations were thought to be part of a cemetery lying alongside the Roman road into the settlement on the north-west fringe of the settlement and date from the mid-to-late-2nd century and early-to-mid-3rd century (see burial record). Additional features included five rectangular buildings, a well, the road, another trackway, several brine tanks and troughs. The buildings were in a 'utilitarian area' and one of the buildings measured c. 11m x 4.6m. Two buildings were 2nd century or later and bounded by a large enclosure ditch, and one is thought to have been a storehouse. Different methods of construction apparent for these two buildings. Possible change in function for the utilitarian area in the early-3rd century when a possible animal pen was constructed which faced in the opposite direction of the road. The brine tanks and other objects associated with salt production were all within an area defined in the report as an industrial zone. A clay-lined chamber at the end of one of the brine tanks contained an assemblage of finds including intact pottery vessels, metalwork and unusually well-preserved organic material. Other finds-rich contexts in two other brine tanks, which contained animal bones including cattle, sheep/goat, pig, horse, dog, red deer and domestic fowl, including articulated remains and particular parts of the skeleton including cattle heads. The unusual assemblages suggests structured deposition associated with the foundation and decommissioning of the brine tanks. Activity at the site thought to have ceased in around the mid-3rd century, though there was a final phase of brine collection during the late 3rd-4th century, when wicker-lined pits perhaps represent successive episodes of brine collection on a modest scale. The finds assemblage is suggestive of military involvement at the site. A later evaluation was carried out c. 50m to the east of the Kingsley Fields site and finds included a small number of pottery sherds, a coin, roof tile, a nail and industrial waste, indicating continuation of activity to the east. In addition, an Oxford Archaeology North Watching Brief in the same area produced further evidence for the Roman road and a single pit with a small assemblage of Roman pottery. This indicated that the road fell out of use during the 4th century."
28015,100,300,,,uncertain,complex,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"An excavation by Gifford in St Anne's Lane, Nantwich, revealed features including a gully (possibly a man-made watercourse), a rectangular clay 'tank', possibly for brine production (though no firm evidence), an area of metalled trackway, on which the activity seems to have focussed, and evidence for iron smelting. A single urned cremation was also found associated with the fills of the tank. The activity was dated to the late 1st/early 2nd century to the 3rd century AD, and seems to have been located on the north-western edge of the floodplain. The activity was perhaps more domestic than the other parts of the site previously investigated."
28016,-2,119,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plain or plateau,uncertain,No,Yes,No,"The site of the discovery of Lindow Man. The initial discovery was made when a female skull was discovered during peat extraction at Lindow Moss. Antiquarian reports of discoveries from the Moss include a decomposed skeleton of a boar and an apparent trackway of timber, though these have not yet been verified by recent archaeological work. Further discoveries from the same area led to the recovery of Lindow Man and the body was block-lifted and excavated at the British Museum. Manicured fingernails suggests a high status for the body, and there is good evidence that Lindow Man had been garrotted, possibly sacrificed. See burial data for details. Subsequent finds from the site include a further headless body and a leg, though the leg may be associated with Lindow Man."
28017,125,175,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,Yes,Yes,No,"An open area excavation was undertaken by Wardell Armstrong Archaeology ahead of quarrying and landfill operations near Winwick, Warrington, on the north side of the Mersey Valley. A previous assessment and evaluation had revealed the presence of a Romano-British enclosure, dated by pottery to the 2nd century AD, and this date was confirmed by the full excavation. The enclosure was rectangular, measuring approx. 45m x 58m. Traces of a trackway also revealed. The chronology revealed was not straight forward, with evidence for the digging of pits in the area before and after the construction of the enclosure in the mid-2nd century, though all appear to date to within a relatively tight time-frame of mid-2nd century.  Internal features within the enclosure included postholes which suggest some structures though the form is not well understood (possible wind breaks suggested). A broken whetstone buried with one piece on top of the other appears to have been deliberately deposited. Some pits contained charcoal and fragments of lead and may represent evidence for some industrial activity. External features included an arrangement of linear postholes (though this perhaps medieval). Abundant plant remains from one particular posthole."
28018,-100,600,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,,2,No,No,No,No,No,No,plain or plateau,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Excavation was undertaken at the DMV of Tatton Village in the grounds of Tatton Park, as part of the Tatton Park Project. Features included a palisaded enclosure which contained two timber rectangular buildings (one at least 24m long, the other 6m x 2.4m), thought broadly to be contemporaneous. There were possibly two entrances into the enclosure, including one which had a cobbled path. One of the buildings possibly constructed before the palisade. The functions of the two buildings are uncertain. Radiocarbon dates included one of AD 140-AD 600 for a cobbled yard within the enclosure, and dates of 380 BC - AD 230 and 180 BC - AD 370 for the larger of the buildings, and the site seems likely to be of Roman to early-post-Roman in date (AD 300-600 suggested in the report for the larger building). Despite these radiocarbon dates the report authors argue strongly for a post-Roman date for occupation based on the lack of Roman material culture. However, the site has been included here as the radiocarbon dates make a Roman date a strong possibility, despite the lack of finds. The broad dating of the site must therefore be regarded with caution. Additional features within the enclosure included a possible threshing floor."
28019,100,300,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,1,No,No,No,No,No,Yes,river valley,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"A site located approx. 3.5km south of the fortress and city of Chester, situated immediately to the west of the known route of a north/south Roman road into Chester. During the removal of topsoil for a temporary diversion road structural remains including a foundation trench was discovered, and subsequent excavation produced evidence for a rectangular building of sandstone. The dimensions of the building were 29m e-w x 11.4m n-s. No signs of internal features recovered. A small quantity of Romano-British coarse ware was recovered from the foundation material, and whilst dating was equivocal it was considered likely to be of Roman date, based on the position in relation to the Roman road, the small pottery assemblage and the absence of medieval finds. The dimensions of the building were also considered similar to Roman buildings known from Heronbridge. The building is thought most likely to have been constructed in the 2nd or 3rd centuries AD. The function of the building is uncertain, but a store or barn is considered the most likely function in the report, perhaps supported by a wide opening in its east wall, possibly designed for entry for carts."
28020,100,400,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plain or plateau,uncertain,No,No,No,"Development of Runcorn New Town during 1966 threatened a site previously recorded as a possible 'Roman camp' and excavation was undertaken by students from Manchester University. The excavation revealed an irregular ditched enclosure (1.2m wide, 0.6m deep), larger than the initial identifiers had thought, enclosing an area of at least 3 1/2 hectares (1.4ha). Fragments of 2nd century samian, combined with pottery of 3rd-4th century date from the previous investigations, suggest a lengthy period of occupation and the irregular plan and insubstantial nature of the ditch also suggested against interpretation as a temporary military camp. The site may therefore have been a rural settlement, though further characterisation is not possible based on the limited evidence from excavation."
28021,90,400,,,uncertain,complex,Yes,,4,No,No,Yes,No,No,Yes,river valley,uncertain,Yes,Yes,No,"Part of the roadside nucleated settlement at Heronbridge (see database record 28008 for a full summary of the site). Work in 1947-48 by Chester Archaeological Society was undertaken after a German bomb dropped during World War II disturbed Roman material including a small uninscribed altar. At least four stone rectangular buildings were revealed, some multi-roomed. The excavations produced a rich finds assemblage and evidence for some metalworking in the form of bronzeworking hearths, at least ten crucibles, moulds, slag and coal. One of the buildings produced wall plaster, and three later buildings had opus signinum floors. One had a hypocaust. A possible corndrier also found. A fragment of tegula with a stamp of the Twentieth Legion was found on disturbed ground. Pottery evidence indicated initial activity of late 1st/early 2nd century date, though the end date was uncertain. One of the buildings interpreted as a bronze-smith's workshop. Work in 1953 identified an area believed to have been a dock and an area of at least six buildings to the north (discussed further in record 28008). A group of lead models are likely to be votive and were found in a group below the pitching north of the dock."
28022,75,200,,,uncertain,complex,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"A site at Sea Bank, Middlewich, part of the fort, vicus and industrial site adjacent to the River Croco (see database record 28005 for a full summary of the site).  Work comprised a three-trench evaluation and features were revealed including postholes, linear ditches and charcoal and briquetage indicating industrial production of salt in the area. A limited finds assemblage included a sherd of locally made late 1st-2nd century pottery and an assemblage of briquetage."
28023,200,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"An evaluation by Northamptonshire Archaeology ahead of the construction of a new parsonage at Tattenhall produced modest evidence for Romano-British activity including a pit containing domestic Romano-British pottery and undated features of a form and character in keeping with Roman occupation. These included a pit containing a rich deposit of charred grains and four small postholes which perhaps define a path or boundary of some description. The limited evidence adds to evidence from previous finds in the area which suggest Romano-British settlement, including sandstone blocks with painted plaster, sherds of 2nd-4th century pottery, coins, and in situ worked stone that appears to predate the fabric of part of the medieval church, just 60m from the site. The character of the settlement is uncertain on such limited evidence, but it has been recorded here as a possible, unclassified, farmstead. The 3rd-4th century dating must be considered tentative based on such a limited pottery assemblage from the pit."
28024,70,200,100,150,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,Yes,plain or plateau,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"A site located approx. 1.2km south of Chester, along the line of Eaton Road, the Roman road south out of Chester. It was subject to evaluation ahead of proposed residential development. The site is situated between the fort and vicus at Chester and the nucleated roadside settlement of Heronbridge. Evidence was found for agricultural activity and a possible roadside funerary monument. The earliest features were an agricultural soil dated to the 1st-2nd century AD. This was followed by walls thought to be associated with a large funerary structure, dated 2nd century. This monument appears to have had a relatively short life and was demolished in the 2nd-3rd centuries and replaced by a further agricultural deposit."
28025,100,300,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,hill,,No,No,No,"A site near Aston Park, north-east of Great Budworth, identified during evaluation ahead of the construction of a gas pipeline. Subject to further excavation, the site was shown to be part of a Romano-British farmstead, comprising a section of a possible enclosure ditch and a pit, with finds including pottery, coins, lead weights/spindlewhorls (unstratified and not closely dated), and a brooch. Dating from the pottery suggested the main period of activity at the site was 2nd-3rd century."
28026,250,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,plain or plateau,uncertain,No,No,No,"A watching brief was undertaken ahead of the construction of residential properties at Church Farm, Wrenbury. Archaeological features included the remains of a timber structure consisting of two arrangements of packed sandstone and angular stones within shallow oval cuts. The form of the structure is unclear. Pottery from the contexts was of late third-fourth century date. A cobble and pebble surface was also identified and was considered likely to be Roman. The character of the site is poorly understood."
28027,100,400,170,300,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,2,Yes,No,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,plain or plateau,uncertain,No,No,No,"The site of a villa at Eaton-By-Tarporley, East Cheshire, situated at the SE base of a hill. The site was excavated during the early 1980s. Several phases were recognised. The chronology of the phasing of the site is not well understood, but four phases are recognised. An initial undated phase included poorly understood structures represented by postholes, sealed beneath the floor of the later building, laid out on a different alignment to all later buildings. In a second phase, possibly c. AD 150 or slightly earlier, a large timber building was erected with drainage ditches on the north and west. This building may have been of aisled plan with dimensions of approx. 9m x 22m. Features associated with this phase included a stone hearth. Evidence for destruction of this building by fire. The ditches were associated with pits which may have been for large tanks associated with transport of water from the spring on the hill above the villa. A third phase, possibly between AD 170-200, saw the construction of a single-storey stone winged-corridor building with dimensions of approx. 26.3m x 14.4m. South wing of three rooms forming a bath suite including opus signinum floor and hypocaust. Main range approx. 17.9m x 8.15m, containing five rooms, all rooms with painted wall plaster and opus signinum or mortared pebbles. North wing also contained three rooms, some heated. Evidence for roofing of stone shingles and clay tiles. During late 3rd/early 4th century, after a long period of use, the building underwent thorough reconstruction with some features maintained and others dismantled, though workmanship of lower standard than during the previous phase. The latest stages of occupation saw construction of (corn drying?) ovens in two of the rooms. The date of abandonment is unclear though occupation believed to have continued well beyond AD 350 and late 4th century pottery and mid-4th century coins recovered. As the start date for the villa is uncertain this has been left blank above."
28028,-50,200,1,100,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,2,,No,No,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,No,Yes,No,"A site at Great Woolden Hall, situated approx. 50m east of the Cheshire/Salford border, lying on the edge of an escarpment, defined on the north by a small stream and on the its western and southern sides by the Glazebrook, a tributary of the River Mersey. Initially identified through aerial survey, the site was subject to research-led evaluation, geophysical survey, fieldwalking and area excavation (approx. 10% of the interior of the site excavated). The site comprises a double-ditched enclosure of approx. 1.1ha. Initial activity was dated to the first century BC, when a series of pits were dug. This was followed by a ditched compound containing a hut circle (approx. 13m diameter), radiocarbon dated to 65-15 BC. This was succeeded by an oval palisaded compound with a hut (approx. 14m diameter) with a radiocarbon date of 120 BC to AD 80. Perhaps after a hiatus, a final phase was dated by pottery to the 2nd century AD and by a radiocarbon date of AD 100-320, when the ditched enclosure was replaced by a series of pits. Finds from the site included VCP (briquetage) and 2nd century Roman coarse wares. The upper stone of a saddle quern was retrieved from a pit and the lower stone of a gritstone rotary quern from a post-pit at the entrance of the enclosure perhaps represent structured deposits."
28029,75,150,140,,uncertain,complex,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"The site of a Roman auxiliary fort of Flavian origin and associated civilian and industrial settlement, occupying low ground at the confluence of the rivers Weaver and Dane. The site was excavated in the late 1960s in advance of redevelopment. The fort was abandoned in the mid-2nd century AD, after which the area investigated was occupied by three iron smelting furnaces associated with probable metal working. A pottery kiln for mortaria manufacture was also identified. There is little evidence for any activity beyond the mid-2nd century."
28030,70,120,,,uncertain,complex,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,Yes,No,"Evaluation trenching ahead of development in part of the Roman vicus at Middlewich produced evidence for enclosures as well as some industrial activity including the remains of a possible brine kiln associated with salt production and the remains of a possible furnace. Potential evidence for a Roman cemetery provided by possible cremation burials, not far from 19th century reports of RB burials to the west. A relatively large pottery assemblage testified to the military aspect of the settlement.  Two inverted pots were exposed directly beneath the cremations - possibly votive."
29001,-100,400,50,175,medium (4 - 8 ha),enclosed,Yes,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,hill,mixed,No,No,No,"Iron Age hillfort (2.2-3.6ha) at the top of an escarpment overlooking the Vale of Wigmore excavated in the 1960s. The hillfort originated c 550 BC and occupation came to an end c AD 50 (though also suggestions that it was much earlier than this). However, activity continued within an annexe of the hillfort (4.8ha) with a probable early Roman shrine, comprising an artificial rectangular earth platform (9x10m) built into the hillside, facing the probable annexe entrance. Superstructure remains ambiguous - 27 stake holes were positioned in the eastern half, most filled with charcoal. In the western half were areas of heavily burnt clay & charcoal, along with 3 pits & 1 hearth.  Interpretation as a shrine based upon finds & position. It was replaced at some point (suggested as late 2nd c AD, with some continued activity into the late Roman period) by a defined square mound (11.6m sq) with drystone kerb, associated with a hearth, pit & 2 postholes. Three other artificial platforms in the annexe remained unexcavated."
29002,1,150,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"A small two trench excavation in the Arrow Valley, 300m north of the river, revealed the ditches of a rectangular enclosed farmstead (0.3ha), seen by aerial photography. The enclosure ditches were 3m wide and 1.2m deep and contained late Iron Age and early Roman pottery. No trenches were dug within the enclosure and so the nature of any settlement remains uncertain."
29003,100,300,,,medium (4 - 8 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Two small excavation trenches targeted a cropmark complex of rectangular enclosures and field ditches in the Arrow Valley. The first trench revealed parallel ditches of a trackway, which also defined the eastern edge of a substantial enclosure. The second trench lay at the heart of the cropmark complex and revealed intercutting ditches and two pits. Pottery from upper fills of ditches in both trenches dated activity to 2nd-3rd C AD. One of the pits contained debris from small scale metalworking. Interpreted as a 'high status' Roman farmstead covering at least 1.5-2ha and possibly over 7ha, though many of the outer cropmarks may represent fieldsystems. The alignment of the settlement and field ditches is maintained in the modern fields."
29004,1,350,100,,large (9+ ha),unclassified,Yes,1,7,Yes,Yes,Yes,No,No,Yes,hill,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"A Romano-British roadside settlement on a level hilltop in the Wye Valley revealed by a variety of excavation (40 trenches), fieldwalking and cropmark data. The settlement had Iron Age origins, though the nature of this is uncertain (one or more roundhouses are suggested), with strong evidence of continuity into the early Roman period. In the early 2nd C a domestic core emerged by a major road junction and an extensive iron production area developed to the north. The settlement reached its height in the 2nd-3rd C AD, and appeared to be in decline from mid 3rd C onwards, although a new ironworking area developed to the SW which was active well into the 4th C; very little evidence for sustained activity beyond AD 350. The main economic basis of the settlement was iron smelting, with many furnaces and huge quantities of slag, though bronzeworking also attested. There is also excavated evidence for metalled streets and at least 7 masonry buildings, some well appointed with painted plaster, tessellated floors, window glass, tiled roofs and hypocausts. It is suggested that one may have been a mansio. Metalled spreads probably represent yard surfaces and fencelines and ditched enclosures may have been for horticultural or livestock use. A probable watermill lies in the SW of the settlement, comprising an in situ millstone, building rubble and a canalised watercourse. A shrine is also suggested by a scatter of high status building material along with a concentration of potentially votive objects."
29005,70,350,,,large (9+ ha),complex,Yes,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,Yes,plateau or plain,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"A roadside settlement of Romano-British date on a plateau slightly raised above the level of the Humber Brook and close to a  number of hillforts. Antiquarian investigations revealed a probable hypocaust and graves while a Watching Brief on the edge of the scheduled area in the early 1980s revealed pits, substantial postholes, ditches and a well. Also evidence for  stone foundations, either of drystone or as more substantial set-stone foundations. An extremely large ditch about 4m deep  may have marked the western boundary of the settlement. Earliest dateable material suggests a Flavian origin for the settlement, and there is little to suggest activity beyond the early/mid 4th C AD."
29006,75,300,150,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,Yes,river valley,uncertain,No,Yes,No,"Evaluation and subsequent small excavation in an elevated location overlooking the River Wye to the west revealed a dense concentration of deposits and features indicative of early Roman settlement and subsequent Roman ritual activity. Earlier features comprised ditches, gullies, pits, stakeholes and spreads of occupation debris. Many gullies and postholes appear to relate to a series of timber structures. Suggested as being part of a vicus associated with a later 1st C military fort based on specialist pottery vessels ('honey' pots), before a gradual decline then possible abandonment by the mid 2nd.  Several horse burials were thought to have been deposited at the end of the first phase of occupation. A later phase of activity comprised a substantial masonry foundation of very unusual plan - a square structure with a circular inner chamber, with a central feature, presumably a posthole in the centre of the chamber. Interpreted as a shrine or possibly mausoleum. The dating of this structure remains uncertain as it has few associated finds, but is perhaps likely to be 3rd C AD."
29007,70,300,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"A series of small excavation trenches made in the 1950s of an earthwork enclosure (0.2ha) on a small plateau above the River Wye revealed it to be of later 1st to 3rd C date. The ditch was substantial, up to 2m deep and 7-8m wide, with an inner and outer bank, and the excavated sections contained pottery and tile. A small trench in the interior revealed an occupation area with layers of stone, clay and iron slag, along with pottery, tile, bone and other finds."
29008,1,400,50,150,medium (4 - 8 ha),unclassified,Yes,,4,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,river valley,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Excavations over many years on an area of first gravel terrace within a looped meander of the River Wye revealed an extensive Romano-British villa site. The earliest evidence for activity comprised a large quadrangular ditched enclosure (0.5ha) seen in aerial photographs. A small trench through the enclosure ditch (3.35m wide, c 2m deep) revealed pottery, charcoal, slag and animal remains, with activity dated to the late Iron Age. Abundant evidence for iron smelting around mid 1st C AD, but little other evidence until mid 2nd C AD when a two-roomed rectangular timber-framed building constructed south of the earlier enclosure. This developed into the first proper small winged corridor villa building during the later 2nd C, being re-built in stone with 5 rooms and a hypocaust. One room contained a T-shaped corndrier, which may have been a later insertion. Two additional side rooms later added (30x12m total) and indications of activity right up to at least the end of the 4th C. Lying c 35m north of the villa was another smaller corridor villa building (6 rooms; 18x9m), probably dating from the later 2nd to later 4C+. This had evidence for probable tessellated floors and a hypocaust. A precinct wall with gateway appeared to surround the two buildings (observed on the eastern side at least) and outside of this was an aisled building (19x 13.4m) containing a double T-shaped corndrier and two lined water tanks (stone and opus signinum) and a drain. This is assumed to be associated with brewing and appears contemporary with the main villa sequence. Aerial photographs show a complex of enclosures, fields and trackways around the villa. A possible water mill (weir and mill leat) found nearby on the River Wye was very tentatively dated to the Roman period."
29009,-100,50,,,large (9+ ha),enclosed,Yes,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,hill,mixed,No,No,No,"Small scale excavation within a mainly univallate hillfort (8.9ha) in the southern part of the Malvern Hills indicated intense occupation from the early 5th C BC to the mid 1st C AD. An entrance revealed a sequence of gateways and bridges, with posthole and timber slot buildings identified on terraces cut into the interior. 400 of these have been identified. Aside from a few sherds of pottery and other finds no evidence for activity in the Roman period."
29010,70,410,150,200,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,5,No,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,river valley,mixed,Yes,No,No,"Excavations in the late 1970s 300m east of the Roman town of Kenchester on a long gravel ridge by a stream, c 1km north of the river Wye and along a Roman road, revealed a succession of Roman buildings comprising a granary/mill complex and a villa. Earliest occupation comprised an enclosed middle Iron Age settlement which appears to have gone out of use by/during the 1st C BC. Roman activity commenced later 1st C AD and seems to represent the peripheral area of a settlement (boundary ditches, quarry pits and fences). During the mid 2nd C AD, it appears to have been the focus for occupation, with gravelled surfaces, cess pits, boundary ditches and two adjacent rectangular buildings, one a timber framed aisled building with mortar floors and painted plaster (11x6m; domestic/storage), the other a substantial stone building with buttresses interpreted as a granary (5.5x7.6m). A further possible timber structure lay to the east and a watermill is thought to have existed in close vicinity, though no specific evidence. The aisled building was destroyed by fire late 2nd/early 3rd C AD, when a winged corridor villa was laid out in relation to the granary, which was extended. A T-shaped corndrier was a later addition into one villa room. A rectangular ancillary building lay to the south associated with metalworking (furnaces and stone-lined pit), and a wooden walkway lay in front of the villa, leading to the granary. The whole area was enclosed by a ditch and field ditches located to the south. Further developments during the early 4th C including elaboration of the villa (including mosaics and an apse-ended room), construction of a well and demolishing of the granary. The site continued in use until at least the end of the 4th C and probably into the 5th C, though the main villa building may have fallen into disrepair, as a late 4th C+ holloway leads towards the thatched ancillary building, which may have become the main  residence."
29011,,,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"Excavations revealed what appears to be the fringes of a Roman farmstead, with features comprising ditches, pits, postholes, a beam slot, 5 'oven-like' features and two stone built simple corndriers, built within a ditched enclosure. Large quantities of pottery but no specialist reports. Only a broad 'Roman' date is given."
29012,200,400,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,3,Yes,No,Yes,Yes,No,Yes,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Excavations in the 1970s and 1990s c 800m south of Kenchester Roman town on a narrow terrace by the banks of the River Wye revealed an important high status Roman riverside complex incorporating remains of masonry buildings including an octagonal cistern. Two stone revetments support the river bank 50m upstream of this cistern, at least one of which forms part of a building with a mortared floor. Traces of other buildings also revealed including an exceptionally fine and well-preserved stone-buttress, with room above. A bathhouse is likely in the vicinity but not confirmed. Trial excavations and resistivity survey in the 1970s indicated two adjacent and possibly linked riverside complexes each covering c 0.2ha and dated by limited pottery to the 3rd-4th C AD (possibly with earlier activity?) with evidence for mosaic floors and painted plaster. It has been interpreted as a medium sized villa complex. The cistern has been interpreted as a water shrine (nymphaeum)."
29013,125,200,,,large (9+ ha),complex,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,No,No,No,"Excavations just to the north of the roadside settlement of Ariconium (and probably an outlying part of the settlement; see ID 29004) in 1963 revealed evidence for extensive iron smelting and smithing. The remain of six furnaces of shaft type were revealed together with slag pits and working hollows. These were in use during the mid to later 2nd C AD. Subsequent to this, this area may have become part of a refuse tip for the town of Ariconium, later reverting to a scrubby waste."
29014,1,100,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Pipeline Watching Brief and subsequent excavation revealed a late Iron Age-early Roman ditched enclosure/field in the Golden Valley, just west of the floodplain of the River Dore. Quantity of finds suggests settlement in near vicinity."
29015,1,300,100,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,Yes,No,"Pipeline excavation revealed a triple ditched Romano-British enclosed farmstead on a former floodplain of the River Dore in the Golden Valley (though no plan in the assessment report  so remains unclassified here). Associated features comprised a metalled surface, pits, postholes and a decapitated cow burial in a pit (not well dated). The earliest featured comprised the metalled surface (a yard or part of a trackway?)  and a few linear gullies dated 1st CAD (possibly late Iron Age). The triple ditched curvilinear enclosure is dated 2nd-3rd c AD, with the outer ditch being 2.2m wide and 1m deep, inner ditch 4.4m wide and 1.6m deep. Evidence of slag and hammerscale indicated industrial activity in vicinity. The outer ditches went out of use by end of 2nd C AD and almost no evidence for 4th C activity."
29016,1,150,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"Pipeline excavation revealed part of a late Iron Age-early Roman enclosed settlement at the bottom of a gradual slope on the edge of the Golden Valley (though no plan within the assessment report so remains unclassified here). The main feature comprised a penannular enclosure, c 26m diameter and 1m wide, containing industrial and domestic debris. The presence and type of slag recovered was indicative of iron production in the vicinity, possibly just outside the area of excavation.  Four postholes/pits lay around the southern terminus of the penannular ditch, while to the east were two further Roman intercutting ditches."
29017,50,200,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,No,No,No,"Pipeline excavation revealed three close foci of Romano-British activity along a slope near the Wells Brook on the fringes of the Wye Valley that appear to have been part of the same settlement. The earliest activity, dating to the 1st c AD, lay at the top of the hill, comprising a pair of burnt pit complexes (Bloomery furnaces?) with a small number of associated pits, which produced considerable evidence of iron smithing and smelting in the vicinity. This continued into the later 1st/2nd C AD, at which time the re is evidence for domestic activity down the slope (pits, ditches and domestic debris, then a triple ditched enclosure) and at the base of the slope (pits and a large curvilinear double-ditched enclosure with a possible wall within the inner enclosure and at least one internal ditch). No evidence for activity beyond end of 2nd C AD."
29018,1,225,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,mixed,No,No,No,"Pipeline excavation revealed a probable late Iron Age-early Roman enclosed farmstead on the brow of a slope, overlooking the river Wye to the west (though no plan within the assessment report so remains unclassified here). Earliest activity comprised a curvilinear ditched enclosure of late Iron Age/mid 1st C AD date (ditch 1.5-2.7m wide), which continued in use until the 2nd C. Three internal pits contained pottery, slag and charred grain. In the 2nd C an additional rectangular area was enclosed to the SE. This was at least partly double-ditched and was later expanded, with an internal division. A few postholes, pits and gullies were located in the interior, and two cremation burials (8m apart) lay in the original enclosure, probably dating 2nd C AD. All activity appears to cease by early 3rd C AD. Aside from pottery and iron smithing slag there were few finds."
29019,150,325,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,1,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,No,river valley,mixed,Yes,No,No,"Two evaluations on the second gravel terrace of the River Lugg. The 1999 28 trench evaluation over 40ha  revealed the fringes of a Roman farmstead (with possible Iron Age origins). The features probably relate to a main domestic core to the east, defined by a double-ditched D-shaped cropmark enclosure, and comprise the remains of a metalled minor road flanked by ditches (leading to Watling St), part of a metalled surface, and a series of ditches and gullies defining enclosures/ small fields. There was also an area of buried Roman soil along with a single posthole. The main period of activity was in the later 2nd and 3rd C AD and the site appears to have been abandoned in the early 4th C. The finds are thought to have derived from middens on the periphery of the settlement. Fieldwalking produced material suggestive of limited manuring. The 9-trench 2007 evaluation was concentrated in a 1.6ha area immediately west of the D-shaped enclosure and revealed ditches, pits, two buried Roman soils or occupation layers and a metalled trackway, dated by pottery to 2nd-3rd C AD. A single beam slot filled with charcoal provides evidence for timber structures."
29020,-100,400,150,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,1,Yes,Yes,No,No,Yes,Yes,river valley,mixed,Yes,Yes,No,"Evaluation and subsequent salvage excavation on the floodplain of the River Lugg revealed mid-late Iron Age and early Roman field boundaries, pits and burial deposits, presumably related to a nearby settlement. A streamside settlement was subsequently established in the later 2nd C AD on a rise in the floodplain. This was associated with a range of agricultural and small scale industrial activities based in and around a series of ditched enclosures and surrounding fields. The expansion and intensification of settlement throughout the 2nd and 3rd C led to the establishment  of at least one well appointed masonry building (possibly an aisled building with a T-shaped corndrier, painted plaster, stone roof tiles and possible hypocaust) by the 4th C. Around 150m to the south of the building remains lay another masonry structure in an enclosure backing onto the stream, thought to have been another corndrier. Evidence for fieldsystems west of the stream. Settlement abandoned by late 4th/early 5th C AD. A later evaluation, c 400m NW if the site revealed two parallel shallow linear ditches, 4m apart (trackway?), and a shallow linear ditch containing a partial semi-articulated horse skeleton. Further ditches on similar alignments may be part of wider fieldsystems. These may well be related to the main Roman settlement."
29021,75,400,,,large (9+ ha),complex,Yes,,3,Yes,No,No,No,No,Yes,river valley,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Evaluation revealed what was probably a southern extension of main Roman roadside settlement of Ariconium, the main focus of which lay  c 1.6km to the NE. Features comprised part of a gravelled road surface (that which led up to the main part of the settlement), cobbled surfacing and dumps of slag; also a ditch complex immediately to the east of the road surface containing quantities of Roman domestic waste and slag. Previous work in the area revealed at least three buildings (one with masonry foundations) suggesting a pattern of continued dispersed roadside settlement.  It seems likely that there was settlement in this area from at least the 1st C AD but most material dates 3rd-4th C AD."
29022,60,350,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"A roadscheme excavation and subsequent further five trench investigation on an area of 4th gravel terrace in the Wye Valley revealed elements of a Romano-British settlement comprising ditches, metalled surfaces and domestic debris (pottery and animal bone). The nature of the site remains uncertain. The pottery chronology ranges from later 1st to mid 4th C AD , though a possible Iron Age ditch also revealed."
29023,-100,300,50,150,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Excavation on the first and second gravel terraces of the River Wye, which lies 1km to the NE, revealed a ditch and several pits of mid-late Iron Age date and then following a possible hiatus, parts of a mid 2nd-3rd C AD Roman farmstead (the majority of which lay outside of the excavation area to the north). The Roman settlement comprised a rectangular ditched enclosure and other related ditches, pits, postholes, an oven and gravel surfaces. They are thought to have been parts of a larger complex of enclosures, field boundaries and droveways to the north although this remains uncertain. Only very limited ceramic evidence for activity beyond the mid/late 3rd C AD."
29024,100,900,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Limited excavation in a small valley by a stream revealed part of a cemetery, seemingly contained within an enclosure of 3.5ha. Four graves were revealed and other human bones were probably from disturbed graves. The radiocarbon dating of one skeleton indicated cal AD 680 to 890, though a layer of charcoal within the grave beneath another poorly preserved skeleton gave a radiocarbon date of cal AD 70 to 450. This grave was cut by another. The possibility remains therefore that this was a long lived cemetery dating from the Roman period through to at least the 8th C AD and probably to the modern day as a church lies within the oval enclosure."
29025,350,540,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,No,No,No,"A gravel quarry cut into the southern side of a flat topped hill revealed at least 14 inhumation burials in 1943, which were only partially recorded. A radiocarbon date from one of the skeletons in 2000 was given as cal AD 340 to AD 540  indicating a late/post-Roman date."
29026,1,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Evaluation, geophysical survey and further archaeological works about 1km SW from the Roman settlement of Ariconium revealed a series of sub-rectangular stock enclosures, trackways and field boundary ditches not thought to have been directly associated with occupation. The excavated features date loosely from the late Iron Age and broad Roman periods."
29027,100,300,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,1,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Small scale excavation in the Wye Valley, 1.7km NE of the river, revealed a Romano-British farmstead, dating 1st/2nd-3rd C AD. The early features comprised a probable settlement enclosure boundary (up to 2.9m wide & 0.65m deep) encompassing pits and a possible post-built structure of uncertain form that was replaced by a roundhouse (13.5m dia). Iron slag and burnt stones found within two pits located in the western portion of the enclosure suggest the presence of light industrial activity. The most intense period of activity comprised the 2nd-3rd C AD, with no evidence for later activity."
29028,70,200,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"A 22-trench evaluation on an elevated spur between the flood plains of the River Wye and River Lugg revealed archaeological deposits and features in two areas, all seeming to date to the early Roman period, with an emphasis on the 2nd C AD. The features comprise a mix of relatively small linear ditches, potentially forming rough enclosures/fields, along with at least one much larger ditch feature, possibly a settlement boundary."
29029,1,200,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,1,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Excavations in 2002-4 of a rectangular double ditched enclosure (0.3ha) revealed by cropmarks on the south-facing slopes of a shallow valley proved it to be of late Iron Age-early Roman date (though no plan available so remains unclassified here). The enclosure contained a smaller square enclosure in its north-eastern corner, within which were the remains of a rectangular post-built timber building and a furnace. An apparent abundance of pottery and metal finds, though no details. Another cropmark enclosure of similar size (but single ditched) was partially excavated 600m to the south on the valley floor (Moorcourt Farm), but contained very few finds and no structures. Both enclosures had similar dates and the valley floor site is interpreted as either a lower status farmstead or else perhaps a stock enclosure related to the Cold Furrow settlement."
29030,250,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,3,Yes,No,Yes,No,No,Yes,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Small scale amateur excavations in the 1980s c 1km north and east of the River Lugg revealed a complex of three rectangular buildings, all adjoining and running parallel to each other on a north-south axis. Believed by the excavator to have been a substantial bathhouse, it has also been suggested as representing part of a villa complex, incorporating a bath suite. Within two buildings were the remains of hypocausts, while the third building was timber framed with a stone slabbed floor. A possible 4th C corndrier inserted in this building, though this is uncertain. Limited finds information, and all the meagre dating evidence suggests late Roman activity."
30001,150,350,275,,medium (4 - 8 ha),complex,Yes,,3,Yes,No,No,No,Yes,Yes,river valley,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Roadscheme excavations revealed elements of a Romano-British settlement running for at least c 190m either side of a metalled and ditched road to the west of Wroxeter. The earliest stratified feature comprised the road itself (max 4.8m wide; dated 2nd half 1st C AD), with the first settlement dating mid 2nd C AD. This was defined by a series of stone-packed postholes, a stone-lined path and parts of a rectangular building with stone footings fronting the road. A circular platform (3.5m dia) ringed with stone was interpreted as a threshing area. Occupation debris built up (perhaps indicating contraction in mid 3rd C AD) and this was cut through by features (pits, ovens etc.) and deposits indicative of small-scale industrial activity (iron smithing) in the late 3rd/4th C AD. Pottery wasters suggest pot production in vicinity. A large rectangular posthole aisled building (12.5x4.5m) is contemporary and other possible posthole structures were present. There is thought to be less domestic emphasis during this late Roman period. The final phase of activity is characterised by extensive spreads of cobbling fronting onto the road, thought to have underlay timber beamslot buildings to aid drainage. Also many pits belong to this phase. The whole settlement is interpreted as a roadside village. Coins and pottery evidence suggest occupation ceased in the 4th C AD. A subsequent 9-trench evaluation c 130m further north from the roadscheme excavations revealed further parts of the settlement. Features comprised ditches, metalled surfaces, hearths and postholes, likely to be plots and structures fronting onto the road."
30002,1,50,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Roadscheme excavation through a known rectilinear cropmark enclosure (0.72ha) 0.3km east of the River Severn. All phases of the enclosure are dated to the later Iron Age, though the first phase contained very few artefacts. The enclosure ditch (2.5m wide, 2.2m deep) was repeatedly recut over time and had a metalled trackway aligned upon a 3.2m wide entrance which incorporated a timber gate structure. A group of features, predominantly postholes, clustered northeast of the enclosure, but cannot be related to the main sequence. A possible Iron Age/Roman fieldsystem with two associated enclosures was revealed during further salvage excavations to the west and south of Preston Farm."
30003,1,300,175,250,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,mixed,No,No,No,"Roadscheme excavation investigated part of the south side of a rectilinear cropmark enclosure (0.33ha) on the south-facing slope of a plateau by the River Tern, along with a fieldsystem to the west. The fieldsystem  was thought to have originated in the later Iron Age, defined by shallow, linear and slightly curvilinear gullies. Following the abandonment and infill of this fieldsystem, a network of small but well-defined, linear ditches was excavated forming a co-axial lattice arrangement, cutting the fills of the earlier ditches. The ditches defined small fields of 200-400 sq metres and dated from the later 2nd/3rd C AD. It was suggested that these small units represented individual horticultural plots, or possibly stock pens for market, given that Wroxeter lay just 2.5km away. The main contemporary settlement is thought to lie to the east due to greater volume of domestic debris in the easternmost ditches. A single-ditched enclosure was dug following the orientation and position of the Roman field ditches and is broadly contemporary. The ditched enclosure (1.5m wide, 0.8m deep) incorporated an additional annexe and contained stakeholes and hearths which may have been contemporary. A dump of pottery wasters also indicated pottery production nearby. The enclosure goes out of use by the mid/later 3rd C and evidence for re-structuring of agricultural activity is provided by small numbers of linear ditches suggesting larger fields, perhaps associated with arable fields. The lack of pottery means this phase may be post-Roman."
30004,100,300,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"An evaluation to the east of Watling Street Roman Road in the Valley of the River Onny revealed parts of two rectangular enclosures seen as cropmarks. The southernmost enclosure (c 0.24ha), less than 50m from the road, was defined by a ditch 2.7m wide and 0.9m deep and contained a large central pit containing iron smithing debris along with postholes of an associated structure. This was originally thought to have been a possible Romano-Celtic temple by the cropmarks, but no evidence for this. A double ditched enclosure 400m to the NE was heavily truncated and no coherent plan of any internal activity could be identified, though postholes indicate structural features. Very few finds and limited pottery indicated general 2nd-3rd/4th C date."
30005,-50,175,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,1,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,Evaluation and geophysical survey on a gravel terrace about 20m above the River Severn which runs to the east revealed a small (0.1ha) rectilinear enclosure within which was at least one post-built structure.  Subsequent excavation of this enclosure revealed a circular building (c 7m dia) within the interior and an entrance gateway structure. The enclosure ditch was 2.7m wide and 1.25m deep. The pottery chronology suggests 1st C BC to later 2nd C AD at the latest.
30006,100,300,,,medium (4 - 8 ha),complex,Yes,,2,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Excavation 2km south of the walled settlement at Whitchurch (Mediolanum) revealed part of a roadside settlement along the main Wroxeter to Chester Roman road. The earliest settlement probably dates to the start of the 2nd C AD, with the occupation continuing well into but not beyond the 3rd century. It appears to have been a ribbon development with property plots arranged along the road and with the northern limits marked by a stream.  Initial occupation comprised gravelled surfaces and hearths, along with a rectangular post-built structure. This developed into a complex sequence of timber buildings and yards, with hearths, pits, postholes and stake-holes. The final building on this plot comprised a rubble platform with associated postholes. The southern area of the excavation was a very boggy location, suitable only for the dumping of rubbish. A distinct feature of the settlement was an element of industry with ironworking perhaps being the principal activity (no indications if smithing or actual production). No specialist reports."
30007,350,400,,,large (9+ ha),complex,No,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"Small excavation close to the south-east edge of the nucleated roadside settlement near the Moneybrook stream (see ID 30001), a tributary of the Rea Brook, revealed two pottery kilns producing Severn Valley Wares and red colour coated wares. Lying 5m north of the kilns was a sub-rectangular hollow and associated postholes, interpreted as a possible workshop. There is slight evidence for a third kiln and evidence in the form of industrial debris for iron smelting in the area. The kilns date to the latter half of the 4th C AD."
30008,-100,50,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,mixed,No,No,No,"Rescue excavations in 1978 to 1980 on a glacial gravel terrace between the rivers Onny, Teme and Corve revealed an Iron Age settlement. This probably stated as an open settlement in the 4th C BC, and was later defined by a square single ditched enclosure (0.11ha) with a 6.3m wide entrance to the east. The extensive V-shaped enclosure ditch was 2.5m wide and 1.3m deep. Within the interior were two four-post structures (c 3m sq) that were probably contemporary, along with many other postholes and pits. Also features (including another 4-post structure) outside of the enclosure and it is suggested that the main domestic focus may have lain outside the enclosure during the late Iron Age, though ironworking contained within. Radiocarbon dates suggest the enclosure was constructed later 3rd/early 2nd C BC and that occupation continued until the mid 1st C AD, probably ceasing when a Roman military marching camp was established 55m to the east. A 7th C cemetery lay within the enclosure."
30009,245,640,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"Three inhumation burials, possibly part of a larger cemetery were recorded during building work had radiocarbon dates indicating a late to post-Roman date. A stone-lined well was revealed nearby, but its date remain uncertain. A Roman villa is known in the vicinity at Harley."
30010,200,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,2,Yes,No,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,plateau or plain,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Antiquarian investigations 1km east of Watling Street by a small stream revealed part of a Roman villa complex. The building (31m in length) probably originated as an aisled building which was later developed into a multi-room building with probable bath suite or at least heated rooms. No evidence for tessellated floors, though painted plaster and a sandstone column points to architectural pretention. However, it is possible that this is an ancillary building and the main villa house lies nearby.  The cropmark of an asymmetrical sub-rectangular enclosure lies in approximate vicinity. In 1997 and 2004 a small scale evaluation of the western arm of the enclosure took place. In 2008  a geophysical survey of the cropmark enclosure found a rectangular structure within it, along with the line of the former road. Limited excavation of the enclosure ditch found it to be 4m wide with dumps of Roman building rubble, while excavations focussed upon the rectangular structure within the enclosure found a sequence of pebble and clay floors or surfaces (and traces of an opus signinum floor), and a possible post-pad, along with further building rubble and stone roof tiles. It was probably another ancillary building (or indeed the same building, as the precise area of the earlier excavations could not be ascertained) in the villa estate. The chronology of the villa complex is loosely dated by pottery to the 3rd-4th C AD. It is thought to have been associated with the lead mining industry, centred c 10km further west."
30011,1,100,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,1,1,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"Excavations in the Valley of the Rea Brook (a tributary of the Severn) on the north Shropshire Plain revealed part of a rectangular enclosure previously known from cropmarks. The enclosure lay over two Bronze Age circular barrows and encompassed an area 0.16ha, with ditches up to 5m wide and 1.75m deep and a 6m wide eastern entrance (possible gate structure). Internally there is evidence for at least one roundhouse, along with a possible square timber structure, cobbled layers and a hearth. Very limited finds, but pottery suggests a late Iron Age/early Roman date."
30012,1,200,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,1,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,Yes,Yes,No,"Two excavations 450m south of the Rea Brook (a tributary of the Severn) on the north Shropshire Plain revealed a substantial double-ditched rectangular enclosure previously known from cropmarks. The inner and outer enclosure ditches are believed to have been contemporary, dating from the later Iron Age and covering an area of c 1ha, with the inner ditch enclosing 0.36ha. The inner ditch was up to 5m wide and 2.6m deep, the deepest parts being the entrance terminals (5m wide gap facing SE, with pebbled pathway leading out at least 30m). The outer ditch averaged 5-6m in width and up to 2.4m in depth. Deposits of an Iron Age dagger and sword scabbard were found in the outer ditch entrance terminals. Internally were two concentric circular gullies representing the site of a roundhouse c 12m in diameter, along with other gullies, possibly marking sub-divisions. The enclosure ditches were recut in the later 1st/2nd C after they had been backfilled.  Occupation is believed to have ceased by the end of the 2nd C AD, after which Roman field boundary ditches cut into the outer enclosure ditch."
30013,-100,100,,,medium (4 - 8 ha),enclosed,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,No,No,No,"Two small excavation trenches through the ramparts of a univallate hillfort (c 4ha) which surrounded a low flat topped hill. The small amount of pottery recovered suggested occupation during the middle-late Iron Age and into the Roman period, though the nature of any activity remains uncertain. Some evidence for bronzeworking."
30014,,,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,No,,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Excavation  of a rectangular cropmark enclosure  between the River Teme and the Ledwyne Brook revealed it to be of probable Romano-British date. The enclosure encompassed 0.1ha, with the ditch being c 2m wide and 1m deep. A secondary slot (palisade?) was dug alongside the interior of the ditch when it had been backfilled, and there were indications of ditched subdivisions within the enclosure.  Evidence for a hearth. The dating is reliant upon minimal pottery and a brooch but is suggestive of a Roman date for construction. Uncertain if domestic occupation or if this was a stock enclosure."
30015,250,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,1,No,No,No,No,No,Yes,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"A small excavation just south of the Rea Brook revealed a cobbled surface along with late Roman pottery and Roman masonry. Previously, a rectangular masonry footed Roman building (11.6x9.4m) with stone tiled roof and mortar was found c 100 to the west on a rubble platform and it appears likely to have been part of the same (farm?) complex. Significant deposits of slag located in vicinity but cannot definitively be associated with Roman activity."
30016,100,200,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Small excavation c 400m west of Wroxeter city walls by the River Severn revealed a Romano-British tilery comprising extensive clay floors, circular ovens and dumps of tile and brick, including wasters. Timber beam slots, postholes and other structural material suggest associated structures, perhaps workshops. The pottery evidence suggests the tilery was in use during the 2nd C AD."
30017,300,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Small excavation on the banks of the River Severn, 1km NW of Wroxeter revealed parts of a pottery production site, as indicated by dumps of waster material. Features comprised a cobbled floor surface, building debris and postholes, indicating structures, along with two small hearths. No kilns found. The ceramic dating indicates a 4th C AD date, being particularly active in the later 4th C AD. Also antiquarian reports of a small group of cremation burials in immediate vicinity."
30018,150,350,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,3,No,No,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"Antiquarian investigations near the Rea Brook revealed a masonry Roman villa building with at least one geometric mosaic and hypocaust. Further excavations in the 1950s and 1960s revealed other masonry buildings near the stream including a possible bathhouse and a large barn (aisled?), into which a corndrier had been inserted. The main period of occupation appears to have been later 2nd-early 4th C AD, with the corndrier being of 3rd  date."
30019,150,400,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,No,No,No,"Limited excavations of an earthwork enclosure covering c 1ha on a sandstone ridge rising out of the Shropshire plain. The enclosure was interpreted as a hillfort and therefore presumed to date to the Iron Age, though no chronological evidence for construction was encountered and instead an occupation layer with late 2nd to 4th century pottery and coins was found. The nature of any activity, including whether or not there was any permanent habitation remains uncertain, but it is interpreted here as an enclosed farmstead"
30020,,,,,medium (4 - 8 ha),enclosed,Yes,,,No,No,Yes,No,No,Yes,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"19th century excavations revealed part of an extensive Romano-British settlement on the west bank of the West Onny River. Remains include a multi-roomed masonry building with hypocaust and stone drain linked with extensive but fragmentary lengths of wall potentially enclosing an area c 5ha. Other features within this complex include gravel surfaces, much furnace ash, a flue-tile channel and a stone aqueduct traced for c 300m leading towards a potential Roman reservoir. The nature of the settlement is uncertain and it has been recorded by some as a villa, but most sources indicate a probable strong connection with the known Roman lead mining of the immediate area and so it is interpreted here an industrial complex. Only a broad Roman date is given, but the lead industry is thought to have been at its height in the 2nd C AD."
30021,175,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,1,No,No,Yes,Yes,No,Yes,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"Partial excavation of a corridor villa in 1955-62, seemingly part of a large complex of buildings ranged around a courtyard. The villa building had 5-6 rooms and is c 30x9m with painted plaster walls, hypocaust, stone tiled roof and a well made mosaic within an apsed room, dated c AD 360. The dating from pottery and coins suggests occupation between the late 2nd century and the later 4th century AD. No report."
30022,200,420,300,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,2,Yes,No,Yes,Yes,No,Yes,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Later 19th century excavations revealed a Roman villa house just south of the Rea Brook. Further excavations in 1995 as part of the Wroxeter Hinterlands Project revealed a bathhouse, which was linked to the main residential unit of the villa. This only comprised three rooms and a service corridor, and so was suggested as not large enough for permanent habitation, instead being a country retreat/hunting lodge. A mosaic in the main room was dated to the third quarter of the 4th century. The central medallion was originally decorated with a bust of Medusa. All of the buildings were connected within one large courtyard covering c 50x30m. Only one ancillary building was discovered, a four-post structure perhaps representing a fodder or grain store that lay north-west of the bath house and west wing. The bathhouse was seen to have been the earliest structure, dating to the 3rd c AD, and perhaps associated with another building in vicinity. This was refurbished in the 4th C, perhaps when the main 'villa' was incorporated. Archaeomagnetic dating suggested that it fell into disuse AD 420?520, though later buildings superimposed on the ruins of the villa."
30023,120,350,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Excavation on part of a level river terrace overlooking the old course of the River Severn, now followed by the line of the Bagley Brook revealed part of an enclosed farmstead. The rectangular enclosure encompassed at least 0.1 ha with a single ditch being up to 1.2m wide and 0.85m deep. Three phases were identified, with the final phase incorporating a singular ditched sub-division of the enclosure. A solitary circular feature of uncertain function was located within the enclosure. A large slab of stone had been placed horizontally in the top of the feature. It is thought that the site represents a domestic farmstead due to the quantity and quality of pottery, which dates 2nd-early 4th C AD, with 4th C activity being quite limited."
30024,-100,350,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Excavations on the south-east flank of Sharpstone Hill, a ridge of hard gritstone extending NE-SW, revealed the remains of an engineered road with cambered construction and imported river pebbles, radiocarbon and OSL dated to the later Iron Age. The road continued in use into the Roman period (when flanking ditches added), heading from Wroxeter in the east to the settlement at Meole Brace to the west and further beyond. Soil micromorphology has suggested the road was used for driving stock animals in the Iron Age. A late Iron Age/Roman fieldsystem was also identified, comprising a rectilinear arrangement of ditches. It appears the road was probably in use at least until the early 4th C, though the most intense period appears to have been the 2nd C AD."
30025,,,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Small excavation just east of the River Severn and 2km west of Wroxeter revealed Roman period ditches thought to belong to a co-axial fieldsystem seen as cropmarks just to the east. Charcoal, charred wheat and animal bone suggests some kind of occupation in the near vicinity. Two cropmark enclosures, 600m to the north and east may represent contemporary enclosed farmsteads. Only dated roughly to the Roman period."
30026,100,300,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Four-trench evaluation over 0.8ha on a sand and gravel terrace on the north bank of the Rea Brook revealed a Romano-British settlement dating 2nd-3rd c AD. Features comprised ditches, pits and possible postholes, while a possible disturbed cremation burial was revealed in one of the ditches. The extent and nature of the settlement remains uncertain."
30027,1,400,100,250,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Small scale excavations on a low sand and gravel ridge/hill by a river terrace overlooking the River Severn to the north revealed a Romano-British ditch (2.3m wide by 0.3m deep) containing considerable quantities of pottery, animal bone and other finds. The pottery generally dates to the later Roman period, and is presumably related to a settlement in the immediate vicinity, the nature of which is uncertain. A ditched enclosure  (enclosed farmstead?) on the gravel terrace below was dated late Iron Age/early Roman, seemingly coming to an end at the start of the 2nd C AD. There appears to have been a substantial gap between the two periods of occupation, though this may be more apparent from the small area excavated than real."
30028,65,400,100,,medium (4 - 8 ha),complex,Yes,,1,Yes,No,No,No,No,Yes,plateau or plain,uncertain,Yes,Yes,No,"Limited excavation of a series of rectilinear cropmark enclosures (largest 0.64ha) in 1972-3 indicated a probable military origin in the late Neronian period as a supply base rather than a fort, just north of Watling Street Roman road. This phase appears quite short-lived, but evaluation over 0.4ha in 2011 provided more details of an adjacent nucleated roadside settlement (Uxacona?), which develops from the later 1st/early 2nd C AD and probably continued until the 4th C, albeit with the main floruit of activity being in the 2nd and earlier 3rd C AD. The remains mostly comprise boundary ditches, pits and postholes, though beam slots and frequent fired wattle/daub remains indicate wooden buildings on the site. More substantial buildings may also be present as a large robbed-out sandstone wall foundation was excavated. Two possible oven/furnace bases were also identified in association with metalworking debris. A ditch terminus  contained a near complete amphora - structured deposit? A possible renewed military interest in the settlement is indicated in later 3rd/early 4th C in the form of further enclosures (signal station?). Some evidence for activity to late 4th/5th C, though this appears to be minimal."
30029,250,350,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,Yes,No,"Evaluation over 18.3ha just north of the Mor Brook revealed a rectilinear Roman enclosure (ditch 1.04m wide by 0.46m deep) which produced substantial quantities of late 3rd+ C AD pottery, along with hobnails (possibly all as part of a structured deposit?) and environmental evidence for possible hearth sweepings. A partition ditch was observed within the enclosure, and overall it seems that the enclosure had a domestic function and was in use from the later 3rd century onwards."
30030,100,200,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,,1,Yes,No,Yes,Yes,No,Yes,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,Yes,No,"A 5-trench research evaluation 1km east of the River Severn on a knoll of glacial sand and gravel revealed sections of rectangular ditched enclosure and an early Roman building with heating system - probably a small villa. Only one room of what was obviously a much larger structure was fully revealed, this being heated with a furnace on the south wall. This was possibly part of a bathsuite. The surrounding enclosure enclosed c 0.15ha and comprised a substantial V-shaped ditch, over 3m wide and 1m deep. The building appears to have been demolished and the ditch slighted at the end of the 2nd C AD (established early 2nd C AD?). At the base of the deposit over the primary ditch fill a carved figurine was placed face down in the natural clay and covered with household debris and demolition material. It is suggested that this was a ritual deposit of termination."
30031,100,325,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,Yes,No,"A small two trench research evaluation c 280m west of the River Severn, 3.2km west of Wroxeter and just north of a major Roman road, revealed elements of a kidney-shaped double ditched enclosure as seen in aerial photographs. The main ditch was V-shaped and 3.5m wide, 0.8m deep, with the other being 4m wide and 0.56m deep.  An almost complete pottery jar  and animal bone formed a discrete deposit in the ditch and was regarded as a structured deposit. No specific internal feature was noted but structural material including roof tiles hints at probable timber framed buildings. The enclosure ditches had been filled in during the late 3rd-early 4th C AD, though the extent of earlier occupation is uncertain, as later 1st-2nd C AD pottery found in the immediate vicinity during fieldwalking."
31004,50,400,,,large (9+ ha),unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,No,No,No,"A large collection of 'celtic' fields on a south facing slope overlooking the Manifold Valley. There are strong negative and positive lynchets suggesting long arable activity. A few RB sherds have been found on the site but an actual domestic settlement has not been located. It is possible this has been removed through later enclosure and clearance (Makepeace 1998, 132)."
31005,60,275,100,160,large (9+ ha),complex,Yes,,19,Yes,No,Yes,No,No,Yes,river valley,uncertain,Yes,Yes,No,"A site at Holditch, North Staffordshire, situated approx. 1km to the south of the Roman fort at Chesterton, sitting astride a major Roman road at a junction with another road, possibly linking the site with Whitchurch and Wroxeter. Excavations revealed a primary phase of apparently short-lived ephemeral structures of possible pre-Flavian military origin. This was followed by construction of a substantial stone enclosure, seemingly associated with the manufacture of coarseware, and may have been a Roman army works depot of mid-to-late Flavian date. From c. AD 100 to c. 130/140 there was a fundamental change in the nature of occupation, and the works-depot was cleared and replaced with a well-appointed stone courtyard building with associated bathhouse and a possible small temple. This complex may have been a mansio. A series of strip buildings, aligned at right-angles to the road, indicate ribbon-development, suggested as possible workshops linked with military provision. By c. AD 150 the settlement saw widespread rebuilding, but seemingly of a very utilitarian nature, and the settlement contracted significantly, likely as a result of the shift to the north of the army. By c. AD 160 most of the settlement was abandoned, though less substantial and relatively impoverished occupation continued to the mid-to-late 3rd century, although it may have been agricultural at this time. Many of the finds from the earliest excavations at this site, summarised in the principal bibliographical source for this record, were not recorded, whilst even those from the later investigations were only selectively included in the published report. A Flavian well included an assemblage of animal bone, hobnailed shoe soles, part of a possible tunic, part of a possible military apron and fragments of a bucket. Possible evidence for structured deposition. An area which produced erotic samian, a fired clay phallus (from within a posthole) and a jug with a moulded clay phallus suggested as an area including a brothel in the report, though these objects could equally be religious."
31006,-100,200,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,river valley,pastoral,Yes,No,No,"A watching brief covering a huge area of quarrying (approx. 180ha) included approximately 7.3 ha of targeted excavation over several years at Whitemoor Haye Quarry in south east Staffordshire, on the western bank of the River Tame, c. 1km south of its confluence with the Trent.  The investigations revealed an archaeological landscape with evidence for a long history of use including Neolithic, Bronze Age, Iron Age and Romano-British activity. There may have been continuity in agricultural land-use between the Iron Age and early Roman periods, and a droveway and associated enclosures in use during the Roman period may have originated in the Iron Age, though most Iron Age features ranged in date from the 6th-1st centuries BC, and Romano-British pottery was predominantly of 2nd century date. Romano-British features included enclosures and the droveway, and there was no clear evidence for domestic occupation, other than a fairly large pottery assemblage associated with a triple ditched enclosure (included as a separate record on this database - number 31007). There may have been an intensification in land-use during the Roman period. Some of the enclosures were interpreted as corrals for horses and cattle. Dating evidence from the Romano-British pottery suggested a 2nd century date for activity."
31007,100,200,,,uncertain,enclosed,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"A watching brief covering a huge area of quarrying (approx. 180ha) included approximately 5ha of targeted excavation at Whitemoor Haye Quarry in south east Staffordshire, on the western bank of the River Tame, c. 1km south of its confluence with the Trent. Within this area there was extensive evidence for Iron Age and Romano-British agricultural land-use, and an excavation of approx. 0.375ha in one area revealed a possible domestic settlement represented by a possible triple ditched enclosure and a single ditched enclosure. Whilst no evidence for structures was discovered, a large pottery assemblage, including over 1000 sherds of 2nd century wares, is suggestive of domestic activity either within or immediately adjacent to the enclosures. There was also a pit with a number of hobnails in and two possible intercutting graves, although bone preservation was poor. This site was clearly within a landscape of extensive agricultural/pastoral activity. Pottery suggested that the main period of activity was in the 2nd century."
31008,,,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,No,No,No,"A site at Tutbury Castle, on high ground to the south of the River Dove. Training excavations for students at Birmingham University focussed on the medieval castle, but one of the trenches produced evidence for a Romano-British oven-like feature, and sherds of Iron Age and Romano-British pottery have been recovered from the site previously. The nature of the Romano-British activity is not well understood, though it has been classified as a potential farmstead here. No dating evidence beyond broad Roman, so dates have been omitted for this record."
31009,-50,200,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Evaluation trenching was undertaken at a site south of the Roman town at Wall, ahead of road construction. There was evidence for a ditched hilltop enclosure of late Iron Age to early Roman date, as well as a pond or watercourse which was reclaimed in the late 2nd/early 3rd century AD. The earliest features included postholes. Additional linear features were interpreted as field boundaries and a trackway. The character of the site is not well understood, but it is interpreted as a potential farmstead here."
31010,-100,400,150,340,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,1,4,Yes,No,Yes,Yes,No,Yes,plain or plateau,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"A site situated on high ground to the south of the village of Acton Trussell, in the grounds of the St James Church. Excavations have shown that the site of a Roman villa lies beneath the 13th century church and cemetery. The sequence of activity at the site is complex. Evidence for prehistoric activity has been recovered and there is potential evidence for continuity between the late Iron Age and Roman periods, with late prehistoric features including postholes and gullies thought to be representative of late Iron Age roundhouses. By the end of the 1st century at least 2 timber rectangular buildings were constructed within a ditched enclosure, and these were replaced in the 2nd century by another timber building on stone foundations. In the later 2nd century a semi-hexagonal wing was added. During the 3rd century the enclosure ditch was filled and the villa was extended and a bathhouse was added. In the mid-4th century the villa building was demolished and completely rebuilt in stone. Evidence for a trackway was also found."
31011,100,200,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plain or plateau,uncertain,No,No,No,"A badly plough-damaged cremation was found during topsoil stripping activities within lngestre Park, during construction of a 68km long Transco pipeline between Audley, Cheshire, and Alrewas, Staffs. Given the huge area covered by the pipeline, the dearth of Romano-British discoveries is notable, and only this cremation and a few scatters of pottery and pits were found. The cremation was found with a small amount of 2nd century pottery and charcoal, thought to be juvenile oak, and suggested to be part of the funeral pyre."
31012,100,300,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plain or plateau,uncertain,No,No,No,"Romano-British pits were found approx. 600m SW of Shallowford during construction of a 68km long Transco pipeline between Audley, Cheshire, and Alrewas, Staffs. Given the huge area covered by the pipeline, the dearth of Romano-British discoveries is notable, and only a cremation and a few scatters of pottery and pits were found along the entire route. The site at Shallowford included two pits with 3rd century or later pottery in one, and 1st-3rd century pottery in the other. The pits were interpreted as refuse pits for a nearby Romano-British settlement. Whilst the domestic site itself was not located, the likely close proximity of one has led to the characterisation of these features here as part of a farmstead. A further two possible pits were located approx. 800m to the north-west, and these may have been Romano-British, but were neither clearly identified nor dated."
31013,100,200,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,plain or plateau,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Following an earlier phase of evaluation by BUFAU, a site adjacent to Watling Street Roman road was investigated during road improvement to the north of Weeford by Oxford Archaeology. A watching brief identified a group of ditched rectangular enclosures and these were subject to excavation. The enclosures were mainly of Roman date, though some may have had origins in the late Iron Age. At least one enclosure interpreted as a field or paddock. A fairly large quantity of mid-late 2nd century pottery suggests activity during this period, and the site was interpreted as a fieldsystem associated with a farmstead which was likely to be nearby, and is perhaps represented by features recognised from cropmarks outside the area of excavation. There was no evidence for later Roman activity, beyond the late 2nd century AD. Approx. 400m to the SE a further ditch and some three-throw holes may also have formed part of the same enclosure system, as the ditch shared an alignment with those to the north west. These features produced a small assemblage of late 1st to 2nd century pottery."
31014,,,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plain or plateau,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Following an earlier phase of evaluation by BUFAU, a site adjacent to Watling Street Roman road, to the north of Weeford, was subject to excavation (strip, map and sample) by Oxford Archaeology, ahead of road improvement. The investigations recovered a series of scattered postholes, stakeholes, pits and ditches, but few datable artefacts. The ditches were aligned either parallel or perpendicular to Watling Street, and so most are likely to be of Roman or post-Roman date. The site was interpreted as part of a fieldsystem. Little dating evidence was available, and so the date fields for this record have been left blank."
31015,100,400,,,uncertain,complex,Yes,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Investigations took place at a Romano-British civilian settlement at Greensforge. Work comprised air photograph analysis, geophysical survey and evaluation trenching. The site occupies an east-facing spur of land on the western bank of the Smestow Brook, on the opposite side of the valley to an adjoining 1st century AD military complex, which included marching camps and forts. Features included ditched plot boundaries, enclosures, posthole structures and shallow trackways. The civilian features ranged from the 2nd to 4th centuries AD. It is unclear whether the earliest occupation at the site is contemporary with the latest military activity, or whether it post-dates the likely Flavian military abandonment, and a short interval is possible. The settlement may have had a period of (undated) rearrangement when one of the trackways was abandoned and replaced by ditches. Some suspected plot divisions may have formed small fields, market garden plots or paddocks."
31016,,,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"A site located approx. 1.5km south of the River Trent, south west of King's Bromley. Three small sub-rectangular enclosures were detected through aerial photography, and excavated ahead of gravel extraction, though little dating evidence was found other than a single sherd of mortarium of 2nd century date, and there was scant evidence for occupation. The site is hard to characterise, but in the absence of good occupation evidence it has been included as a possible fieldsystem here."
31017,100,300,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,plain or plateau,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"A site located approx. 1500m SE of the Roman settlement at Wall. Excavations in the 1930s revealed a double-ditched Romano-British farmstead, and air photographs taken later in the 20th century supplemented the record. The aerial photographs suggested the presence of a building and of further enclosing ditches, though whether they represent drainage ditches or another period of activity is unclear. Pottery recovered during  excavation suggests that the farm was in use throughout the second and third centuries. Crop-marks to the south suggest a fieldsystem and double ditches to the north with a widening western end suggest a droveway. Finds recovered during the excavation included crucibles and slabs of lead, suggesting lead working. Additional finds included flue-tiles, tesserae and window glass in the surrounding ditches, suggesting a degree of fairly high status. Site A on the associated plan."
31018,1,100,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,2,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plain or plateau,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"A site near Shenstone, recognised primarily through aerial photography, but where some limited excavation has been undertaken. The site is thought to represent a native farmstead with two polygonal enclosures, a ditched trackway, a pit alignment and other features. Within one of the enclosures a circular building is apparent, and a second is possible. Part of this site was destroyed by road construction, without excavation. Dating for the site is very limited, and is based only on the presence of a single abraded 1st century sherd from the pit alignment, as well as a Roman glass bottle recovered during fieldwalking. The date of the site must be regarded with the utmost caution therefore, although the report author suggests a date in the 1st century AD. Site D on the associated plan."
31019,100,250,120,,uncertain,complex,Yes,4,,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"A site at Fisherwick, on the west bank of the River Tame, on the end slope of a slight ridge of a gravel terrace of the Tame. Previously recognised through aerial photography, the site was excavated and shown to be of Romano-British date. Features included a droveway, roundhouses and a series of enclosures and field boundaries, which saw development over time. The droveway apparently led towards a ford at the river. The chronological development of the site is not well understood, and dating of the first phase is unclear, but the site initially appears to have had an initial D-shaped enclosure, a roundhouse, with a few ditches and pits which may have related to enclosures (even a suggestion that the very first phase is not Roman at all, and could just possibly be Neolithic). A fieldsystem and the droveway were then laid out in the early 2nd century. Additional D-shaped enclosures were subsequently added, and three further roundhouses were built. There is some pottery evidence to suggest activity into the 3rd century, though no alterations took place beyond c. AD 200. There is no clear reason for its abandonment, which was probably in the 3rd century.  Other features included a four-post structure, possibly for storage. Very little in the way of material culture."
31020,100,225,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plain or plateau,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"A site at Norton Canes investigated during construction of the M6 Toll, initially through watching brief and then full excavation. The investigations revealed a Romano-British fieldsystem consisting of a series of ditches and gullies that sub-divided the landscape into rectangular fields aligned with reference to Watling Street Roman road, which is immediately to the south. The ditches contained occasional scatters of 2nd century pottery. Other features included part of a possible enclosure, possibly originally defined by a dry-stone wall, and a small pit containing an assemblage of charred plant remains. The sparse dating evidence suggests occupation probably from the early 2nd century, possibly extending into the 3rd century."
31021,100,200,120,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,1,No,Yes,No,No,Yes,No,plain or plateau,uncertain,No,No,No,"A site at Hammerwich, investigated by watching brief during construction of the M6 Toll. Romano-British features included part of a rectilinear field/paddock system which was followed by a large aisled timber building and a stone-lined well. The building appears to have been deliberately demolished. It was not well dated but had a TPQ of early-mid-2nd century, after around AD 120, and it is unclear how long it was in use. It may only have had a very limited lifespan. Cereal grains and chaff from the building's postholes were seen as evidence for an agricultural storage function for the building, with some possible crop-processing. It was thought not to be domestic. An urned cremation burial was also found. Other Romano-British features included pits and post-holes. Pottery from the site generally is suggestive of an early-mid 2nd century date, and activity probably did not extend beyond the late 2nd century. Suggested in the report that the site may have formed part of a wider villa, though there is no excavated evidence for this."
31022,50,70,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,2,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"A site at Trent Vale, South of Stoke-on-Trent, on the slopes of a hill where a kiln and a potter's workshop were excavated after Roman finds were discovered. Earlier finds from higher up the hill itself seem military in character, and although not well understood, it seems likely that the top of the hill was a military site of some sort. The workshop was represented by post-holes and beam slots which indicated a timber built rectangular building with no evidence for a tiled roof. This building appeared to have been destroyed through fire. A further building was thought to be accommodation for the potters. The kiln was of up-draught type and was regarded as a typical 1st century AD kiln, with pottery suggestive of a Neronian date. The type of pottery was thought to represent a military influence, and the pottery site seems likely to be associated with the military activity at the top of the hill. Several pits and ditches associated with pottery manufacture also found, one pit containing a coin of Claudius. Kiln products were gritty orange, pink and buff platters, bowls and gravel-faced cooking pots."
31023,50,360,75,125,medium (4 - 8 ha),unclassified,Yes,5,2,Yes,No,Yes,Yes,No,Yes,plain or plateau,uncertain,No,No,No,"The site of a villa at Hales in west Staffordshire, subject to several excavations in the 20th century since the 1920s. The villa building has stone structural origins in the late 1st century. However, a timber rectangular building may have pre-dated the villa, and four circular buildings may have pre-dated this, though these buildings were not dated. A bath house was added in the early 2nd century and was altered in the late 2nd and again in the 3rd century. Two wells were found, and one had a final phase in the 4th century, and was abandoned at some point soon after AD 350. Pots used for drawing water were recovered from the well. Most other material from the well was structural stone and organic material, mostly wood. A stony floor, possibly associated with a circular building, may have been a workshop for metal-working, as several pieces of lead were recovered from the feature."
31024,50,300,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"A site in Tamworth, where aerial photographs had revealed a double-ditched enclosure, lying on gently sloping ground approx. 1.6km west of the town centre and 1.6km north of the River Tame. Trial trenching produced evidence for enclosure ditches cutting possible beam slots and a gully, indicating at least two phases of occupation. A mid-1st century brooch was found in a residual context, and a leather shoe was recovered from a waterlogged ditch. Pottery from the site was of 1st-3rd century in date."
31025,175,350,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plain or plateau,uncertain,No,No,No,"A site at Shenstone, on the route of the M6 toll, subject to fieldwalking, geophysical survey and trenched evaluation, before a large watching brief was undertaken. Cropmarks showed a series of linear features possibly associated with a large square enclosure of probable Iron Age or Romano-British date, situated to the south, which may represent a farmstead. The site was not far from the site of a Romano-British cemetery associated with the nucleated settlement at Wall. The features dating to the Roman period were interpreted as part of a fieldsystem. A sub-circular pit produced a large assemblage of Romano-British pottery."
31026,150,350,250,,uncertain,complex,Yes,1,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,plain or plateau,arable,Yes,No,No,"A site at Shenstone, approx. 2km south-east of Wall, on the route of the M6 Toll, identified through cropmark evidence and subject to excavation. The excavation revealed a Romano-British settlement comprising a series of enclosures bounded by a pair of parallel ditches. Evidence for RB activity consisted of four ditched enclosures, boundary ditches and part of a possible fieldsystem, and a number of discrete features including a well-preserved pottery kiln. Ceramic evidence indicates that occupation lasted from the mid-late 2nd century until the late 3rd century, with the possibility of some activity continuing into the 4th century. Two broad phases of activity are suggested, with a break around the middle 3rd century. This break coincides with a change in the ceramic assemblage and a major re-organisation of the site. Throughout the occupation of the settlement structural activity was confined to the area between a pair of parallel linear boundaries. Postholes may have been associated with structures or gates associated with controlling movement between fields. One of the enclosures contained a possible roundhouse with a suggested diameter of 14m (just possibly predating the enclosure). A waterhole was associated with the northern corner of the same enclosure, dating from the 2nd half of the 2nd century, and not finally filled in until the later stages of occupation at the site. Plant remains from the waterhole suggest crop-processing waste used as fuel and dumped with charcoal into the feature. A pottery kiln was located in an isolated position and comprised a firing chamber set within a circular pit, with a large stokehole. Archaeomagnetic dating of the kiln gave a final firing date of c. AD 125-175. The 3rd century major reorganisation of the site may have included the recutting of the southern linear boundary, and 2 of the enclosures may have fallen out of use at this time, whilst 2 other conjoined enclosures were constructed, possibly as direct replacements. Use of the area of the earlier enclosures did not stop completely however, and later features inside the earlier enclosures included postholes and pits. One of the later enclosures included postholes associated with a probable gateway, whilst the other contained no features. The site was interpreted as a modest rural settlement, although some finds, such as the ceramic lamp, figurine and a patera handle, are slightly at odds with such a settlement."
31027,175,400,,,medium (4 - 8 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,Yes,Yes,No,Yes,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"A site near Brewood, south Staffordshire, immediately east of the River Penk, where a sandstone corridor villa was excavated in 1937. The site lies approx. 500m south of the line of Watling Street. The villa building measured approx. 37m long and 22m wide, with reportedly little evidence for anything other than an isolated house, though much evidence may have been lost to quarrying before excavation took place. The villa was initially occupied from the late 2nd century, continuing throughout the fourth, and appears to have been altered twice during the course of its lifetime, though the modifications were relatively minor. No traces of pre-villa occupation were found. It was surrounded by a boundary ditch. Finds indicated tiled floor, painted wall plaster and a hypocaust. The original building was a winged corridor house with a bath wing at the rear. The main block contained four large rooms of unequal size, initially unheated, and two projecting wings. The bath wing was constructed at the same time as the initial villa construction. During the second phase (early 4th century) a corridor was built along the east side of the house, perhaps taking the place of an earlier one, and rooms were added to the south, whilst the only alteration in the main block was the addition of a hypocaust to one of the rooms. There was also a third phase of fairly minor alterations."
31028,100,180,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"A site at Bucknall, south-east of Stoke-on-Trent, where excavation followed the discovery of Roman coarse-ware pottery in the bank of a tributary of the River Trent. Most of the sherds were unstratified, though some were recovered from stratified deposits. Only a small area of apparent occupation was revealed, thought to have been a small settlement, though the character of the site is very poorly understood, and it is only tentatively defined as a farm here. Date suggested as c. AD 100 to c. AD 180."
31029,75,300,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,plain or plateau,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"A site excavated ahead of construction of the M6 Toll, situated approx. 0.5km to the SE of the 'small-town' at Wall (Letocetum), and is situated on the line of Ryknield Street Roman road. The line of Watling Street Roman road passes approx. 135m north of the site. The excavation revealed ditches marking the route of Ryknield Street, which ran north-south through the centre of the site, and a small multi-rite cemetery which lay to either side of the road, including four sub-rectangular mortuary enclosures to the east. A series of hearths/ovens were apparently contemporary with the early part of the cemetery and lay on the western boundary of the site. The cemetery as a whole contained predominantly early-middle cremation burials, with a smaller number of later inhumation graves and some later cremations. It is important to note that there is another cemetery, directly associated with Wall, to the west of the town. It is unclear which population this cemetery is likely to have served. It is possibly a second cemetery associated with the town, though it lies further from the early forts and the core of the town than the other cemetery, and sits along a road to the south of that passing through the town itself. It may therefore perhaps have served a rural community (or communities), and has therefore been included on this database. There is a general suggestion of a shift from cremation towards inhumation burial towards the latter part of the 2nd century AD."
31030,300,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plain or plateau,uncertain,No,No,No,"A site to the western edge of Stafford, subject to geophysical survey, metal detector survey and evaluation trenching. Pottery suggested a late Roman date for occupation, possibly only 4th century. Features included a spread of pits, ditches and gullies, with occasional post holes. The site was interpreted as a late Roman occupation site, though its character is not understood."
32001,-100,,,,uncertain,enclosed,No,1,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plain or plateau,uncertain,No,No,No,"A site located toward the western edge of the Dunsmore plateau, at the back of a spur that juts into the valley created by the confluence of the rivers Leam and Itchen. The site was subject to a small excavation after features were observed during trenching for pipeline construction. Two phases were recognised: the first included an Iron Age D-shaped probable palisaded enclosure and the second a probable Romano-British circular ditch (8m in diameter), possibly a circular building constructed using local mass-wall construction, or possibly also a very small enclosure. Despite having different phases, the two enclosures may have co-existed at some point. Both features produced very limited finds and cannot unequivocally be seen as domestic. The report author raises the possibility that the enclosures are of a ritual, ceremonial or mortuary, nature, although there is little in the way of material evidence to support this interpretation. As the report author points out, there is little morphological distinction between mortuary and domestic enclosures in the locality, and in the absence of good data it would be unwise to view the site as mortuary. In the absence of good evidence either way, the site has been characterised tentatively as a late Iron Age/early Roman farmstead here. Very limited dating evidence available so an end date has not been included."
32002,-50,400,100,375,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,1,,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"A site situated on the east bank of the River Itchen between Long Itchington, Marton and Hunningham. The site was subject to excavation after features were observed during trenching for pipeline construction. Features included a sequence of overlapping small Iron Age enclosures and pits, as well as a possible structure, possibly a roundhouse, not contemporary, but all tentatively dated to the 1st century BC and interpreted as a domestic settlement. After a likely hiatus, the site then saw construction of a sub-square enclosure with possible structural features, cutting across the earlier enclosures and dating from the late 1st to early 2nd centuries AD. The function of this enclosure is unclear, although it was clearly only part of a wider complex of activity in the area. During the late 3rd-4th century the area of the earlier enclosures is likely to have been part of a fieldsystem associated with a nearby villa, with possible paddocks represented. Principal late Roman, 3rd-4th century features included two corndriers which possibly functioned at the same time, though which may have been successive. During the mid-to-late-4th century part of the site was apparently levelled and post-pads suggest that a building or structure was established in the very late or possibly early post-Roman period, again, possibly associated with a villa estate. A single pit and a few sherds of Anglo Saxon pottery are seen as evidence for occasional saxon activity in the area, although there is little firm evidence."
32003,75,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,hill,pastoral,No,No,No,"A site between Easenhall and Harborough Magna, occupying a level shelf midway down a south facing, shallow sloping hillside in an undulating landscape. The site was located during a watching brief and subsequently excavated. The excavation revealed evidence for a Romano-British axial fieldsystem with features from several phases including boundary gullies dating from the late 1st to mid 2nd century, the mid-2nd century, the mid-late 3rd century and 4th century. The features were interpreted as fields or paddocks and the quantity of pottery and other domestic debris was seen as evidence for a settlement focus located near to the excavated features."
32004,125,400,300,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,plain or plateau,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"A site subject to a watching brief during construction of a pipeline was located approximately 650m west of the walled small town at Chesterton, on the Fosse Way, occupying a broad, flat low-lying plain. Only a small, narrow strip of the site was subject to excavation, and most features were recorded during the watching brief.  The site is therefore poorly understood. Features included at least three rectilinear enclosures ranging in date from the early to mid-2nd century and the 4th century, with evidence for recutting and additions throughout the Roman period, as well as the internal sub-division of one of the enclosures. A likely trackway was also recognised. The limited extent of the excavation has not allowed the function of the enclosures to be identified with certainty, though the enclosures seemed to extend to the west, as opposed to towards the town to the east. It is unclear whether the enclosures represent an independent farmstead or part of an extramural settlement associated with the town, although given the distance from the town the former is suggested for the purposes of this record. Artefact evidence suggests an early 2nd century origin for the site, and low-level activity may have continued until the late 3rd-4th century, at which point activity appears to have become more extensive. Relatively large quantities of pottery and tile suggest that the enclosures were likely to have been near a focus for domestic activity, though no buildings or other structures were identified, other than a short length of wall associated with the later stages of occupation. One division of the principal enclosure was interpreted as a possible animal pen."
32005,-100,125,100,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,1,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,plain or plateau,pastoral,No,No,No,"Excavation ahead of clay extraction produced evidence for late Iron Age and Romano-British activity in an area of cropmark enclosures. The site is located on flat land. Features included a mid-to-late Iron Age enclosure ditch and associated gullies, which was succeeded by a phase of land clearance and construction of a subsequent enclosure in the late Iron Age, which was then extended and remodelled, followed by a change in land use with the construction of a pit group in the 1st to  early 2nd centuries AD. A late Iron Age ring ditch was of uncertain function, but was considered too small to be a roundhouse. The lack of cereal evidence was suggested as evidence for a predominantly pastoral economy. The site was interpreted as being on the periphery of a settlement focus beyond the area of excavation."
32006,50,350,120,175,uncertain,enclosed,Yes,6,2,Yes,No,Yes,No,No,Yes,river valley,uncertain,No,Yes,No,"The site of a Romano-Celtic temple at Coleshill, excavated in advance of development. The site lies in a river valley close to the confluence of the rivers Cole and Blythe with the River Thame. The site is also on a direct line between the early Roman military sites at Mancetter and Metchley, and is equidistant between the two (though there is no known Roman road associated).  The area later occupied by the temple temenos was the site of five round houses (only some contemporaneous, indicating several phases of construction), occupied in the 1st and early 2nd centuries, and abandoned by c. AD 120 to make way for the temple. Artefacts from this phase are suggestive of domestic settlement, and a smithing hearth indicates metal working during this phase. A boundary ditch suggests that the site was at least partially enclosed during this early domestic phase. By the end of the first phase a likely shrine was in existence, possibly contemporary with the latest of the roundhouses, though possibly later, perhaps enclosed by a timber palisade (perhaps an early form of temenos). A large pit was probably ritual. From c. AD 120 a cobbled area sealed many earlier features, and the first recognisable Romano-Celtic temple was constructed, comprising a rectangular timber cella and post pits representing an ambulatory. The principal feature within the cella was a pit, considered ritual in nature, but devoid of finds.  From the later 2nd to early 4th century the timber temple was replaced by a stone cella (after around AD 160), and a semi-circular structure (interpreted as a shrine) was constructed, as well as a square building (possibly another shrine), and the complex was enclosed by a stone wall. Alterations were also made to the stone temple, and it was effectively replaced at some point during this period, perhaps in the 3rd century.  The chronological sequence of the developments in this period is not well understood.  Outside the temple's temenos a bathhouse was also constructed, perhaps constructed at the same time as the first stone temple.  Within the temenos, preceding the square shrine and contemporary with the first stone temple, ovens were discovered, likely to be associated with the ritual preparation of food.  South of the main ritual area there was an area with a continued domestic focus, and a well and buildings with stone foundations were found, as well as further evidence for smithing. A four-post structure was also associated with the late phase of the site, and may have been associated with agricultural activity. This domestic area was further investigated during later evaluation trenching, and was found to continue further south and east than previously suspected.  The temple is likely to have stood until at least c. AD 350 (possibly longer), and there is no evidence for an abrupt end, but rather a gradual decline."
32007,1,400,100,350,large (9+ ha),complex,Yes,2,6,Yes,Yes,No,No,Yes,Yes,river valley,mixed,Yes,No,No,"The site of a roadside settlement at Tiddington, east of Stratford on the south bank of the River Avon. The site has been included as an unwalled roadside settlement in the database, although a large 4th century ditch is likely to have been defensive, though there is no evidence for a wall, and Burnham and Wacher (1990) record it as an 'undefended settlement'. Many excavations at Tiddington have taken place since the early 20th century, and this record is a general overview of the settlement based primarily on Burnham and Wacher's descriptions of the early unpublished excavations, the early monograph of 1931, and a major excavation in 1980-1. More recent interventions at the town for which detailed data are available are recorded individually as separate entries on this database. The earliest (unpublished) excavations revealed a large cemetery, a smaller burial area and an apparent industrial area including pottery kilns. Not all of these were published, and so limited data are available. Large scale excavations took place at the town during the 1980s and development-led work has continued since. The character of the site is defined as an extensive settlement with a mixed agricultural and light industrial base typical of many sites in the grey area between small towns and villages (Burnham and Wacher 1990). The site apparently developed alongside a trackway running north-east to south-west along the south bank of the River Avon, close to an early fort. Mid-Iron Age occupation probably took the form of scattered farmsteads, followed much later by 1st century AD roundhouses with associated rubbish pits and drainage/boundary gullies (quantity of roundhouses uncertain, but 2 placed in box to indicate multiple examples). Pottery and coinage suggests an early to mid or late 1st century AD date for this activity. The site saw major expansion in the late 1st and early 2nd centuries and several internal streets and lanes run irregularly to the north and south of a presumed trackway along the river. Alongside the streets there were several ditched enclosures containing domestic and agricultural buildings, rubbish pits, corndriers and wells. The extent of the settlement is thought to be up to c. 22ha. From the 3rd century onwards there were differences in parts of the occupied area, indicating different rates of development in parts of the settlement. In the mid-to-late 4th century a large defensive ditch was dug. Excavated buildings from the site include timber and thatched buildings, and stone built structures are rare but present. At least six individual rectangular buildings are described in the 1981 report, including one badly robbed aisled building. Paddocks are also known from the site. It is unclear whether the settlement continued into the 5th century, but by the 6th century it is thought that the focus of activity had probably moved downstream to Bridgetown and subsequently Stratford itself. Outside the settlement parts of a fieldsystem were excavated, including small paddocks aligned on the back of the settlement and on the roadway. These contained a number of wells, thought to be for watering the animals. The corndriers and the paddocks are suggestive of a mixed economy for the settlement."
32008,1,125,,,large (9+ ha),complex,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,Yes,"Development-led excavation and a subsequent watching brief took place in part of the roadside settlement of Tiddington. See database record 32007 for a broad overview of the settlement. Features included 1st-early 2nd century gullies representing up to three enclosures and a ditch, all in the north-eastern part of the settlement, peripheral to the main settlement focus. The site witnessed no further activity until the early Saxon period, when an enclosure/boundary ditch was cut. No firm structural evidence was located."
32009,50,300,,,uncertain,complex,Yes,,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"A site on the western edge of Shipston-on-Stour, occupying a slightly south facing slope. Evaluation trenching produced evidence for an extensive early Roman occupation layer with a number of Roman ditches, gullies and pits which appear to represent the remains of a relatively low status Roman agricultural settlement occupying a large part of the site. The evaluation trenching corresponded with the results of an earlier geophysical survey, which are suggestive of a complex of enclosures incorporating a trackway. Dating evidence from the evaluation trenches are perhaps suggestive of two phases of Roman activity across the site, with an earlier phase possibly associated with rectilinear enclosures at the south of the site and the later Roman period possibly with the curvilinear enclosures to the north. Quantities of ceramic building material, fired clay, animal bone, ironworking slag and human remains discarded in a ditch attest to domestic settlement. Little evidence from pottery for a pre-Roman origin, and pottery dates from the 1st century AD to the 4th century, but with only very limited activity after AD 300. Based on the geophysical survey plan this site has been characterised as a linear/developed farmstead for the purposes of this database."
32010,100,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"One of a number of sites at Salford Priors, on the west side of the River Arrow, excavated in advance of gravel extraction. Excavations targeted a cropmark complex, and at the northern end of the quarry, 'Area 9', a large sub-square enclosure with an internal roundhouse proved through c14 dating to be largely of mid-Iron Age date. However, during the Roman period, between the 2nd and 4th centuries, a rectangular enclosure was constructed as an annexe on the eastern side of the main enclosure, enclosing an area of approx. 1500sqm. The annexe appears to have been constructed before the ditches of the main enclosure silted up and the upper layers of the fill of the main enclosure also contained mid-to-late Roman pottery, indicating some continuity of use. A Roman cremation deposit was placed in one of the enclosure annexe gullies. No clear evidence for Romano-British domestic occupation was found, and the site has been characterised as a fieldsystem for the purposes of this database."
32011,-100,400,1,100,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"One of a number of sites at Salford Priors, on the west side of the River Arrow, excavated in advance of gravel extraction (Areas 2 and 4 in the grey literature report) as well as road construction (area C5 in the 1999 published report). Excavations targeted a cropmark complex, and in Area 2 of the quarry a small group of features were found, as well as parts of what was a large fieldsystem covering much of the quarried area. Features may have related to up to three structures, although it is unclear whether they were domestic or agricultural. Postholes and pits were also discovered, and these may have represented renewed activity in the 1st century AD, in an area previously occupied in the mid Iron Age, and the structures are seen as replacements for earlier structures in the same place, perhaps suggesting some continuity.  Between the 2nd and 4th centuries the area appears to have gone out of use as a domestic site and become part of a fieldsystem, and a trackway cut across part of the fieldsystem during the later Roman period, possibly linking with the villa known to the south.  In area C5, in the excavations ahead of road construction, an area immediately east of the quarried areas was investigated, and is certainly part of the same site.  Pottery dated to the mid-late 1st century AD and features included a large enclosure ditch, pits and linear gullies. The site has been characterised as a farmstead for the purposes of this database, although the nature of the activity at the site is not clear."
32012,50,400,200,325,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,1,4,No,Yes,Yes,No,Yes,Yes,river valley,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"One of a number of sites at Salford Priors, on the west side of the River Arrow, excavated in advance of road construction. Evidence for mid/late 1st century activity included a high concentration of pottery, heat-cracked stones and charcoal, thought to be representative of domestic settlement.  During the early 2nd century a small rectangular enclosure was constructed, a trackway ran north/south across the area, and a series of enclosures were aligned along the trackway (thought possibly to be for stock). During the mid to late 2nd century to early 3rd century the trackway fell out of use, the focus for activity moved south, and a new fieldsystem was established along the same alignment as the previous enclosures. South of the fieldsystem a circular building was constructed as well as a double-rectangular enclosure (partially overlaying the circular building, so later than it). At this time a T-shaped corndrier was placed approx. 150m to the north of the double-enclosure (possibly within a building, though this is unclear). Two four-post structures (possibly for grain storage) were placed outside and at either end of the double-enclosure. In the early 3rd century a large rectangular three bay, post-built structure was built over the southern end of the double-enclosure, over the area of the roundhouse. At around the same time, approx. 50m to the south, a masonry building (possibly aisled) with wall plaster and a bath suite was constructed.  During the late 3rd-4th century a stone founded rectangular building (interpreted as a cottage-type-house) was placed over the earlier corndrier, and a rectangular post-built building (possibly aisled) was constructed just to the south, whilst a series of rectangular enclosures were created. The bathhouse was demolished in the early 4th century and a fieldsystem was established in its place, whilst pottery from the area of the cottage-house suggests that the buildings lasted to the mid/late 4th century, although coins attest to some activity to the end of the century. There is a suggestion in the report that the cottage-type building may have had a small shrine, based on the distribution of the coins and it is suggested that the coins were votive, and a link between this and fragments of a human skull found in a nearby ditch is speculated.  The buildings from the site are interpreted as lesser dispersed buildings associated with a villa estate, with the suggestion that the main villa building lay outside the excavated areas (possibly represented by a cropmark to the west). The finds assemblage is notable for containing several objects with likely military associations, as well as zoomorphic and a skeuomorphic brooch. The presence of lazy bed gardens are suggested."
32013,50,400,100,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,3,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"One of a number of sites at Salford Priors, on the west side of the River Arrow, excavated in advance of road construction. The earliest evidence dated from the mid-late 1st century AD and included clusters of gullies and post holes, some of which were structures (probably dwellings), and possibly part of a fence line, and there was other evidence for domestic activity. Other features may have represented truncated buildings. During the early 2nd century the settlement was abandoned and the land was cultivated, and a fieldsystem and trackway were subsequently constructed, the trackway cutting through the previous farmstead. The area is likely to have formed part of a villa estate associated with the other aspects of this settlement, which form individual records on this database. During the late 3rd-4th century AD quarry hollows were dug through the earlier boundary gullies."
32014,,,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plain or plateau,uncertain,No,No,No,"A site south of Stretton-on-Fosse, approximately 600m west of the Fosse Way Roman road. The site was excavated in 1949 by the then curator of Warwick County Museum during gravel extraction. Skeletal material from the excavations were discovered in the museum archive and have been subject to recent analysis. Between 11 and 21 burials have been reported from the area, although skeletal remains exist for only three individuals, and there is reliable information for only five or six graves.   However, the site is clearly part of a Romano-British inhumation cemetery. There is no close dating evidence, although a bone from one of the graves gave a radiocarbon date which produced a range of AD 120-550 at 68% degree of confidence, 100 BC to AD  670 at 95% degree of confidence, meaning that there is a 62% chance that the burial occurred between AD 43 and 410. It is notable that a further Romano-British cemetery and isolated burials (database record 32015) were found 400m to the NW, which were, in turn, only 60m east of an Anglo-Saxon burial ground."
32015,,,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plain or plateau,uncertain,No,No,Yes,"Two closely spaced sites south of Stretton-on-Fosse, approximately 1km west of the Fosse Way Roman road. One site comprised two isolated Romano-British burials, whilst the other comprised 14 RB burials dating from the 3rd to 4th century AD. Changes in grave orientation from north-south to east-west clearly pointed to two phases of burial, but changes in burial rite, such as burial with vessel, burial with boots and burial in coffins, suggested additional phases. It was noted that the stature of the male burials was markedly less than the stature of the male burials in an adjacent Anglo-Saxon cemetery, whilst the female physique was similar (diminutive) in both cemeteries. Radiocarbon dating suggests that the cemetery was contemporary with another cemetery located approx. 400m to the SE (database record 32014), and overlapped with the earlier phases of the Anglo-Saxon burial site. The evidence is interpreted as arrival of an intrusive Anglo-Saxon element into an established Romano-British community, which was probably no more than a single family group."
32016,100,200,,,uncertain,complex,Yes,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,plain or plateau,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Part of a roadside settlement at Princethorpe was excavated in advance of the replacement of a water main, along the line of the Fosse Way. The small excavation revealed part of the Roman Road including an agger and ditch, and part of a settlement was also found, including postholes and a hearth. The excavation was not large enough to provide much detail on the character of settlement, but it was thought likely to include a small number of timber buildings encroaching onto the road, with an emphasis on the street frontage. It was thought that the road had been in existence for some time prior to the establishment of the settlement. Pottery evidence suggested activity during the 2nd century AD."
32017,,,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plain or plateau,uncertain,No,No,No,"Excavations at Oversley at a medieval motte and bailey produced some limited evidence for Romano-British activity in the form of gullies, a small pottery assemblage, a brooch and some tile. Interpreted as part of a rectilinear fieldsystem, possibly aligned along Ryknield Street."
32018,75,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,plain or plateau,uncertain,No,No,No,"A site at Welford-on-Avon, subject to limited excavation after a group of metal detector users discovered a lead coffin. The site of the coffin is within an area of cropmarks, undated, but a possible trackway is represented. Hundreds of coins and Roman pottery and tile were also reportedly found near the area of the coffin, whilst concentrations of limestone are thought likely to indicate the positions of Roman stone buildings, and the tile recovered included hypocaust tile, suggesting heated rooms in the vicinity. The burial therefore seems likely to be associated with a Romano-British settlement. The report suggests that the settlement may have been a villa, although this must be regarded as tentative in the absence of excavated evidence. The burial appears to have been within the ditches (or perhaps to the side) of a trackway, which seems likely to be Roman, although the cropmarks are undated. The coins are indicative of activity at the site from at least the late first century AD until the 4th century AD, whilst the Iron Age coin and occasional sherds of Iron Age pottery suggest potential earlier activity."
32019,25,400,200,,large (9+ ha),complex,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,Yes,"Development-led excavation and a subsequent watching brief took place ahead of house construction in part of the roadside settlement of Tiddington. See database record 32007 for a broad overview of the settlement. At least two early-mid 1st century AD pits containing large storage jars (complete and buried, but thought to be for storage and not structured deposits), a 1st century boundary sequence and a group of late Roman burials were found. The boundary was replaced by a larger ditch in the early Anglo-Saxon period, which probably defined an enclosure constructed outside the defended part of the Roman settlement. The evidence, as from other investigations in this part of the town, suggested intensive activity in the 1st and 2nd centuries AD, followed by shrinkage from the late 2nd to mid-3rd century, and then later Roman period and use of the area for burials (approx. late 3rd to 4th century)."
32020,50,100,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Excavation took place during laying of an electricity supply cable to a caravan park on the banks of the River Avon, at a site in the immediate vicinity of the roadside settlement at Tiddington (including part of the scheduled ancient monument Warks no 184). See database record 32007 for a broad overview of that settlement. Romano-British features dated from the early to mid-1st century to the 2nd century AD, and were thought to represent an agricultural farmstead, represented by gullies, pits and a hearth. Occupation may have begun in the 1st century AD, although it is unclear whether this was before or after the Roman conquest. The area was largely abandoned after the 2nd century, when there may have been a shift in settlement or contraction. It is somewhat unclear whether this should be seen as part of the Roman nucleated site, but as the area seems to have been abandoned in the 2nd century it may only have ever been peripheral once the nucleated settlement was established."
32021,50,400,,,large (9+ ha),complex,Yes,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Evaluation ahead of house construction in part of the roadside settlement of Tiddington. See database record 32007 for a broad overview of the settlement. Features included four pits, a possible posthole and a probable boundary ditch, possibly part of an enclosure. A gravel dump may have represented hardstanding or consolidation of the ground surface. Pieces of stone may have been part of a masonry structure, although no discernible structure survived. Pottery suggest fairly intensive activity at the site in the later 1st-2nd centuries, with evidence for some activity into the late Roman period."
32022,-100,200,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,No,No,No,"A site in the centre of Stockton in east Warwickshire, evaluated ahead of development and subject to salvage recording during construction. A sequence of gullies and ditches was thought probably to represent boundary plots associated with a farmstead, though the location of the settlement was not identified."
32023,,,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"An archaeological strip, map and sample was undertaken by Cotswold Archaeology at a site approx. 300m SW of the Roman unwalled roadside settlement at Tiddington. It followed an earlier evaluation at an adjacent site. The investigations identified a low density of archaeological features including gullies, ditches, and two postholes. A possibly quarry pit for sand and gravel was also found. The site was thought to be outside the area of settlement in the small town, possibly representing agricultural land. One context was 2nd century AD, although little refined dating evidence was available."
32024,,,,,large (9+ ha),complex,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,Yes,"A watching brief was undertaken ahead of development immediately adjacent to the suspected limit of the roadside settlement of Tiddington at number 77 Tiddington Road, whilst an evaluation was undertaken at the adjacent property, number 79. See database record 32007 for a broad overview of the Roman settlement. The watching brief  at number 77 revealed a single burial, believed to be of Romano-British date, and probably part of the cemetery originally excavated in the 1920s. Residual Anglo-Saxon pottery added further support to the existing evidence for early Saxon activity at the site. The evaluation at number 79 produced further burials, whilst a series of linear boundary features were thought to be of Roman and early Anglo-Saxon date, suggesting some occupation outside the area of the cemetery. The burials were not fully excavated and were therefore not closely dated. Some contained hobnails. At least 18 graves were represented."
32025,100,650,300,,medium (4 - 8 ha),complex,Yes,,1,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,No,river valley,mixed,No,Yes,Yes,"Excavation took place at Wasperton, on the east bank of the River Avon, where an area of cropmarks was targeted for investigation ahead of aggregate extraction. The site includes a Romano-British settlement as well as earlier, prehistoric settlement ? (LBA to EIA) ? which possibly continued without a break in the general area to the Saxon period. The site also yielded an important cemetery of 241 individuals dating from the 4th-7th century AD. The Romano-British settlement seems to have been made up of several rectilinear enclosures, whilst parts of a fieldsystem were also excavated, and ditches produced Roman pottery. The chronological development of the Romano-British farmstead is not completely clear, but the settlement is thought to have begun in the 2nd century and, and is thought initially to have been pastoral. Features from the settlement included many ditches and 10 domestic ovens. In the 4th century two T-shaped corndriers were situated within a series of oval and sub-rectangular enclosures, in an area apparently set aside for crop processing, indicating a shift towards the intensive processing of grain, likely to be linked with the large numbers of ovens, thought to be for baking. A timber rectangular building may have been associated, possibly as a granary. Very little other structural evidence was found, other than postholes. An isolated corndrier was also found to the north of the main settlement area (incorporating a reused altar base). Three wells were found (a small number of small finds and a large quantity of animal bone recovered from one of the wells). A possible ritual area was identified in the RB settlement, where two sets of deer antlers with parts of the skull still attached were set to form a square, with an area of burning below them, and underlying this a square slab of sandstone with the inscription FELICITER ('by chance' or 'luckily'). Enclosures interpreted as stock enclosures were also present. The cemetery was initiated in the 4th century within one of the disused agricultural/stock enclosures, lying immediately east of the corndrier enclosure. It was apparently initially in existence at the same time as the corndriers. Inhumations, cremations and decapitation burials were present, whilst grave goods included neck rings, bracelets and hobnailed boots. The inhumations were orientated W-E and N-S, and were interpreted as family plots. The site was interpreted as the cemetery of a quasi-industrial work-force of mixed origins and beliefs in the late Roman period. In the 5th century, until about AD 480, the cemetery continued in use, dominated by post-Roman Britons practising W-E burial without grave goods. An important family buried its dead in a large plot in the SE corner of the enclosure and continued to follow mortuary traditions there into the 6th century. Anglo-Saxon cremations join the cemetery in the later 4th or early 5th century, whilst the main group of Anglo-Saxon cremations arrived from around AD 480. These were followed by further Anglo-Saxon burials which were subsequently inhumations. Two SFBs recorded, one associated with the Anglo-Saxon part of the cemetery. A further two Romano-British burials were recorded from outside the cemetery area, in the area of the Romano-British 'baking area'. No Anglo-Saxon settlement was found."
32026,-50,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Evaluation, excavation and salvage recording took place during building development at a site north of Wasperton, in the parish of Hampton Lucy, to the west of the River Avon, in a meander of the river. Only very limited evidence for late Iron Age and Romano-British activity was found (with better evidence for Bronze Age and early Iron Age activity), though the report suggests that the pits and gullies are likely to represent settlement features of some sort, spanning either side of the Roman conquest, though perhaps did not see intensive occupation. It has been characterised here as a likely farmstead, though this attribution must be considered tentative."
32027,,,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Evaluation trenching was followed by excavation at a former car factory site situated on river-terrace gravels in Ryon-on-Dunsmore. Evidence for Romano-British activity was limited to parts of two, successive, enclosures, the latter of which was likely to be of Roman date, though both may have originated in the late Iron Age. The enclosures were thought possibly to be parts of small farmsteads, though low levels of finds suggested that the excavated ditches were not immediately adjacent to the occupation area, and the activity may have been peripheral to any settlement. Other features included an undated pit and hearth. Very little dating evidence was available, so the date fields have been left blank for this record."
32028,100,300,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Evaluation trenching was undertaken ahead of construction of a riding academy at Wolston, in the Avon Valley. Limited evidence was available on the character of the settlement, but pottery suggested occupation during the 2nd and 3rd centuries AD. The site was interpreted in the report as a small farmstead. Features included linear ditches, gullies and pits. The frequency of pottery was suggested to be evidence for a focus of settlement nearby."
32029,50,400,,,uncertain,complex,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Evaluations took place at properties in Bidford in the Avon Valley, adjacent to the route of Icknield Street Roman road. Evidence for settlement suggested an extensive site with features including 4th century timber buildings which probably overlaid earlier occupation of 1st and 2nd century date. The site is possibly a nucleated roadside settlement. It is notable that the Portable Antiquities Scheme have recorded a large number of metal detector finds from the area, suggesting intensive activity at the site (Brindle 2014 'The Portable Antiquities Scheme and Roman Britain')."
32030,50,100,,,large (9+ ha),complex,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,Yes,"Excavation took place in part of the Romano-British roadside settlement of Tiddington, 400m south of the River Avon, undertaken by Warwickshire Museum Field Services, whilst an evaluation took place approx. 100m south of this by Oxford Archaeology. See database record 32007 for a broad overview of the Roman settlement. Features included pits and gullies containing domestic waste of mid/late 1st century AD. Fired clay may have been from a domestic oven. The Oxford Archaeology evaluation, approx. 100m to the south, produced evidence for four field boundary ditches and a very small group of RB pottery. An earlier excavation, adjacent to number 117, produced several features including pits, a hearth, a ditched enclosure sequence dating to the 1st and early 2nd century and two probably 4th century inhumations. An Anglo-Saxon enclosure was also recorded."
32031,,,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plain or plateau,uncertain,No,No,No,"Evaluation trenching took place at Long Lawford, and evidence for Romano-British activity included two ditches forming a right angle, likely to be either part of an enclosure or a fieldsystem. The enclosure may have been close to a domestic settlement, although quantities of finds were quite small. No refined dating information available."
32032,-100,,60,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Wappenbury Camp, in the Leam Valley, where Booth re-evaluated a group of 'Belgic' pottery from a small section of the eastern side of the large low-lying hillfort. Based on a small group of pottery recovered from stratified layers beneath the rampart, which Booth suggests are of very late Iron Age to early Roman date, with some additional late 1st century AD pottery, Booth suggests that the date of part of the ramparts may in fact be early Roman (or later) rather than Iron Age (with a terminus post quem of around AD 60), perhaps representing a strengthening of the earlier, mid-Iron Age defences (though the earlier 1960 report suggests that the defences are in fact of late Iron Age date)."
32033,100,350,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),,Yes,,3,Yes,No,No,No,Yes,Yes,plain or plateau,mixed,Yes,No,Yes,"Fieldwalking, geophysical survey, evaluation and excavation took place at Billesley, 3km north of the River Avon, and adjacent to the Roman road between Alcester and Stratford-on-Avon (Tiddington). Part of the road was excavated, and two main phases of activity at the settlement were recognised: a 2nd century phase comprised some stone walls and a number of pits, whilst in the late 3rd-mid 4th century two substantial stone buildings were erected. One contained a corndrier, abandoned during the life of the building, and possibly replaced by another T-shaped corndrier built outside the building, in a small enclosure. A number of other partial structures were recorded, one of which may just possibly have been an aisled building (late 3rd-4th century). Occupation apparently ended by the late 4th century, and there was no certain activity beyond the mid-4th century. An Anglo-Saxon inhumation was recovered from one of the defunct corndriers and was dated as mid 6th century based on grave goods. It is suggested by Jeremy Evans in the pottery report that the level of finewares may be suggestive of a rural nucleated site, perhaps a village, and it is characterised as a nucleated roadside settlement here."
32034,100,400,,,large (9+ ha),complex,Yes,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Archaeological excavation and a subsequent watching brief took place in part of the roadside settlement of Tiddington. See database record 32007 for a broad overview of the settlement. The investigation revealed a group of Romano-British pits that had been backfilled with domestic rubbish including animal bone and pottery of mid-late 2nd century date. The pits, which may have included a large sump or well probably relate to a further group of rubbish filled pits examined nearby in a 1991 watching brief. It is clear that this area of the village was used for rubbish disposal in the mid part of the 2nd century but the report author suggests that there is no clear evidence for use in the later part of the Romano-British period. However, the 1991 Watching Brief did produce some evidence for activity from the 2nd-3rd/4th century. Postholes thought to relate to a timber building were also found during the watching brief, as well as pits thought to be for domestic rubbish."
32035,120,350,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plain or plateau,uncertain,No,No,No,"A watching brief during pipeline construction revealed a previously unknown Romano-British settlement, which was partially investigated. Possible occupation deposits were discovered including ditches and possible rubbish pits were found, and painted plaster was recovered from the topsoil. Pottery suggested activity from the 2nd (Hadrianic) to 4th centuries AD, though with no evidence to suggest that the site went into the late 4th century (although this may merely reflect a lack of late 4th century pottery rather than definite abandonment). There is a strong emphasis on the later 2nd century. The pottery assemblage was regarded as suggestive of more than a basic rural site. The site has been characterised as an unclassified farm for the purposes of this database."
32036,1,200,,,large (9+ ha),complex,Yes,,1,No,No,No,No,No,Yes,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Archaeological evaluation took place in part of the roadside settlement of Tiddington. See database record 32007 for a broad overview of the settlement. Seven evaluation trenches produced evidence for a late Iron Age to early Roman co-axial fieldsystem and a small masonry founded building of uncertain function, not fully investigated, but which possibly went out of use during the 2nd century. A second phase of activity in the 2nd century was poorly understood and there was far less evidence for activity at the site during this phase, and the function of features was not clear. The lack of later Roman material from the site suggests that activity moved to the east of the site during this period. Environmental evidence indicated domestic activity, iron smithing and possibly some crop preparation or processing was being undertaken on the site."
32037,200,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,plain or plateau,uncertain,No,No,No,"A Romano-British occupation site in Shrewley, central Warwickshire. Small-scale excavation during construction work on a house in 1977 was followed in 2001 by a watching brief on an adjacent property. The earliest work recovered a cobbled surface, repaired on a number of occasions and cut by pits. Postholes formed part of a building, and finds included roof and floor tile, metalworking slag, iron nails, daub and pottery. The site was interpreted as part of a substantial settlement, possibly a villa (though there is insufficient evidence for this classification). The later watching brief produced additional evidence for a probable pebble yard surface and a possible internal floor."
32038,-100,200,50,,small (<1 - 3 ha),complex,Yes,2,1,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,No,plain or plateau,mixed,No,No,No,"Excavation took place over 3ha of the site of the deserted medieval village of Coton at Coton Park, Rugby, where evidence was also revealed for Bronze Age, Iron Age and Romano-British activity. The site lies upon a broadly flat plateau or ridge situated between the River Swift, 2km to the west, and the River Avon approximately 4km to the south. The Iron Age activity was not closely dated  (only mid-late Iron Age), but included a roundhouse set within a small sub-square enclosure, with a smaller enclosure to the south-west. It was interpreted as a single farmstead. The Romano-British activity was more intensive, and dated to the 1st and 2nd centuries AD. The initial Romano-British phase was represented by boundaries thought to be associated with fields or paddocks. The following phase comprised a sequence of small rectangular and square enclosures, some of which contained traces of timber buildings (one rectangular, one circular - possible shrine, see below), and the site was again interpreted as a small farmstead during this period. Suggested evidence for a mixed agricultural economy. An enclosure containing the circular structure with concentric inner and outer ditches was thought to be a possible Romano-Celtic shrine, though there is no evidence for votive deposits in the shrine or the surrounding enclosure ditch. It is unclear whether occupation was continuous between the Iron Age and Romano-British settlements, although this is regarded as a possibility in the report."
32039,,,,,large (9+ ha),complex,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"A watching brief took place in part of the roadside settlement of Tiddington. See database record 32007 for a broad overview of the settlement. Two pits were recorded, one clay lined and thought to be for water storage. RB pottery, glass and a fragment of a human arm bone came from the topsoil."
32040,100,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,1,No,No,No,No,No,Yes,plain or plateau,uncertain,No,No,No,"A site revealed during a watching brief for a pipeline consisted of a Romano-British limestone wall, two ditches (not following the same alignment), and a scatter of pottery dating from the 2nd-4th centuries AD. The wall was interpreted as part of a probable house, although the limited extent of the investigation makes it very difficult to characterise the site further."
32041,50,400,,,large (9+ ha),complex,Yes,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Evaluation trenching and a subsequent watching brief took place in part of the roadside settlement of Tiddington. See database record 32007 for a broad overview of the settlement. The evaluation trenching produced evidence for ditches, layers, a structural slot, pits and a large hollow, possibly a gravel pit. Most of the ditches were aligned so as to suggest property boundaries running back from the Roman road. Dating evidence was 1st-4th century, with an emphasis on the 1st and 2nd centuries. A single child's grave was also found. The watching brief revealed further ditches and a pit."
32042,100,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,1,No,No,No,No,No,Yes,plain or plateau,uncertain,No,No,No,"A watching brief took place at Exhall at a site approximately 3.5km north of the River Avon, in an area where cropmarks and amateur metal detector finds suggest a Romano-British settlement. The investigation produced evidence for ditches, two wall foundations (possibly part of the same building), and this may represent a masonry building replacing an earlier farmstead represented by a possible enclosure ditch. Pottery dated from the 2nd-4th centuries AD."
32043,100,400,,,large (9+ ha),complex,Yes,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"A watching brief took place in part of the roadside settlement of Tiddington. See database record 32007 for a broad overview of the settlement. This watching brief took place in precisely the same area as a major excavation in 1937-8, which was never published and for which no records survive. However, the watching brief report refers to 10291 sherds of pottery in Warwick Museum from that excavation, and high proportions of fine wares suggests that this area was one of the wealthiest parts of the settlement.   The watching brief itself identified a probable Roman gravel ground surface, occupation debris and pits and postholes. A fairly large quantity of finds were recovered (for the size of the investigation). Romano-British pottery dated from the 2nd to the 4th century, whilst a single Iron Age sherd was present. The site was interpreted as the rear of a property fronting the Roman road."
32044,50,425,300,,uncertain,complex,Yes,,4,No,No,Yes,No,No,Yes,plain or plateau,uncertain,Yes,Yes,No,"The Roman 'small town' of Tripontium at Caves Inn, situated on Watling Street to the north east of modern Rugby. The site has been subject to several investigations by the Rugby Archaeological Society, mostly ahead of gravel extraction, since the mid-20th century. Excavations produced evidence for many pits and ditches, and a deep well contained a figurine of a horseman (possible structured deposit). Other finds from the well included a coin, a base of samian ware and the skull of an adult female. Occupation appears to have begun in the 1st century AD and continued until the beginning of the 5th century. During the early fourth century buildings in parts of the settlement were cleared to make way for a large defensive ditch. Many burials have been found, but dating evidence is sparse. A possible tile kiln was also found, represented by a stoke pit and large quantities of unused tiles. Buildings included: a  six roomed rectangular stone and timber structure with a veranda and painted wall plaster, possibly of late 2nd century date; an early 2nd century rectangular building with drystone walls or sills for a timber structure which was later replaced by a rectangular building of seven rooms with opus signinum flooring and painted wall plaster, possibly also of late 2nd century. This building substantially modified and doubled in size, turning it into a courtyard house at an undetermined date, though by the late 4th century the building was in poor repair. The building is interpreted as a mansio. Important literate graffiti on tile were recorded."
32045,,,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"A site subject to fieldwalking, geophysical survey and evaluation trenching, located approximately 600m east of the known extent of the roadside settlement at Tiddington, south of the River Avon. Cropmarks were thought to relate to a trackway leading from the town, and ditches which may have been drainage ditches for the track were found, though dating evidence was sparse. A small number of pits and gullies were undated, but thought to belong to a possible Romano-British fieldsystem."
32046,50,200,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plain or plateau,uncertain,No,No,No,"A site at Napton on the Hill, in the east of Warwickshire, subject to evaluation trenching. Pottery dated the site to the mid-1st to 2nd centuries, with an emphasis on the early 2nd century. Principal features were linear ditches and gullies, and a possible posthole and a pit. Ditches were principally aligned roughly north-south, and the site was thought possibly to represent a system of settlement and field boundaries. The preservation of the pottery suggested the features were immediately adjacent to domestic settlement."
32047,,,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"A site east of Stratford-on-Avon, and west of the Roman small-town at Tiddington. Evidence recorded during an evaluation included areas of burning, domestic pits, gullies and structural postholes, which produced a small amount of Romano-British pottery. The report author suggests that the evidence relates to a farmstead, although given the proximity of the Roman settlement to the east, it is possible that the features relate to agricultural activity in the hinterland of the town. Nevertheless, as the author suggests a farmstead, and some domestic activity seems likely, the site has been classified as a possible farm here. Very limited dating evidence was recovered, other than broad Romano-British pottery. A small number of 2nd century sherds, but not enough to suggest an exclusively 2nd century date for the activity. Dates have therefore been left blank above."
32048,100,200,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plain or plateau,uncertain,No,No,No,"A site south west of Stretton-on-Fosse, approximately 1km west of the Fosse Way Roman road. The site was revealed during a watching brief during the 1970s, during gravel extraction. A group of shallow ditches and an inhumation were discovered. The burial was aligned north-south and had nails for a wooden coffin, whilst a pair of boots at the feet were represented by hob nails. The burial was thought to be of early Roman, probably 2nd century, date, and a shallow scoop cut through the burial contained a 2nd century seal-box lid. The ditches were of uncertain function, though the plan is suggestive of some sort of an enclosure with a possible gateway represented by two ditch termini, each with a posthole."
32049,100,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,2,5,Yes,No,Yes,No,No,Yes,plain or plateau,uncertain,No,No,No,"A site south west of Stretton-on-Fosse, approximately 1.1km west of the Fosse Way Roman road. The site was revealed during a watching brief during the 1970s, during gravel extraction, and features included numerous large ditches and pits, several structures and eight inhumations. The ditches were thought to be boundary or enclosure ditches, though they continued well outside the area investigated. One at least, at the west of the site, appears to have been for a palisade, whilst another, to the east, appears to have enclosed many, but not all, of the structural features. Many of the structures were of uncertain character and function, represented by postholes and rectilinear ditches. One possible circular building and three rectangular structures were contained within the principal enclosure, and the rectangular structures contained hearths. At least one had rubble foundations and was a substantial building, whilst another stone-built building was also apparent, and another had at least two rooms. A further possible circular building was located at the east end of the large main enclosure. A further square, stone-built, building was located to the SE of the main enclosure, which produced much pottery and evidence for metalworking and iron slag. This suggested as a possible workshop. Outside the western palisaded enclosure, apparently respecting the ditch, there were six inhumations, whilst a further two were located at the far east of the site (and another isolated inhumation was recorded from a site 100m to the north). The chronology of the site is not well understood, but broad dates suggest that some activity was as early as Neolithic, and one of the circular buildings was Iron Age (though it is not clear what part of the Iron Age, or whether there was direct continuity). However, the palisade enclosure was thought to be first or second century in date, and the site was intensively occupied from the second century, seemingly into the third or fourth century. The burials were undated, but their relative positioning was thought to reflect a Roman date. Part of the west group may represent a scattered cemetery. Classification of the site based on its morphological characteristics is difficult as the plan is clearly incomplete, but in summary there appears to have been a large principal enclosure containing buildings, as well as seemingly external buildings, a separate palisaded enclosure and a cemetery, of multiple phases."
32050,-100,100,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,No,1,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"A site close to Ryton Wood, approx. 1.25km from the River Avon, where a penannular enclosure recognised through aerial photography was targeted for excavation ahead of destruction during sand and gravel extraction. The enclosure and an associated annexe appear to be of principally Bronze Age date, and there is a probably associated cremation cemetery. However, after a period of disuse, the enclosure was used again between c. 300 BC and 50 BC, and two additional enclosures were added. A group of post-holes and a potential roundhouse dated to this phase, and the site was interpreted as a small stock enclosure with some evidence for corn processing. The site seems to have seen continued use into the early Roman period, and an additional ditch may have been added in the 1st century AD. 3rd to 4th century pottery suggests some activity up until the 4th century AD, though there is no evidence for domestic activity and the later pottery is thought to be associated with agricultural use of the site."
32051,75,300,110,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,2,No,No,Yes,No,No,Yes,river valley,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"A site immediately to the east of modern Kenilworth, on eastward facing terrace of the River Avon, approx. 400m west of the river. Limited excavations revealed evidence for timber buildings with an associated ditch, dating to the mid or late 1st century AD, which were then replaced in the first quarter of the 2nd century by stone based buildings enclosing a yard. At least one of the buildings had multiple rooms. The site appears to have been abandoned in the late 3rd to early 4th century AD. Earthworks surrounding the site include banks and trackways."
32052,100,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,1,Yes,No,Yes,Yes,No,Yes,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"A site located approx. 6.4km SE of modern Leamington Spa, on a gentle south-facing slope leading down to a small tributary of the Leam. The Fosse Way is situated approx. 1.6km to the west, whilst the small town at Chesterton is located approx. 4km to the south. The site was discovered in the 1920s during deep ploughing, and stone scatters were thought by G. Webster to reveal the plan of a courtyard villa. Excavation was undertaken by students at Birmingham University. Wall footings of a stone building with probable internal walls were found as well as building rubble containing tufa and painted wall plaster. A limestone courtyard was and additional walls were also revealed. Pottery evidence from the site suggests that the building may have been constructed early in the 2nd century and demolished by the end of the same century. Later phases of the site were suggested by the evidence from coins and pottery, but little structural evidence was found, probably having been destroyed during ploughing. Note that subsequent to the report a local metal detector user has recovered hundreds of coins and other artefacts from the area of the site which have been recorded by the Portable Antiquities Scheme."
32053,100,325,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plain or plateau,uncertain,No,Yes,No,"A site at Arbury in north-east Warwickshire, occupying slightly raised ground, where a kiln was discovered during ploughing in 1964, and two further kilns were subsequently revealed. One overlay an earlier kiln, indicating more than one phase of activity. The ceramic evidence was thought to be typical of the 2nd-3rd centuries, with the later kiln ending in the early 4th century. Products included tegulae, imbrices, box-flue and flat tiles. A complete forelimb of a horse was recovered from the stoke-hole of the later of the kilns."
32054,,,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plain or plateau,uncertain,No,No,No,"The site of a small tile kiln at Griff, located during construction of a gas-main. Products included tegulae, imbrices, flat tiles and various types of box-flue. A second kiln was also probably present, though this may have been a failed kiln. The life of the kiln was thought to have been short, though no dating evidence was available."
32055,100,200,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plain or plateau,uncertain,No,No,No,"The site of the Hobditch earthwork at Deans Green, Ullenhall, in west Warwickshire. The linear earthwork is now thought to be an early medieval boundary, though excavations in the 60s also revealed an adjacent area of Roman activity represented by Romano-British pottery and domestic rubbish of uncertain character, but which may have been a farmstead. The earliest pottery recovered was late 1st century AD or early 2nd century in date, whilst pottery of mid-to-late 2nd century and the fourth century was also recovered. CBM included a small number of box flue tiles and hypocaust hold-fast nails. A large number of animal bones were also found, though these were not examined by a specialist."
32056,100,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"A site at Barford, in the Avon Valley, approx. 3km south of modern Warwick. A multi-period complex of cropmarks was investigated ahead of gravel extraction and road development. Most sites investigated were not LIA or Romano-British, though part of a Romano-British fieldsystem was revealed. Features included linear ditches which were thought to represent and agricultural enclosure, possibly with a short life-span. A pit with a black deposit which was thought possibly to be a wood lining may have been a well associated with the fieldsystem. Pottery recovered included material of late 1st-early 2nd fabrics, and separately, possibly of 4th century date."
32057,100,350,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,1,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"A site at Wappenbury, approx. 150m from the River Leam, where four pottery kilns were located through surface finds, magnetometry survey and excavation. As well as the kilns a circular building was also discovered, likely to be of late Roman date. The kilns manufactured grey ware jars, dishes, bowls and other vessels, though it is thought that each kiln manufactured different types of vessel. One kiln may have been built in the first half of the 2nd century, whilst the others were likely to be early-to-mid 4th century in date."
32058,100,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,1,,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,No,plain or plateau,uncertain,No,No,No,"A site at Glebe Farm Quarry, Bubbenhall, where a watching brief took place during quarrying. Limited information available in published report, but the site is a Romano-British farmstead possibly enclosed by a rectilinear enclosure ditch, though the full extent of the ditch is not clear from the plan. Other ditches are possibly stock enclosures. Post-built structures were recorded from the centre of the settlement, and a roundhouse, pottery kiln, oven, pits and ditches were found, as well as a possible inhumation burial. Also possible clay quarry pits. The site was thought to date from the 2nd-3rd century AD, though the later excavation produced pottery of 3rd-4th century, including kiln wasters. The finds are suggestive of a fairly low status settlement."
32059,-100,400,100,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,1,Yes,No,No,No,Yes,Yes,hill,uncertain,Yes,Yes,No,"A site at Fenny Compton in south Warwickshire, excavated by Felden Archaeological Society after a farmer discovered a wall which was later shown to be part of a Romano-British aisled building (report states that it was constructed in the early 1st century, though this is clearly a mistake and it is recorded here as early 2nd century AD). The building is thought to have continued into the late 4th century. It is thought to have been of more than one storey.  Other features included a stone platform or courtyard and a further possible stone structure of 2nd-3rd century date. Pottery generally dated from the mid-Iron Age through to the late 4th century. Four almost complete late Iron Age and early Roman pots recovered from a gully - no further information, but their completeness is suggestive of structured deposition. An aerial photograph was thought to show a trackway. Further structures are suggested by the results of geophysical survey, including a possible further building and an enclosure wall. Character of the site is uncertain, but it is recorded here as a farmstead."
32060,,,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,2,No,No,No,No,No,Yes,plain or plateau,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"A site on the southern outskirts of Warmington, south Warwickshire, investigated by Warmington Heritage Group. Investigations were primarily geophysical survey, though limited excavation also took place. The work revealed a complex landscape with concentrations of material in the ploughsoil suggestive of a Roman building, as well as coins and a military buckle. An extensive sub-rectangular fieldsystem was revealed, with associated tracks and enclosures. The limited excavations revealed two adjoining buildings. One was a large masonry structure, and was thought to have had a tiled roof. It was thought possibly to have been an agricultural building, and probably Roman, suggested by the large quantities of tile and pottery. A yard and a second building were also found. The second building adjoined the first, though it was not so well preserved and had been robbed out. Robber trenches produced Roman building material and pottery. Part of the fieldsystem was also investigated, and this was also thought likely to be Roman. A few finds of possible late Iron Age pottery suggest an Iron Age phase of occupation at the site, though the chronology of the site is not well understood, and the date fields have therefore been left blank above."
32061,200,300,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"A site at Weddington, north of Nuneaton, excavated by Atherstone Archaeological Society after pottery was discovered during construction of a house extension. The site lies 4km SE of Mancetter and 2km from Watling Street. Discoveries included a pit, excavated into the natural red marl, and a significant quantity of pottery was recovered, mostly mortaria. None had been used and much was under fired, and the site was interpreted as an outlier to the Mancetter/Hartshill pottery industry. Pottery from the site was thought to be 3rd century."
32062,100,400,200,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,No,No,No,"A pottery production site at Lapworth, west Warwickshire. Small-scale excavation was undertaken ahead of construction of the M40, after fieldwalking and geophysical survey had indicated a pottery production site. At least three kilns were discovered, as well as potential evidence for domestic activity. Gravel surfaces associated with clusters of stone and tile may have been supports for some sort of timber structure. Associated pottery finds suggested 3rd-4th century activity for the domestic activity. All three kilns manufactured sandy reduced coarse wares, though one also produced oxidised wares. The range of vessels produced was limited, and the forms were suggestive of a production date in the first half of the 2nd century AD. It is therefore possible that domestic activity continued or replaced the pottery production during the late Roman period."
32063,1,400,100,,large (9+ ha),complex,Yes,,2,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Further excavation took place in part of the roadside settlement of Tiddington. See database record 32007 for a broad overview of the settlement. Evidence included enclosures, postholes and hearths which indicated the position of timber houses of late Iron Age, early-mid/late 1st century, date, one associated with an Iron Age coin. In the late 1st/2nd century roads with drainage gullies were laid out and were accompanied by new roughly rectilinear buildings in timber (no count of buildings, so two included in box to indicate multiples). One 2nd century building contained a bread oven and a corndrier. Buildings were accompanied by wells and clay-lined pits. Two small pottery kilns of late 1st-early 2nd century date were found. The first, probably late 1st century, produced vessels in buff sandy fabrics and a coarser brown sandy fabrics, and these were mostly jars but also included a tanker and beaker. The second, probably first half of the second century, appears to have produced jars in sandy oxidised and reduced versions. The latest building on the site was constructed in the early 3rd century AD, and was timber. It contained a stone-built oven and was probably domestic, though appears to have been abandoned by the mid-3rd century. During the 4th century around 12 burials were deposited across this area of the site, singly and in small groups. The level of material culture recovered from this part of the site was lower than that in other parts of the settlement (see other site records)."
32064,100,400,,,large (9+ ha),complex,Yes,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Further trial excavation took place in part of the roadside settlement of Tiddington, to the east of the main defensive-ditched area. See database record 32007 for a broad overview of the settlement. To the north of the road pits and a ditch were found which may been a road-side drain. A corndrier was also found, along with postholes, though it is not clear whether these were associated with a building or a fence. Features dated from the 2nd to 4th centuries."
32065,100,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plain or plateau,uncertain,No,No,No,"A site at Hartshill, north of Nuneaton, in north-east Warwickshire. At least 38 kilns have been excavated at the site since the 19th century, predominantly during quarrying, and the site is seen as part of the same industry as the pottery production site associated with the roadside settlement at Mancetter. Kilns ranged in date from the first half of the second century to the fourth century. Some kilns were made for firing mortaria alone, and the site was an important source of the widely distributed Mancetter/Hartshill mortaria from the 2nd century onwards. Gradual development of kilns over the period of activity."
32066,150,350,,,uncertain,enclosed,Yes,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Excavation took place as part of the M6 Toll development in north Warwickshire, on a gentle south-facing slope of a low hill. Fieldwork began as a targeted watching brief, but was upgraded to full excavation. Features included a mid-Iron Age pit alignment and a rectilinear Romano-British enclosure (area approx. 0.25 acres), a droveway, and field boundary ditches (following the line of the earlier Iron Age pit alignment). The enclosure included several pits, a crudely metalled sunken hollow, and three short lengths of curvilinear ditch which may possibly indicate roundhouse eaves drip gullies, though this is far from certain. If these were drip gullies then a domestic focus seems very likely. The ceramic sequence for the enclosure and its internal features suggests construction in the mid-late 2nd century, and there may have been some occupation into the first half of the 4th century. The ditched droveway runs approx. E-W to the north of the enclosure. A 'trough' like feature was situated in isolation to the north of the droveway. A notable find from the site was a fragment of a beaded torc, recovered by metal detector."
33001,120,375,275,,uncertain,complex,Yes,3,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,hill,pastoral,Yes,No,No,"A site at King's Norton, south of Birmingham and on the modern border with Worcestershire, subject to several phases of intervention including geophysics, evaluation, excavation and watching brief ahead of development for a new cemetery. The site is on a natural ridge, adjacent to Ryknield Street Roman road, and a series of plots, defined by ditches and adjoining metalled roads were found adjoining the roadside frontage, in use from the 2nd century AD into the 3rd century. The plots contained a ditched enclosure, two roundhouses and other contemporary features. A double-ditched enclosure was laid out to the west, set with a ditched compound. Both the enclosure and the compound contained elaborate 'funnel-like' entrance arrangements, suggestive of use by livestock. The interior of the first enclosure was also sub-divided, creating a series of pens interpreted as being for livestock. The enclosure and compound were in use from around AD 120, into the 3rd century, during which time the enclosure was redefined. The enclosures contained a roundhouse, an area of stone surfacing, pits and post-holes. The enclosures and associated compound are thought to have formed part of an elaborate livestock management system, possibly functioning as a collecting point for livestock from the surrounding countryside. A possible watering hole present in one of the areas is also suggestive of stock keeping. Following abandonment of the second enclosure in the later 3rd century further features, including a ditch and circular gullies associated with additional roundhouses, were laid out. At around the same time the roadside plots were abandoned and a small enclosure was laid out to the rear of the western roadside plots. The later Romano-British activity is suggested to be small-scale or temporary. The site was abandoned in the mid-late 4th century."
33002,,,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,1,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plain or plateau,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Trial trenching and open excavation at Northfield revealed a cluster of features of Romano-British origin. The features included a short length of gully, postholes and a pit. The gully may possibly have been part of a roundhouse. Another feature may have been a ditch for enclosure or drainage. An irregular pit with a pebbled surface at one end may have been a clay quarry, later reused as a watering hole for animals. The site lies to the west of a nearby Roman road, approx. 150m away. The very low level of material culture at this site is taken to indicate a location on the very periphery of settlement, though a settlement focus is likely in the near vicinity. A watching brief approx. 100m to the east of this excavation also revealed a small amount of pottery. Pottery dated only broadly from 1st to 4th centuries, and so the date fields have been left blank above."
33003,50,200,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plain or plateau,uncertain,No,No,No,"An excavation carried out by Northamptonshire Archaeology in King's Norton, Birmingham. Four ditches were revealed, including a substantial Roman boundary ditch, a pit and three possible postholes. A small quantity of Romano-British pottery was recovered, ranging in date from the 1st ? 4th centuries was recovered from the ditches and pit. The site was thought to be peripheral to settlement, but perhaps within the purview of the site at Longdales Road, approx. 1km to the south (database record 33001)."
33004,,,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plain or plateau,uncertain,No,No,No,"An evaluation undertaken by Archaeology Warwickshire at King's Norton revealed a series of gullies containing a very small number of Romano-British pottery sherds, indicating low-level, probably agricultural activity, peripheral to any settlement focus. No good dating evidence for the activity other than Romano-British."
33005,150,250,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plain or plateau,uncertain,No,No,No,"The site of a kiln at Perry Barr, in the north of Birmingham, occupying the edge of a plateau, and approx. 300m west of the conjectured line of Ryknield Street Roman road. Finds from the site included remains of a kiln, clay fire-bars, wasters, and many pottery sherds (not quantified in the report). The products were red ware and grey ware tankards, jars and bowls. A suggested date for the industry at the site is second half of the 2nd century AD, or possibly later."
33006,-100,250,50,150,medium (4 - 8 ha),complex,Yes,1,1,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,hill,pastoral,No,Yes,No,"A site north-east of Sutton Coldfield, where excavation took place during construction of the M6 Toll. The site is situated on the south facing slope of a hill. The excavation revealed a series of sub-rectangular enclosures, some containing structures. The enclosures date from the mid-Iron Age through to the 2nd century AD, with minor evidence for 3rd and 4th century activity. It is suggested that there was continuity of occupation from the late Iron Age through to the Roman period, although with relatively low level activity from the late 1st to mid-2nd centuries AD. The site appears to have had several phases of development, possibly developing from an original unenclosed mid-Iron Age settlement into an enclosed settlement with several successive roundhouses, all apparently of mid-Iron Age date. There followed an apparent contraction of activity in the late 1st-early 2nd centuries, after which the site was extensively reoccupied between the mid-2nd to mid-3rd centuries, when an organised landscape developed and at least five adjacent enclosures were constructed, each linked into a more extensive array of fields and other land boundaries. Some may have been paddocks or fields.  Many of these features seem to have been in use at the same time, though there is some overlapping of enclosures. One of the enclosures contained hearths and a structure (or structures), consisting of a rectangular setting of posts with a curved gully at one end, and with a hearth between the end posts at one end. The structure was C14 dated to AD120-320. Its function is uncertain, and morphology is unusual. Possibly it represents two overlapping structures (roundhouse and rectilinear, and 1 has been placed in the box for both circular and rectangular buildings here). It may have had a craft or a religious function (it is compared in the report to apsidal shrines). Other features within this enclosure included pits and postholes. A complete lower quernstone with iron spindle still in the socket was the only find recovered from a pit and was regarded as a deliberately placed deposit."
33007,100,120,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plain or plateau,uncertain,No,No,No,"In 1987 the remains of a pottery kiln were discovered by a landowner whilst gardening and the site was subject to small-scale excavation. The kiln lay within 2.5km east of Ryknield Street, and comprised a stoke hole and furnace with an adjoining pit containing pottery including wasters. The date of the kiln was not established conclusively based on its form, but its similarity with a kiln at London Northgate Street, which produced an archaeomagnetic date of AD 100-120, is thought to be consistent with a group of near complete vessels recovered from adjacent to the kiln. Wasters from the kiln reportedly included tankards, jars, bowls, dishes, lids, cheese presses and mortaria, and included grey ware fabrics. It may have supplied the military site at Wall, 7.5km to the north, as well as local rural settlements. Very little evidence was recovered in a subsequent watching brief which took place in the garden of the adjoining property, with finds comprising only a small number of residual Romano-British pottery dating from the 2nd to 4th centuries AD."
34001,,,,,uncertain,complex,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Evaluation undertaken at part of Droitwich, on side of valley sloping south towards River Salwarpe. Main evidence for salt working etc. associated with sites on other side of river valley. Principal features were part of a metalled road (previously recovered burials possibly adjacent to the road). Other features included pits and a linear feature, function uncertain (poss. roadside ditch). No close dating available other than Roman."
34002,200,400,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Archaeological evaluation following geophysical survey and metal detecting survey at Sedgeberrow, Worcs, in the valley of the River Isbourne. Earliest dating evidence mid-to-late Roman pottery. Features included a probable Romano-British building (function uncertain), represented by sill-beam slots and a well preserved corn dryer. The building was situated within a defined sub-enclosure, c. 12x9m. Limited quantity of tegulae seen as evidence for a tiled roof.  Also enclosure ditches adjacent to a suggested trackway/road. One burial found in backfill of roadside ditch. Further ditches probably represent associated field boundaries, possibly for livestock. Overall impression is of a small farmstead set within system of field enclosures and with a droveway, although the precise morphology of the settlement is unclear."
34003,150,400,275,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,No,hill,pastoral,Yes,No,No,"A site situated approx. north east of Worcester, occupying the crest of a ridge. The site was interpreted as a small-to-medium sized Romano-British rural settlement, spanning the mid-2nd to 4th centuries AD.  Some possible late Iron Age and 1st century activity, but nothing confirmed, and the main focus was mid-2nd to mid 3rd centuries, with the construction of four enclosures with occasional outlying pits and ditches. Some were interpreted as stock enclosures, whilst another multi-ditched sub-enclosure was thought to be domestic. Settlement economy suggested to be pastoral. It is suggested here that this site was an enclosed farm during the 2nd and 3rd centuries. There appears to  have been a contraction and shift northwards in late 3rd-4th century, and three southern enclosures went out of use, whilst the northern enclosure was re-designed and shifted westwards. Unclassified farm during this later phase. A cobbled surface was associated with this enclosure and may have had an associated building. Surface interpreted as for production of flour and bread and large quantities of charred spelt chaff recovered from this area. A well preserved metalled track crossed part of this surface, containing well preserved wheel ruts. Evidence for ironworking perhaps associated with the late phase.  One enclosure in particular interpreted as a cattle corral. In addition to the Roman features an Iron Age pit alignment was also recorded."
34004,100,225,,,,unclassified,Yes,,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"A site in the Vale of Evesham, 600m west of Honeybourne.  Geophysics and excavation revealed evidence for Romano-British rural settlement in the form of paddocks and agricultural features on the periphery of a farmstead, with occupation beginning in the mid-Iron Age, although the main period of occupation was Roman, and there was seemingly little evidence for LIA activity, although small numbers of sherds may suggest activity nearby. Occupation seemingly restricted to between 2nd to early 3rd century AD, with only very limited continuity into the fourth century. Roman features were predominantly ditches and pits (some possibly quarry pits), containing pottery assemblage of 2nd-3rd century AD pottery, with a small amount of transitional 1st-century pot. The ditches were thought to relate to enclosures, possibly including stock control. A single inhumation burial was found."
34005,1,360,100,275,medium (4 - 8 ha),unclassified,Yes,,5,Yes,No,Yes,Yes,No,Yes,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"A corridor villa site at Childswickham in the Vale of Evesham. Site originally identified as potentially Roman by amateur metal detector finds. Earliest feature at the site a Bronze Age boundary feature possibly used over a long period, perhaps into 2nd-3rd century AD. Late IA to early Roman period characterised by expanse of ditches, probably enclosures for domestic settlement. Next phase 2nd-3rd century when four rectangular buildings were built, stone founded or on sleeper beam construction, at least one likely to be domestic and plaster associated. In late Roman period, late 3rd-4th century, much larger multi-roomed corridor villa building built, along with modification or demolition of earlier buildings. Minimum of 8 rooms, possible two storeys. Boundary walls suggested courtyard. Other features included a  stone-built well. From mid-4th century well abandoned and backfilled with limestone blocks. Robbing of main building and courtyard wall occurred after around AD 360. A later structure possibly erected represented by postholes, though arrangement not clear. Only evidence for early Saxon activity an AS shield boss, but possibly old when lost as it showed signs of reuse."
34006,50,300,150,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unenclosed,Yes,3,1,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,No,river valley,mixed,Yes,Yes,No,"A site at Longdon Marsh in south west Worcestershire, c. 4.5 WSW of the River Severn, where excavation revealed part of a small farmstead occupied from the mid-1st century AD to the mid-2nd century. The settlement appears not to have been enclosed, although the full extent was not established. Buildings included 1 definite and 2 possible roundhouses, a circular enclosure and ancillary buildings, and a possible rectilinear building towards the end of occupation in the mid-2nd century. Possible structured deposit of a complete pot beside a stone setting (possible door sill). The settlement was superseded in the 2nd century by a complex of fields and paddocks defined by ditched boundaries, suggesting that occupation focus shifted elsewhere from the mid-2nd century, but that the area saw continued agricultural activity. A trackway associated with the later Roman rural landscape and waterholes also associated with this phase. Metal detector used on site."
34007,-100,230,120,,small (<1 - 3 ha),complex,Yes,,1,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,No,river valley,mixed,No,No,Yes,"A site excavated during gravel extraction at  Ryal Quarry, Ripple, South Worcs, immediately east of the River Severn. Evidence for Bronze Age/Mid Iron Age activity, late Iron Age agricultural activity associated with a probable nearby settlement, a Roman farmstead and an early Anglo-Saxon settlement was discovered. Late Iron Age activity (2nd century BC to 1st century AD) represented entirely by pits, some containing v. dense concentrations of charred grain and therefore interpreted as grain storage pits, with long period of use from 1st c. BC up until 1st c. AD, with some post-conquest use. Roman settlement represented by a main rectilinear enclosed farmstead, with an additional enclosure added later. Cropmarks suggest a further annexe added also. Also smaller interior sub-enclosures possibly associated with livestock.  Also large quarry pits for gravel. Main emphasis is 2nd century AD, probably after AD 120, and abandoned before mid-3rd century. Buildings included 1 rectangular building, probably wood, c. 11m x 7m. Reoccupation of site in 6th century, with Saxon sunken featured buildings. Site heavily truncated."
34008,-100,20,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Isolated late Iron Age burial, with no associated finds, but dated by radiocarbon to between 190 BC to AD 20 (95% probability) and 60 BC (68% probability). Found at a bend of the Whitsun Brook. Remains in a semi-crouched position, leg bones flexed. Butchered pelvic bone of a cow also recovered. Individual was an adult male approx. 25-60 years old. No direct evidence for a grave cut, but due to articulated remains and good level of preservation interpreted as an inhumation. Report speculates stream bank may have been an ancient boundary."
34009,-100,120,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,4,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"A site at Wychbold, on land sloping towards the River Salwarpe to the west, immediately south east of the A38 former Roman road. Evaluation and excavation revealed that the site was principally of mid-to-late Iron Age in date, with some evidence for continuity or reuse in the early Roman period. Features included an Iron Age enclosure approx. 50-60m wide E-W, with possible causeway, containing four roundhouse gullies (three intercutting so not all contemporary) and pits and ditches. The mid-to-late IA site interpreted as a small enclosed farmstead. Romano-British evidence more slight, although a RB pit in the enclosure suggests continuity or reuse. No good evidence for use beyond AD 120. Also field boundaries constructed in the Roman period, aligned on same lines as enclosure, though no end date available for these."
34010,50,300,,,uncertain,complex,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Excavation in part of Droitwich. Most features medieval or later, though Roman ditches likely to be either fieldsystems or property boundaries associated with the small town, though beyond and to the south of the principal area of salt production. A row of stakeholes may have formed part of a palisade."
34011,100,300,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"A site in Evesham representing the first evidence for Roman activity in the town. V limited evidence for the character of the site, but interpreted as a possible building or settlement. Features were boundary gullies and finds included tegulae. In the absence of good evidence for the character of the settlement it has been classified as farm here, although this attribution is very tentative. No good dating evidence, though pottery suggested a general date range of 2nd to 3rd century."
34012,-100,300,200,,medium (4 - 8 ha),complex,Yes,1,3,Yes,No,Yes,No,No,Yes,river valley,mixed,Yes,No,No,"An Iron Age and Romano-British settlement site at Westwood, NW of Droitwich, initially identified through fieldwalking and subject to evaluation and excavation as well as geophysical survey. Iron Age features included enclosures, pits and a roundhouse, with occupation from the 3rd/2nd centuries BC until the 1st century BC. Interpreted as a medium-sized farmstead with a mixed agricultural base, continuously occupied and substantially modified over time. The site was possibly enclosed in the LIA, but the plan does not allow this to be said with confidence, though sub-enclosures are visible. Probable continuity into the 1st-2nd century AD, with adoption of some Roman aspects. Evidence of substantial reorganisation during the late 2nd century/3rd century, with construction of three large stone buildings, with internal sub-divisions and geophysics revealed several other such buildings arranged within a series of regular walled enclosures, perhaps allowing the site to be defined as a complex farmstead. Function uncertain for buildings, though one considered likely to be domestic. One building superimposed on another, so not all contemporary. Also increase in range of pottery and other items used during this period. Possible trackway running through settlement. Occupation into the late 3rd or early 4th century. General interpretation of settlement is for a farmstead which developed gradually between the mid/late Iron Age and the early 2nd century AD, with rapid expansion and adoption of Romanised form in the 2nd century, whilst retaining agricultural base. The settlement was occupied until the late 3rd or early 4th century. A possible corndrier also discovered, associated with main Roman phase. Whilst the site is unusual for Worcestershire, there does not seem sufficient evidence to classify it as a villa as it lacks evidence for real sophistication and v. high status. Perhaps better seen as a high status, complex farmstead during the mid-late Roman period, although there is a possibility that the buildings may be associated with a wider villa estate."
34013,50,300,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"A site south west of Church Lench where evaluation trenching was undertaken prior to development of a wind farm. Ditches were seen as evidence for Romano-British land management, being field boundaries and/or trackways. Several phases of activity likely. Most pottery of broad Roman date, but a single vessel suggests activity in the 3rd century AD, and others in the 1st-2nd century. Likely focus for settlement considered to lie nearby."
34014,100,150,300,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,plain or plateau,uncertain,No,No,No,"A site at Newland, Great Malvern, occupying a south-west slope on land approximately 2.5km to the north east of the Malvern Hills. The site is an important pottery production site, with the largest group of Severn Valley ware kilns known, in the centre of the Severn Valley production area. The excavation recorded one kiln and a well (other kilns in area represented by wasters and debris). Other features likely to be field boundaries, and a stone surface also recorded. Evidence for production from 2nd century, with part of the site continuing into the 3rd century, with some late 3rd and early 4th century activity suggested but possibly intrusive. Earliest phase from late 1st/early 2nd century AD appears to be domestic and not industrial. Some structures suggested by post holes."
34015,-100,55,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,No,No,No,"One of several sites associated with the Roman small town at Droitwich, this site occupying a hilltop. The excavation focussed on a Neronian Roman fort, although this part of the site was also utilised in the late Iron Age for salt production. No detail is provided on the Roman military aspect of the site here as it falls outside the remit of the current project. The Iron Age activity comprised a series of scoops containing daub, fired clay and briquetage, interpreted as evaporation pits for salt extraction. Post-holes indicated some structures, removed by later Roman activity. Salt production may have continued at the site until the establishment of the Neronian fort. A probable late Roman burial may have been part of an extramural cemetery, as another skeleton had been found previously."
34016,-50,370,150,290,medium (4 - 8 ha),unclassified,Yes,1,4,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,river valley,uncertain,Yes,Yes,No,"Excavations at the badly truncated villa at Bays Meadow were undertaken by Birmingham University (and others previously). The site occupies a terrace to the north of the River Salwarpe, lying above the floodplain and the brine springs in the river valley below. The site is an unusual villa in that it is very close to a nucleated settlement at Droitwich, although seems to stand apart from the unwalled 'small town', and was provided with its own fortified area, differentiating it from the town, in the late Roman period (c. AD 290). First building known about since the 19th century when finds and mosaics were uncovered. Several interventions in the 19th and 20th centuries. Three separate masonry buildings are known, as well as corndriers and two wells and a lime kiln. Two, possibly three, aisled buildings may have been present. The site had a complex development including late Iron Age activity of 2nd or 1st century BC, including an area of salt-working (with various features including furnaces and pits possibly for briquetage manufacture) and probably a roundhouse. The first phase of villa use (pre-rampart phase) spanned c. AD 150-290. This included a lime kiln (directly associated with the villa's construction), a mosaic workshop, two villa buildings, a roadway and a series of enclosure/drainage ditches covering the central area and eastern area of the settlement. One villa building, a winged corridor villa, more elaborate and impressive than the other, with mosaics, hypocaust and 19 rooms. A possible stone circular hut associated with the area of mosaic working (v. cautious suggestion by report author). Several likely timber outbuildings. Smaller villa building also thought to be constructed at the same time, and interpreted as a possible bailiff's residence. Also a cremation burial probably associated with this phase. Enclosures and possible paddocks south of villa buildings in this phase. The second villa phase (post-rampart construction) spanned c. AD 290-300. This included construction of the rampart and double ditch along with reorganisation of the internal area and construction of buildings including an aisled building, a cobbled roadway, cesspits, a well and timber buildings. Features including the corndriers filled and levelled at this time. This period saw more intensive occupation and greater density of settlement debris was recovered. The 2nd villa phase came to an end in c. AD 300 with contemporaneous destruction by fire of most of the buildings on the site, including the main villa and the aisled building, though not the smaller villa. During the 4th century a final phase saw reconstruction and use of the aisled building, robbing of the main villa and occupation near the second villa. Focus shifted towards the reconstructed aisled building at this point. Occupation continued until around AD 370. A structured deposit of a decapitated chicken was found in a ditch underlying the aisled building, possibly a dedicatory deposit. Also almost complete red deer stag in the well associated with the fortified phase of the villa, as well as a complete set of red deer antlers with axe and chisel marks (possibly same animal but deposited separately, after other material had been placed in the well). Also other antler objects in well. Also fragment of copper-alloy animal (prob. Goat) ear found in a pit. Eleven bone pins found in a single pit reported in the 1959 report are notable."
34017,,,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"A site at Sedgeberrow on the west bank of the River Isbourne where salvage excavation was taken near an area of cropmarks presumed on morphological grounds to be of late Iron Age and/or Roman date. Chance finds of Roman date have also been found, ranging from the first to fourth centuries. A Roman road is also believed to run along higher ground to the west of the village. Ditches of late Iron Age to Roman date were excavated and are thought to relate to the cropmark complexes. Roof tile from one area was taken as evidence for a building nearby, possibly represented by a rectangular cropmark. No domestic evidence found, and evidence possibly relates to field boundaries associated with a settlement represented by the cropmarks. No date included as limited dating evidence available."
34018,200,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Salvage recording during construction of a water pipeline at Linacres Farm, North Claines revealed Roman deposits including pits and an eroded trackway, interpreted as part of a rural settlement which were shown through aerial photography to be on the eastern periphery of a moderately extensive settlement. The site occupies the eastern slope above a small river valley. Site likely dated to between the 2nd and 4th century AD based on artefacts, but excavated features were only of 3rd-4th century. Evidence for ironsmithing was recovered and the site had a typical rural ceramic assemblage. Majority of finds of 3rd-4th centuries AD."
34019,200,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Salvage recording during construction of a pipeline near the River Avon revealed Roman deposits associated with a two ditches forming part of a rectilinear ditched enclosure, notable for having occupation evidence for 3rd-4th century. Also late Iron Age and early Roman residual material. Interpreted as a part of a domestic enclosure surrounding a farmstead, or associated with a farm. Late date suggested by the ceramic assemblage, with residual earlier material suggesting a long life."
34020,100,300,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,No,No,No,"Salvage recording during pipeline construction between Hagley and Stourbridge revealed a ditch containing a significant assemblage of Romano-British pottery and other artefacts indicative of late 2nd to 3rd century occupation, interpreted as domestic and likely to relate to a Romano-British farmstead enclosure. Also antiquarian reports of a coin hoard and pottery."
34021,175,325,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"A watching brief and contingency excavation at Bredon Fields, immediately west of the River Avon, revealed linear ditches and gullies dating to the Roman period, with a plan suggesting a series of agricultural enclosures or paddocks including a small sub-rectangular enclosure containing a pit. Ditches had been recut over a long period of time. Pottery recovered suggested activity during the late 2nd-early fourth centuries AD. No domestic focus located."
34022,175,325,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,1,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,No,hill,mixed,No,No,No,"A site at Strensham subject to salvage recording during pipeline construction, occupying the north-east corner of a flat-topped hill, west of the River Avon. V. limited evidence for LIA or  very early RB activity, though possible continuity from the LIA. Roman activity dated from the 1st through to the third or fourth century, though start and end dates imprecise, and main period of occupation was the later 2nd to 3rd centuries, with abandonment at some point in the 4th century. Three Roman phases, but none intensive and all relating to boundary and drainage ditches, probably parts of enclosures, suggested by geophysics. Some timber structures likely to be present during 1st-early 2nd centuries, though possibly not domestic. Focus of occupation at this time possibly to the north and this area probably on margins of settlement, perhaps forming agricultural plots or stock enclosures. Occupation may have extended into excavated area during late 2nd to early 3rd century, when a gully may have enclosed a domestic timber building (form uncertain). Evidence for a further timber building (rectangular) in the 3rd-4th century, although this may not have been domestic (possibly a barn) and the site is believed to have been peripheral again at this time. A cremation burial was associated with this area during the late Roman period. Uncertain whether the site represents a single farmstead or a cluster of buildings, though several enclosures are suggested by the geophysics."
34023,120,300,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,2,No,No,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"A site discovered pipeline construction and subject to salvage excavation, occupying a slight promontory approx. 2km SE of Worcester. Limited sample of features excavated. Site clearly forms part of a much wider area of RB occupation. Occupation from early 2nd century AD, and metalling may have formed part of a trackway or yards. A ditch may have been part of an enclosure. Considerable quantities of iron smithing waste indicative of substantial ironworking dating c. AD 120 to early 3rd century. Activity spread over at least 200m. Artefacts suggest some domestic activity in 3rd-early 4th centuries and at least two, maybe more, timber buildings of rectangular plan were recorded from this phase, as well as pits with rubbish. Site abandoned in late 3rd or early 4th century."
34024,100,250,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,3,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,No,No,No,"A watching brief and salvage recording was undertaken ahead of construction of the A46, on a small promontory approx. 800m north of the River Avon, overlooking the floodplain, in an area where a number of cropmarks are known. Settlement thought to extend over a considerable area. Three roundhouses identified, as well as a further structure, and 2 corndriers and a number of ditches and gullies. All roundhouses of similar sizes (12-14m) and one had evidence for several stages of construction. Domestic evidence included ovens. No major enclosure identified, though possibly not enough area excavated - report authors defined the site as unenclosed however. Also pits and an area of metalling."
34025,275,325,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,No,No,No,"A watching brief was undertaken during construction of a pipeline, followed by limited salvage excavation. The site is in Kidderminster Foreign, occupying a shoulder of land sloping away on three sides, in an undulating landscape. Site interpreted by the excavators as a farmstead enclosure with a narrow entrance containing two corndriers, interpreted as being multi-functional, for baking and corn drying. Settlement thought to be short-lived, of late 3rd to early 4th century date. Only other feature was a possible pit."
34026,275,325,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,1,No,No,No,No,Yes,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Salvage excavation during construction of a pipeline at Dunley Road, Areley Kings, in the Severn Valley, produced evidence for Romano-British activity including a probable late 3rd to 4th century domestic site, although domestic activity is likely to have occurred outside the excavated area. Features included pits and a ditch and probable structural remains interpreted as possible post-pads for an aisled building. Several finds, most unstratified recovered through fieldwalking. The limited area excavated made the site difficult to characterise, but it was thought to be agricultural. A ditch may have been an enclosure ditch, but not enough was excavated to say with certainty."
34027,75,250,175,,uncertain,complex,Yes,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"A small excavation was undertaken in the area of the roadside settlement at Droitwich, near a junction of the roads from Alcester and Wall. The earliest activity was late 1st century, probably contemporary with activity at the fort to the north at Dodderhill, represented by stakehole alignments and gullies (possibly for drainage). 2nd century deposits included an extensive spread of carbonised grain and chaff and a threshing area (with possible barn or structure covering area for crop processing/storage) . Site probably abandoned as a result of fire in the 2nd half of the 2nd century. An early 3rd century cobbled yard thought to be associated with a property fronting onto the Roman road was also found (some evidence from a large post pit). Layers were truncated and disturbed by medieval activity so it is unclear whether this area ceased to be occupied beyond the 3rd century, possibly with a shift in settlement focus towards the area of Bays Meadow villa, or whether occupation evidence has been destroyed. However, a lack of late 3rd century or 4th century pottery supports the idea that the site was abandoned by c. AD 250."
34028,-100,200,100,,uncertain,complex,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,Yes,"A site in the Vines area of Droitwich, today south of the River Salwarpe, but to the north of the River in the Roman period.  Very limited Iron Age evidence recovered, including stake alignments, a hearth and a possible working surface, associated with briquetage. The Iron Age phase was imprecisely dated. During the 2nd century a large post and plank lined tank or channel was constructed, seemingly placed to exploit brine from the springs at Upwich, replaced by additional wooden structures associated with salt production (one perhaps a form of crane). The scale of the structures suggests major development was occurring in Droitwich during the 2nd century AD. Suggested that the timbers used for the structures were reused from the Dodderhill fort, though this very tentative. Also 2nd century evidence for possible shoemaking. Little evidence for Roman activity beyond the 2nd century. Evidence for 5th-7th century, early medieval salt production was found."
34029,-50,400,125,250,uncertain,complex,No,,2,No,No,No,No,No,Yes,river valley,uncertain,Yes,Yes,No,"Part of the Iron Age and Roman salt production centre and small town at Droitwich, excavated ahead of development. Probable late Bronze Age origin for activity though little evidence. Late Iron Age activity was represented by briquetage, brine tanks and pits, hearths and layers of industrial waste also found. At least two of the brine tanks may have continued into use into the early Roman period and there was continued production of industrial waste - suggesting little change in production methods and perhaps also organisation between late Iron Age and early Roman period (mid-1st to 2nd century). Also some objects potentially used in salt production (see finds table). Features associated with the industry appear to become fewer from early 2nd to mid 3rd century however, and briquetage becomes much reduced in quantity, suggesting a decline in the industry or a relocation. A human skeleton was apparently thrown into an already partly-filled brine tank during this period. From  the mid-3rd century the layout of features suggests a significant reorientation of activity in the area from east to west. Between c AD 260 to AD 300 a building (function uncertain) with sandstone foundations and a possible tiled roof was present and a possible track was associated with this phase. During the mid-3rd-4th century there were groups of pits and a trench containing preserved reused imported barrels, thought not to be associated with renewed salt extraction, but possibly for leather processing (tanning) or salting meat. Also of mid 3rd-4th century was a large rectangular building, with associated structures. Some evidence for animal processing industry during this phase. Little evidence for activity into the post-Roman period, although there is a suggestion that the latest large rectangular building may have continued to have been used in some way up until the 12th century, and may have been extant for 700 years or more, although whether it was used or left in a ruined state is not clear. The remains of at least four dogs, as well as some red deer bones, were recovered from one of the barrels placed within a trench, and may possibly reflect structured deposition (though not suggested in the report). Note, for the site plans, phases 2-3 are late Iron Age, 4 is early Roman, 5 mid-Roman, and 7-9 are late Roman (there was no phase six included). In addition to the above, a 2002 evaluation, 200m from the Bowling Green site, revealed a feature lined with timber planks, thought to have a similar function to the late Iron Age brine tanks discussed above. Large horncores of probable late IA or Roman date were thought to be either waste from tanning or horn-working or butchery, possibly associated with salting of the meat. Few other finds from this evaluation."
34030,-100,400,125,,uncertain,complex,Yes,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,Yes,No,"A small area in the salt production centre and small town at Droitwich was excavated ahead of building development. The earliest features on the site were of mid-to-late Iron Age date and were associated with salt production, mostly timber lined brine tanks as well as a hearth. Large quantities of briquetage were recovered. Construction elements of mid 1st to 2nd century AD included postholes and pits as well as drainage and boundary ditches, and there was a possible occupation focus in the north east area of the excavation. The brine tanks went out of use prior to the construction of a well in the late 1st to early 2nd century, and this may represent a change in salt production during this period (a contraction or relocation) - perhaps from around AD 125. A number of structures indicated small-scale settlement in the late 3rd to 4th century, including drainage channels and small enclosures. No definite buildings but some potentially substantial timber structures. Two fox skeletons deposited in well seem likely to be structured depositions. Note, phasing for the plans is Phase 1 = Iron Age; Phase 2 = early to mid Roman and Phase 3i = late 3rd-4th century."
34031,50,400,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,No,No,No,"Excavation, topographical and geophysical survey have been undertaken at Conderton Camp, part of Bredon Hill. The site is principally a mid-Iron Age univallate hillfort with masonry roundhouses which was abandoned by the late Iron Age. There is little evidence for late Iron Age activity, although a number of artefacts and at least one storage pit and a probable hearth were of Romano-British date, ranging from the 1st century AD to the late 3rd-4th century. One of the mid-Iron Age masonry buildings may have been reoccupied during the early Roman period, based on a notable concentration of pot-sherds, though there was no evidence for structural alterations. Field survey at the site has indicated the presence of further houses, and it is possible that some of these are actually Romano-British (though no direct evidence for this). There is suggestion that the camp may have been used occasionally by shepherds."
34032,75,420,275,,small (<1 - 3 ha),complex,Yes,1,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,river valley,pastoral,Yes,No,No,"A programme of evaluation, excavation and salvage recording (as well as controlled metal detecting) ahead of development at Upper Moor, 3.5km NE of Pershore produced evidence for a late Roman settlement within an existing later prehistoric and Roman landscape. The site encompasses the northern edge of the floodplain of the River Avon, which is located 1km to the south west, as well as an adjacent slope.  The earliest activity at the site was a track and fieldsystem of early Roman date, when settlement areas probably lay to the west and east of the site outside the area of excavation, perhaps occupied from the 1st to early 3rd centuries AD. These may have been abandoned at the end of the 3rd or early 4th centuries, when the excavated area became the focus for a new settlement. This was probably established within an existing agricultural enclosure and comprised a single round house and defined zones of adjacent activity. The main enclosure was sub-divided, with a small burial area to the south east (two burials), whilst cess waste was deposited to the north-west. The enclosure and roundhouse were interpreted as domestic, whilst four other enclosures were possibly agricultural, and also showed evidence of internal sub-division (possibly for corralling livestock). One enclosure also had an irregular feature conjectured to be the result of trampling of boggy ground by stock, probably as it was waterlogged for watering animals. Dating evidence suggests occupation in the area from the late 3rd century AD into the late 4th to early 5th century AD (an unusually late date for RB activity in the county). Large quantities of artefacts were recovered (unusual for rural sites in the region), and environmental remains indicated a primarily pastoral economy with a focus on cattle. Some evidence for the working of red deer antler. Whilst no further buildings were recovered a large number of roughly squared limestone slabs were thought possibly to be post pads or dwarf walls for wattle and daub/cob structures."
34033,-50,400,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,1,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,Yes,Yes,No,"A Time Team evaluation site located on the south side of Bredon Hill, occupying the gentle slopes of fan gravels south of Kemerton. Evaluation, geophysics and geochemical analysis targeted an area known from cropmarks including a complex of enclosures, pits, trackways (150m east of another investigated enclosure recorded only as Iron Age and not recorded on this database). The enclosures include a large rectilinear enclosure, a smaller enclosure and three smaller curvilinear or sub-rectangular enclosures with broad ditches. A possible trackway was also recognised, although not contemporary with all of the enclosures. Phosphate analysis suggested that activity did not extend beyond the enclosures. Excavation appeared to confirm the presence of a trackway running alongside one of the enclosure ditches. One possible round house recognised. A pit contained a single complete carinated beaker of mid-1st to 2nd century in date as well as some 3rd-4th century pottery, iron fittings, baked clay with wattle impressions and lime-wash and fragments of animal bone - possible structured deposit. The site appears to have had at least two phases, possibly more. The large rectilinear enclosure appears to have been a primary element, whilst the enclosures to the east, whilst on a slightly different alignment, appear to have been added on to the enclosure and respect it. Broad dating evidence for the site is late Iron Age to Romano-British, with ceramics suggesting continuation into the 3rd or 4th century AD."
34034,200,300,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"A site at Grimley Sewage Works, in the Severn Valley, located in the immediate vicinity of a known Roman fortlet. A small trench excavated during a wider watching brief produced evidence for probable Romano-British agricultural activity with no certain evidence for settlement. The most significant discovery was evidence for a possible 3rd century palisaded enclosure which truncated a late 2nd century or early 3rd century gully, demonstrating alteration of the boundary divisions and possibly related to changes in the military or civilian situation in the area, possibly an insight into the end of the fort which is currently dated to the 2nd century."
34035,50,250,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"A site at Holt in the Severn Valley, subject to salvage recording  prior to construction of a quarry access road in an area of known cropmarks. The work revealed prehistoric (not more closely dated) and three Roman ditches thought likely to relate to enclosures. No clear evidence for domestic occupation was found, although the artefactual evidence suggests settlement nearby. It is possible that the enclosures may have been stock enclosures rather than for settlement. The three ditches were of different dates within the Roman period, ranging from the 1st to mid-3rd centuries."
34036,-50,300,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),complex,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Evaluation trenching and geophysical survey was undertaken in Pershore, in the Avon Valley, where the site was being considered for a cemetery extension. The site occupies a terrace above the north bank of the river valley. The site was interpreted by the excavators as an enclosed settlement, bounded by large rectilinear ditches, with zones of activity defined by smaller internal ditches, whilst a number of curvilinear ditches may define buildings. Artefacts were mainly of 1st and 2nd century AD in date (with evidence of  likely continuity from the LIA). The site was occupied through to the 3rd century AD. The ceramic evidence was seen as indicative of domestic occupation. The grave of a juvenile was found, probably of Roman date. Whilst the excavators characterise the settlement as enclosed, the multiple enclosures and evidence for internal organisation of space visible in the geophysics plot suggest it may have been of complex form."
34037,50,125,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Evaluation trenching and geophysical survey ahead of construction of the Wyre Piddle bypass revealed a dense concentration of Iron Age features representing ditched enclosures of several phases. The site is very imprecisely dated in the report, and it is unclear whether occupation runs into the late Iron Age or if it is earlier. Some Roman pottery was present, although the site does not appear to have been intensively occupied in the Roman period, and there may have been a settlement shift towards the north, where a substantial Romano-British settlement is suspected. Two early Roman burials were found in recut Iron Age ditches, possibly indicating continuity of activity in the same place, after the settlement shift. Surface finds of tiles and tesserae suggest a substantial Roman building in the vicinity. Pottery suggested Roman activity no later than the early 2nd century AD."
34038,,,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Evaluation trenching and geophysics ahead of road construction at Wyre Piddle revealed evidence for Romano-British settlement (and also a late Bronze Age cremation cemetery). The site is interpreted as a farmstead in the report, although most of the settlement is thought to lie to the north of the area investigated, and this part of the site is likely to have been peripheral to the settlement. Features were predominantly ditches and pits. Limited dating evidence available from the site so the date fields have been left blank."
34039,150,200,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,plain or plateau,uncertain,No,No,No,"A site situated approximately 2 miles east of the Malvern Hills, on a plateau which slopes gently towards a small stream to the south. Excavations and resistivity and magnetometry survey revealed a pottery production site for Severn Valley ware. Lumps of baked clay were considered likely to have been the remains of a demolished kiln. The only structural evidence was a beamslot and some post holes. The pottery suggests a date of operation between the middle and end of the 2nd century AD."
34040,150,250,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plain or plateau,uncertain,No,No,No,"Excavations by the Malvern Research Group revealed a Roman tile kiln. Limited data available in the report. Pottery suggests active operation in the 2nd half of the 2nd century, with activity into the 3rd. Roman flue and roof tiles recovered, including tegulae, imbrices and bricks."
34041,200,300,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,plain or plateau,uncertain,No,No,No,"Evaluation trenching, fieldwalking and geophysical survey ahead of development at Madresfield identified the presence of Romano-British settlement including an occupation layer, a ground surface, timber built structures (represented by post holes, a beam slot and a post pad) and boundary ditches. The pottery assemblage was predominantly locally produced Severn Valley wares and suggested the site dated broadly to the 3rd century AD. The report author hypothesises a link between this settlement and the pottery kilns known from the surrounding area, based on the overwhelming dominance of Severn Valley wares, although other evidence for this is lacking."
34042,100,200,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Evaluation and fieldwalking were undertaken in an area known from cropmarks. Two imprecisely dated Roman phases were recognised, 'earlier Roman' and 'later Roman', as well as prehistoric activity. Earlier Roman settlement evidence included drainage features and enclosure ditches as well as a probable ditched enclosure. Post-holes south of this enclosure probably related to structures and a large quantity of charred grain and chaff was found in one context. The site may have been on the periphery of settlement in the earlier Roman period. In the later Roman period features include a possible rectilinear enclosure or group of sill-beam slots for a rectangular timber building. The site was subject to flooding in the post-Roman period. Earlier prehistoric activity was also found, as well as very limited evidence for late Iron Age activity (possibly industrial), although as the pottery was not identified as late Iron Age with confidence this activity has not been included in this record. Considerable quantities of Roman domestic rubbish were found. Very little dating evidence provided in the report. Samian ware is suggestive of activity in the mid-2nd century."
34043,50,300,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,2,,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,No,plain or plateau,pastoral,Yes,No,No,"Archaeological evaluation (including metal detector survey) at Manor Farm, Powick, took place ahead of development of a golf course. Topographically, site occupies high flat land, with part of the field sloping towards a brook. Work concentrated on an area of features known from cropmarks, and a substantial Romano-British settlement was found, consisting of a number of irregularly shaped enclosures relating to animal husbandry and domestic occupation with evidence for occupation from the 1st to 3rd centuries AD. The enclosures were associated with ditches, pits and two roundhouses which contained a rich and well preserved assemblage. Other features are likely to relate to a fieldsystem in the area surrounding the settlement, as well as a possible drove way. The earliest possible evidence for settlement may be late Iron Age in date, but many were not well dated. Two roundhouses may have been late Iron Age or early Roman in date. Most features were of Roman date. There was also evidence for smithing on the site."
34044,75,300,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plain or plateau,uncertain,No,No,No,"Evaluation trenching took place ahead of development at a site in Great Malvern. Features included a substantial boundary ditch and a pit with evidence for metal working. A mould for metal working was also found. Occupation layers and a crude yard surface were also found. Also human intestinal parasitic eggs, indicating human waste deposition in one of the ditches. Pottery indicated activity between the late-1st and late 3rd century, with possible shrinking or abandonment by the end of the Roman period.  Approximately 200m to the south west, the Qinetiq watching brief produced further evidence for possible industrial activity, suggested by hearth/kiln waste, fuel ash and pottery sherds and the area was interpreted as being on the periphery of settlement, and likely to be industrial in character. Dated pottery sherds and a coin there suggested a 1st and 2nd century date."
34045,-50,200,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,1,,Yes,No,No,No,No,Yes,plain or plateau,uncertain,No,No,No,"Archaeological excavation ahead of construction in Eckington followed previous evaluation trenching which produced evidence for Roman settlement. Aside from Neolithic activity, the early features at the site were of 1st century BC to 1st century AD in date and included a ring ditch, possibly associated with a roundhouse. A small stone-lined well was of 1st to 2nd century AD in date and a male inhumation burial with hobnailed boots also dated from this phase. A large boundary ditch was of 2nd century date. Other features included gullies and a small stone built rectangular structure of uncertain function. Post holes also suggest structures but these are of uncertain character. No evidence for continuity beyond the 2nd century. The previous evaluation identified a concentration of boundary or enclosure ditches as well as evidence for metalworking."
34046,,,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Geophysics, evaluation trenching and fieldwalking confirmed that features known from cropmarks were part of a Romano-British fieldsystem. No settlement focus was found. A small amount of pottery indicated a Roman date, although this was not refined any further."
34047,50,400,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,plain or plateau,pastoral,Yes,No,No,"A site at Holt, situated on the western river terrace of the Severn, on a small plateau. Evaluation trenching over an adjacent to a cropmark complex protected as a Scheduled Monument produced evidence for a Romano-British settlement. There was slight evidence to suggest mid-to-late Iron Age, pre-Roman activity, although as this was minimal it has not been included as a phase in this record. Roman finds suggested a date ranging between the 1st and 4th centuries AD, with a peak between the 1st and 3rd centuries. Features included a double ditched curvilinear enclosure, rectilinear enclosures, sub-rectilinear and irregular enclosures, not all contemporaneous. Some enclosures were interpreted as stock pens, and droveways were also identified. Domestic occupation was considered likely in one part of the site, although truncation prevented recognition of internal structures. Characterisation of this site has been difficult as morphologically it is best known from cropmarks and geophysics. It perhaps was a complex of domestic enclosures, though it is also possible that the site was essentially a single enclosure with associated paddocks."
34048,,,,,uncertain,complex,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"A small area in the salt production centre and small town at Droitwich was excavated ahead of building development. Features included a grave aligned east-west and pottery suggested a 3rd-4th century date. Few other Roman features. No particularly useful dating evidence for the settlement was found, and so dates have been left blank in this record."
34049,-100,300,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,1,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,hill,mixed,No,No,No,"Evaluation excavation and monitoring took place at a site on the southern edge of modern Worcester, on a plateau adjacent to the River Severn. The site commands extensive views over the Teme Valley, the Malvern Hills and east, towards Whittington Tump. Occupation appears to have begun in the mid Iron Age (radio carbon dating suggests 170BC at the latest), with continuity into the Roman period and a peak in the 2nd century (C. AD 120-60) and only very slight evidence for continuity into the 3rd century, and likely abandonment by the 4th century.  Enclosure ditches were found, thought to relate to mid-late Iron Age settlement which continued into the Roman period. Postholes indicated a probable rectangular structure, possibly a forge or shelter, and copious metalworking evidence consistent with smithing was also recovered. These features were 2nd century in date and may have represented a shift in focus slightly to the east. Further ditches were thought to relate to an associated fieldsystem. At least one probable roundhouse, rebuilt on several occasions, was represented by eaves drip gullies. This was late IA or early Roman in date. The site is interpreted as a small to medium sized farmstead."
34050,-50,640,50,120,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,Yes,No,"Evaluation trenching, a watching brief and excavation were undertaken ahead of development at St John's, Worcester, on the west side of the River Severn, approximately 750m SW of the Roman small town at Worcester. The site is on a gravel terrace overlooking the Severn flood plain. The investigations produced evidence for a late Iron Age enclosure with a ditch that was re-excavated in the early Roman period, probably just after the conquest. Evidence from pottery, coins and brooches suggests that the ditch was filled again rapidly, perhaps during the 50s AD, when the enclosure was abandoned. There was little evidence for activity within the enclosure other than a handful of pits. The exceptional finds assemblage, apparently dumped in the enclosure ditch when it went out of use, comprises native pottery as well as objects associated with the military, and the site in this phase is interpreted as having a trading function, possibly established by natives trading with the army. Brooches and coins deposited in the ditch during this phase represent a possible structured deposit, although they may have been deposited for other reasons.  The enclosure ditch was partially reused in the 2nd century, and pottery suggests renewed activity between c. AD 120 and 160, when the site probably functioned as a small farmstead, abandoned again by the end of the 2nd century. Evidence for ironworking at the site during this phase.   Some time during the mid-3rd to late 4th/early 5th century the area of the enclosure was reused as a cemetery, with two graves (one prone and both with hobnails) partially cut into part of one the enclosure ditches. Further burials continued in the post-Roman period, including a decapitation burial which suggests that for some time Roman burial rites continued."
34051,50,200,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plain or plateau,uncertain,No,No,No,"Evaluation trenching took place on gradually sloping land at a site at Warndon, approximately 3km east of Worcester. Roman features identified during the evaluation included linear features and pits, and were interpreted as rectilinear enclosures with artefacts suggestive of domestic activity. The site was thought likely to be a farmstead. No structures were identified and the morphology of the site is uncertain. Pottery indicates an early Roman date, of 1st to 2nd century."
34052,-100,300,-50,100,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,3,2,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,mixed,No,Yes,No,"A site occupying the northern end of a gravel terrace on the east bank of the River Severn, just before it enters the Severn Gorge. Initially recognised as a cropmark through aerial photography, the site was excavated ahead of gravel extraction. The site consisted of a rectangular double-ditched palisaded defensive promontory enclosure, overlooking the floodplain to the west. The enclosure was constructed in the Iron Age, and included circular and rectangular buildings. Some of the rectangular buildings may have been for storage, whilst at least one may have been domestic. Artefacts recovered from the site included domestic objects and currency bars. The site was constructed in the 2nd century BC and abandoned in the mid-1st century BC, though apparently saw re-use in the Roman period, in the 2nd-3rd century, when it was used for agriculture, presumably associated with a nearby settlement. Structured deposits in the IA may have included a pit containing a range of objects including pottery, a salt container, a ceramic weight, a brooch and objects of iron, including possible currency bar fragments - in all cases these objects were either partial or broken."
34053,50,300,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"A site to the north of Clifton in the Severn Valley, immediately south of the Severn. Investigations included geophysics, fieldwalking and metal detector survey in an area of activity known through aerial photography. A group of enclosures were revealed during the geophysics, with traces of structures which were possibly roundhouses. Whilst high concentrations of Roman pottery and building materials were identified, these did not occur over the area of the enclosures, apart from a concentration of building material in part of one of them. A considerable concentration of slag coincided with the Roman pottery. The metal detecting survey produced a late Iron Age coin and three Roman coins in close proximity, coinciding with the highest concentration of fieldwalked material, and a brooch was also found. Together, the results of the surveys were regarded as evidence for the presence of a significant Roman site, perhaps a farmstead also involved in some iron smelting. The site's location on the Severn may also indicate an iron transport function.  Dating evidence is poor, but the coin and pottery evidence suggests activity from at least the 1st century AD (perhaps earlier considering the IA coin). There was little evidence for how long the settlement continued, though the 3rd century coin suggests perhaps at least until the 3rd century."
34054,-50,400,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,8,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,No,Yes,No,"A site located approx. 1km to the west of modern Pershore, occupying a south facing hill-slope on a ridge. The site was discovered when an amateur metal detector user found a nationally important Iron Age coin hoard, and a second Iron Age hoard was discovered during limited archaeological investigation. This second hoard was apparently deposited in the Roman period, in the 3rd-4th century. Extensive geophysical survey and fieldwalking indicated an extensive area of archaeological features in the vicinity, provisionally identified as evidence for settlement of Iron Age and Roman date, covering an area of approx. 10ha. Several areas of more intensive activity were defined, including enclosures and possible roundhouses, and large quantities of material were recovered during fieldwalking. The site was seen as a likely farmstead, with activity from the Iron Age into the Roman period. The concentration of Roman pottery occurred predominantly away from the roundhouses, so these may predominantly be Iron Age rather than Roman. The roundhouses identified during the geophysics lay outside the enclosures, which were thought possibly to be stock enclosures. Roof tile and a small amount of tesserae suggest a substantial building somewhere in the vicinity. The site is difficult to classify on morphological grounds - the geophysical survey results are suggestive of linear/developed settlement, although without excavation many of the features are undated, and it is unclear which are contemporary. A recent interpretation of the coins by Hurst and Leins is that they potentially represent deposition in a late Iron Age hilltop religious space."
34055,250,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,No,No,No,"The site of a Romano-British pottery kiln at Malvern Link. The kiln was discovered in 1887 and was never published, and little information is available, although D Peacock discussed the pottery from the kiln which was stored in the Malvern Public library in a 1960s report. Kiln furniture and vessels thought to have been made in the kiln are discussed, and vessels thought not to have been produced in the kiln were also present. Based on the pottery it is thought that the kiln may have been in production during the 4th century, and possibly also in the 3rd century."
34056,-50,400,50,,medium (4 - 8 ha),complex,Yes,2,,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,No,river valley,mixed,Yes,No,No,"A site to the north east of Beckford village, in south west Worcestershire, excavated over several seasons prior to destruction by gravel extraction. The area was clearly a focus for very substantial and extensive settlement during the late Iron Age and Roman periods, though little information is currently available. A final report is currently in production, though this record is based on Oswald's published report and the interim reports in West Midlands Archaeology. The site as a whole consists of a large group of Iron Age and Roman settlement and field enclosures, pits and an Iron Age boundary ditch, originally recognised through aerial photography and excavated during the 1960s and 70s. Oswald's excavation in the late 1960s focussed on the western extremity of the complex revealed through aerial photography, and included a rectangular stock enclosure and three successive palisade ditches which surrounded an oval enclosure or hut, and were in use from the late Iron Age to c. AD 50, when they were dismantled. The central enclosure contained skeletons of several horses and the site was interpreted as being for horse breeding. A mixed economy was suggested for the LIA, with an emphasis on stock, with a possible switch to arable in the Roman period.  Rammed earth floors for houses were placed over the site in the 3rd-4th centuries AD. Oswald's excavation was clearly only part of a much wider site, much of which has also been excavated but for which little information is currently available. The site is a difficult one to characterise, but considering the evidence other than that excavated by Oswald, it seems likely that it was nucleated to a certain extent, and may perhaps be better regarded as a village rather than a farmstead. The 1973 report describes a series of pits and gullies which are exclusively Iron Age in date, representing a large undefended settlement, with many large enclosures defining areas of timber buildings, smaller internal enclosures and concentrations of storage pits. Other clay-lined pits, possibly furnaces or hearths, and rubbish and cess pits were also found. Several burials were also found. The southern part of the site produced a palimpsest of ditches defining small rectilinear areas, indicating a fieldsystem, and a system of trackways may have been associated. The 1976 report describes the excavation of a roundhouse in the centre of the site, within an enclosure, and suggests that the Romano-British fieldsystems indicate a radical re-organisation of the settlement in the Roman period. 1978 work at the site focussed on a large ditched enclosure. An adult burial was recovered from a pit dug into the enclosure ditch. The 1978 excavations also produced further evidence for metalworking including moulds, recovered from a pit. At least three major phases of Romano-British fieldsystems were identified, and there was much re-orientation over time. There was limited evidence of Romano-British settlement in the 1978 excavation, and other Roman features included scattered graves (including decapitation burials), though the density of finds of Roman date increases towards the east of the site, indicating that the focus of the Roman settlement may have been to the east."
34057,120,200,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"A site at Hawford on a river terrace cut through by the River Salwarpe, near the confluence of the Severn. The site was excavated ahead of road-widening after being first observed through aerial photography. The site consisted of a ditched enclosure, dateable to the 2nd century AD based upon pottery evidence. The enclosure was thought to be for stock rather than defensive, and it is unclear whether or not it contained any domestic structures."
34058,200,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"A site at Astley in the Severn valley, approx. 1km west of the River Severn. Identified through aerial photography, the site was excavated during destruction caused by gravel extraction. Features included several ditches, and one group were interpreted as a stock enclosure, whereas the character of the other features is uncertain. Pottery from the site was seen as suggestive of occupation, though the character of the site is not well understood. The pottery suggested occupation in the 3rd-4th centuries AD, and a few sherds of Iron Age pottery were also recovered."
34059,150,425,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,3,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,Yes,No,"A site at Astley in the Severn Valley, located approx. 750m west of the River Severn, lying at the foot of a hill of sand. First recognised through aerial photography, the site was excavated ahead of destruction during gravel extraction. The site was interpreted as a rural farmstead, and was represented by four irregular enclosures, a number of structures,  a well and several finds. Iron Age pottery and features were found, but were thought possibly not to represent permanent occupation. Despite the presence of a 'distinct group' of 1st-2nd century finds, the major periods of occupation at the site are suggested to be the latter 2nd century AD, followed by a break in the 3rd century, with renewed occupation in the 4th century. However, a 3rd century occupation layer represented by pottery is discussed in the report, so whether there was a real hiatus is uncertain. At least three of the enclosures appear to have been contemporary, though one may have been abandoned and reoccupied in the late Roman period (or possibly continued straight through). A fourth enclosure had a distinct 3rd-4th century group of pottery associated. Up to three circular buildings were recognised, although their relationship to the enclosures is not certain. One appears to have been contained by one of the enclosures, and may be 4th century in date. The well was dated to the late 4th century, and may have been completely filled in during the early 5th century. Inside the well there were groups of animal bones, including the skeleton of a dog and antlers of red deer with saw and chopper marks. Also other individual bones of dogs (including two crania) and fox bones.  Also a set of hobnails from the well."
34060,-100,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,2,No,No,No,No,No,Yes,hill,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"A site situated on the dip slope, below the top of the Cleeve Hill escarpment. In the 1920s a hoard of Roman coins were found on the edge of the site, and in the 60s a trial excavation revealed two phases of building overlying a ditch which was filled in the 3rd-4th century, and the occupation evidence was suggestive of this date. A minor Roman road also is known to the west of the site. More recent fieldwalking and open area excavation produced further evidence for a masonry building, thought to be of late-Iron Age to early Roman date. The site is thought to have been established in the mid-Iron Age, and occupied continuously until the end of the Roman period. Limited data in the report, but quantities of pottery and coinage are suggested as indicative of a degree of wealth. The date of abandonment of the site is uncertain, though coins of 3rd-4th century were found, and the earlier hoard recovered may have been Constantinian. The character of the site must remain somewhat uncertain, though it has been classified as a rural farmstead here."
34061,-50,50,1,,medium (4 - 8 ha),unclassified,Yes,2,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,Yes,Yes,No,"The site of Kemerton Camp Hillfort, on the promontory head at the NW corner of Bredon Hill, excavated in the 1930s.The first hillfort at Bredon Hill is thought to have been constructed c.100-50 BC, and was initially a simple rectangular univallate promontory fort with overlapping entrance. The 1938 report suggests foundation by a people intrusive to the area (possibly from the SW), and different to the local IA inhabitants (though this is clearly a reflection of the report's date, and the prevalence of the culture historical paradigm at this time). At this point the fort was approx. 7.1ha in size. A possible ancient trackway may have been associated with the fort. Several circular buildings and hearths were associated with the first phase, including one hut with a hearth and a water sump.  Another circular building, behind the gateway, produced a hearth and evidence for bronze smelting. This building was later destroyed. A rich finds assemblage was also associated with this phase, suggesting that the hillfort was well-linked to the trade network.  The fort was drastically remodelled during the early years of the 1st c. AD, when it was reduced to 3.5ha and became bivallate, with substantial stone walling and paving constructed, and side entrances added. It is suggested in the report that the fort at this stage had reverted to the local Iron Age inhabitants, and the difference in style reflects this, again likely a reflection of the date of the report. Mutilated remains of around 50 (but up to 64) young adult males were found where they had fallen in the fort's main entrance, and this was seen as evidence of inter-tribal fighting as no Roman material was found at the site, and the hillfort is therefore regarded as having gone out of use prior to the Roman invasion, probably as a direct result of the circumstances surrounding the massacre.  A posthole for a possible hut contained a complete skeleton of a 1 year old child, together with grains of wheat, representing possible structured deposition. Further evidence for structured deposition includes a pit, from the second phase, with the fragmented remains of two skeletons and three mandibles, one of an adult, one of a child, and one of an elderly individual over 40. Report suggests that they were placed together in the pit. The filling of another pit contained a human leg bone."
34062,-100,300,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,1,,No,No,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,No,No,No,"A previously unknown site at Elm Farm, Beckford, located on a slight spur of higher ground in the valley of the Carrant Brook, excavated during construction of a pipeline. A geophysical survey revealed numerous anomalies, apparently representing enclosure ditches, including two superimposed sub rectangular enclosures. The excavation revealed a concentration of mid-to-late Iron age activity comprising a semi-circular ditch which may have related to a roundhouse. The ditch produced mid-to-late Iron Age and Roman pottery. Pits also contained Iron Age pottery. Further IA features were a possible sub rectangular enclosure and further ditches, postholes and pits. Late Iron Age to early Roman activity seems to have occurred within the above enclosure ditch, which may have been remodelled at this time. Ditches and postholes of this phase produced pottery dating from the 1st-2nd centuries AD, and other similar features occurred outside the enclosure. To the west of the enclosure Roman features included fieldsystem ditches and further ditches which produced pottery of 2nd to 3rd/4th century date. A domestic oven was also found. A second sub-rectangular enclosure was also found to date from this period. Generally, the pottery ranged from the Iron Age through to the late Roman period, though there was a scarcity of Roman material after around AD 250, and activity at the site may have ended before c. AD 300. The site appears to have been continuously occupied from the mid-Iron Age through to the Roman period."
34063,100,300,,,medium (4 - 8 ha),complex,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Excavation took place ahead of pipeline construction at Wormington, a site occupying a slight spur in a gravel deposit of the River Isbourne. Cropmarks plotted during the excavation phase revealed trackways and enclosures, and the predominant feature was a trackway which ran north of the pipeline route for at least 650m to meet a number of square and rectangular enclosures. Two of these enclosures contained smaller rectangular and circular features, probably indicative of settlement, one of which had previously been interpreted as a courtyard villa. Further features were defined by a geophysical survey, which revealed further trackways and a square enclosure. Excavated evidence included mid-to-late Iron Age activity, dating from the 4th-2nd centuries BC, and there is no clear continuity from the Iron Age into the Roman period. However, the cropmarks indicate that the site was extensive, and there may have been continuity in other areas, though there is currently no direct evidence for this. The Roman features dated from the 2nd to 3rd centuries, and the excavation indicated that the trackway and the adjoining rectangular enclosure were constructed in the Roman period, following the alignment of the earlier, Iron Age features. The 2nd century is seen in the report to mark a dramatically increased level of activity in the area."
34064,175,300,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"A site at Honeybourne, investigated during pipeline construction. Excavation revealed several pits, probably the result of quarrying of the Lias limestone. A number of substantial ditches also found. Pottery suggests activity from the later 2nd to later 3rd centuries AD. Only small assemblages of pottery and animal bone recovered, and the site is seen as part of a fieldsystem. This site seems likely to be part of the same activity recorded at database number 34004."
34065,100,250,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,Yes,hill,uncertain,No,No,No,"A further site at Beckford, in a coppice on the lower slopes of Bredon Hill, south Worcestershire, where excavations undertaken since the early 20th century have produced evidence for a Romano-British rural settlement. The earliest excavations recovered pottery, roofing tiles, coins and the foundations of a stone building which was later shown to be of medieval date. However, later excavations nearby revealed a Roman period masonry structure as well as an oven which may have been a corndrier. One of the reports notes that there was an accumulation of material from the spring area, raising the possibility of ritual activity. Very limited information is available for the site, and the site chronology must be regarded with caution."
34066,-50,175,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,4,,No,No,No,No,No,Yes,plain or plateau,uncertain,No,No,No,"A site on level ground to the north west of Broadway village, south Worcestershire, revealed as a result of gravel extraction. As well as a probable late Iron Age roundhouse (and at least a further three unseen by the excavator, but apparently visible and destroyed during the quarrying) and ditches, stratified finds indicate continuous occupation from around AD 75 to 175, though it is unclear whether there was certainly continuity between the LIA and RB periods. Fragments of late pottery suggest a late Roman and subsequently Anglo-Saxon site in the nearby area. Romano-British ditches were open in the 2nd century, and subsequently sealed by a rough area of paving with late 2nd century pottery associated. Heaps of stone may represent the remains of stone building foundations. Other features included pits and ditches containing RB pottery.  Cropmarks in the vicinity suggest a multi-phase Late Iron Age or Early Roman settlement which may have been truncated by the quarry."
34067,-100,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"The route of a pipeline passed through fields to the south west of Breedons Norton in the Avon Valley (approx. 800m E of the Avon), where geophysical survey and trial trenching revealed evidence of substantial Romano-British activity, possibly representing a settlement site dating from the 2nd to 4th centuries AD, and seeming to continue from activity in the mid-to-late Iron Age. The principal feature was a large double-ditched enclosure, whilst in an adjacent field several smaller enclosures were revealed, with evidence for intensive Romano-British activity. A possible late Iron Age to early Roman trackway also ran through the excavated area, and the inner ditch of the enclosure may have had late prehistoric origins. Little precise chronology in the report."
35001,250,400,330,,medium (4 - 8 ha),unclassified,Yes,,1,Yes,No,Yes,Yes,No,Yes,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"A Roman villa discovered in 1941 just over a mile north-west of Brough and the Humber. Two mosaic pavements were found in a stone quarry. These were recorded and reburied but later dug up again and moved to Hull Museum (though one was stolen). Rescue excavations in the 1960s, around 70 yards north of the 1941 discovery, revealed much of a villa house with at least three rooms with hypocausts and mosaic/tessellated flooring. The report gives detailed descriptions of the mosaics and the wall plaster, of which much was recovered.  Pottery and coinage sealed by one of the rooms dated to the mid-3rd-early 4thC AD. The end of the villa is not well dated, though an undated 'oven', thought possibly to have been a lime kiln, lay next to one of the rooms and seems to have been in use when the building was being demolished/robbed."
35002,-25,300,200,,small (<1 - 3 ha),complex,Yes,8,,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,No,coastal,mixed,Yes,Yes,Yes,"Lying at the top of a south-facing slope 500m from the Yorkshire coastline, just north of the mouth of the Humber, the site of a ladder-style settlement was shown to have been established in the 1stC BC (the pottery suggests habitation by the late 1stC BC), continuing with gradual development and restructuring into the 3rdC AD. The area is thought to have been heavily eroded and it is suggested that the inhabitants of the site may have been up to 6km from the coast. The site is notable for a dearth of imported artefacts and the continuation of pre-conquest architectural traditions.  During the LIA the landscape was divided by an east-west trackway, with enclosures being constructed to its south at the very end of this phase. The central enclosure included two probable roundhouses.  The trackway and enclosure system continued in use into the Roman phase and two new ditches led to the north forming a new trackway, providing access to associated fields. To the east of this feature in one large field, a new group of 6 roundhouses came into use, signifying a shift in the domestic focus of the site.  A later phase of activity saw these structures become enclosed, with further additional features added to the enclosure system to the south in the 2ndC AD. A horse burial was placed at the junction of the two trackways, and is suggested to have been a 'threshold' burial, whilst a dog skull was placed close to the bend of the opposite ditch and may have served a similar function.  Pottery evidence suggests that the settlement was abandoned in the late 3rd or early 4thC AD. 6thC AD inhumations were also found on site."
35003,75,250,125,200,small (<1 - 3 ha),complex,Yes,2,1,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,mixed,No,Yes,No,"The site of a multi-phased settlement located on gently sloping land just south of the eastern section of the Yorkshire Welds, around 2km from the modern coastline. Early activity was identified from apparently unenclosed settlement buildings and associated features. Whilst eight possible structures were identified, one could be more certain as being a domestic roundhouse.  These features were replaced, most likely in the early 2ndC AD, by a rectilinear enclosure/field-system dominated by a single large enclosure. This enclosure contained a single large roundhouse. These types of settlements in the region are noted to be generally interpreted as 'single nuclear family farmsteads'.  This settlement received significant reorganisation and refurbishment in the late 2nd/early 3rdC AD with the enclosure system to the north going out of use, with the construction of an extension to the east of the main enclosure. The main enclosure and the extended area received new divisions in internal space, and further possible structures were identified.  The final phase of activity into the 3rdC AD sees the construction of a new sub-divided enclosure, lying adjacently south-east of the earlier one, which now appears to have been abandoned, though a level of continuity can be observed. Whilst Less evidence for structures could be identified in this later phase of activity, the presence of a large and unusual corn-dryer (T-shaped with associated features - plan in report) suggests that the settlement may have shifted from an earlier focus on pastoralism to agriculturally-focussed habitation site. One probable rectangular structure may have been an agricultural building or an animal fold.  See animal bone data for 'unusual'/possible 'structured' deposits."
35005,1,410,250,,uncertain,complex,Yes,2,,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,No,river valley,mixed,Yes,No,Yes,"Romano-British site located on lower ground in the Gypsy Race valley, east of Rudston, in an area with substantial cropmark evidence for wider settlement and land-use. Romano-British settlement is recorded to the east and south of the existing Caythorpe facility, lying just beyond the development boundary, where a Scheduled Monument consists of a network of rectilinear and curvilinear enclosures and trackways, associated with a number of probable huts and pits. To the north of the Gypsey Race lies the Roman road (High Street) between Fridaythorpe and Bridlington.  Excavation revealed a phase of late Iron Age/early Roman activity in an area in the valley bottom represented by several major boundary ditches, running north to south down the slope, and the partial remains of two roundhouses. Elsewhere, a number of chalk surfaces and post-holes were assumed to represent further associated structural activity, whilst a later phase of narrow ditches/gullies cut across the north-south ditches on a slightly different alignment.  The deposition of a major colluvial layer on the south-facing slope, thought to derive from cultivation on the upper valley side, sealed many of the above features. This was assumed to have occurred over a relatively short period of time, because the earliest linear features laid out over the colluvium echoed the alignment and position of the pre-existing boundaries. Just to the west, along the lower-lying ground were a number of sub-divided ditched enclosures. Investigations in 1992 in advance of the construction of the existing pipeline provided further evidence of structural elements such as post-holes, stone layers and a small stone-lined oven, whilst the presence of timber buildings was also suggested. At the slope top, above the settlement, lay a large rectangular enclosure with a ditched trackway funnelling to the north. The interior of the enclosure appeared devoid of any structural activity and it may have been a stock compartment. Pottery recovered from many of the settlement enclosures and associated boundary ditches ranged in date from the 3rdC through to the late 4th or early 5thC AD.   Along with the associated cropmarks, including the Scheduled Monument settlement to the east which was clearly associated, the excavation appears to have revealed a settlement covering several hectares, and was of such a size that it must have contained multiple households (an agglomeration of farmsteads) and should perhaps be considered as a 'nucleated settlement' considering its location to the known road/drove route to the north. The area excavated was likely peripheral to the main settlement focus."
35006,300,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,No,No,No,"The site of two Bronze Age barrows lying on the upper chalk of the Yorkshire Wolds, with evidence for 4thC AD and early medieval re-use of the site. The excavators of the site interpreted it as an 'inland signal station', due to a high number of coins and elevated position of the site, though this has since been superseded by a reinterpretation of late Roman ritual re-use of the site. Many of the late Roman metalwork finds were found to have been deliberately damaged and deposited around the barrows. A group of 10 decapitated skeletons along with other unusual burials were also recovered, though these have since been radiocarbon dated to the mid-latter part of the early medieval period and have been shown to have been part of a Saxon execution cemetery (Buckberry and Hadley OJA 2007)."
35007,100,410,,,large (9+ ha),complex,Yes,2,1,Yes,Yes,No,No,Yes,No,plateau or plain,mixed,Yes,Yes,Yes,"Shiptonthorpe is a large Romano-British roadside settlement covering c.9.6ha and is located on the eastern side of the Vale of York. The surrounding landscape is generally low-lying and not far from the foot of the Wolds, situated on light, free-draining soils, and cut by a series of small streams which run south into the Humber.  The site has been subject to experimental research investigations involving small-scale excavation, geophysics, field-walking, cropmark survey, and metal-detecting. Although limited in area the excavations revealed several phases of activity within the central area of the settlement including the construction of the Roman road, the development of a number of enclosures, two early timber circular structures, a timber aisled hall which superseded the roundhouses. The excavation of a large 4thC AD pond/waterhole provided very well preserved remains, including a range of organic materials, pertaining to a number of activities as well as evidence for votive deposition.  Little evidence for pre-Roman occupation was found in the excavated areas. The settlement was dated on stratified coin and pottery evidence initially with the construction of the road following tree clearance, which appears not to have been in use before the early 2ndC AD. It is thought that the road may have been constructed after the military annexation of the region. Settlement alongside the road begun in the early-mid 2ndC AD, with the appearance of a series of 'farm-like' enclosures similar to the ladder-type settlements well known in the region. These enclosures continued to be developed over time and were variously used as domestic areas, fields, and paddocks. Gravel spreads dating to the final phase of activity, c.l.4thC AD, possibly represent further structures, though a reordering of space along the roadside perhaps points to a reduction in the local population at this time. The road is, however, thought to have continued to be used into the early Saxon period, influencing the development of the early medieval village at Shiptonthorpe.  Millett (2006, 309) suggests that whilst the settlement was fundamentally agricultural and pastoral in character, it formed a central place where produce was gathered and processed. This interpretation was based upon the presence of pre-processed crop remains and from the numerous querns and presence of millstones at the site."
35008,-100,400,100,350,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,1,Yes,No,Yes,No,Yes,Yes,plateau or plain,mixed,Yes,Yes,No,"Site of a Romano-British farmstead lying at the foot of the Yorkshire Wolds within the Vale of York. The site was discovered by ploughing and then became part of a long-term examination of the wider Hayton landscape which included geophysics and aerial photography. The site was constructed c.800m north of the major Roman road from York, which runs south to Shiptonthorpe and Market Weighton, and to the opposite south of which lay a Roman military fort which excavated in the 1970s. It is clear that the settlement lay at the northern periphery of the Hayton roadside settlement (see Bridge Farm and Grove Farm). The area lies on fertile soils which are well drained by Burnby Beck.  Occupation at the site originates in the mid-late Iron Age (IA ceramic dating for the area is unsecure) with two roundhouses, one within an enclosure and one without. The settlement develops into the late Iron Age with the construction of two new, larger roundhouses, each of which are set within enclosures, and are accompanied by pit complexes and burials.  The early Roman period, commencing from c.AD100, sees a reorganisation of the settlement with new enclosures being set out and two rectangular timber buildings replacing the roundhouses, one of which was a large aisled structure. The 3rdC AD saw a realignment of some ditches accompanied by the addition of a stone-built bathhouse constructed over an earlier backfilled ditch. The bathhouse was constructed as an annexe attached to the north-east corner of the main 2ndC AD structure; the aisled building may also have continued into this phase, which likely lasted into the early 4thC AD.  Associated pits, two wells north of the bathhouse, a waterhole next to the aisled building, whilst human and animal burials are also a feature of this phase. Insect and plant remains from the waterlogged deposits at the base of one of the wells suggests a very clean water environment for its use in this phase; it continued to be used into the later Roman phase (see below). Structured deposits may have been present, such as the fill of the eastern ditch which contained later 3rd to mid-4thC AD pottery a neonatal infant, an immature sheep and a piglet.  The later Roman phase, dating from the mid-late 4thC AD, saw a major change in the architecture of the settlement with the earlier timber buildings replaced in stone. The rebuilt north range of the main 3rdC AD building formed the core of a series of structures traced across most of the site. The bathhouse was modified and incorporated into this range, all seemingly facing northwards onto a trackway. This trackway may have existed in earlier phases, but was defined by ditches in this phase. The stone buildings had suffered from later ploughing and robbings.  By this phase, most of the enclosure ditches had been backfilled, whilst at the valley floor, an area of significant crop-marking, the construction of a shallow ditches was suggested to be for cultivation (lazy beds?). The ditches ran parallel to the relic course of Hayton Beck, appear to belong to a water management system. A medieval mill was present in the area, and possible Roman millstones were also present in the assemblage.   Evidence suggests that the buildings were demolished towards the end of the 4thC AD. The wells to the north of the bathhouse continued in use into the late 4thC AD, getting was infilled at the end of this period. The deepest deposits in one of the well shafts had good organic survival and contained pottery of late 4thC AD date, with the upper fills containing including material of similar date, plus an animal burial comprising three cows, two sub-adult and one adult, and a large quantity of building material, including painted wall-plaster and window glass, and pieces of furniture. Another notable deposit belonging to this phase included a group of nine coins found close together in the flue of the corn-drying oven, four of them were in association with a multiple animal burial of three partial skeletons: an adult dog, a juvenile dog (partial), and a neonatal pig (partial)."
35009,1,700,100,325,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,3,3,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,Yes,"Work by developers in the Town of Hayton, close to the Roman road and opposite the previously excavated Roman fort, revealed the presence of a northern area of the nucleated settlement at Hayton, and includes various phases relating to different stages of development.  The first phase of activity comprised occupation evidence and two graves. A large ditch bisected the settlement, which was effectively unenclosed, with a roundhouse and a series of pits to the south and two roundhouses (or one roundhouse with an annex) to the north of this boundary. This phase dated from the LIA to the early 2ndC AD and the evidence suggests that it took the form of a farmstead before the construction of the Roman road.  It appears that, relatively soon after the construction of the road, the settlement was reorganised with property plot realigned towards the highway. The excavated revealed the rear-ends of some properties, which were divided from the area behind by a major ditch. This area consisted of a probable rectangular building, a kiln, and two cremations. A new enclosure was also established to the south-east, at the edge of the excavated area, which was also intensively occupied by settlement features, whilst there was little evidence of activity in the area between the two occupation sites, though a roundhouse did stand in area. Two L-shaped features likely represent further buildings in the enclosure. This phase dated between the 2ndC AD and the 4thC AD.  By the early-mid-4thC AD the domestic settlements had been abandoned and the site was exclusively used as an inhumation cemetery. The burials can be divided into a two spatial groups: a row of eight burials that lies just outside and overlaps with the Period 2 enclosure and another which lies within the area occupied by the previous roadside settlement. Both groups of burials respect earlier topographic boundaries and, without more refined dating, it seems likely that some overlapped with Period 2 occupation. However, it is also notable that the iron fittings from one of the burials indicate a mid-late Anglo-Saxon date. This raises the possibility that the cemetery continued in use well into the post-Roman period."
35010,100,400,,,uncertain,complex,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Small-scale excavation along the Roman road in the vicinity of the Hayton roadside settlement. The evidence from the area shows a much lower intensity of activity with some features indicative of domestic occupation, but also an area of small-scale gravel quarrying. The most significant finds were three inhumation burials, however, which might well imply that the site was close to the north-western limit of the roadside settlement or that it was discontinuous, with different types of land-use interspersed between the occupation areas. Evidence for activity ranges in date from the 2ndC AD to the late 4thC AD; the burials cut earlier features so likely date towards the end of the period."
35011,-50,400,100,,large (9+ ha),complex,Yes,,,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,Yes,river valley,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Site of an extensive roadside settlement focussed just to the south-east of the modern village at Hayton. This settlement is primarily known through extensive survey of the area, including the use of aerial photography, geophysical survey, metal-detecting, and field-walking. The site has only received minimal excavation by trial trenches, though important excavations have been carried out to the north on areas of peripheral settlement at Glen Garth (site 35009) and the farm/villa settlement at Burnby Lane (site 35008).  Crop-marks in the area reveal a complex series of features of probable Iron Age and Roman date as well as some later field boundaries which are clearly on different alignments.  A substantial kite-shaped enclosure is clearly defined by a double ditch on the north and eastern side of the road, itself defined by ditches, and appears to predate the roadside settlement. This may well have been a major Iron Age settlement, located beside the Beck. However, further ditches within the enclosure, revealed by magnetometry, suggests that it was later incorporated into the roadside settlement.  The Roman roadside settlement appears to be defined by major linear boundaries around the periphery of the settlement, on both sides of the road, within which a system of smaller rectilinear enclosures faced onto the road likely forming a number of property plots. Magnetometry results also show, probably metalled, trackways circumnavigating some of these plots and running perpendicular from the road. Also, some enclosures appeared to include a number of masonry structures, though most buildings are likely to have been timber. This observation was supported by the results from the trial excavations which identified the footings of a number of masonry buildings, as well as the distribution of tile found during fieldwalking which shows a general scatter, but with slightly higher densities towards the Burnby Beck. Larger maculi further back from the road indicate the presence of pits, wells and perhaps hearths or kilns.  Without wider excavation, precise dating of different parts of the settlement remains uncertain. Based on the material recovered, Millet surmises that the kite-enclosure represented an important late Iron Age centre, then Flavian material suggest the initial developments of the roadside settlement, probably roughly contemporary with the construction of the fort (which may have been abandoned by the early 2ndC AD). The road appears to have been constructed in the early 2nd C (see Shiptonthorpe), after which domestic activity becomes more intensive through the 2nd and 3rdC AD. The settlement changed little to the late 4thC AD, though the main focus of the settlement may have shifted further south by this time."
35012,-80,250,50,,small (<1 - 3 ha),complex,Yes,3,,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,No,river valley,mixed,Yes,Yes,Yes,"Excavations on the north side of the Humber estuary on a road scheme development, revealed evidence for multiperiod activity including a late Iron Age ladder settlement and early Roman enclosure complex.  The settlement focus developed on the north side of a trackway which had been in use for centuries before, and primarily dated from the beginning of the 1st C BC to the early 1st C AD. The settlement consisted of roundhouses, pits, burials, and other structures, and was mostly abandoned by the middle of the 1st C AD.  The trackway continued into the Roman period (and beyond) whilst new systems of land division and enclosure were constructed into the Roman period, remaining in use until the middle of the 3rd C AD. An agricultural building with a raised floor was present and a corn-drier was dug into a partially filled Roman ditch, perhaps dating to the end of this period (c. e.3rd C AD). The corn-drier originally consisted of a doomed structure and a wattle frame encased in clay. The inner dome had an open area to the south (see plan). Four partial animal skeletons were excavated from the Roman period activity, and were suggested to be possible 'special' deposits (see plan).  A sunken-feature building formed one of the latest features at the site cutting other early Roman features, and whilst Saxon material was recovered to the east of the area the excavator suggests that the SFB was perhaps 2nd C AD in date. The feature mainly produced animal bone with some evidence for a hearth. On balance, the dating is perhaps tentative. Evidence for 6th-7th C AD Saxon reoccupation emerged on the site.  The report notably includes feature sampling information: linears - 10% (minimum), pits/postholes - 50%, deposits/layers - 100%."
35013,100,175,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,mixed,No,No,No,"The laying of a windfarm cable across the Holderness Levels revealed evidence for a number of late Prehistoric and Romano-British sites. Area 1 produced evidence for a small enclosed settlement of uncertain character. It was obscured somewhat by an overlying ridge and furrow, though a comparatively large quantity of pottery, including some imported regional wares suggests that it may have been involved in local trade and exchange of goods across the Humber and through the Levels, perhaps using the waterways, since evidence for roads in this area is lacking. Dating evidence suggests that the enclosure was relatively short-lived, perhaps only being in use during the early to middle 2ndC AD. The finds assemblage is typical of a local rural farmstead, though the presence of honeypot and amphorae sherds may suggest links with the military. Some internal features were discernible, but difficult to interpret, perhaps due to truncation."
35014,-100,-25,50,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,4,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,pastoral,No,No,No,"A small domestic settlement located along the Westermost Rough Windfarm pipeline on the Holderness Levels. Two broad phases of activity were discerned based upon radiocarbon dates and stratigraphic relationships of various features examined at the site, beginning with an unenclosed settlement dating 2ndC-1stC BC and a second phase characterised by the construction of a number of large enclosure ditches with date to around the later 1stC BC and continue into the middle of the 1stC AD (a small amount of early Roman pottery suggests some continued use of the site, though the nature of this was uncertain). The ditches were superimposed around the unenclosed settlement, demonstrating continued use of the site, rather than a change in site function.  Ring-gullies and postholes were indicative of roundhouse structures (at least four structures were identified, though these may not have been contemporary). Pits contained domestic debris, whilst possible waterhole features may have been indicative of pastoral use. A small clay-lined 'kiln' structure was found to contain kiln bars and may have been used for pottery production; barley remains may have signalled the use of the structure for corn-processing, though chaff may have been used for fuel."
35015,-50,275,75,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,5,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,pastoral,Yes,Yes,No,"Site of a late pre-Roman Iron Age settlement located on the Holderness Levels which continued to be occupied with some development, through to the mid-late Roman period. The site was examined by geophysics, cropmark evidence, evaluation trenches and excavation in advance of the laying of a windfarm pipeline.  The 1stC BC saw the creation of a ditched enclosure, trackways, roundhouses (3) and other domestic features. The mid-late 1stC AD saw continued occupation (at least 2 more roundhouses), but also an extension to the LIA enclosure, forming a double-ditched area and the establishment of a field-system to the east of the settlement. Recutting of the ditches demonstrated continued use of the site in the 2ndC AD until a final phase of activity with limited activity and silting up of the ditches by the late 3rdC AD (for structured deposits see pottery summary)."
35016,100,200,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"Part of a probable co-axial field-system located on the Holderness Levels. The linear features are suggested to date to the 2ndC AD, though comparatively little material culture precludes evidence for settlement at the site. Pottery and animal bone were the predominant finds from the ditches."
35017,-50,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,coastal,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Site on the Holderness Levels very close to the modern coastline which was stripped and mapped in advance of the construction of lagoons intended to replace the local environment which is being lost to coastal erosion. Excavation revealed a seasonal prehistoric camp and a system of late Iron Age and Romano-British fields, a trackway and livestock enclosures. Little evidence for domestic settlement was identified. The site appears to have been a focus for agricultural activity. Whilst evidence for late Iron Age activity is noted in some features, use of the site intensified into the Roman period between the 2nd and 4thC AD, with the ditch system either being maintained or added to. However, the function of the site is unlikely to have significantly changed."
35018,25,200,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"A very small-scale excavation revealed evidence for features which likely relate to settlement dating to the Roman period. The features consist of ditches and inter-cutting pits. Dating evidence was sparse, though finds of early Roman pottery and Samian ware and a few sherds of handmade ware point to early Roman occupation. Metal-working debris and quernstone support this evidence."
35019,-50,100,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,Trial trenches located across a large area in advance of wind turbine construction were targeted upon geophysical anomalies. The landscape was generally undulating farmland. One area of features produced excavated evidence for settlement activity dating from the late Iron Age through to the mid-Roman period. In the absence of wheel-thrown vessels an early date is favoured here.
35020,1,375,175,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,3,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,pastoral,No,No,No,"Site of a late Iron Age-early Roman settlement and later Roman enclosure boundaries, located on sloping land between a ridge of higher ground to the east of the site with land to the west dropping down towards the Hull valley. Cropmarks were evident in the area, though the nature of these were not revealed until excavations were carried out during mitigation along the route of a 32km gas pipeline.  Occupation began in the 1stC AD, possibly in the late Iron Age with the establishment of a settlement, as evidenced by two, possibly three roundhouse structures. Evidence for metalworking was seen associated with at least one of the structures, whilst another contained charred cereal grain within its gully fills, though they were all thought to have been primarily domestic in function. It was likely that two of the buildings were sequential rather than contemporary.  By the end of the 2ndC AD, the settlement appears to have been abandoned (at least at the immediate site). At this point, the site was given over to agricultural use evidence by the construction of a number of enclosures, which continued to be used and modified into the 4thC AD. During the 4thC AD, though it is not apparent exactly when, the enclosure complex was no longer in use and the site was either completely abandoned or given over to pasture.  No further features were identified until the field boundaries and ridge-and-furrow features of the 13thC AD were observed."
35021,-100,400,50,150,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,6,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,pastoral,Yes,No,No,"Site of late Iron Age roundhouses and associated settlement features, a later Roman field system and a single human burial. The site is located on gently rising ground which falls away towards the Hull valley, around 1.5km to the west.  Early-middle Iron Age pottery in colluvial deposits suggests later prehistoric farming activity in the area. Occupation covered the later centuries BC, extending at least into the 1stC AD. The settlement included six well-defined penannular features, interpreted as ring gullies for roundhouses, and two of these were notably large, measuring up to 15m in diameter. The structures were thought to be domestic, though evidence for metal-working was found to be associated with at least one of the structures.  A second phase of activity occurred after the settlement was abandoned, after a hiatus in activity for at least 100 years. This latter phase was evidenced by a substantial field-system which developed in the northern part of the site. This was predominantly in the form of a ladder system, resembling those seen on the Wolds. The wheel-thrown pottery assemblages from the later features were more closely datable than that from the LIA settlement, with sherds diagnostic from the 2nd through to the late 4thC AD being present. The field-system features contained charred cereal remains, but these were very low in quantity and it is thought that the system was primarily for stock control. A possible watering hole suggested a pastoral element to the site. 4thC AD amendments suggest that the fields got smaller during this phase, and it appears to have been abandoned by the end of that century."
35022,-50,200,100,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,5,1,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,pastoral,No,No,No,"Site covering two sections of the Easington to Ganstead natural gas pipeline containing Iron Age/early Roman roundhouses and other settlement features, and part of a later Roman field system (Plot 25). The site appears to extend to a southern area (Plot 26) which contains late Iron Age/early Roman enclosures. The site is located on gently sloping land which falls to the west towards the Hull Valley.  The late Iron Age settlement at Plot 25 consisted of 5 roundhouse structures. An absence of wheel-thrown wares from the settlement suggests that it been established prior to the Roman Conquest. This settlement appears to have been abandoned, or shifted beyond the area of excavation, by the 2ndC AD. A series of ditches, most likely field boundaries, were used to enclose distinct plots during this phase. The enclosures may have formed small paddocks or pens for animals or may represent boundaries related to tenure. A rectangular, post-built building was constructed during this phase of activity. Geophysical survey from Plot 26 to the south-east suggests that the ditches were part of a much wider network, forming a series of trapezoidal enclosures extending over a considerable area. The ditches appear to have fallen into disuse and become backfilled by the end of the 2nd or early 3rdC AD and there is no evidence of further land use until the late medieval or post-medieval period."
35023,-50,300,40,100,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,1,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,pastoral,No,No,No,"Located on a small headland, gently sloping to the west towards the Hull Valley, a late Iron Age settlement and later field-system which continued and remodified into the Roman period.  Excavation revealed one structure, possibly part of a larger settlement, together with associated ditches, pits and fencelines (possibly livestock pens), plus a far more substantial ditch just south of the structure. This may have been an enclosure ditch, or at least delineated this part of the settlement.  The settlement features were cut through by a new set of ditches, possibly field boundaries. An absence of wheel-thrown pottery from the linear features suggests that the field boundaries dates to the late Iron Age or the very early Roman period.  The field-system was reorganised in the late 1st/early 2ndC AD. The site appears to have been abandoned by the 3rdC AD, although it may have continued to be used as open pasture."
35024,1,200,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unenclosed,Yes,3,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,pastoral,No,No,No,"Archaeological site located on a broad area of land which dropped away very gradually to the south-west, towards the Hull valley. The site consisted of three late Iron Age/early Roman roundhouses identified from ring gullies, with other settlement features including a series of pits and a possible fenceline. The form of the settlement was not recognised, but it may have been unenclosed, though two ditches assigned to this phase point to some evidence for land division. By the 3rdC AD the site appears to have been abandoned.  Late Anglo-Saxon activity was present, and medieval field systems and enclosures with a potential building and oven was associated with a nearby deserted medieval village."
35025,-50,200,40,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unenclosed,Yes,4,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,pastoral,No,No,No,"Located almost centrally within an area of relative high ground, the site of a late Iron Age open settlement became replaced by two phases of field boundaries and an early Roman double-ditched enclosure.  The late Iron Age settlement is characterised by four roundhouse structures. Settlement within the excavation area appears to have been abandoned before Roman influence was established in the area, and a field system was then established. A series of similar ditches were encountered in the central area of the site, collectively forming an extended 'H' shape in plan.  The alignments of the possible field boundaries assigned to this phase of activity suggest wholesale changes to, and a reorganisation of, the field system established during the previous phase. In the north-western corner of the site, a rectilinear ditch truncated one of the Iron Age structures, whilst a second was placed parallel. A small assemblage of mid-1st to 2ndC AD hand-made pottery was recovered from the ditches, along with wheel-thrown sherds, including Samian. The two ditches clearly form part of a bivallate enclosure. Pits suggest domestic occupation. The settlement appears to have been abandoned by the end of the 2ndC AD, perhaps reverting to open pasture."
35026,-50,150,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,1,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,pastoral,No,No,No,"Located on low-lying land which slopes gently towards Burst wick Drain, only 200m away, a waterway running into the Humber estuary, lies a small probable farmstead consisting of a roundhouse structure, pits and boundary ditches. The pottery assemblage recovered from the ditch comprised Iron Age or hand-made Roman wares, whilst that from the structure was securely dated c.AD70-120 and much of it was quite abraded, suggesting that the settlement may have been occupied to the mid-2ndC AD. Some features were found to truncate the structure, though later evidence was minimal. Given the low-lying topography of the site, which may have been susceptible to seasonal flooding, the features may not have been part of a farm per se, but perhaps a shelter for livestock close to pasture."
35027,1,100,50,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,1,1,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,pastoral,No,No,No,"The site was located on a small but  prominent 'island' of relatively high land within a generally very low-lying area. Occupation appears to have originated with a seemingly unenclosed roundhouse with LIA/ER handmade pottery in the gully fill. A well or waterhole was also dated to this phase. This period was succeeded by the construction of a new enclosure boundary, which included diagnostically-Roman pottery in its fill, only to be further succeeded by another enclosure of similar size which shifted the focus of activity just to the east, though cutting through the first enclosure. A group of postholes signified the probable construction of an early Roman rectangular structure within the enclosure ditch. The finding of domestic occupation features may suggest that the 'island' was inhabited at least on a seasonal basis across the Iron Age/Romano-British transition."
35028,-50,70,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,2,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,pastoral,No,No,No,"Centre on a large area of relatively high ground, the site of a late Iron Age settlement was excavated during the work for a gas pipeline. The settlement consisted of two probable roundhouse structures, a rectilinear double-ditch feature, a number of irregular ditches and pits, plus fencelines and other postholes which may indicate demarcation of space. Some of the pits may have been for the extraction of clay. Much of the site was truncated by later ploughing activity. Different phases of activity were noted by the stratigraphy, though the absence of any wheel-thrown wares or any indication of Roman influence on the pottery recovered from any of the earlier features suggests that activity at the site probably ceased before Roman influence was established in the area."
35029,1,300,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),complex,No,,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,pastoral,No,No,No,"Located on high ground in a generally low-lying area was located a series of late iron Age/Roman conjoined enclosures. Geophysical survey of the site revealed a rectilinear pattern of ditch-like and pit-like anomalies, which turned out to be a co-axial enclosure complex upon excavation. A general lack of charred cereal remains perhaps suggests that these were for stock holding. The morphology of this site is distinctively different from the other Iron Age/Roman sites investigated along the pipeline route: this was one of the few well-defined sites that did not have any evidence of settlement in the form of roundhouse ring gullies, suggesting that it was functionally distinct. Parts of the enclosure system appear to have remained open until the late 3rd or 4thC AD."
35030,1,300,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,4,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,pastoral,No,No,No,"Site of a late Iron Age/Roman settlement located at the edge of a broad area of high ground which dips to the north west into the Patrington and Winestead Carrs and Drains, whilst the Humber coast lay to the south-east. The settlement which possibly originated in the late Iron Age, though the dating of the local hand-made pottery is ambiguous, consisted of four non-contemporary roundhouse structures, pits, and large field boundaries. Smaller rectilinear features were identified to the south-east of the roundhouses, beyond one of the field boundaries, and were interpreted as stock enclosures. Although much of the pottery was undiagnostic hand-made material, the better dated Roman sherds suggest a date for the peak of activity at the site in the 2nd or 3rdC AD."
35031,-50,400,200,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,2,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,pastoral,No,No,No,"On gently sloping ground not far from the historic Humber coastline saw the remains of settlement originating during the later Iron Age, but which shifted to a field system during the Roman period. The settlement consisted of one roundhouse with evidence of a system of enclosures/fields. A further possible circular structure may represent a further building or an animal pen. There was evidence for primary smithing in the vicinity during this phase. During the later 2nd to 3rdC AD, a series of possible small animal pens or similar structures were erected, though the structures may have fallen into disuse and any settlement at the site appears to have been abandoned at this point. A field system established at the site, probably replacing the system of enclosures which developed during the later Iron Age, had fallen out of use by the late 3rd-4thC AD. The site appears to have been abandoned by the end of the fourth century."
35032,-50,200,100,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,pastoral,No,Yes,No,"A late Iron Age/early Roman enclosure site identified on gently sloping land which dropped down towards the historic Humber coastline was identified. Only a limited area of the settlement was excavated, inhibiting classification of its form, but the excavator suggests a pattern of use and development. The features of the settlement underwent a few remodification during its early incarnation, which the excavator suggests was for stock-holding. This was then succeeded in the 2ndC AD by a new enclosure, of which geophysical survey data showed several small curvilinear anomalies to the south of the enclosure ditch which may have represented structures, together forming a small settlement. Pottery recovered from the enclosure ditch and the pit dug across the entrance included both hand-made Iron Age/early Roman and wheel-thrown 2ndC AD wares. A large pit with two glass bangles, crushed whole vessels and cremated bone may have been either a human cremation or a structured deposit (none of the bone could be positively identified as human). By the 3rdC AD the site appears to have been abandoned or given over to open pasture and it remained in this state until the medieval period."
35033,-100,50,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,3,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"Site of a late Iron Age settlement situated on a low headland overlooking the Humber shoreline and the historic river valley of what are now the Fosse and Punda Drains.  Ditches, possibly fragments of a field system, were dug during the Iron Age and represent the earliest evidence of sustained activity, and geophysical survey suggests that the field system may have extended for some distance beyond the limits of the site. Shortly after, a series of buildings were constructed on top of one of the field boundaries during the late Iron Age. The ring gullies of three large circular buildings were identified, though were not contemporary, and several circular anomalies may also represent further gullies of a similar size. It is possible that the late Iron Age settlement on this site reflects a period where settlement was predominantly unenclosed, with enclosed settlement in the immediate area becoming common in the early Roman period.  The settlement appears to have been abandoned prior to the Roman period. There was no evidence of activity between the end of the Iron Age and the medieval period when the site was under the plough. Given the large number of possible remains to the south revealed by the geophysical survey, it seems unlikely that the site was completely abandoned as a number of these remains are of possible Roman date. It is perhaps more likely that the site was given over to open pasture which has left no features, deposits or finds."
35034,-50,200,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"The site of a late Iron Age enclosure located on gently sloping ground leading to the Fosse and Punda drains to the east, and the historic Humber shoreline to the south. Around half of a substantial enclosure ditch was revealed by excavation. Iron Age or Hand-made LIA/Roman wares were recovered from the earlier fills, plus a jet amulet of 1st to 4thC AD date. The later fills were notably different in composition with more hand-made wares, but also a few mid-2nd to mid-3rdC AD wheel-thrown grey ware. Within the enclosure a large pit was identified, the fills of which were notable for their high charcoal content. It also produced a contemporary pottery assemblage, charred chaff and cereal grain, plus fishbone. The function of the enclosure is uncertain."
35035,-50,50,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,1,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,pastoral,No,No,No,"Site of a LIA roundhouse with evidence of LIA/ER land-use, possibly a field-system, located c.1.1km from the North Sea shore and c.2.1km from the present Humber shoreline, though this may have been much closer during the period."
35036,-50,100,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,4,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,pastoral,No,No,No,"Site of a late Iron Age/early Roman settlement and later land-use located c.2km north of the Humber estuary/coastline (though it may have been much closer in the Roman period). Four or more roundhouses were identified in the first phase of activity, represented by ring gullies and occasional postholes. These may have been unenclosed, though a large 'defensive' linear boundary was excavated just to their north. The presence of local hand-made wares makes it uncertain whether the settlement was established in the late Iron Age or early Roman period (a date in the 1stC BC is given here in line with other local sites). These structures were added to or possibly replaced by a suite of field boundaries forming either a field-system or series of enclosures. These features cut through the earlier 'major' land boundary ditch. A further feature of the site was the presence of seven shallow, flat-bottomed stone-filled pits. The dating of these was uncertain though a small amount of contemporary pottery was recovered. Their function was also uncertain, though their similarity in shape and fill suggested that they were all performed the same function, with salt-making, cooking or smoking foods being suggested. By the early Roman period the site had been abandoned and there was no evidence of further activity until the medieval or early post-medieval period."
35037,150,400,250,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,,2,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,No,river valley,pastoral,No,No,No,"Located due on the north bank of the Humber, a Romano-British settlement was established in the mid-2ndC AD, with an intensive period of occupation evident on the first half of the 3rdC AD, becoming abandoned in the late 4th/early 5thC AD.  The early phase of settlement consisted of numerous gullies and ditches, perhaps marking hedge/fence boundaries. A rectangular area in the central part of the settlement, marked out by narrow gullies, was argued to have represented a rectangular timber dwelling set on beams or clay sills. A second timber structure was also suggested in an adjacent area by similar features. Scatters of pits nearby demonstrate domestic activity. Several postholes possibly indicate further structures.  Bounded areas on the northern side of the settlement may have been stock enclosures. Environmental remains suggested that the settlement existed within an area of grazing land close to the river. Pottery types suggested that the site was receiving continental goods, in the 2nd and 3rdC AD, perhaps exploiting river-borne trade links.  The later 3rd and early 4thC AD saw a contraction in the size of the settlement and a reduction in the intensity of activity, though some continuity in alignment and form was maintained. The northern end of the settlement may no longer have been enclosed, and the riverside ditch appears to have been backfilled and the area terraced. Pit fills indicate continued domestic activity, though it is suggested that the site was only seasonally occupied in this period. Only a few features contained mid-late 4thC AD pottery. The site may not have been occupied during this period, until complete abandonment at the end of the 4thC AD (note phases 6 and 7 on the plans are medieval phases)."
35038,-50,150,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,3,,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,No,coastal,uncertain,No,No,No,"Located just north of the Humber shoreline, the site of a Roman double enclosure settlement was identified by geophysical survey and trial trenched to ascertain its date. Geophysical anomalies attest to the presence of a number of potential structures within the enclosure, and three curvilinear gullies revealed during excavation appear likely to have been representative of roundhouses. Further linear features radiating from the double enclosure, discovered during the geophysical survey, suggest that the settlement was part of a wider field/enclosure system. Pottery from the ditch fills suggest that the settlement was occupied from the late Iron Age through to the early-mid 2ndC AD."
35039,100,410,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Site of a Romano-British farmstead and land-use identified from two separate investigations in Driffield from the presence of boundary ditches and other settlement features. The site was located close to Driffield Beck.  Some evidence for late Iron Age activity was identified, but settlement does not appear to have been intensive until the late 1st/2ndC AD, with linear feature perhaps relating to stock enclosures or a field-system. The site which appears to continue into the 4thC AD from a number of accumulated layers containing later pottery, including Huntcliffe ware and some fine Crambeck wares. A range of 2nd to 4thC AD types were also present at nearby Albion Street. Potential structures were evidenced by building materials, though the form and character of the settlement could not be defined."
35040,100,400,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,Yes,No,"Two adjacent investigations - one a watching brief, the other trial trenches - located within a bend of the River Hull on its northern bank, revealed evidence of Romano-British settlement from features including numerous ditches, gullies, pits and postholes. The full extent of the settlement was not exposed due to the limited nature of the investigations, though the density of features certainly indicated the existence of an active site. No stone structures and very little ironwork was observed, though Romano-British roof tile and brick possibly indicated the presence of a more substantial building. Pottery from sites suggested occupation spanning the 2nd to 4thC AD. A special deposit of 4-5 semi-articulated sheep specimens was interpreted from a ditch."
35041,-50,300,100,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unenclosed,Yes,8,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,river valley,pastoral,Yes,Yes,No,"Site of a late Iron Age to middle Roman settlement lying on ground rising westward from Hull Valley floodplain.  Seventeen possible structures represented by surviving ring gullies and posthole groups indicate the early settlement occupation in the late Iron Age and into the early Roman period. Some of the features may have been roundhouses, whilst others were thought more likely to have been stock enclosures. Two ditches formed part of a droveway leading out of the site, and two pits filled with livestock carcasses - a calf and either a pig or sheep - were placed either side of the droveway. These structured deposits were thought to represent feasting episodes tied to the seasonal husbandry practices carried out by the site's inhabitants. The excavated area was perhaps only a small part of a more extensive area of settlement extending northwards. Rather than single farms it is possible that the spread of roundhouses reflect dispersed settlement of a wider community across the area.  During the early part of the Roman period, the site development changed markedly, with an increase in ditch systems across the site, and an abandonment of previously used droveways and stock pens. The newly developed field boundaries frequently truncated earlier stock control features and possibly indicated a shift in economy. Areas previously used for settlement were abandoned by this phase, with the only post-Iron Age structure represented by a sub-rectangular Romanised building, contained within a large enclosure. Environmental evidence is limited from this site, and is insufficient to indicate whether the  abandonment of pastoral systems was accompanied by a shift to arable production. Later Roman activity was limited to the excavation and backfilling of a large boundary ditch and two pits containing charcoal and burnt bone fragments typical of hearth sweepings. This may indicate settlement into the fourth century some distance beyond the site to the south, though the immediate site perhaps shifted to pasture."
35042,1,375,100,,uncertain,complex,Yes,5,6,Yes,No,No,No,No,Yes,plateau or plain,mixed,Yes,Yes,No,"Rudstone Dale was the largest and most significant excavation along the Ganstead-Asselby pipeline. The site was located beneath the scarp slope of the Wolds, alongside the Roman road from Brough-on-Humber to York. The area excavated formed a transect across the settlement area, which lay on the eastern side of the projected route of the main road. A sequence of later Iron Age and Roman deposits included evidence for up to eleven buildings, a metalled road surface, seventeen adult inhumations, fifty-six neonate burials and five cremations.  A large water channel dominates the site and was perhaps a factor in the early development of the settlement. Roman features cutting into its upper fill suggest that it had silted up by the end of the Iron Age. One of the early structures was represented by a cluster of postholes which formed a loose pattern around a group of ten neonate burials, a possible centrally-placed hearth, and two animal burials, a calf and a lamb. The latter may have been directly related to the neonate graves, perhaps as part of a burial rite. A second structure may also have been used for similar burial rites. All of the structures dating to the LIA/ER phase, of which there were 4, appear to have been post-built roundhouses.  The next phase of activity dated to the 2nd-4thC AD, and was characterised by the construction of the metalled trackway which ran alongside the now silted-up palaeochannel. This feature would have been positioned 90 degrees from the main Roman road to its west. 4thC AD features cut into the trackway included human and animal burials, plus several unusual deposits of disarticulated animal bone dumped into large pits. A corn dryer with a stone-lined warm box was located just to the south of the metalled trackway in the western part of the site, whilst a north-to-south aligned dryer was found to subsequently truncate the earlier feature, with the existing warm box being relined and re-used. The later corn-dryer was in use in the 3rdC AD, although there was no direct dating for its precursor. A roundhouse lay just to the west of the corndrier, and contained the burial of a sheep/goat and a human cremation buried in a discrete pit, both within its central area, whilst a neonate was found buried within the north-west curve of its putative wall.  The middle to later Roman periods were characterised by an expansion in settlement along either side of the new metalled trackway. At least 6 rectangular houses, some stone-built, were a feature of this phase, found to typically incorporate neonate burials under the walls or floors, with animal burials also common within or near footprints of the buildings. The density of the features revealed suggest the intensity of activity at the site, which showed significant parallels with the roadside settlements previously excavated at Shiptonthorpe and Hayton. The extent of the settlement was uncertain, though Plot 106, c.300m west of the Roman road, revealed very little evidence for settlement.  The site appears to have been abandoned during the latter half of the 4thC AD, being closely followed by a gradual build-up of colluvium washed downhill from the north and east, sealing the Roman remains."
35043,-50,50,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,No,2,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,Site of two successive late Iron Age roundhouse structures identified from posthole clusters. The site was not noticeably enclosed (other features at the site were medieval) and likely formed part of a settlement.
35044,50,400,250,,uncertain,complex,Yes,1,3,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,No,hill,pastoral,Yes,No,No,"Site occupied throughout the Roman period as a settlement with associated stock enclosures, a droveway and fields. It was located on a local high point on the Wolds.  A series of small enclosures, probably used for stock management, first developed in the 1stC AD and was expanded in the 2ndC, when, after the initial phase of activity, the settlement was reorganised around a droveway with large enclosures branching off to the sides. These enclosures contained structures, burials and domestic debris indicating settlement. The first evidence for structures emerged with a post-built rectangular building, similar to those found at nearby Plot 104. Directly to the south of this building, the truncated remains of a kiln, along with fragments of kiln furniture recovered from nearby ditches, suggests that small-scale production of ceramic goods. In the late Roman period, a small ring gully and at least three groups of postholes provide evidence of possible structures.  Subsequently, the droveway settlement was replaced by a second sequence of enclosures, possibly formed in the 3rd to 4thC AD. These enclosures truncate the droveway alignment and suggest a deliberate alteration of the settlement layout. Settlement evidence appears to have been most intensive during this period. The final Roman phase of activity was limited to pit digging and redefining enclosures and existing boundaries. This may indicate a mature settlement with no further changes required to the settlement layout. It is also noticeable that as with other sites along the pipeline, there is no direct evidence for the settlement continuing into the 5thC AD."
35045,1,150,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,No,1,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,pastoral,No,No,No,"The site at Carrcliffe Crossroad was located on low-lying land beyond the western scarp slope of the Wolds, and consisted mainly of enclosures and boundary ditches. Pottery suggests a 1st-m.2ndC AD date for all the features found at the site, though unstratified late Roman material was also present. A small ring gully, forming a round structure of some type, was excavated near the southern excavation limit. There was little direct evidence for domestic occupation, though related features may have been truncated by modern ploughing. However, there was evidence for industrial activity at the site, including salt-making and some metal-working. Environmental samples have not revealed the presence of any cultivated crops, suggesting that the site economy was largely pastoral."
35046,-50,250,75,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,1,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,river valley,pastoral,Yes,No,No,"Site of a late Iron Age-middle Roman enclosure complex and field-system located in low-lying area beneath the western scarp slope of the Wolds. The pottery assemblage and stratigraphic evidence demonstrates two main phases with the main period of occupation coming during the late Iron Age and early Roman period, whilst evidence for later Roman land-use was restricted to the recutting of pre-existing field systems. The earliest phase included droveways, rectangular enclosures and a small structure. Direct evidence for domestic habitation was limited; two large rectangular enclosures lacked internal features. However, these may have suffered considerable truncation. One of the rectangular enclosures had two associated alignments of pits, perhaps acting as boundaries for agricultural practice. Freshwater flooding was a risk at this site, which may have been seasonally used."
35047,-50,325,250,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,7,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,mixed,Yes,No,No,"The Black Dike site spanned the later Iron Age and early Roman period with intensive land use appears continuing into the later Roman period, but only in the eastern end of the site (Plot 132). However, cropmarks relating to a larger settlement beyond the excavated area to the east, where find-spots of 4thC AD date had previously been recovered. The site was located on low-lying land to the west of the Wolds.  The site may have originated on the focus  of two small ploughed-out square barrows. These typically date from the mid- to late Iron Age, however, any potential had been lost. Early settlement evidence was represented by roundhouses and ditch systems, with indications of salt-making within one of the structures - an unusual small building with a simple hearth and a possible settling tank. Kiln furniture was recovered from the structure, but no metalworking slag. A large quantity of briquetage retrieved from a nearby pit was also a strong indication that this was a saltern site. Various structures were revealed within the excavation area. Two small ring gullies could have surrounded small huts, perhaps for storage or for livestock. Three phases of ring gullies of another, larger structure were more likely to have been a domestic roundhouse.  After a period of possible abandonment, the eastern portion of the site was then divided by a network of field systems/enclosures, possibly formalising grazing areas. This field layout gradually developed with the imposition of one or two droveways, perhaps used for directing livestock between from farmsteads and grazing land.  By the later Roman period (m.3rdC AD?) there is evidence for nearby arable processing in the form of the two successive phases of corn-dryers. These features dated to the 3rd/early 4thC AD. Unfortunately, the site lacked environmental evidence for better understanding of these features. The ditch system at this time had changed to widely spaced features used for maintaining the drainage on large fields, perhaps supporting grain production into the later Roman period.  The site appeared to have been abandoned by the 4thC AD, perhaps returning to (seasonal?) grazing which did not require the maintenance of land boundaries. Episodes of periodic freshwater flooding suggest that the site possibly remained as marginal wetland until the modern period, when improvements in drainage allowed the landscape to revert to arable production."
35048,-50,350,50,150,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,2,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Site of late Iron Age and Romano-British settlement activity located on generally flat ground, lying on the broad floodplain to the north of the River Ouse. The site appears to have been occupied continuously from the later Iron Age through to the 4thC AD, with the early Roman period providing the most intensive evidence.  During early settlement, a roundhouse and a possible smaller circular structure were founded. Textile weaving was carried out within the large roundhouse, probably alongside a full range of normal domestic activities. The building was renewed on at least one occasion. Two interventions through the structure produced large amounts of pottery, which gave a 1stC BC or AD date, though nothing definitely post-dating the conquest.  During the early Roman period, a network of ditches was developed, creating small enclosures or fields. Unfortunately, environmental evidence was limited from the site, with poor preservation of botanical remains even in the waterlogged deposits. However, grain has been recovered from two ditches and this may indicate small-scale arable production. Evidence for metalworking and the presence of a human burial would both indicate that the excavation area lay on the periphery of settled land.  The later Roman period seems to have witnessed increased levels of flooding with deposition sequences indicating waterlogged sediments and periods of standing-water in the ditches during this period. The artefactual evidence from the fills indicates a date after the mid-2ndC AD continuing into the 3rd or 4thC AD. The expansion of the ditch system may have been an initial response to a rising water-table, but eventually the site was abandoned in the 4thC AD."
35049,1,250,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,1,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,pastoral,No,No,No,"Located on seasonally-waterlogged land which drains into the River Ouse, archaeological remains along the Ganstead to Asselby pipeline at Plot 180 were of a low density but included the remains of a late Iron Age/early Roman roundhouse, a major land division feature, plus two smaller ditches. The site appears to have been part of the agricultural landscape lying between more extensive settlements observed at Plots 178 to 184. The pottery was limited, but the evidence suggests 1st-2ndC AD, though an imitation Samian sherd may indicate continued activity into the early/mid-3rdC AD at least."
35050,-50,400,100,,small (<1 - 3 ha),complex,Yes,10,7,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,mixed,Yes,No,No,"A large multi-phase site located on very low-lying ground with features dating from the late Iron Age through to the 4thC AD.  A large palaeochannel was a focus of the site, being present prior to the late Iron Age, and allowing for drainage of the immediate area. The 1stC BC and AD witnessed the creation of a loose rectilinear network of enclosure ditches and possible droveways. These features appear to have had a long period of use, with some remaining into the 4thC AD. Evidence for weaving, metal-working and crop processing were all identified from their fills. A series of penannular features were also assigned to this phase, probably representative of roundhouse structures, and their distribution suggested that the domestic focus of the settlement lay towards the eastern area of the site. The structures ranged in size indicating that they were differentially used. A large sub-oval well was created in the early Roman phase which may have acted as a waterhole.  The density of land division increased markedly during the 2nd-3rdC AD, whilst a greater diversity of structural forms was also evident during this later phase of development. This phase included possible rectangular post-built buildings and a group of rectangular ditched structures. Occupation of the site appeared to have been more intensive during this phase. Salt production was suggested from a number of sub-rectangular pits, argued to be settling tanks. The latest phase of occupation included a rectangular post-built building with significant evidence for iron-working. After the 4thC AD, the land seems to have reverted to unenclosed, poorly-drained land, with little evidence of activity until the digging of the large boundary ditches in the later medieval period."
35051,-50,150,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,No,1,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,Late Iron Age/early site probably located on the fringe of a settlement was identified from two major boundary ditches and a roundhouse. The size of the ditches suggested that they were probably related to a settlement rather than being simple field boundaries or drains. The quantity of finds recovered was also an indication that there was nearby settlement during the later phase of occupation. A limited amount of metal-working seems to have been carried out somewhere in the vicinity. Modern ploughing may have truncated any further settlement evidence.
35052,50,375,150,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,river valley,pastoral,No,No,No,"The site of a small-scale rural settlement and associated land-use located due north of the River Ouse. The first phase of occupation occurred in the early Roman period with the remains of a probable livestock enclosure, to the south of which features were interpreted as associated with animal husbandry, including a possible 'race' and pens or holding structure.  In the 2ndC AD, a clear break in land-use could be observed, with a new system of ditched enclosures and a few pits indicating settlement. The pattern of land division was again revised in the later Roman period (l.3rd/e.4thC AD), possibly due to drainage issues. Silts and organic deposits were interpreted as the results of seasonal flooding, and it remains likely that the site was used as floodplain grazing, though the fertile flood plain silts would have been very suitable for grain production. The site was abandoned some time in the 4thC AD."
35053,250,400,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,,,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,mixed,No,No,No,"Site of a small domestic enclosure complex and associated fields, located just below a high ridge overlooking the Great Wold valley. Three structures were identified from one enclosure as being for livestock sheltering. A crop-drying oven was found in another enclosure. A number of pits demonstrated the domestic nature of the site, and a few burials indicated that the inhabitants were interred within the boundaries of the settlement. A long and large ditch running from the enclosure complex would have formed a significant land boundary, and pit alignment was revealed during the construction of a farm trackway leading from the site down to the valley floor, though this was not securely dated. All the pottery from the settlement site dated its period of use to the mid-3rd to 4thC AD."
35054,125,350,,,uncertain,complex,Yes,,,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,Yes,river valley,mixed,Yes,No,No,"Site of a roadside settlement located where two Roman roads dissected each other close to crossing the River Derwent. One of the roads led on to Eboracum (York). Cropmarks to the north of the pipeline excavation suggest that activity stretched along both of the roads with the land in between being used for agricultural purposes (the roads were aligned at c.45 degrees). The settlement was observed to extend at least for 1.5km.  The pipeline route cut through both roads at sections C and G, and part of the settlement at section D just south of section C. The bulk of archaeological features identified in Area D represent enclosures with primarily agricultural and small-scale industrial activity being undertaken. These appear to have been peripheral areas to the main focus of the settlement.  The excavations revealed enclosure ditches which appeared to define property boundaries relating to possible structures, visible as cropmarks. Roman building material possibly indicated well-appointed structures in the area. Further evidence for buildings in the field to the north was also suggested by a number of cut stone blocks that had been recovered from the field during ploughing. The presence of corn-driers, mill and quernstones, large quantities of animal bone, and metalworking waste reflect the range of functions being carried out at the site.  Two broad phases of activity were identified within the settlement with some evidence for the site having been laid out in the Hadrianic to early Antonine period (c.AD120-60) and the majority of activity dated to the mid-3rd to mid-4thC AD."
35055,250,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,1,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"Site of a probable late Roman farming settlement identified from 3rd-4thC AD ditches. A large number of postholes, gullies, and pits were also identified at the site, but so few were excavated that most features could not be dated. As some of the linear features were shown to be 12th-14thC AD, it is possible that other features were too. However, the recovery of 14 late Roman coins suggests the presence of domestic settlement. One ring gully may have been a roundhouse, but was not dated."
35056,-100,250,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"A watching brief in advance of housing development revealed part of a field-system in the form of a number of linear boundaries. The site lies immediately adjacent to a scheduled cropmark complex which comprising rectilinear enclosures, a trackway, ring ditches and Iron Age square barrows. The nature of the cropmarks most clearly indicates the presence of a settlement of late Iron Age and Romano-British date. The excavated linear features very likely form field-systems outlying the settlement. Material from their fills suggest that they were in use from the late Iron Age to the 3rdC AD."
35057,50,400,250,,small (<1 - 3 ha),complex,Yes,2,,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,No,river valley,mixed,Yes,No,No,"Sixteen evaluation trenches were excavated in advance of proposed wastewater treatment works at Melton which confirmed the presence of Romano-British settlement and associated enclosures. On the basis of these results the location of the proposed works were moved to the immediate east of settlement and a second programme of evaluation trenches revealed evidence of peripheral activity, but dating slightly earlier and later than that identified from the main settlement. Together, the archaeological evidence suggests that the focus of settlement and land-use activity shifted over time. The sites lay 3km to the east of the Roman town of Petuaria at Brough, and c.0.5km north of the Humber.  Geophysical survey detailed a relatively accurate picture of the form and extent of the settlement, and the evaluation identified a concentration of settlement activity, including some structural evidence, associated boundaries, and a trackway. The settlement was occupied from the late 1st to the early 3rdC AD. One domestic roundhouse was identified on the site. Palaeoenvironmental evidence indicates that the site suffered periods of flooding. No evidence was recovered for agricultural processing or industrial activity within the area of trial trenching, but there were indicators that both types of activity were being undertaken nearby, probably in the remainder of the settlement to the north.  The peripheral activity identified to the east of the settlement area included activity included a series of pre-Roman gullies and part of a ring ditch. These were succeeded by a sequence of three double-ditched enclosures, placed one on top of the other, and datable to the later Roman period. The nature of these enclosures was unclear, but the area delineated included a road running approximately north to south towards the highest point in the field. The makeup of the road included a re-used tile stamp of the Legio VI Victrix dating to the beginning of the 3rdC AD. The final phase of Roman activity saw a pagan crouched inhumation inserted near a T-shaped corn-drying kiln."
35058,125,400,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"Located on flat open farmland in the Vale of York, due west of the Yorkshire Wolds, was a multiperiod site with evidence for mid-late Roman settlement. Iron Age activity was noted at the site in the form of burial and other features, though these radiocarbon dated to before the 1stC BC.  The Roman period activity dated to between the 2nd and the end of the 4thC AD. The earliest feature was associated with a cropmark enclosure to the southwest of the site, perhaps originating during the Antonine period. The remaining features all lay outside the main enclosure, and tended to date to the latter part of the occupation period. They a series of linear boundary ditches with associated pits, indicative of domestic settlement, as well as two extended inhumations."
35059,-75,250,50,,small (<1 - 3 ha),complex,Yes,,,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,mixed,Yes,No,Yes,"Site of a Romano-British farmstead and field-system located around 1.5km north of the present Bridlington coastline. Excavations in advance of housing development revealed late Iron Age activity with the construction of a round barrow and a square barrow with an attached mortuary enclosure in the 1stC BC. Some linear features may also have been late Iron Age in date with the ritual features being set within a new system of land division.  The 'Roman' farmstead may have had its origins immediately prior to the Conquest period with some evidence for pits and posthole suggestive of domestic occupation, perhaps an unenclosed settlement. This quickly developed, however, with the settlement being intensively occupied in the 1st and 2ndC AD. During this phase, the site included 3 corndriers, a system of rectilinear paddocks, a system of gate/droveways and watering complex/trough (presumably for the movement of livestock - see plan 35059_4), and a number of rudimentary structures (though no definite structure plans were identified, parts of curvilinear gullies and arcs of postholes suggest the presence of roundhouses). Two of the corndriers, a T-shaped and a square-shaped, had been abandoned by the end of the 2ndC AD, and were set within superstructures (one with a sunken-feature building). The T-shaped corndrier gave a mid-late 1stC AD archaeomagnetic date from its second firing deposit.  Some later developments were noted at the site from the end of the 2nd/beginning of the 3rdC AD, including the early silting of some of the boundary ditches, the introduction of metalworking activity, and a small group of cremation burials. Occupation ends by the middle of the 3rdC AD, an occurrence which appears to fit with similar changes in the region during this period when other sites with late Iron Age origins were either significantly re-developed or abandoned. A few early and middle Anglo-Saxon features were identified."
35060,50,350,200,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Site of a pottery production site located just north of the River Foulness which was part of the wider Holme-on-Spalding Moor industry. Early excavations revealed three kilns with stoke holes and associated pottery vessels, whilst later geophysics and aerial survey work identified the enclosure complex within which the kilns were situated. The enclosures were late Iron Age/early Roman in date, though pottery from the kilns dated to the 3rd-mid-4thC AD. As no wasters were recovered from the excavated enclosure fills, this feature may have silted up by the time the kilns were in use, though it remains to be seen whether the kilns were part of a wider, contemporary settlement complex. Iron smelting slag, a bloomery furnace and a smithing anvil were also recovered from the site, though the scale of this industry is uncertain."
35061,50,400,200,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Site of a Roman pottery production site of the Spalding-on-Holme Moor industry. Geophysical survey suggests that the site lay as part of a multiple enclosure complex, perhaps a domestic settlement, though this is uncertain. Excavation revealed a number of pits, ditches and 2 kilns. The site appeared to be very similar to that at Hasholme Hall, with the enclosure complex originating in the late Iron Age or early Roman period, with the kilns placed towards the periphery of the main site, which were producing pottery probably by the end of the 2ndC AD, through to the late 4thc AD. The slag recovered from the site, of which the majority dated to the 3rd and 4thC AD, demonstrated the occurrence of iron smelting and smithing nearby."
35062,-50,200,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Site of a late Iron Age/Roman site located on the line of the Market Weighton by-pass, the road scheme revealing only a section through the settlement and field-system evidence. The site is located on the eastern flank of the Vale of York and two streams run close to the site. Late Iron Age activity consisted of pits with domestic debris and a linear feature, probably a land division. In the early Roman phase, two curvilinear ditches may have formed part of a very large enclosure, whilst developments to the existing Iron Age boundaries were also evidence. Loom weights, iron slag, animal bone and quantities of pottery all suggested the presence of a mixed economy settlement. By the 3rd and 4thC AD, the settlement appears to have been abandoned, with the only feature dated to this phase being the burial of a cow. Surface spreads of material suggest that settlement occupation may have shifted to the south of the excavated area, which itself may been turned over to pasture."
35063,200,300,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"Site of an important kiln site south of Holme-on-Spalding Moor. A dense concentration of cropmarks, identified on aerial photographs, containing two Roman pottery kilns dating from the late 3rdC AD and which were excavated in 1930. A large quantity of pottery was recovered, including Samian ware, whilst a coin of Magnentius (AD350-353) was also recovered. Two other kilns were recorded in the field to the north of the site. Aps suggest that the industrial site may have been part of a wider settlement complex."
35064,1,375,200,,medium (4 - 8 ha),unclassified,Yes,6,9,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,hill,mixed,Yes,Yes,No,"Site of a Roman villa in the Yorkshire Wolds overlooking the Gypsy Race valley. The site was excavated over several seasons in the 1930s, uncovering much of the villa plan including mosaics, hypocausts and a 'workshop'. Interims reports were published on this work, but a full report was disrupted by the 2nd World War. The site was re-excavated between 1962 and 1972 due to concerns about its maintenance, re-opening areas excavated in the 1930s, but extending to reveal further masonry structures, linear features and a very large and deep well.  A few early brooches and pottery suggest that activity was present during the early 1stC AD, whilst a bone weaving comb found in the bottom of a large ditch dated to the very end of the 1st millennium BC. A series of curved drainage gullies on the eastern side of the site probably represent a sequence of roundhouse structures dating within the 1stC AD. The burials of three infants were recovered from these gullies, whilst a number of pits in the area contained articulated animal remains, including the skeleton of a pig, the skeleton of a calf, the skeleton of a young pig, plus other examples of cremated bone from young animals. The excavator argues that these were likely 'foundation/ritual' deposits. A system of ditches indicate the presence of an enclosure complex contemporary with the roundhouses and appearing to have been in use until the beginning of the 3rdC AD.  The introduction of stone-founded rectangular structures marks a significant change in the character of the settlement during the 3rdC AD. These were arranged around a central courtyard, and though many of the structures overlie the pre-existing ditch system the same orientation appears to have been adhered to. A new metalled road was constructed to the north of the villa, perhaps used as the main approach. Buildings along the south wing included only chalk floors and unplastered walls, whilst those on the northern and eastern alignments were comparatively well-appointed. A field-system was identified to the south of the villa by cropmarks and trial trenches, though it was not well dated.  Building 3, the 'workshop', consisted of a number of ovens/hearths originally interpreted as corn-driers, and though the later excavator did not rule this out, he preferred an industrial rather than agricultural function. Tesserae caches were also found in this building. Building 1 (east) included domestic compartments with mosaics and a bath suite at its southern end. The successive Buildings 8 and 9 (north) were thought to have been the main domestic residence however, though these were not fully excavated. Indeed, large areas of the site, particularly towards the central area of the settlement, have also yet to be excavated. Occupation continued into the latter 4thC AD from the recovery of a relatively large pottery assemblage from the well dated post-AD360, above which the bodies of nine lambs were recovered."
35065,300,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,coastal,uncertain,No,No,No,"Site excavated during housing construction in 1949. The remains uncovered included postholes, stone paving, and chalk rubble, possibly reflecting the position of buildings. A hearth and an oven were also identified. Pottery, querns, animal bone, coins, and glass suggest the presence of a settlement of some standing. Pottery and coinage suggest 4thC AD activity, though some pottery of 'Iron Age type' may indicate some earlier activity."
35066,230,370,,,large (9+ ha),complex,Yes,,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Site of an extensive ladder complex running east-west just north of the confluence of the River Derwent and Pocklington Beck. After initial discovery through field-walking and the recovery of a large Roman pottery assemblage, the site became predominantly known from large-scale geophysical survey covering around 10ha, alongside small-scale excavation. Results showed that the settlement existed as a long-running trackway with a co-axial system of field boundaries/plots enclosing numerous rectilinear enclosures, lining both north and south sides. The trackway was seen to run for at least 370m before continuing beyond the confines of the survey area. Numerous magnetic anomalies were observed within enclosures, identifying hearths or kilns, and likely demonstrating domestic activity. Overlapping of features seen on the geophysical survey suggests numerous phases of activity. Two small evaluation trenches were placed across the site, one across the trackway, revealing evidence for a potentially 'wealthy' settlement. The presence of Dales ware demonstrates activity dating between c.AD230 and AD370; the remainder of the Roman pottery also likely dates to this period, but this only represents a very small section of the settlement."
35067,-50,70,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"Site of a roughly square and possibly double-ditched settlement which specialised in bronze working, dating to the late Iron Age (possibly into the very early Roman period). The site is located on a till ridge next to a palaeochannel."
35068,70,350,100,200,large (9+ ha),complex,Yes,3,,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,No,river valley,mixed,Yes,No,No,"Excavations to the east of Stamford Bridge revealed part of a small agricultural settlement which developed into ladder/roadside settlement in the 3rdC AD. The latter may have formed part of the wider nucleated settlement seen in the area (see also Side ID 35054). Previous examination of the local road network suggests that the area was a major junction for a number of roads moving through the area; the evidence at Moor Lane appears to form part of the eastern extremity of this settlement complex.  The earliest evidence for activity consisted of a small group of cremation pits of early Roman (1stC AD) date. Six pits in total were identified: five in a discrete group and one more isolated, c.50m to the south found placed within a small ring ditch (possibly a barrow). The pits may have been placed beside the trackway which became more clearly defined in 2ndC AD.  Along with the definition of a trackway, the 2ndC AD saw two systems of irregular enclosures develop. Five ring gullies were identified, positioned on either side of the trackway. These features were highly irregular in shape and although they may have been structures of some kind, the excavator suggests that that were not dwellings for people, preferring an interpretation of animal compounds. Other structures at the site may have been hay-driers; the suggestion being that the enclosures at the site were utilised for producing animal fodder.  The 3rdC AD saw a considerable re-organisation at the site, with the insertion of a new series of more regular enclosures and the establishment of two large trackways forming a T-junction through the centre of the site. Except for some pebbling, the trackways appeared not to have been metalled, but the ditches at the site saw much more pottery than that seen previously, indicating more intensive occupation activity. The new trackways, although not metalled may have formed part of the wider road system network as mentioned above. Three circular ring gullies were present, either for human or animal habitation. One feature, possibly a drying oven, contained numerous greyware wasters implying that pottery production was taking place nearby. The feature was also suggested to have been for corn-drying. Two wicker-lined pits were also excavated within separate enclosures. Because of the water level, these were not fully excavated, but were interpreted as waterholes rather than wells, and they find parallels at Dragonby, Lincs. (also interpreted as waterholes), and at Wickford, Essex (interpreted as grain storage pits). The lack of East Yorkshire grey wares and calcite-gritted wares indicate that the settlement did not survive long into the 4thC AD."
35069,1,400,275,,large (9+ ha),complex,Yes,,,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Excavation in advance of the construction of a new wastewater plant located on the floodplain of the Gypsy Race in the Great Wold Valley revealed part of an extensive ladder settlement complex previously known only by cropmarks. The cropmarks appear to show the ladder complex curve along the contours of the valley slope on its southern side, whilst cropmarks to the show an expanse of field-systems and a large barrow cemetery, probably Iron Age in date.  The settlement consist of numerous enclosures with possible dwellings in some, focussed along a large, ditched trackway. The excavated portion focussed upon a northern part of the complex before the cropmarks disappear below the modern settlement of Burton Fleming.  The excavation revealed a series of intercutting ditches and gullies, plus a network of postholes and pit groups, representing successive phases of occupation. Late Iron Age/early Roman activity was restricted to a pit, a gully and a ditch. A greater number of features produced a small pottery assemblage which suggested an intensification in activity occurred into the late 3rd/4thC AD."
35070,-50,250,100,200,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,1,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,Yes,No,"A late Iron Age and early Roman site located just south of the chalk Wolds and north of the River Hull. The excavated evidence revealed a large late Iron Age ditch, perhaps a significant land boundary, which was superseded by 2ndC AD settlement remains including a roundhouse, other gullies, a possible enclosure boundary ditch, and pits with burnt fills (including skull, mandible and other bones from a medium-sized mammal, daub, and flints in one, and the partial skeleton of a young calf in another). By the early 3rdC AD the settlement area was abandoned and a new system of field boundaries were laid out, which were recut and remodified a few times until the middle of the 3rdC AD, after which no evidence for activity could be discerned until the later medieval period."
35071,-50,400,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,5,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"A late Iron Age/Romano-British settlement located in the Hull valley. Numerous phases of occupation and modification were noted at the site, from hut circles (not all of which were contemporary), boundary ditches and pits, to the laying out of mid-Roman linear boundaries, which may have formed part of a larger field-system, and a metalled surface (trackway?). The phased evidence was not discussed in detail in the report, though the presence of 4thC AD pottery indicate that that site activity was comparatively long-lived."
35072,1,300,150,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,5,1,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,coastal,pastoral,Yes,Yes,No,"Excavations close to the coastline on Holderness revealed evidence for late Iron Age and Romano-British settlement. Occupation commenced in the LIA and towards the end of the 1stC AD was represented by trackways adjoining two enclosed settlements, both with roundhouses, and one with a rectangular structure which lay alongside a clay-lined pit containing part of a dolphin cranium and fragments of amphorae. Another nearby pit produced the heavily-burned remains of a probable sheep carcass.  Modifications to the site occurred in the 2ndC AD with areas of enclosure being constructed and sub-division of the previous areas of habitation. A number of the structures likely continued in use into this period of occupation and into the early 3rdC AD, after which the trackways appeared to continue being utilised for an unspecified period, though direct evidence for occupation was much reduced. The latest pottery from the site was mid-late 3rdC AD."
35073,-75,100,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,9,,No,No,No,No,No,No,coastal,uncertain,No,No,No,"The remains of a Late Iron Age/early Roman settlement were identified along a cable route close to the eastern shoreline of Holderness. The remains consisted of two groups of ring gullies potentially representing 9 roundhouses, though only a maximum of 3 were probably standing at any one time. Despite this, the date range form the pottery suggests a restricted time frame for occupation between c.100BC-AD100. Pottery-rich pits and linear features suggest quite intensive domestic activity."
35074,-50,410,100,350,medium (4 - 8 ha),complex,Yes,1,6,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,plateau or plain,mixed,Yes,Yes,No,"Rescue excavations in advance of quarrying between 1971-1977 revealed an extensive villa landscape. The site is yet to be fully published however.  Pre-Roman occupation consisted of a small sub-rectangular enclosure farm with a roundhouse at the junction of two droveways (1stC BC?-late 1stC AD).  The early villa was built no later than the beginning of the 2ndC AD. This main villa was a small cottage-style corridor structure, accompanied the laying out of an extensive complex of enclosures, an aisled building, another stone building, 2 timber houses, two stock pens, quarries, trackways, field-systems, at least 9 corn-driers (one in an SFB), a well, a five-poster granary, and a possible shrine/mausoleum (a 13m2 squared enclosure). The complex stretched across approximately 8-10ha.  The corridor villa lasted until the early 5thC AD but without much modification (i.e. no bathhouse, new wings, or hypocausts). The well was back-filled mid-2ndC AD possibly as a 'ritual closure'. 68 animals were placed in the well (see zooarch).  The site underwent reorganisation in the late 3rdC AD. Fences or hedgerows which characterised the earlier settlement were replaced by deep ditches for rectilinear fields. More buildings and further SFBs with corndriers were placed in different areas of the site. 14 corn-driers in total were found in this phase, including T-shaped driers inserted into aisled halls, and reflect the shift in the plant remains from a dominance of wheat in the early period to a mixture of wheat and barley in the later phases. This was linked to a shift from purely arable to a greater focus on animal husbandry.  In the mid-4thC AD the villa complex had shrunk back to under half its greatest extent and was restricted to the main villa enclosure. The burial pattern changed, whilst grain was still being produced on a large scale, some being milled mechanically. The settlement was abandoned in the early 5thC AD."
36001,150,400,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,1,,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,Yes,Yes,No,"Site of a Romano-British settlement partly revealed by a gas-pipeline and located on high ground on a largely flat landscape. Three phases of late Roman activity could be discerned. The earliest phase included two intercutting ring gullies from a roundhouse and a trackway. The second phase saw the abandonment of the roundhouses, the foundations of which were cut by new gullies. The excavator suggests that these were for rectangular buildings, but the evidence is not clear-cut. This phase saw the construction of a number of rectilinear enclosures/field-system, one of which included a small cemetery. The cemetery included three inhumation graves and a pit with an articulated cow leg. The third phase saw new settlement activity in the area previously used as the cemetery, alongside the trackway, which continued in use throughout."
36002,150,400,,,medium (4 - 8 ha),unclassified,Yes,,1,No,No,No,No,No,Yes,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Site of a little-known Roman villa lying on the north bank of the Pickering Beck was investigated by limited trial trenching. The site lies on a southern tip in a central zone of the North York Moors, where the Beck flows into the Vale of Pickering.  The immediate area was investigated in the 1990s by geophysical survey which discerned a number of linear features, a probable circular structure and other anomalies, but in 1999 tesserae were being thrown up by moles at the site leading to the trenching of the site. It is possible that the building examined in one of the trenches was the bath-house to the settlement as part of the building's hypocaust was identified. The most notable find from the north field were the fragmented remains of a large Roman millstone, which suggests the presence of a possible watermill at the villa, perhaps utilising the Beck.  Although conclusive dating of any structures was not realised, Roman occupation levels were shown to date primarily to the second half of the 4thC AD, whilst excavation in and around the building included a small assemblage of late 3rd-4thC AD pottery, plus a 2ndC AD brooch. The latter find may be from pre-villa occupation, but this is currently indeterminate. Similarly the destruction date is unknown, though medieval ploughing was evident across the site."
36003,200,400,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,2,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"A Romano-British settlement and field-system was partially investigated at the eastern end of a pipeline excavation in the Vale of Pickering. The settlement was shown by cropmarks to extend widely into the local landscape. The settlement comprised two roundhouse structures set within a rectilinear system of field boundaries. Evidence for relict stream channels and canalised field boundaries were also noted at the site, and it was argued to have been ultimately abandoned due to waterlogging. Dating evidence from the structures clearly identify them with the Roman period, and though evidence from the field-system boundaries show a long and sustained period of use, 113 of the 122 pottery sherds dated to the 3rd and 4thC AD, with a few dating before and after this period."
36004,-100,50,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"Site of a late Iron Age barrow cemetery located on the southern edge of the Vale of Pickering, c.700m north of the Wolds escarpment and its spring line. Cropmarks suggest the site sits within a busy late Iron Age landscape. Evidence for a double dyke was excavated and may be related to the cemetery. Definite evidence for seven LIA burials six of which were parts of square barrows. Three other burials were possibly attached to the excavated group. Most of the grave were located within a conjoined, enclosing ditch."
36005,-50,350,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,1,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,pastoral,Yes,No,No,"Site revealing part of a pit alignment running southwest-northeast across Ganton Dale for over 1km. Crop marks suggest the feature is a substantial field boundary dividing two extensive areas of land, bounded to the northeast by another perpendicular linear feature, and to the southwest by a second perpendicular linear feature likely representing a trackway. On the southern side of the junction of the pit alignment and the trackway lies cropmark evidence for a linear enclosure settlement, which was probably involved with the local land tenure. The excavation also produced a ring gully for a roundhouse lying adjacent to the pit alignment. Survey of the cropmarked settlement suggests a late Iron Age/early Roman presence (see report for references), whilst evidence from the excavated pit features suggest a late Iron Age construction, but predominantly featuring as a Romano-British (2nd-4thC AD) land division. The features appeared to silt up in the 4thC AD, but a small number of Anglian pottery sherds from the upper fills suggest continuity in use of the boundary into the post-Roman period."
36006,150,350,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,Yes,plateau or plain,arable,No,No,No,"Located on a gentle easterly dip slope on the floodplain of the Rivers Aire and the Went (tributaries of the Ouse) lies the site of a Roman settlement partly observed during quarrying operations.  The settlement consisted of a T-shaped corndrying oven, possible masonry structures and a ditch. Limestone rubble and clay flooring were initially thought to represent a circular structure, but were later interpreted as the inner kerb of a bank thought to have enclosed the site. Either interpretation is tentative, though the placing of masonry in some areas does at least suggest the presence of one or two small structures (perhaps abutting the bank). The corndrier was found to have been the latest structural development at the site, and its backfill contained a late 3rd-mid-4thC AD mortarium fragment. Grey wares from the ditch and the occupation area suggest a broad 2nd-4thC AD date."
36007,-100,70,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,1,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,pastoral,Yes,No,No,"Site of a middle-late Iron Age enclosure settlement located on the eastern end of a plateau comprising the Great Ayton Moor, overlooking the Lounsdale Valley. One oval hut was identified from the centre of the enclosure. Minimal excavation within the enclosure has precluded the discovery of further features. Traces of a faint trackway were observed leading east from the entrance of the enclosure.  The oval structure was stone built with a paved floor which contained a clay-lined pit (storage?) and a hearth. Postholes at the entrance suggest the presence of a porch or similar.  Pottery evidence suggests that the enclosure was constructed and first in use, c.300-100BC, with a second group of pottery indicating continued use through the period c.100BC-AD70. No occupation evidence beyond this date was identified.  The construction of a field-system was found to attach the enclosure, which has been primarily interpreted as pastoral in character. This generally supported by pollen evidence."
36008,150,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,Yes,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Trial excavations in Lounsdale valley within the North Yorkshire Moors revealed evidence for Romano-British occupation in the form of 'hut foundations over a considerable area' along with domestic debris dating from the mid-2nd-4thC AD. Three buildings were stone-built, with paved floors and hearths. Their form could not be discerned."
36009,-100,200,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,1,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,mixed,No,No,No,"The site of a lynchetted field-system found with the fragmented remains of a circular stone hut and hearths. The site is located on the north bank of Kildale dale in the North Yorkshire Moors. A masonry wall was constructed along the northern side of the settlement, with a large lynchet on the other side on slightly higher ground. Late Iron Age pottery was present in this make-up of this feature, though it may have been farmed earlier than this as evidenced by the presence of cruder pottery. Mortaria fragments demonstrate activity at least into the 2ndC AD. The presence of querns suggests arable farming, though the site was also well placed for pastoralism."
36010,250,400,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,1,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,No,Yes,river valley,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Site of a well-constructed late Roman farm which is loosely categorised here as a 'cottage-style villa' from its plan and other available evidence. The site is located on low-lying land, 600 yrds south of the River Ouse.  The building had well-made masonry foundations, several rooms, and colonnade/veranda fronting onto a masonry walled courtyard. Sandstone and limestone used in the construction would have had to have been imported. The site appears to have been systematically robbed during the medieval period, possibly for the construction of the nearby chapel, though there were a few finds of roof tiles, Ancaster slabs, opus signinum mortaring, and red-decorated white plaster.  However, there was little accompanying evidence for status or wealth. The floors were either cobbled or the surface was absent (wooden?). Finds were, in general, minimal. A second building was noted just to the east, and a heap of clay mixed with iron pan to the north. Fragments of iron and charcoal here suggest iron-working."
36011,1,300,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,Yes,river valley,mixed,No,No,No,"Lying on a south-facing slope, and sheltered to its north by a nab, in Kildale was the site of a 1st-3rdC AD occupation site. Paved areas over rammed clay flooring likely represent the remains of structures at the site, whilst finds of pottery and querns demonstrate domestic activity."
36012,200,400,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,mixed,No,No,No,"Trial trenches placed in an area in which large quantities of stone was ploughed up found evidence for paved areas, possibly floors of structures, Romano-British quernstones and pottery, likely representing a farmstead. Roof slabs and flue tiles possibly signify the presence of another building in the vicinity. The pottery was primarily 4thC AD in date, though 3rdC AD material was also evident."
36013,100,400,,,medium (4 - 8 ha),complex,Yes,,1,Yes,Yes,Yes,No,No,Yes,river valley,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Site of a presumed Roman villa which was examined primarily by geophysics aerial photography, but also by limited trial trench excavation. The site is located in the chalk Wolds at the origins of the Gypsy Race where it rises to a spring.  The site is characterised by a large, heavily-ditched central enclosure and further survey found evidence for a roughly rectilinear complex of ditches and droveways surrounding the enclosure over an area of around 6-8ha. Field-walking producing Roman finds and building material, including tesserae, whilst magnetometer survey provided evidence for numerous pits and burnt features, such as kilns, ovens, etc.  Excavation found evidence for a large masonry structure in the main enclosure which is thought likely to have been a villa, though the possibly of a temple was raised in the report. The mosaic fragment is argued by David Neal, however, to far more likely derive from a villa house.  Finds suggest a 2nd-4thC AD date for occupation, though limited excavation makes this tentative."
36014,100,400,,,medium (4 - 8 ha),complex,Yes,,,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"A Romano-British settlement site was located on an exposed scarp in the Chalk Wolds first discovered by field-walking. It was later investigated by aerial photography, magnetometer survey and test-pitting. The magnetometry results indicate the presence of an extensive system of enclosures, a droveway to the south, and indications for field-systems around the enclosure complex and possible buildings. The recovery of mosaic tesserae, roof tile and polychrome painted plaster suggest the presence of a villa. Finds suggest the settlement was occupied from the 1st or 2ndC AD through to the 4thC AD."
36015,70,400,200,,medium (4 - 8 ha),unclassified,Yes,1,11,No,Yes,Yes,Yes,No,Yes,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"Site of an extensive villa complex discovered in 1899 and excavated in 1930. The settlement was located on gently sloping land sheltered to the north by Langton Wold.  The earliest feature on the site is a rectilinear ditched enclosure, described in the report as a 'fortlet', dated to c.AD70-80 by calcite-gritted ware and a small collection of 1stC AD Roman wares. It is suggested that the 'fortlet' goes out of use from the end of the 1stC AD. However, 2ndC AD pottery, coinage (Hadrian) and a headstud brooch argues against this interpretation and perhaps point towards the presence of an enclosed pre-villa farmstead.  The first masonry structure appears to have been constructed at the end of the 2ndC AD or the beginning of the 3rdC AD. Three periods of construction could be discerned from the main corridor house, with the building containing at least four hypocausted rooms in its final phase (c.4thC AD). Activity appears to have been most intensive on the site during the 4thC AD.  A number of rectangular masonry structures were built on the site, including a small bathhouse and a circular masonry structure. Other feature included a stone-lined well, one kiln (possibly two) which may have been associated with the evidence for metal production and working at the site, as well as associated ditches (paddocks?).  The site was interpreted as an agricultural centre. The circular building was thought to have been a mill, and in the SW corner of the bathhouse a 'threshing-floor' appears to have been later inserted, though the interpretation of these two features are tentative. However, the later discussion of the industrial evidence suggests that the site's primary economy may have been focussed upon metal production and working."
36016,100,410,275,,uncertain,complex,Yes,,2,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Site of two pairs of pottery kilns of the Crambeck industry excavated in 1926, along with associated settlement and burial evidence. Geophysical and field-walking surveys of the area just to the north of the kilns showed that pottery and wasters were spread over a wide area consisting of a complex of enclosures (Plan 36016_3), within which six more possible kiln sites were highlighted. Previous excavations of sections of this system showed that they were probably in use throughout the period of known occupation at the site.  Rough footings of at least two rectangular building were uncovered along with remains of a domestic nature (pottery, personal adornment, the skeleton of a dog, etc.). The kilns are known to have been in use c.AD275-375, though evidence from a coin and Samian pottery suggests occupation on the site began around the beginning of the 2ndC. Furthermore, two cist inhumations were found on the site, one cutting through one of the kilns showing that it had been interred after their abandonment, perhaps in the late 4th/early 5thC AD. The phase 1 date given here relates to the earliest use of the kilns, though it may be assumed that the settlement evidence was also focussed around the pottery industry of the area."
36017,350,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"A pair of pottery kilns of the Crambeck industry excavated around half a mile south-west of the Jamie's Craggs kilns. No associated settlement or working areas were identified, but it is assumed by the excavator that they were present. The pottery present in the kilns appears to broadly date to the second half of the 4thC AD."
36018,300,400,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,Yes,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Site of a late Roman rural site identified in 1965 from the isolated excavations of a corn-dryer, a small building with a stone floor and evidence for a hearth, a cinery urn, a stone cist, plus other scattered finds. Robber trenches around the building suggests that it was of a masonry construction. The site was located approximately a mile south of the main area of Crambeck pottery kilns, but lay on the heavier clays in the region.  Dating evidence was sparse though pottery of the Crambeck kilns as well as calcite-gritted wares suggest a 4thC AD date. This is supported by the find of a 4thC AD coin, whilst the cremation was associated with a 4thC AD Crambeck beaker urn. This was considered unusual by the excavator because cremation at York was thought to have ceased by the mid-late 3rdC AD.  Excavation of later discoveries of two pottery kilns were undertaken in 1974. One of these was located less than 10 meters from the corn-drying oven and, since the pottery from both features was contemporary, they together suggest the presence of a settlement focussing on both arable farming and pottery production."
36019,150,400,300,,medium (4 - 8 ha),unclassified,Yes,4,7,No,Yes,Yes,Yes,No,Yes,river valley,mixed,Yes,No,No,"Site of a villa complex located on raised ground close to the River Riccal and at the foot of the East Moors.  The site has been excavated variously by the Department of the Environment and local amateur groups over a period of about 12 years. It suffered however from a severely protracted post-excavation process with paper archives and material assemblages becoming widely dispersed, some of which have since been lost (including the Samian ware, much of the metalwork, the coins form the 1969 excavations, whilst the animal bone is now unstratified and has never been analysed). Despite the problems, David Neal drew together as much of the archive and relevant information for a formal publication.  A ditched enclosure and a possible timber roundhouse appears to represent the first signs of occupation dating to the mid-late 2ndC AD. Further ditches dating to this phase are possibly paddocks. A second phase of occupation is characterised by the erection of pre-villa masonry buildings and features. A lack of excavation beneath the villa structures made the pre-villa occupation difficult to fully understand and dating is tentative. Like-wise the dating of the construction of the villa buildings is also difficult to discern, but 4thC AD occupation is certainly demonstrated.  The villa is a wing-corridor type, consisting of three ranges of rectilinear buildings, plus the erection of late Roman ovoid and circular structures. Much iron work was recovered from one building, suggesting the presence of a workshop."
36020,-50,50,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,5,,No,Yes,No,No,No,Yes,hill,mixed,No,No,No,"Site of a late Iron Age farmstead located on the crest of a ridge in the North York Moors. The site is characterised by at least five 'hut circles' found in close association, though not all these features are likely to have been contemporary. Three of the structures included evidence for hearths, and the two largest examples were paved with masonry wall foundations. These two buildings appear to have been the final phase of construction at the site. All the structures included surrounding gully features. Further linear features suggest the presence of an enclosing boundary on one side, perhaps used as a stock enclosure, though aerial photography suggests that these may have been part of a much larger boundary enclosing the settlement. The farm appears to have sat at the mid-point on one side of a field. An area of pits just to the north of the huts imply further domestic activity. A permanent spring emerges immediately to the north of the site, and runs into the valley below. The report suggests that the modern road running by the site was a prehistoric track which linked other sites in the area. Whilst plausible, this assertion is untested by excavation."
36021,80,410,150,350,large (9+ ha),complex,Yes,,17,Yes,No,Yes,No,No,No,plateau or plain,mixed,Yes,No,Yes,"The site of a roadside settlement lying adjacent to the modern village of Catterick and 2.2km south of the major Roman town of Cataractonium. Excavations by Wilson (2002) revealed property plots, timber and masonry structures on both sides of Roman Dere Street, with substantial evidence for co-axial field-systems behind the plots surviving throughout the period of occupation. Large-scale geophysical survey accompanied with limited trial trenching in 2005 further revealed the extent and form of the settlement (Speed 2006).  Overall, ten distinct phases of occupation were recorded. The initial period of occupation, after construction of the road, dates c.AD80-120, with the construction of sub-rectangular, beam-slot buildings. After AD120 buildings were recorded lining both sides of the mains road, plus the construction of two metalled roads. The period c.AD150-200 (phases 5 and 6) saw the construction of new buildings aligning the road front, some may have been workshops, and was the first period of masonry construction. These were initially masonry-footed, but later as larger mortared masonry superstructures, one of which included a hypocaust. Recutting of field-system ditches in this phase also points to a possible intensification in the arable landscape surrounding the settlement, whilst inhumations were also first discovered dating to this phase. The maintenance of the high-status building continued into the 3rdC AD signalling continued prosperity, but alongside an apparent decrease in occupation intensity. By the 4thC AD settlement evidence had decreased markedly and, although buildings were still in use, the site appears to have been mainly used for burial. The settlement went out of use by AD350, though burials continued to be received into the late 4th/early 5thC AD.  Although development at the site was clearly influenced by the early forts and later urban activity at Cataractonium, the site at Bainesse was certainly a distinct settlement because excavation of Dere Street at Catterick Triangle (Site 425 - same report) lying c.500m to the north of Bainesse Site 46 showed that the field-systems in that area extended right up to the road, with no evidence for domestic settlement. Bainesse is classified here as an 'small town' in its own right due to the evidence for socio-economic differentiation in the form of masonry buildings, and the presence of the metalled streets aligned perpendicular to Dere Street.  A 6thC AD Anglian cemetery post-dated the Roman settlement."
36022,100,350,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,arable,Yes,No,Yes,"Site of Dere Street Roman road running between the settlements of Cataractonium and Bainesse. Roadside ditches were inserted on both its sides in the 2ndC AD, though a further, more substantial linear feature inserted perpendicular to the road is likely to be a land boundary, perhaps indicating the presence of a field-system. The land boundary was maintained, and recut several times, possibly into the 4th C AD. A cobble surface across one section appears to represent a small trackway linking the fields. A possible pottery kiln was inserted next to the ditch, though no supporting evidence was found.  No evidence for domestic activity was identified, though an Anglian presence was found in the form of a Grubenhaus. The road was constructed some time in the late 1stC AD and continued to be used, though going through various phases of maintenance and development, until the 14th/15thC AD."
36023,275,350,,,large (9+ ha),complex,Yes,,1,No,No,Yes,No,No,Yes,plateau or plain,mixed,No,No,Yes,"Located just 500m east of the Bainesse site (see plan 36021_1 for geographic relationship) at Catterick, a small-scale excavation in 1966 revealed several rooms of a late Roman masonry structure. The building appears to have been constructed in earlier plough soil during the late 3rd C AD and was occupied until the middle of the 4th C AD, after which a dark soil deposit represents a period of abandonment. A short period of activity is indicated by a new floor layer dating to the late 4th/early 5th C AD and, slightly later than this, Anglian burials were inserted into earlier construction levels.  The 1966 structure appears to have been located adjacent to further structural remains and another Anglian inhumation. The excavators noted wall plaster remaining on the walls (though not 'ornamented') and a black occupation layer similar to that noted in 1966 containing Roman pottery (again of late 3rd/4thC AD date) and an underlying mortared floor. Whether these were all part of the same complex is unknown but certainly possible.  A later watching brief in an area adjacent to the 1966 findings revealed further Roman features of unknown character but which contained animal bone, metalwork and pottery (Sherlock 2013). Large-scale excavations c.700m SW revealed only a few land boundaries of 1stC BC-2ndC AD date."
36024,75,140,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,3,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,mixed,No,No,Yes,"Site of a double-ditched enclosure lying on previously marshy land (prior to drainage in the 19thC). The site lay on the road between Filey and Malton and the area may have been at a focal point for an important local trackway/road system.  The site lies on a old sand quarry and excavations were carried out during salvage operations. Three 'hut' surfaces were excavated from within the enclosure, alongside a few pits. Some post-holes were identified and from the shape of the floor hollows, the structures are likely to have been at least sub-circular. However, much of the interior had already been quarried away and the area may have been quite intensively occupied (more hut surfaces were observed by quarriers). The ditch systems appear to have been dug out c.AD75-80 and, although two 4thC AD items were recovered, the site appears to have gone out of use at least by the mid-2ndC AD.  The site may have been a well-populated 'farm', though the excavators suggest that it may have been a fortlet or small camp under military control.  5th and 6th C AD material (pottery and metal finds) were recovered from upper layers of some features."
36025,250,350,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Evaluation excavation within the confines of RAF Catterick revealed evidence for a Roman pottery kiln and a number of field boundaries. The site forms part of the Roman roadside settlement excavated at Bainesse Farm running along on Dere Street, itself lying some 2km south of Cataractonium Roman town. The works demonstrated that the roadside settlement extended at least 750m south of Bainesse Farm. No evidence for structures or domestic settlement was found in this area, though the excavated area was limited, though the kiln site can be shown to lay on the eastern periphery of the settlement and may have been part of an 'industrial zone'. This suggestion may be supported by the discovery of a slag scatter recovered during fieldwalking of the site.  The kiln produced BB1 imitations, and an associated waster dump was identified. However, it must be noted that the kiln also likely served as a corn-drier as spelt and barley were both found dried within it. The occurrence of relatively few weed seeds suggest that the grains were well-processed and cleaned prior to drying."
36026,-100,350,25,250,small (<1 - 3 ha),complex,Yes,7,,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,mixed,Yes,No,No,"Site of a late Iron Age/early Roman ladder complex, complete with trackway and associated field-systems, located c.2km north of the Pickering. The site was excavated in advance of limestone quarrying revealing much of the settlement, whilst complimentary geophysics detailed the extent and form of the wider settlement features.  Mid-late Iron Age occupation activity was characterised by open settlement including the remains of 7 roundhouses, one of which was located within a large enclosure, 4 square barrows, and four-post structures.  This settlement became overlain by the trackway, running for perhaps half a kilometre north-south, and the enclosure settlement(s) probably in the immediate pre-Roman Iron Age. The main settlement enclosure included internal, ditched divisions, whilst further, more simple ditched enclosures lined the trackway to the north of the settlement. The settlement also included evidence for quarrying, inhumation burial, and arable processing (2 corndriers - T-shaped (2ndC AD?) and square-headed (2nd/3rdC AD) - found as well as more four- and six-post structures). It appears that the quarrying was for limestone; burnt limestone in the feature indicates that limestone processing was taking place.  Some remodelling of the enclosures took place in the 2nd/3rdC AD , though activity appears to have been less intensive and the site may have only been used for burial in this phase. Activity appears to have ceased sometime in the 4thC AD."
36027,25,200,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),complex,Yes,2,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,mixed,Yes,No,No,"Site of a multi-ditched, rectilinear and agglomerated complex farmstead with associated co-axial field-system. The site has been subject to three of four proposed stages of strip, map and sample excavations in advance of gravel quarrying. The site is yet to go through full post-excavation analysis, but preliminary analysis suggests that it originated in the late Iron Age, continued through the early and into the middle Roman period, but was abandoned by the late Roman period.  The settlement appears to have significantly developed in the late 1st/2ndC AD, predominantly in the form of land division and the creation of the field-system. Structures were limited to two partial ring gullies of 2ndC AD date. Other features were rare, possibly due to truncation, though an oven and a corndrier (simple form) were found preserved."
36028,1,350,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,arable,Yes,No,No,"Located on low-lying ground, the site of a LIA/Romano-British co-axial field-system and associated trackway was identified via geophysical survey (by Wessex Archaeology). Evaluation trenches were placed over a number of linear features, though no pottery and only a very small quantity of animal bone was recovered via sampling. However, a beehive quern from a field boundary, close to the entrance of the trackway (Trench 7), suggests LIA/Romano-British use of the system."
36029,-100,1,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,3,,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,mixed,Yes,No,No,"Site of a middle to late Iron Age settlement extending into the 1stC BC, but perhaps not continuing beyond, was excavated along a stretch of the A19 by-pass.  The settlement consisted of a single rectilinear ditched enclosure to which a second enclosure was added. A timber roundhouse was constructed within the second enclosure as well as a subsidiary sub-annular enclosure. This group appears to have gone out of use before the abandonment of the settlement around time of the construction of two, possibly three, new structures in the first enclosure and the creation of a droveway which connected this enclosure with a series of fenced 'pens/stock enclosures' further west. This group of features underwent small-scale modifications and a new palisaded enclosure in the north-west of the site came into use with a complex of structures which appear to have been associated with metal-working (see other finds). The site continued to have further, but minimal modifications before finally going out of use.  Further field boundaries excavated along the by-pass indicate wider Iron Age and perhaps early Roman land-use. The Crickley Lane site appears to have been part of a much wider system of late prehistoric land organisation."
36030,75,500,300,400,small (<1 - 3 ha),complex,Yes,,9,Yes,No,Yes,No,No,Yes,river valley,mixed,No,No,Yes,"Three sites excavated in the 1920s, between 1949-52, and between 1968-70 over part of the vicus settlement known Derventio (further limited excavation in 1992 also produced supporting evidence to that revealed previously). The sites were located between the fort, around 75m to its north, and the River Derwent, around 50m to its south. The fort was constructed in the Flavian period and lasted until the 4thC, albeit with periods of abandon and modification. Evidence for vici occupation similarly stretched from the last quarter of the 1stC AD through to the post-Roman period.  Excavations partly cut one of two metalled roads leading south from the fort, and evidence for defensive ditches in the eastern part of the site were dated to the 1st/e.2ndC AD, probably relating to ramparts enclosing the settlement between the fort and the river. A number of timber structures were dated to the late 1stC AD. Stone-built structures were first erected in the first half of the 2ndC AD. The fort may have been abandoned sometime during the 2ndC AD, and was rebuilt from around AD160. At the same time, a new phase of building construction occurred in the vicus area.  Buildings close to the fort continued in use into the 3rdC AD, though the area beyond the eastern defences became used for waste disposal, which eventually led to the backfill of the rampart ditches. These were replaced by new defences associated with the fort, again leading down to the river. A kiln possibly for corn-drying and an unfinished well also dated to the 3rdC AD.  A major rebuilding programme was initiated at the beginning of the 4thC AD, probably in line with a rebuilding of the fort, including additions to a 'shop area', a town house with fine mosaic flooring, and a kiln building. 8 masonry buildings were identified in total in the 168-70 excavations, including one with a hypocaust (4thC AD), whilst a bathhouse was excavated closer to the fort in the 1949-52 excavations. These, however, are likely to have been a minimum number. Further remodelling of 4thC AD buildings was noted to have occurred through the century. Re-use of 4thC AD buildings was noted from a range of 5th/6thC AD pottery and a number of Anglo-Saxon finds. The main road between the fort and the river was still in use during the 16thC, at a time when some of the fort's walls were still standing."
36031,100,250,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Site of a Romano-British field-system on gently sloping ground overlooking the River Washburn and Lindley Wood Reservoir. The site was discovered during the laying out of a 94km gas pipeline. Features consisted of a large lynchet bank, two small field boundaries, and a large sub-rectangular pit feature with a short linear cut jutting from one side. The pit was filled with an accumulation of burnt stone ('pot boilers'), but the function of the feature was unknown. Suggested interpretations include a kiln, but no evidence for burning was found, a water tank which was used for domestic or craft activity (hence the use of the boilers), of for drainage. The possibility of a waterhole for livestock was not mentioned by the excavators. Finds from the site were few, but the recovery of mortaria, Samian, and a glass bangle suggest that it was in use during the early-mid Roman period. All the features were generally assumed to have been contemporary."
36032,100,325,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unenclosed,Yes,3,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,mixed,Yes,No,No,"Site of a farming settlement located in a poorly-drained fold overlooked by hillsides around 5km NW of Elslack fort. The site produced evidence for late prehistoric activity from a small quantity of contemporary pottery and radiocarbon dates and may have continued in use through to the early 4thC AD. However, no convincing evidence for settlement features were identified. Predominantly the dating evidence suggested that occupation began at the beginning of the 2ndC AD and continued into the early 4thC AD.  The earliest Roman phases were characterised by linear features including enclosures and a trackway, but it was most intensively occupied during the 3rdC AD. In its final phase, three circular structures were evident, one partially or wholly built in stone with two smaller buildings, probably huts or byres. A pair of curvilinear windbreaks were also excavated. Evidence for middening appears to be present for much of the period of occupation.  A layer of colluvium formed across the site in the 4thC AD, suggesting that the settlement had been abandoned, but that arable cultivation was being carried out further upslope."
36033,-100,80,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"Site of a previously excavated early-middle Iron Age settlement with some evidence for continued land-use into the late Iron Age and possibly into the immediate post-Conquest phase. No direct evidence for continued occupation was found, but two substantial enclosures were excavated which may have been habitation sites, though may have been stock-holding areas. Several pits, postholes and hearths in the area may be indicative of associated activity. Small amounts of LIA 'native-style' pottery was recovered, whilst two radiocarbon dates placed the features around 160BC-AD80. Other substantial linear features appeared to show that existing Iron Age land boundaries also continued in use at the site. This site is very likely to have been associated with the Iron Age enclosure site just the west (Site ID 36043)."
36034,-50,150,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),complex,Yes,7,,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,mixed,Yes,No,No,"Site of an extensive Romano-British settlement and field-system located just to the south of the junction between Dere Street and the Roman road which underlies the modern A66. The principle focus of the settlement appears to have been a large ditched enclosure containing a roundhouse and associated features. To the east and west of the main enclosure were numerous ditches which formed areas of further enclosure and trackways, whilst postholes and gullies pointed to the existence of further buildings across the area (at least five probable examples were identified in total). It is possible that the site represents a dispersed, possibly nucleated settlement focussed upon the road junction. Cropmarks showed that the settlement certainly lay within an extensive field-system. Different phases to the site was noted, but the stratigraphy was difficult to disentangle and the site in general was seen by the excavator as a continuum of settlement. Ten radiocarbon dates indicate that activity probably began in the late Iron Age, possibly as early as c.50BC, and continued through to the 2ndC AD, perhaps the second quarter of that century as evidenced by Samian pottery.  Further evidence for 1stC AD domestic activity was noted from the Scotch Corner Hotel site to the south, which produced evidence of two successive roundhouse structures probably within an enclosed area."
36035,100,300,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Site of Romano-British field boundaries with evidence for intermittent burial. One of the field boundaries was possibly in use in the late Iron Age as an inhumation, radiocarbon dated c. 340BC-50BC, was placed adjacently. The ditch was then recut in the early Roman period and other remodification to the field boundaries were noted to have occurred, probably in the 2ndC AD. All the pottery was Roman in date and there was little evidence for activity into the 4thC AD."
36036,-100,200,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"Site of an important middle Iron Age settlement (see plan 36036_2) which went out of use at some point during the late Iron Age, though the field boundaries continued to be used through at least to the 2ndC AD, forming part of a Romano-British field-system. A start date of 100BC is used here to denote the continued use of the site from the middle Iron Age as an agricultural landscape, though little evidence for settlement could be detected beyond this point."
36037,-50,300,100,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,No,2,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Located due south of the River Nidd was located a late Iron Age settlement consisting of two roundhouses and an adjacent field boundary. The nature of the settlement is uncertain since associated domestic features were not identified, such as pits or hearths. By the 2ndC AD a second field boundary was set at right angles to the LIA one, dissecting the roundhouses and perhaps suggesting that one or both of them had gone out of use by this time. The Roman ditch contained 2nd and 3rdC AD pottery in its lower and middle fills, but its longevity is uncertain and it may have been a feature of the medieval landscape, since later land boundaries appear to be set along the same alignment."
36038,75,425,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,3,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,Yes,river valley,uncertain,Yes,No,Yes,"Site of a Scheduled Roman fort and associated vicus settlement revealed through extensive geophysical survey and targeted excavations over multiple phases of development work prior to roadwork improvement on the A1(M). Healam Bridge lay equidistant between Catterick and Aldborough, approximately one day's travel from each, and at its height was likely to have been the largest settlement between the two towns.  Excavations revealed extensive archaeological remains representing Roman-period settlement and associated enclosure systems on both the north and south sides of Healam Beck. The focus of the settlement as excavated lay to the immediate north of the beck, with further elements lying to the west where multiple phases of deeply stratified deposits were identified, including evidence for occupation and buildings. The excavated area to the north revealed a system of enclosures containing a number of buildings while to the south of the beck the continuation of the enclosure system and the eastern edge of the settlement was identified. Evidence for a series of metalled surfaces and possible roadside ditches suggested that the enclosures abutted the east side of a Roman road (possibly Dere Street), the remains of which lay partially beneath the later Great North Road. At least 35 burials were also identified across the site, with a focus to the west side of the A1(M). Evidence for settlement and burial activity ranged from the 1stC AD to the early 5thC AD. This work was currently in the assessment phase, and no plans were available in the supplied report.  A separate site of a gas main diversion adjacent to Dere Street revealed parts of the vicus located on low-lying ground close to Healam Beck. Features identified included part of a cemetery, a series of ditches defining probable enclosures and the remains of two earthen banks co-axially aligning the roadside (as identified to the east by a geophysical survey), evidence for three timber post-built structures, a series of human footprints, a cobbled surface and numerous pits. The only features that could potentially have pre-dated the Roman period were a series of possible Iron Age ard marks. Stone-built walls may have formed part of a masonry building, one of which was mortared whilst another was bonded with clay. Another building had a metalled floor, indicating that it might have been a domestic residence. The pottery assemblage predominately dated from the 2ndC to late 3rdC AD with some later 4thC AD. The area had been subject to periodic flooding identified from both alluvial and shallow peat deposits in the lowest levels."
36039,1,400,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,3,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,No,Yes,No,"Site of a well-preserved and heavily-ditched enclosure complex located on the North York Moors. Five enclosures loosely joined by a substantial land boundary, which may be a hollow-way, and were dated predominantly by Roman-period pottery to the 1st and 2ndC AD, but with slighter evidence for occupation into the 3rd and 4thC AD. Enclosure A was a large, roughly square earthwork rampart with much domestic material deposited in its boundary fill. Enclosure B was smaller than A, but included evidence for two roundhouses in the form of two hut platforms, where gullies and postholes were revealed by excavation. Quernstones were associated with Enclosure B. Enclosure D was perhaps the most notable because, although comparatively small, it was horseshoe-shaped and contained an iron producing furnace of at least three phases of construction and a roughly circular timber structure. A dump of iron slag almost 5m in diameter was also located just to the east of the iron working area, together with other spreads in the area, suggested prolonged iron working at the site, whilst pottery suggested the enclosure was contemporary with its neighbours, possibly most intensively used during the 1stC AD. Other enclosures exited in the area, identified as earthworks, but investigation suggests that these may not have been contemporary, though a small patch of brickwork fields to the north may have been."
36040,40,75,,,large (9+ ha),enclosed,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,mixed,No,Yes,No,"Site of an important earthwork enclosure complex covering a substantial area of nearly 350ha. The site constitutes the remains of a 1stC AD defensive fortification of the Brigantes tribe, commonly ascribed as an oppidum. Due to the sheer scale of the site only a very small percentage of its area has been subject to invasive investigation, primarily between 1951 and 1952 by Mortimer Wheeler and between 1981 and 1986 by the University of Durham alongside extensive survey work carried out by the RCHME.  Wheeler first produced a three-phase interpretation of the development of the defences beginning in the middle of the 1stC AD with a comparatively small enclosure measuring around 17acres of 'hillfort type'. This area produced early imported Samian and butt beakers. The second phase consisted of an enlargement of the complex incorporating a new 130acre area. The defensive ramparts included stone-fronted earthen banks and a flat-bottomed ditch. Soon after, a third phase of enclosure development covered an extra 600 acres with additional stretches of brook. Mortimer's interpretive sequence was designed also to fit with a historical narrative which concentrated on the Royal Brigantian dynasty and the relationships between Venutius and his queen, Cartimandua, and the Romans (who, he argued, caused the eventual abandonment of the settlement).  The 1980s excavations suggested that this sequence may have been too simplistic and that there existed boundary features which pre-existed the late Iron Age fortifications. The dates of these features were not defined through excavation, but they were suggested to have either represented field boundaries of earlier settlements or 'vestiges or earlier territorial divisions', perhaps of fields or landholdings, either of which may have combined to form the larger settlement. There may also have been evidence for pre-existing late Iron Age settlement at the Tofts site; one of the major defensive boundaries excavated by Wheeler. This settlement appears to have been well established and in receipt of Roman imports from the south by the time the defensive fortifications began to be constructed. Burials and possible structured deposition were identified here also (see burial data). These findings are important as they likely demonstrate the more complex origins and developments of the site, rather than the simple, linear chronological trajectory offered by Wheeler. Instead of being developed as a defensive reaction to Roman invasion, the latter excavators argue that the elaborate entranceways and walled ramparts were more about displays of status and prestige of a pro-Roman client kingdom."
36041,150,400,,,medium (4 - 8 ha),unclassified,Yes,,5,No,No,Yes,Yes,No,Yes,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Site of a Roman villa and bathhouse excavated over four seasons between 1938 and 1947. The site was located on the side of a valley overlooking Well Beck in an area known for a number of natural springs. The excavations revealed five rectangular masonry structures including corridor strip house, a main bath suite, and a separate plunge pool structure. Some 1stC AD pits, possibly quarried, suggest early activity, but no remains of settlement were observed prior to villa construction commencing in the second half of the 2ndC AD. The plunge bath appears to have been dismantled in the early 4thC AD, though other buildings continued to be used to the end of the 4thC AD. Stone robbing occurred in the medieval period, whilst documentary evidence indicated an 18thC antiquarian presence at the site, noted by the excavations for some attempted reconstructions of the remains.  A recent watching uncovered further floor foundations (Percival 2013)."
36042,75,400,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,No,No,No,"Site of a large cave system, one of a group of which Victoria Cave was the most extensively excavated and now best reported, with evidence for activity stretching from the Palaeolithic to the Romano-British periods. The site was substantially excavated during the 19thC and 20thC and has long and complex investigation history. The caver consisted of five large inter-connected chambers, many of which would have been dark and difficult to navigate. Nonetheless, Romano-British finds were distributed over a wide area within all the chambers. Pottery and other material date the finds in the cave from the late 1st/early 2ndC AD through to the end of the 4thC AD, though coinage from the second half of the 4thC AD was largely absent. The site is interpreted, with some caution, as a religious site, though some evidence for craft working and production of artefacts is noted from the wide range of materials recovered. A dual ritual/production function seems to be preferred by Dearne, with Mithraism proposed as a possibility (Dearne and Lord 1998, 144-145). The writer also discusses the regional and environmental context of the site in some detail."
36043,-100,80,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,2,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,mixed,No,No,No,"Site of a long-lived Iron Age enclosure just south of the Roman road running over Stainmore. The settlement may have gone out of use by the time the road was constructed, though it did lie just 5km south of the Stanwick oppidum on the magnesian limestone ridge.  Excavation was limited, focussing on a central area over one of two roundhouse structures, plus some trial trenches across the boundary ditch. The form of the settlement could be seen in cropmarks. Radiocarbon dates indicate that the settlement perhaps originated in the early Iron Age and continued into the very early Roman period. Quantities of charred cereal remains indicate that, particularly in the later period, its economy was arable-based."
36044,-50,400,300,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Site of a partially-excavated rectilinear enclosure with associated ditch and pits located on the floodplain of the River Ouse. Two ditches were constructed in the late Iron Age and continued in use into the Roman period - the lower fills were radiocarbon dated to the 1stC BC. Evidence for domestic occupation was identified from a moderately-sized assemblage including several sherds of LIA/ER hand-made pottery and quern. Several episodes of recutting were noted with later fills including some 3rd-4thC AD pottery. At some point in the late Roman period or possibly the post-Roman period, the ditches had been completely infilled and a gullied trackway was overlain across the previous enclosure. This feature was oriented N-S and may have been associated with the late Roman villa at Drax, some 50m to the north."
36045,250,450,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),complex,Yes,,,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,mixed,Yes,Yes,No,"Site of a late Roman enclosure system and trackway located on comparatively low-lying ground. The material assemblage suggested that domestic settlement was either located within the enclosure system or adjacent to it. Although the site was relatively short-lived, a series of chronological phases of development could be identified from the stratigraphy of the site. The form of the site during the mid-late 4thC AD is indicative of a ladder-type settlement with enclosures lining a central droveway, most likely for driving livestock. Faunal remains and charred cereals suggest that its inhabitants were engaged in mixed husbandry.  A group of late 4thC AD burials including a neonate, a calf and a sheep were placed in close association towards the east of the site, and may well have represented an elaborate burial rite. These cut the ditch of the earlier droveway, suggesting that it may have gone out of use by this time, though the enclosure system continued, perhaps into the 5thC AD in modified form. Features of this latest phase contained the greatest quantity of animal bone and pottery, indicating slight shifts in domestic focus. A square alignment of features may represent a small structure which also dated to this latter phase."
36046,-100,375,50,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,1,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Occupation settlement located on low-lying ground, habited from the 4thC BC to the 4thC AD. After an initial period of occupation in the middle Iron Age, characterised by an open settlement with a roundhouse and a droveway, late Iron Age activity consisted of a series of small enclosures which became associated with the extant droveway, though the roundhouse no longer stood. In the early Roman period, one side of the trackway became utilised as a renewed boundary alongside two other, associated ditches, together forming a new system of land division. The dating of this change is tentative. Through the Roman period, up to c.AD360, this system gradually came to form an enclosure within which a roundhouse was constructed. No evidence for activity was identified between the end of the 4thC and the 8thC AD. Though medieval activity involved recutting of earlier Roman features, suggesting that they were extant to some degree, perhaps visible as an earthwork. The site was not well represented by pottery and was primarily dated from radiocarbon assays."
36047,-100,400,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,1,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,mixed,Yes,No,No,"Site of a rectilinear enclosure and associated land boundary, droveway and possible fields located on the Magnesian limestone. Excavation revealed one probable roundhouse structure from postholes, whilst cropmarks suggest that the enclosure may have been part of a more complex linear settlement pattern. Material finds included handmade pottery, animal bone and charred grain. Some of the grain was carbon-dated to c.360-50BC, whilst charcoal was dated to c.100BC-AD80, though 1st/2ndC AD greywares and 3rd/4thC AD West Yorkshire wares were also recovered, suggesting that the settlement may have been long-lived with little development. The roundhouse structure proved to be late Iron/early Roman in date from radiocarbon dates."
36048,-50,200,50,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,No,,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"Site of a 'clothesline' enclosure investigated during pipeline excavation on the Magnesian limestone. The site was noticed via cropmarks and further identified by geophysical survey before excavation, its form consisting of an irregularly-shaped enclosure linked to a longer field boundary. The earliest phase dated to the late Iron Age with the construction of the linear boundary. This may not have been continuous, with some evidence for entranceways, presumably to facilitate the movement of people and livestock. The early Roman period saw the laying out of the enclosure onto the existing linear feature. There was very little evidence for domestic activity, though the enclosure was not fully excavated, and it may have been a livestock holding facility. The enclosure was recut sometime later in the Roman, though exactly when it went out of use is uncertain, due to a paucity of datable material."
36049,150,250,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,3,Yes,No,Yes,No,No,Yes,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Site of roadside settlement located c.3km south-south-west of York, along the major route between Eboracum and Tadcaster. The road itself is known to have been constructed c.AD71, but the earliest activity at the site consisted of a ditch with a series of backfills containing mid-2ndC AD pottery, two contemporary inhumations, and a group of linear slots and postholes likely forming a rectangular timber structure. This building was replaced by two masonry strip buildings aligned adjacently to the road. These were badly truncated, but the northern end of one clearly showed subdivisions, whilst the pottery indicated a high proportion of amphora and dining vessels. These buildings do not appear to have been long-lived, being soon replaced by cobbling and post-pads which point towards the construction of a new, perhaps timber structure of unknown form. A ditch with early 3rdC AD pottery, a hearth, and a third inhumation, formed the remaining features of this phase of activity. No evidence for late 3rd or 4thC AD activity was discovered at the site; either the roadside settlement was abandoned by this point, or that the settlement focus had dramatically shifted."
36050,-50,100,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),complex,Yes,,1,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"A rural occupation site of later prehistoric and early Roman date was recorded on the north bank of the River Ure, immediately opposite the newly-discovered Roman military complex at Roecliffe. The northern part of the site consisted of late Iron Age and early Roman occupation features. To the south, an elaborate system of ditches was likely to date from the early prehistoric period. Several isolated small pits and postholes were also located along with a small hoard of 1stC AD Roman coins was recovered from one of the pits. Two structures were dated to the early Roman phase, one possibly rectangular. The work was only at the assessment stage - little post-ex carried out."
36051,-50,300,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"Geophysics and trial trench excavation revealed evidence for settlement dating between the late Iron Age and the 3rdC AD. The main archaeological features investigated included a number of linear ditches, gullies, several pits and a grave. Geophysical survey suggested the presence of associated ditched trackway, a possible timber structure or minor ditched enclosure, part of a rectangular enclosure, and several possible field-system elements. Some of the major linear ditches observed in one trench were thought to be component of the prehistoric earthwork monument known as Argham Dykes, which has been tentatively dated to the Iron Age. The features observed were thought to represent evidence of settlement activity which was contemporary with the earthwork's construction, its subsequent use, adaptation and continued presence across the landscape through into the Roman period."
36052,250,400,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),complex,Yes,,,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,No,river valley,mixed,Yes,No,No,"Site with late Romano-British settlement activity centred on two rectangular enclosures set within a complex of features that included a metalled surface, flanking ditches, a trackway and a field-system. The enclosure complex was situated upon a glacial ridge that had a general north to south orientation, reaching a maximum height of some 66m OD. Within the bottom of the slight valleys on either side of the ridge, the ground became more waterlogged. Geophysical survey identified a continuation of the complex to the north. Internally, the enclosures contained possible inhumation burials, timber structures, metalled surfaces, and numerous pits, post-holes and ditches. The western area of the site contained a palaeochannel that was overlain by a continuation of the enclosure and field-system complex. Both the palaeochannel and the field system had then been overlain by a further metalled surface, which seemingly functioned as a crossing point to a seasonally waterlogged area.  The artefactual material included a pottery assemblage dated focussed on the late 3rd to 4thC AD, predominantly on the mid- to late 4thC AD. Domestic occupation of the site was evidenced by the recovery of a fine glass pin with twisted decoration and a segment of a jet/shale ring. Two possible timber structures were evident from posthole alignments and supported by fragments of iron nails, a joiner dog and fragments of Roman brick and tile. Evidence for both crop processing and butchered animal bone suggests a mixed farming economy of arable production and animal husbandry. A possible corn-dryer was present, though truncation made its interpretation ambiguous. Industrial activity was evidenced by quantities of hammerscale. Snail shell recovered from the north-western area of the northern enclosure indicated the contemporary habitat was composed of dry, open areas, probably of short-turfed calcareous grassland."
36053,50,400,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Site of a possible rectilinear settlement and associated field system identified from aerial photography and geophysical survey, with trial excavations undertaken to further evaluate the site. The main enclosure was found to measure approximately 0.6 ha in size with an entrance on the eastern side and a trackway leading south-east. Associated ditches extended away from the main enclosure aver an area of c.2 ha. Internally, evidence was found for a sub-enclosure in the northern half of the main enclosure, and occupation in the form of pits, post-holes and a probable stone-lined well, although no structures were identified. The site produced a small, but well-preserved animal bone assemblage, and a pottery assemblage which suggested that occupation commenced either in the later Iron Age or late 1stC AD and may have continued into the 4thC AD."
36054,100,450,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,4,1,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,Yes,"Site of a large enclosure settlement located due south-east of the Roman town at Catterick. The settlement consisted of four roundhouse structures, two of which contained recognisable floor surfaces with evidence for hearths. However, despite numerous ceramic, stone, slag and bone finds, the date of their construction uncertain. Archaeomagnetic dating of a hearth returned a date c.AD300-450. Considering the site also produced evidence of a 6thC AD cemetery, a late Roman/early post-Roman date may be most probable, although handmade pottery suggests earlier activity, whilst a number of other circular features were also revealed in addition to a rectangular post-built structure and a series of cobbled floors were exposed at the south-west corner of the site. These appeared to have pre-dated the ditched enclosure boundaries. The development of the enclosure may have coincided with the construction of the 2ndC AD amphitheatre which served Catterick, which was also revealed in the trench."
36055,100,300,200,,large (9+ ha),unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Small site related to the roadside settlement at Bainesse, due south of Roman Catterick. Although limited remains were recovered, the excavation was significant for producing an inhumation burial. Two other possible graves, neither of which contained human skeletal remains, were recorded close by. To the north of the burials, a ditch may have formed a boundary feature associated with the cemetery. Sometime later in the Roman period the inhumation burial had been truncated by a second substantial linear boundary ditch. This was thought to have been part of the field-system noted at nearby Site 46, which persisted from the end of the 2ndC AD. A general lack of 1st and 4thC AD pottery was observed at the site."
36056,-100,200,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),complex,Yes,4,1,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,Yes,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"Site located a few kilometres SE of the North York Moors on floodplain due east of the North Yorkshire coastline. The site was extensively surveyed revealing a substantial internally-divided enclosure and external field-system. The enclosure had its origins in the form of late Bronze Age/early Iron Age field-systems.  The main rectangular enclosure and its internal divisions appear to have been laid out together in the late Iron Age, onto which a 'brickwork' field-system was added. Occupation occurred from its inception through to its abandonment in the 2ndC AD. Settlement activity appears to have been confined to two eastern compartments, in which four roundhouse structures were identified. It was suggested that the western compartment was used for keeping livestock. Two kilns were identified, one with four associated clay-lined pits, though perhaps to have been utilised for pottery production, and another thought to have been for corn-drying (further analysis of the artefactual and ecofactual evidence is needed). Archaeomagnetic dating of these structures placed their use in the 1stC BC and AD.  A second square enclosure was located the north-east of the large rectangular enclosure, also within the field-system complex. This feature originated in the early Iron Age but continued in use into the early Roman period. A substantial rectangular limestone building of 1st/2nd AD date was identified alongside postholes which indicated the presence of further timber structures."
36057,150,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Site of a probable later Roman settlement and associated field-system identified during geophysical survey and evaluation in advance of gravel quarrying. The form and character of the settlement could not be discerned during excavation, though it was suggested that it might have been unenclosed. The work revealed evidence for sub-rectangular post-built structures, a cobbled trackway, a cobbled surface, pits and ditches. The pottery assemblage was said to be unusual in its quality, whilst animal bone was both relatively abundant and well preserved, indicating  their potential for further excavation."
36058,100,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Site of intensive settlement activity in the form of linear ditches, gullies and pits located alongside Dere Street, close to where it crosses the Bedale Beck, and around 7 miles to the south of Catterick. Rectilinear field systems of unknown date are known from previous geophysical survey to the west of the immediate study area. Three stone features were uncovered in the northwest area of the site, one containing a fragment of a Romano-British rotary quern. Domestic occupation was denoted from the presence of pottery, animal bone and cereal remains. The date range for the pottery was 2nd to 4thC AD."
36059,-50,410,150,325,small (<1 - 3 ha),complex,Yes,,1,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,mixed,Yes,No,No,"Site of a number of late Iron Age/Romano-British settlements investigated by large scale geophysical survey, excavation and evaluation. The results revealed four settlement foci, two of which were preserved in situ to the south of the site, whilst a late Iron Age/Romano-British settlement was identified in the south-west of the site, and a later Roman settlement with an associated rectilinear enclosure system lay in the south-east. The cores of these two settlements were approximately 375m apart. The western settlement included numerous boundaries and trackways. The investigations suggest that the focus of settlement moved from the west to the east during the 2ndC AD, whilst there may have been some overlap in occupation.  The eastern settlement expanded during the 3rd and 4thC AD, with a complex system of rectilinear enclosures and boundaries established. The centre of settlement was more widely spread than in the late prehistoric focus, with a greater area occupied and a more extensive material culture. The remains of a wooden building were excavated. Later Roman ditches were identified near the western site, indicating that the expanding eastern settlement integrated parts of the earlier landscape into the rectilinear field system.  In the later 4thC AD, the character of the east settlement altered, and a system of double-ditched trackways was constructed, crossing former boundaries and expanding the scale of the settlement area even further. This change and enlargement in the 4thC AD suggest a significant change in land-use, with a large-scale mixed pastoral/arable economy being practiced. It is notable to be able to observe a changing pattern of economy and occupation across a single site. The settlement appears to either move, contract, or dissipate in the early 5th century AD, with the apparent abandonment of the previous core of habitation."
36060,300,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"Site of two high-status late Roman burial found with stone sarcophagi. The burials were badly disturbed by workmen on site. No grave goods were recovered, but the millstone grit sarcophagi and the fact that plaster had been used in the treatment of the bodies was highly suggestive of 4thC AD burial practice. No other Roman remains are known from the immediate area."
36061,-50,200,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),complex,Yes,3,,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"At Mount Pleasant Farm, a possible ladder-type settlement was identified from geophysical survey which revealed a sub-divided rectilinear enclosure, aligning an east to west aligned track. A water pipeline excavation cut through the centre of the features, demonstrating that the track was late Iron Age/early Roman in date, and further features were identified within the enclosure. Postholes relating to at least possible roundhouses were identified. The trackway was metalled with deep wheel ruts, and its course suggests that it may have joined the course of a major Roman road running between York and Malton. The settlement appears to have been abandoned by the 3rdC AD, though the trackway may have continued in use. Two 4thC AD pottery kilns were identified to the north (see Site ID 36017)."
36062,-50,410,275,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"At Hutton Hill Farm, a water pipeline corridor bisected two kiln sites, both producing a large assemblage of Crambeck ware pottery of later Roman date within the production range of c.AD285-400+. In close proximity to the kilns were numerous ditches and gullies, indicative of settlement activity stretching from the late Iron Age and continuing through, and being contemporary with the use of the kilns."
36063,-100,175,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Site of a late Iron Age/early Roman farmstead and field-system revealed by geophysical survey and evaluation trenches in advance of gravel quarrying. The earliest evidence for activity focused on a mid-late Iron Age inhumation which was placed upon the primary fill of a trackway ditch, which demonstrates that the trackway and, by implication, the field-system which articulates with it to the south, was established by the later Iron Age period. Two enclosures were identified, positioned within the field-system. Pottery from the enclosure complex produced a small amount of pre-Roman Iron Age/early Roman hand-made pottery (generally dating between c.100BC-AD100). This suggests that a small late Iron Age/early Roman settlement was located within the divided landscape. Pottery and glass vessel fragments indicated that the field-system and one of the enclosures was maintained into the 2ndC AD. However, the absence for late 2nd and 3rdC AD activity suggests that the had ceased to exist by that time."
36064,100,300,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"Site of a co-axial field-system in use during the middle Roman period, with some evidence for associated but dispersed activity, including a crouched burial and a hearth. The site was identified through cropmarks and geophysical survey, and later investigated by targeted excavations. Pottery dated the boundary ditches to the 2nd/3rdC AD, though its recovery in middle fills suggests that their construction is very likely to have been earlier than this."
36065,-100,130,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,No,No,No,"Site of six late Iron Age/early Roman inhumation graves, appearing to belong to a single cemetery. The cemetery was positioned on a naturally-elevated area, providing a promontory in the surrounding landscape. The burial practices adopted at this cemetery, in particular for the female skeletons, were unusual for the period, with two being bound prior to internment. The burials were radiocarbon dated between 340BC and AD130. Phase Two features at the site were exclusively later medieval."
36066,-50,400,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),complex,Yes,,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Site of a probable late Iron Age/Roman 'ladder-type' settlement and trackway complex revealed by geophysical survey and evaluation trenching in advance of housing development. The geophysical survey indicates that a trackway ran east-west whilst a number of contiguous rectilinear enclosures lined its northern side. Some evidence for further boundaries in the wider landscape possibly relate to field-systems. LIA/RB coarse ware pottery was recovered from several features, but no analysis had taken place - a broad chronology is given here, but this is expected to be significantly revised after further excavation and post-ex analysis."
36067,-50,350,100,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Site of a LIA/Roman settlement lying on the south-facing slope of the Gypsey Race. The site included six inhumation burials and settlement features dating from the late Iron Age through to the 4thC AD. The settlement was only partially revealed by the excavation, and likely formed the peripheral occupation area. A major realignment of land boundaries, including the imposition of a substantial ditched trackway was identified to have occurred in the 2ndC AD."
36068,-50,200,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,Yes,No,"Extensive quarry area investigated via watching brief revealed an area of Romano-British activity in the form of a corn-dryer and possibly associated features. Demarcation of the landscape with boundaries, including pit alignments and ditches occurred in the later Iron Age along with inhumation burials and a quadruple horse burial (see zooarch). The upper fills of the pit alignments and associated ditches contained pottery of early Roman date, demonstrating continuity into the Roman period though they fell out of use during this time. The pottery assemblage suggests the presence of a high-status community in the vicinity, whilst the corn-drier was in use during the 2ndC AD."
36069,-100,200,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unenclosed,Yes,6,,No,No,No,No,No,No,coastal,uncertain,No,No,No,"Site of a late Iron Age/early Roman unenclosed settlement located c.1km from the modern North Sea coastline. The excavation revealed six ring gullies, representing probable roundhouses, three of which contained handmade pottery. A hearth and postholes represent associated activity. Two ditches were also uncovered in the excavated area, which possibly mark differentiation of space within the settlement. The pottery assemblage was not analysed though local handmade wares were present. The dating given here is tentative."
36070,,,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,,arable,No,No,No,"Site of a large rectilinear field-system and at least 5 small, square four-poster structures. The site lies on the upper gravel terrace to the north-east of the River Swale. A small pit was also excavated and found to contain debris from iron bloom smithing. No clear dating evidence was recovered from these features (though grain from the four-poster pits awaits radiocarbon results), though the remains are expected to form part of the wider late Iron Age/Romano-British agricultural landscape."
36071,-50,70,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,1,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,mixed,No,No,No,"Excavation identified the remains of previously unknown late Iron Age occupation comprising a single large roundhouse, measuring approximately 16m in diameter, together with associated postholes and pits. A range of finds were recovered from excavated features, including handmade pottery, animal bone, charred cereal grain and burnt stone, demonstrating domestic occupation. The site lies in the north of the Vale of York. There is no direct evidence suggesting the site was occupied into the Romano-British period, indicating that the settlement was abandoned by the late 1stC AD."
36072,70,400,250,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"Partial excavation of a Romano-British settlement identified along a pipeline corridor. The site consisted of a large concentration of cut features dated to the 1st to 4thC AD. Phase 1 consisted of a boundary ditch marking the eastern limit of a complex of enclosures, dating to the late 1st to 2ndC AD. To the east of the boundary ditch was a series of structures associated with an area of burning, suggested to be evidence of industrial processes. Phase 2, dated to the mid-3rd to late 4thC AD, consisted of further boundary ditches on a substantially different alignment to those of Phase 1. A second sequence of burnt features was also identified to the east of the central boundary ditch, which indicated continued industrial working in this phase."
36073,100,250,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,1,No,No,No,No,No,Yes,plateau or plain,mixed,No,No,No,"Site of a rural settlement dating to the 2nd and 3rdC AD, identified along a pipeline corridor. The earliest phase of activity consisted of a pair of probable boundary ditches, overlain by the partial remains of a, probably rectangular, stone structure. A series of structural-type linear features were also identified to the south and east of the stone structure on a similar alignment, and have been grouped together. Preservation of environmental remains was poor, though some charred remains were recovered and provided evidence of cereal processing on site. Animal bone preservation was similarly poor, though the presence of cattle, pig and sheep/goat could be demonstrated, suggesting that the site was engaged in a mixed agricultural economy. The site was severely truncated by later agricultural activity."
36074,-100,100,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,5,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,mixed,No,No,No,"Site with intensive late Iron Age/early Roman settlement activity located along a pipeline corridor. Two main phases were identified, the first comprising five circular structures and a number of associated gullies, ditches, pits and postholes, all dating to the late Iron Age. To the north of the roundhouses a small sub-rectangular enclosure and associated linear gullies also contained late Iron Age handmade pottery. Overlying the first phase of activity were later boundary ditches and enclosures containing Romano-British artefactual evidence. The pottery assemblage suggests a chronological remit of 300BC to AD100."
36075,1,400,70,175,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,5,1,No,Yes,No,No,No,Yes,plateau or plain,mixed,No,No,No,"Site of a late Iron Age/Romano-British settlement, identified during the laying of a pipeline, was located at the base of Crayke Hill in the Vale of York. Five phases of activity were identified. Phase 1 comprised five full or partially-surviving ring gullies representing the remains of probable roundhouses. All contained handmade pottery of Iron Age type. Phase 2 was represented by a number of early features containing wheel-thrown imported Roman pottery, including a clay-lined kiln. The principal events of Phase 3 were the construction and initial use of a large  rectangular, cobble-founded building in the later 2ndC AD. Phase 4 comprised late alterations to, and the final abandonment of, the rectangular building in the 4th century AD. Phase 5 was represented by medieval and later agricultural activity. A wide range of finds were recovered from excavated features. The presence of dressed stone and other items suggest elements of high-status."
36076,150,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,Yes,river valley,uncertain,No,No,Yes,"Site of a presumed villa settlement identified from evaluation trenches along a pipeline corridor, located just north of the River Foss. The settlement was preliminarily dated to the 4thC AD, though late 2nd and 3rdC AD pottery was also recovered. Early Anglo-Saxon activity was also recovered from the site.  No ground plan of the settlement was ascertained, but the recovery of material such as window glass, opus signinum, fragments of hypocaust and roof tile, and painted plaster during the evaluation phase of work would seem to indicate a settlement of some status, possibly a 'villa'. The excavator suggests that the trenches cut through a peripheral area, revealing a wall foundation, a metalled surface, a 'stone feature', and a probable kiln, which together may relate to ancillary structures supporting the settlement. The ditches may relate to the associated field system."
36077,-50,150,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"108 evaluation trenches placed across an extensive modern quarry revealed a concentration of late Iron Age/Romano-British settlement and land-use features within the southern area of the site. The complex of linear features and pits were identified on a low, well-drained sand-hill. The presence of ring-gullies as well as pits and more minor gullies indicate the presence of a settlement, rather than enclosures relating simply to agriculture. The pottery assemblage included both calcite-gritted/vesicular forms as well as a small amount of 'Roman' types (amphora, greyware and oxidised coarseware), plus a 1stC AD fibula, together indicating a late Iron Age origin for the settlement which extended into the 2ndC AD."
36078,50,400,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,3,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Site located during the laying of a pipeline just north of the River Nidd. The excavation trench only cut through a section of the settlement, but revealed evidence for three roundhouses, plus associated ditches and pits. In the adjacent field, a Roman-period cremation burial was also recovered. The pottery assemblage still required analysis, but was described as 'Roman' - a loose chronology is given here."
36079,100,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,No,river valley,pastoral,Yes,No,Yes,"Multiperiod site located at the intersection of the Vale of Pickering (north) and the Yorkshire Wolds (south). Evidence for Roman-period activity intersected evidence for an early Iron Age open settlement and an Anglian cemetery and settlement. Roman activity was limited to two ditched trackways with internal holloways (one with cart marks) three land boundary features (one a pit alignment leading north; thought to have been a hedge line), several four-post structures associated with one of the other land boundaries (possibly an enclosure) and two ring ditches. Alongside the lack of domestic debris, the ring ditches were thought, by the excavator, to have been too small to have been roundhouses (5m and 4m diameters respectively), and were instead interpreted as 'haystacks'. Pottery from the trackway ditches and associated features placed the dates of the use of the features within the 2nd-4thC AD. However, some of the features present originated in the early Iron Age when the unenclosed settlement was occupied, particularly the pit alignment which had been recut, suggesting continued use of the landscape, perhaps for pastoral purposes rather than settlement. The site lay due south of an extensive LIA/RB ladder settlement complex which ran east-west for over 1.5km (see site ID 36089). It is possible that the Heslerton quarry site formed part of an agricultural landscape, perhaps a transhumance route between the River Derwent and the ladder settlement, and the chalk uplands of the Yorkshire Wolds."
36080,75,325,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Located due east of the River Ouse, c.2km south of York, an evaluation identified evidence of a probable field-system which was further revealed by open area excavation. With the exception of several pits and a single four-post structure, the Romano-British features consisted almost entirely of boundary ditches and there was no clear evidence for Romano-British settlement. The excavator suggests that the small, enclosed fields  represent a pastoral, rather than arable, farming regime. However, the pottery assemblage from the site was highly suggestive of a settlement with links to the fortress and the Colonia to the north, whilst coins and coin-moulds recovered from a ditch fill were identified as evidence of illegal moneying. The remains dated from the late 1stC to the early 4thC AD."
36081,-100,200,100,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,5,,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,No,river valley,mixed,No,Yes,No,"Multiperiod, poly-focal site including an Iron Age field-system, contemporary enclosed settlement and LIA/ER 'ladder' settlement. The site is located due north of the Vale of York basin and c.3km east of the fortress and Colonia at York.  In Area A1, a number of roundhouse structures were found within a small square enclosure within one corner of a field-system. Further roundhouse structures were erected on the other side of the field boundary, apparently unenclosed. The site has, so far, only been subject to an assessment and the features are not closely dated, but it appears that the settlement was in use during the middle Iron Age and presumably through into the late Iron Age. A small amount of stratified Roman material was recovered from the site, but the settlement and the field-system in which it lay appears to have gone out of use.  The deposition of a complete and unworked red deer antler, clearly still attached to the skull, reflects the burial of the head of a hunted deer. The deposit was interpreted as a 'ritual offering' (photo in report). A later deposit included a large (destroyed?) iron object within a spread which also contained a hoard of silver and copper alloy coins of the mid-4thC AD.  In Area A2, immediately to the south of Area A1, a very similar enclosed settlement area within the same rectilinear field-system as that seen in A1 was identified. The report describes the site as a 'ladder settlement', but it does not take a classic ladder form. The enclosure, again, was set within one corner of a field and included at least one large roundhouse and a number of smaller curvilinear features. The roundhouse appears to have been maintained over a long period of time, since its gullies show several recuts. By the Roman period, the enclosure has gone out of use and a 'lattice-type' field-system comes in use along the same alignment as the previous network. In the southern end of this system, a keyhole shaped corndrier was inserted. The landscape changes seen at this site into the Roman period were likely influenced by the development of the Roman settlement seen to the east in Area A3 (Site ID 36082)."
36082,-50,450,200,350,small (<1 - 3 ha),complex,Yes,5,4,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,Yes,plateau or plain,arable,Yes,Yes,Yes,"Late Iron Age and Romano-British settlement located c.3km of Eboracum and, more immediately, east of the Iron Age field-system and multiple enclosure site recorded in Areas 1 and 2 at Heslington East (Site ID 36081). The northern part of the site has been excavated by the Department of Archaeology, University of York, and the southern half by On-Site Archaeology. Each excavation has been reported on separately.  LIA/ER features included a series of roundhouses with associated hearths and metalworking areas in Field 9, and an ephemeral enclosure and early track in Field 8. The 3rd and 4thC AD saw substantial reorganisation of the features in Field 8, represented by the creation of more substantial enclosures, a metalled trackway and erection of two buildings, one of which was masonry with a hypocaust. Significant boundary ditches were also installed to east of the masonry building, forming a controlled system of access into the settlement area. There was also monumentalisation of the western entrance into the complex with the insertion of a rectangular tower. This building was substantially rebuilt in the 4thC AD and two inhumations burials were inserted immediately to its east.  The southern area of the site (excavated by On-Site Archaeology) revealed a peripheral area of the settlement comprising mostly of ditched enclosures, a trackway, a corn-drier, and wells of Romano-British date. But, notably, this site also included a late Iron Age square enclosure with two roundhouse similar to those identified at Site ID 36081. At this site, preserved wood showed that wattle was used to line gullies and some of the wells, whilst a waterhole had a complex timber and cobble revetment (photos present).  In the very late Roman period (possibly into the 5thC AD) the landscape in the north of Field 8 was modified, with burials consolidating earlier features. New boundaries and terraces were established and we see the insertion of a kiln, a large rectangular timber-framed building and a four metre deep masonry-lined well. The construction technique used to shore the well is known as 'opus quadratum', a technique rarely found in Britain, and usually only seen in the construction of bridges in the military zone and in certain kinds of classical temple and mausoleum construction, or in public monuments in Roman London. The well included several ABGs and other deliberately deposited items (see zooarch data summary and raw tables in archive, UoY). For further discussion see Internet Archaeology article.  Analysis of millstones and the animal bone assemblage suggests that settlement in the later Roman period was focussed on arable production, whilst the analysis of metal residues indicates that smithing and welding were also being undertaken.  Further east, later activity comprises a narrow ditch near a well, and a second curvilinear ditch, both of which contain possible 'Anglian' pottery."
36083,1,400,100,200,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,1,1,No,No,Yes,Yes,No,Yes,river valley,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Excavations in 1969 and 1970 in a meander of the River Tees, c 800m east of the vicus/fort at Piercebridge, revealed part of a Roman villa complex. The settlement was first recognised by aerial photographs, which showed a sub-rectangular ditched enclosure (0.72ha) approached by a trackway from the east.  The excavations revealed a multi-phased circular building in the centre of the enclosure, originating as a sequence of large timber built roundhouses (c 15m dia), thought to date from the later Iron Age (though dating evidence is sparse). The final circular timber structure was eventually replaced by another with wide dry cobbled stone foundations and dressed limestone block walls with an entrance to the south-west. A linear stone wall within the building may have defined a raised dias on the western side. The date of construction of the masonry building is uncertain, but it appears to have been contemporary with a small 2nd C AD villa building, c 12m to the north. The first 'villa' phase comprised a simple rectangular structure (with bonded cobble foundations & presumed timber superstructure) of four rooms (one possibly a stairway to an upper floor), 18x7.5m in size, with a timber veranda along one side. By the Antonine period the building was enlarged by the addition of two hypocausted suites, one a bath building to the north, the other wing extending eastwards from the south (a total of 20 rooms). The walls were of faced limestone blocks with a mortared rubble core; most of the rooms had flagstone floors and painted plaster walls, though a tessellated pavement is indicated in at least one room. A drain led from the bathsuite (& presumed latrines) to a soak away channel near the river and a stone-lined well lay near to the baths. A wall leading from the villa is suggested as a possible garden wall. The main villa building is thought to have been deliberately dismantled c AD 200. Two further areas within the enclosure were excavated. To the west were unmortared wall footings, thought to be walls of paddocks/enclosures, while to the south-east were wall foundations of a fairly substantial building incorporating column bases, suggested as a portico. It was associated with coarse pottery of late 4th C AD date, though the nature of any late Roman activity remains unknown."
36084,-100,80,-50,1,,unclassified,Yes,2,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,river valley,,No,No,No,"Geophysical surveys and excavations were conducted in 1992-5 on gently rising ground on the southern side of the Middle Tees Valley in order to provide context for the Victorian discovery of a hoard of late pre-Roman Iron Age horse harness and other metalwork. The principal excavated features comprised the remains of two circular structures that formed part of an open settlement, radiocarbon dated to between the 3rd and 1st C BC (this phase was aceramic).  One of the roundhouses was defined by penannular gulley, trench slot and ring of stakeholes; it was 12.4m diameter. The other building was only partially revealed. These structures were overlain by a complex of enclosures established in the later 1st C BC/early 1st CAD (probably after a period of abandonment). A number of pits and a substantial hollow with a partial layer of cobbling were also revealed. This feature is suggested as a pond, with the metalling being for an area of stabilisation (it may be associated with Phase 1). This phase probably represents paddocks on the immediate fringes of a settlement. The ceramic dating suggests particularly intensive activity in the period AD 55-75/80, including the deposition of much imported pottery. It is suggested that this site was directly associated with that at Stanwick, c 1km the NW."
36085,-100,50,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,2,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"Excavations from 1973 to 1981 on a boulder clay plateau on the North Yorkshire Moors revealed a later Iron Age enclosed settlement. The ditched and banked enclosure (0.48ha) had an entrance to the NE, though no gate structure was discerned. Within the interior were at least two roundhouses, one of which was excavated. This was defined by a penannular ditch with evidence for internal paving, along with shallow pits and postholes, and a western entrance. The settlement was dated by ceramics to the later Iron Age. Lying 500m further north was an unenclosed settlement of later Iron Age/early Roman date (ID 36086)."
36086,1,500,150,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unenclosed,Yes,6,,No,No,No,No,No,Yes,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"Excavations from 1973 to 1981 on a boulder clay plateau on the North Yorkshire Moors revealed an unenclosed settlement of late Iron Age-Roman date. The earliest features comprised three roundhouses situated close to each other in a linear arrangement. The houses were defined by external gullies, with internal timber wall trenches, postholes and pits. The wall diameters ranged from 7.5m to 8.7m in diameter and some contained internal hearths and areas of paving. There is evidence for smelting and smithing within the structures and also for limited jet and glass working. Pottery and a radiocarbon date indicate a 1st-2nd C AD date for occupation of these roundhouses.  Lying c 60m to the north was another roundhouse, but of a very different construction. It was defined by a circular mound with inner ditch, surrounding what is thought to be a circle of walling, 7.5m in diameter. Internally there were numerous post and stakeholes and an entrance lay to the east. External gullies were shown leading off from the outer ditch. The ceramics from this house had a much longer time span, potentially ranging from the later Iron Age to the post-Roman period. It is suggested that it was a herdsman's house, perhaps seasonally occupied, situated on a previously abandoned arable field (indicated by ard marks).  Two other unexcavated roundhouses lay to the east of the group of three; one of these was 12.5m in diameter."
36087,300,800,375,,uncertain,unclassified,No,1,2,Yes,No,Yes,No,No,Yes,hill,uncertain,No,No,Yes,"Excavations as part of the wider programme of archaeological investigations between 1986 and 1995 revealed what is likely to be a late Roman religious complex in a dry valley at the foot of the Yorkshire Wolds on the southern side of the Vale of Pickering. The complex comprised at least two masonry structures and associated enclosures and pathways linking a spring to a well-head at the foot of the Wolds. A sub-rectangular structure (15x11.5m) had been cut into the hillside at the back and placed on a man-made terrace. It was constructed from carefully cut chalk blocks, with a rammed chalk floor, and was interpreted as a shrine partly because of its unusual plan-form and construction. A second much larger structure set on a rammed stone platform at the entrance to the main dry valley is suggested as a hostel for visitors to the site, while a second shrine is suggested by an apsidal niche cut into the eastern side of the valley. There could well be further buildings/shrines to the south, though this area was not investigated. As part of the construction of the final (late 4th C AD?) phase of this complex the landscape of the dry valley was heavily remodelled with the creation of large open terraces covered with pebble surfaces.  It is suggested that this had been the site for  seasonal gatherings, and appears to have  been in part maintained or at least respected throughout the life of the adjacent extensive Anglo-Saxon settlement. A range of more ephemeral structures (bread-ovens, possible post-pad structures & pottery kilns; also extensive evidence for metalworking) are thought to have serviced the needs of the population during these gatherings.  It is possible that the shrine complex originated much earlier but resources precluded much investigation of pre-4th C AD levels in that area. Second to fourth century AD pottery was found across the site, which corroborates possible earlier origins for activity. In addition, a single roundhouse contained within a fenced enclosure probably indicates earlier occupation/activity.  The shrine/valley complex lies c 1.5km south of the complex late Iron Age to late/post-Roman ladder settlements, which skirted the fen-edge in the central vale."
36088,1,400,100,,medium (4 - 8 ha),unclassified,Yes,,3,Yes,No,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,river valley,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Field walking, geophysical survey and partial excavations on undulating ground on the river cliff to the south of the River Tees revealed a Roman villa complex. At least three buildings were contained within a large (3.36ha) sub-rectangular enclosure defined on the southern, western and eastern sides by ditches and on the northern side by the top of the scarp slope above the river. To the east was a rectangular winged corridor villa building (30x17m) orientated N-S with wings projecting to the west. Substantial stone wall footings were observed (1.1m width) made from river cobbles and field stones; only beaten earth floors observed. The western building (30m distant) was a similar sized winged corridor building orientated E-W with the wings on the southern side. It seems that this building developed from an aisled building. A third building was also revealed in the SW corner of the enclosure; it was at least 20m in length, but there are few further details. A sandstone lined well lay near this building. The pottery recovered from the site ranges from the Iron Age through to the 4th C AD, though the developmental history remains uncertain. Elements of a substantial ditched enclosure (1ha; ditches 7m wide & 2.5m deep) preceding the villa enclosure were revealed, with the ditches containing much Roman period material. However, it suggested that this represents a later Iron Age ditch surrounding the earliest settlement, which then developed into the villa complex, probably in the 2nd C AD. Geophysical survey revealed a polygonal feature to the SW of the western building and a possible road crossing the settlement from east to west."
36089,1,500,400,,large (9+ ha),complex,No,,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,Yes,"Part of an extensive ladder settlement complex running east-west along the southern side of the Vale of Pickering. The site is predominantly known through geophysical survey which has now covered over 1000ha, and is preserved by a layer of wind-blown sand. The site is part of a wider landscape project: the umbrella 'Heslerton Parish' project, undertaken by the Landscape Research Centre. The ladder settlement is LIA/RB in date, though only sample excavation has yet been carried out. Instead, excavations have focussed upon the Anglian settlement and cemetery in the area, and prehistoric elements of the landscape as at Cook's Quarry. A 'sister' ladder settlement is also known to have run parallel on the corresponding northern side of the Derwent valley south of the North York Moors, though it is less well-known from cropmarks by comparison. The southern ladder settlement appears to have been deserted by the time early Anglian activity occurs just to its south. By this time, the ladder settlement, in its low lying position, seems to have been under threat from rising groundwater. However, through large-scale excavation, it is now known that the Anglian settlement probably originated in the late Roman period with a series of structures and associated pathways leading along spring to a well-head at the very foot of the Wolds. The features seem to relate to the late Roman rural shrine complex (see site ID 36087). These changes indicated a significant reorganisation of the local landscape, with the shrine possibly providing a focus for the development of the Anglian settlement and cemetery from c.AD450."
36090,200,300,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Site of an extensive earthwork complex of field systems located on the sloping valley floor of the River Skirfare. Excavations of one of the main lynchet revealed part of a farmstead which sat centrally within the field-system complex. Little is known of the settlement, except that it produced 3rdC AD pottery, querns and a whetstone. The excavated lynchet showed signs that it had been revetted with water-worn cobbles, gathered form the nearby river, in an attempt to reduce the scale of downslope erosion."
36091,250,350,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Site of a small farmstead known through earthworks found at the foot of a hillslope close to River Skirfare in the Yorkshire Dales. The site has received limited excavation which demonstrated domestic activity dating to the later 3rd and earlier 4thC AD. Excavated evidence also revealed a flagged area, made from gritstone retrieved from higher in the fell, rather than the limestone of the site. The earthwork evidence suggests a mixture of stock enclosures as part of a larger field-system set around the settlement."
36092,70,300,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Site forming part of the civilian settlement at Norton, south of the River Derwent, north of which lies the fort and vicus of Malton. Only two small evaluation trenches were inserted, but they reveal well preserved Roman-period remains. The projected line of the Roman road from Norton to Settrington runs obliquely across Wood Street, and although this was not identified in the trenches, a large ditch was partially cut through and probably represents one of the roadside boundaries. A rubble deposit may have formed part of the foundation of the road. In the second trench, surfacing layers formed successive floors of a structure whose walls lay beyond the excavated areas. The domestic character of the feature was shown by the comparatively rich deposits of pottery, CBM, animal bone and marine shell. The date range spanned the late 1st to the 3rdC AD."
36093,70,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Small scale excavation revealing part of the Roman road (a gravel/stone surface) leading through the civilian settlement of Norton, south of the River Derwent and the fort and vicus of Morton. Other features included a limestone paved floor of a probable building (similar to structures noted elsewhere in the settlement), plus pits and ditches, presumably relating to domestic activity and property boundary. A small pottery assemblage from the road surface dated to the late 1st/early 2ndC AD; a 3rdC date was tentatively proposed for the structure; and, 2nd/3rdC AD dates were given to the pit and ditch features. A small quantity of 4thC AD Crambeck ware was also recovered."
36094,200,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"A watching brief was undertaken during the excavation of foundation trenches on an area of proposed development. The results indicated that this had been an area of Romano-British pottery manufacture. A pottery kiln was present, along with two paved areas, and large pits may have been quarries for raw materials. A 3rd and 4thC AD date was suggested by the pottery assemblage."
36095,1,300,100,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,Yes,No,No,Yes,river valley,mixed,Yes,No,No,"Site of a rural settlement complex complete with at least 3 masonry structures, probable enclosure ditches and a section of a Roman road. The site was located c.500m east of the Roman fort and civilian settlement of Derventio, and around 200m north of the River Derwent. The road observed at the site likely led from the eastern gate of the fort and continues west possibly into the vale of Pickering.  The buildings were poorly preserved in general. Construction techniques included the use of faced limestone blocks and mortared flooring. The walls were generally unbonded using limestone rubble as packing, though some mortar was present in different areas. No evidence for more refined architectural appointments, such as a hypocaust or tessellated flooring was identified.  One of the building included a number of metal finds which the excavator suggested indicated possible industrial activity. Coins and pottery found dated from the 2ndC AD. Five cremations were located at the north-western corner of this building. One cremation was deposited in a mid-3rdC AD Nene Valley colour-coated, indented beaker.  Another of the buildings was twin-celled with two post-pads suggesting the presence of a veranda. Pottery from this building dated from the 2nd to early 3rdC AD. Two infant burials were revealed in the foundation cuts of this building.  A third building appeared to have originally consisted of a series of rooms contained within two inner parallel walls with the outer walls forming an access corridor. This latter building may have taken a form similar to a winged corridor villa house. Unfortunately, this structure was the most severely affected by robbing and later plough activities. No Crambeck or Huntscliffe wares, locally-indicative of 4thC AD, were recovered from the site.  Other features of the site included linear feature which appeared to divide the area between the buildings, a number of small pits that produced limited amounts of pottery and bone, and a larger sub-rectangular pit which produced a sample of charred grain set within what appears to be the south-western end of an enclosure.  Just to the north of the main site, a large double enclosure was first identified by cropmarks and geophysical survey and subsequently evaluated by trial trench. Excavation revealed pits, postholes, and ditches, and produced Iron Age and early Roman pottery. The environmental samples produced charcoal and cereal grains interpreted as evidence of cereal-drying/cooking. The site appears to have been a late Iron Age enclosed settlement which may have been earlier or overlapped with the farm to its south."
36096,200,325,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Site located in the south-eastern area of the roadside settlement of Norton, south of the river Derwent and the fort and vicus of Malton. The work was carried out as a salvage excavation in 1948, predominantly in small sections across an area covering c.20000sq ft. Usefully, however, the excavators recorded the presence of five pottery kilns, a T-shaped corn-drier, an inhumation burial (placed in one of the pottery kilns), and a paved area which may have been a yard or floor surface.  The paved area was found adjacent to a ditch and was certain an area associated with domestic activity since it produced coinage, quern stone, pottery and animal bone. A number of pits were also identified across the area monitored. One of these produced wasters, animal bone and oyster shell.  Comparative analysis of the pottery from the Norton kilns with its product found on other sites places the use of the kilns between c.AD220 and c.AD280 (by the 4thC AD, much of the region's pottery was supplied by the Crambeck industry). The paved area appears to have been in use in the late 3rd and early 4thC AD, and the corn-drier appears to have gone out of use in the early 4thC AD as well."
36097,200,325,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,Site of a pottery kiln located due west of those found at Howe Road in 1948 within the roadside settlement of Norton. Coinage indicates a late 3rd/early 4thC AD date the kiln's abandonment.
36098,175,400,225,,large (9+ ha),unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Site located within the roadside settlement area of Norton, south of the River Derwent and the fort and vicus of Malton, which consisted of a late 2nd/early 3rdC AD pottery-manufacturing kiln and a number of ditches that were later in date than the kiln. Considering the later dating of the kiln at Grove Bungalow (site ID 36097), it is suggested that the Norton Primary School kiln was an early phase of pottery production in the area. The kiln was generally well preserved with flue, chamber and stoke-hole remaining in situ. Environmental remains suggest that heather and peat turf may have been used as fuel, whilst a few charred cereal grains in the basal fill suggest that it may have been used temporarily for grain drying. The site also produced a relatively large pottery assemblage and a quantity of animal bone fragments indicative of domestic activity. The laying out of the later ditches suggests a new regime of land-use in the 3rdC AD."
36099,190,360,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,Yes,river valley,uncertain,No,Yes,No,"Three very small trenches placed about 100m west of the Roman fort of Malton in a previously non-studied area of the town revealed evidence for intensive occupation activity dating to the Roman period. The small area of excavation precluded the interpretation of the features, and much of the Roman evidence had been truncated/disturbed by later medieval and post-medieval activity. Evidence for Roman structures were identified from paved floor layers and masonry wall foundations, and the Roman period activity appears to have been concentrated on the 3rd and 4thC AD (see pottery data for dating). A sheep skeleton was found placed beneath a wall of one of the later Roman structures (foundation deposit?). The evidence likely represents an extension of the vicus settlement seen in the Orchards Fields area to the south of the fort. The site was disturbed by post-medieval grave digging (churchyard site)."
36100,100,300,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Site lying c.1.5km west of Malton Roman fort, just north of the River Derwent, which was investigated by geophysical survey and evaluation trenches. A Roman cremation burial, probable trackway, and a number of unspecified linear features, along with Roman pottery of 2nd and 3rdC AD date indicated the presence of a rural settlement. Little more can be said about the site, other than it also included prehistoric and medieval activity."
37001,-100,150,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,1,,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,No,river valley,pastoral,Yes,Yes,No,"The site of a late Iron Age-early Roman co-axial field-system located c.2km SE of the River Don. The field-system was identified as being part of a 'brickwork' plan of fields covering the area to the south of the excavated site. These were shown by aerial photography to spread over a much wider area, and were beset with larger enclosures, and are thought to have been common over much of South Yorkshire and north Nottinghamshire. The excavated ditches were dated by radiocarbon analysis of a number of waterlogged wood fragments (no pottery or bone was recovered), and it appears from stratigraphic evidence that two phases of field layout occurred, with smaller fields/enclosures being introduced within the main system at a slightly later date. Environmental evidence suggests that site was mainly used for pastoral purposes, with the site being largely water-logged and unsuitable for arable agriculture which likely occurred on higher, drier ground.  Three separate excavations to the west of the brick fields by ASWYAS demonstrated two domestic foci and an area of intensive drainage gully cutting (plan in grey lit report locked from editing). One of the farms dated to the middle Iron Age, but the other dated to the PRLIA and included a ditched trackway and the remains of a roundhouse."
37002,150,350,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),complex,Yes,,,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,mixed,Yes,Yes,No,"Site of a mid-late Romano-British farmstead consisting of rectilinear enclosures, a trackways, and parts of a field-system, was excavated on a well-drained low ridge.  No definite structures were identified, but a large number of postholes were seen, perhaps representing buildings, whilst a number of fencelines were likely to have stood, defining internal space within some enclosures. However, a large quantity of plate hammerscale was found in and around a phase 1 posthole within one of the enclosures and is argued to be a primary deposit lying directly on the floor of a smithy.  A Large T-shaped corndrier was constructed outside one of the enclosures the earliest phase (but continuing to be used into the 4thC AD), and a number of possible burials were also found dispersed around the periphery of the settlement.  A more formal though small cemetery was evident in the final phase of occupation within one of the settlement enclosures. In total, four phases of activity were identified through analysis of the stratigraphic relationships, though the overall character and function of the site remained relatively unchanged.  Environmental evidence points to the use of coal, peat and coppiced timber for fuel, whilst some evidence for iron smithing was also identified. A 'high quality snaffle bit' was placed in an enclosure terminal as a possible structured deposit."
37003,200,400,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),complex,Yes,,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Site of a Romano-British ladder-type field-system located around 5km east of the River Don. The site was subject to partial excavation in advance of gravel quarrying. The site consists of a large sub-rectilinear enclosure with an adjacent trackway to the north and a series of four co-axial enclosures/fields to the north of this. A hearth was identified, but other settlement features were limited. The site is dated as 'late Roman' based upon the minimal finds, though earlier activity should not be ruled out."
37004,150,400,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),complex,Yes,,,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,No,fen,mixed,No,No,No,"A group of rectangular ditched enclosures and an associated field-system were excavated in advance of motorway construction along the south bank of the course of the former River Idle in an area of Humber fenland. Cropmarks show the wider extent of the settlement.   Eaves drips of possible circular buildings were identified. Floral evidence suggests that the site had flooded at the end of its occupation. Pottery and coins from sealed contexts and from the topsoil dated to the 4thC AD, though some mid-2nd and 3rdC AD material was also recovered and it was clear that earlier phases to the layout of the site was present."
37005,300,375,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Three pottery kilns were excavated on well-drained land around 200m to the north-west of the River Torne. A second site located just north-east of the kilns was not excavated but noted to have produced rotary querns, burnt pebbles, and a small scatter of pottery, and possibly represented a nearby occupation site. It is clear that the kilns were part of a wider complex of a pottery production centre in the region, south-east of modern Doncaster. These are known to have ranged from mid-2ndC AD to the 4thC AD in date, though the Branton examples appear to have been manufacturing during the 4thC AD, perhaps ceasing before the very end of the century. A Roman road lies c.2 miles to the east of the site and a trackway was noted from aerial photographs to run between the kilns and the River Torne."
37006,110,170,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Site of three pottery kilns found (though 6 are noted in this vicinity in a later publication - see site 37007) as part of a wider local industry located in low-lying land east of the River Don. These were excavated during the construction of a local housing estate and most are now destroyed. Enormous quantities of pottery were recovered from the kilns and the surrounding areas, in particular the distinctive 'rustic ware'. Quantities of sand found on a number of the kilns suggest that this was used as a covering. The kilns were dated to AD110-170. The report also makes a number of references to 'fishponds', which are presumably quarrying pits for the extraction of clay."
37007,110,170,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Site of three pottery kilns found as part of a wider local industry located in low-lying land east of the River Don. These were excavated during the construction of a local housing estate and most are now destroyed. Enormous quantities of pottery were recovered from the kilns and the surrounding areas, in particular the distinctive 'rustic ware'. Quantities of sand found on a number of the kilns suggest that this was used as a covering. The kilns were dated to AD110-170. The report also makes a number of references to 'fishponds', which are presumably quarrying pits for the extraction of clay."
37008,100,350,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Site of at least twelve pottery kilns and one (possibly two) iron smelting furnace found as part of a wider local industry located in low-lying land east of the River Don. These were excavated at different times (and published as separate groups) during the construction of a local housing estate and most are now destroyed. Enormous quantities of pottery were recovered from the kilns and the surrounding areas, in particular the distinctive 'rustic ware'. Quantities of sand found on a number of the kilns suggest that this was used as a covering.  Kilns 7 and 8 were separately dated to AD110-170 and AD290-340, though it seems likely that the site was used continuously for pottery production from at least the early 2nd C through to the mid-4thC AD. The bloomery was possibly 1st-2ndC AD.  Two large pits were also excavated at this site, and two ditches were identified, close to the iron bloomery. Whilst these contained large quantities of wasters, some material from the site was suggestive of domestic occupation."
37009,150,300,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Site of four pottery kilns (9-12) in close proximity, discovered after other kilns were excavated in different group just to the north in advance of housing development. The features are all of very similar type.  Pottery from these kilns were dated to the mid-2nd-3rd C AD."
37010,150,300,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Isolated pottery kiln found in an area of intensive pottery production (see other nearby sites). This example is not well dated, but appears to be contemporary with its nearest compatriots (site ID 37009), c.AD150-300. A nearby well was partially excavated and, though dating evidence was not forthcoming it was thought likely to have been Roman."
37011,1,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,arable,No,No,No,"Cropmark and geophysical survey evidence combined to reveal an area of well-known Roman 'brickwork' field-systems across an area just north of modern Doncaster. Dating evidence from evaluations in 2004 and 1993 was lacking, apart from a stratified greyware sherd from the former which demonstrated the use of one of the field boundaries in the Roman period - a tentative 1st-4thC AD date is given here."
37012,150,350,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"Site of a Romano-British field-system examined by trial trenches which may have had LIA origins, though the local hand-made pottery was also used through the Roman period; the Roman pottery dates between the mid-2ndC and the mid-4thC AD. Recutting of the ditches was identified, suggesting that they had been maintained over a period of time. The quantity of pottery may also indicate, as suggested by the excavator, that the site may have been close to a settlement focus."
37013,-100,350,75,200,small (<1 - 3 ha),complex,Yes,,,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,arable,No,No,No,"A double enclosure complex with an extensive surrounding co-axial field-system was excavated and trial trenched across a 50ha area of arable land. Pottery and radiocarbon dating established 3 main periods of IA/Roman settlement activity.  The first settlement enclosure was established in the 3rd or 2ndC BC and continued in use into the Roman period when, in the mid-late 1stC AD a second enclosure was added to the northern side of the first and new internal features were added to both indicating an intensification of activity. Domestic activity was demonstrated from a number of pit features. A third smaller enclosure was added to the south-eastern side of the double enclosure during this period, as was the extensive rectilinear, co-axial field-system typical of the local 'brickwork' form, which clearly extended from the enclosures. Some of the fields measure up to 700m east-west, and appear to have been contemporarily laid out.  This complex was maintained through to the late 2ndC AD/early 3rdC AD when some remodelling of the enclosures took place, but with continued articulation to the field-system. Enclosure 2 took on an L-shaped plan and was further sub-divided. Three possible pottery production kilns were identified to this phase, one containing shell-gritted Dales ware. The upper fill of one of the other kilns however, included charred cereal remains including grain, which perhaps suggests it was also used as a corn-drier. Some postholes possibly relate to a structure. Occupation continued into the 4thC AD, but it was unclear whether this ceased in the first or second half of that century."
37014,250,375,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,No,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,Yes,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Archaeological monitoring of a wetland area close to the River Idle produced significant evidence of late Roman activity, predominantly in a spread of coins and pottery, but also in the identification of in situ column bases. The site was located close to a Roman road (Margary 28a) where it crossed the river. Unfortunately, the recovery of a large quantity of artefacts lead to the termination of the watching brief prior to any archaeological features being properly examined. Together the evidence would suggest a site of religious function rather than settlement, and the column bases may even imply the presence of a Romano-Celtic temple. The pottery was tightly dated to the mid-3rd to the mid/late 4thC AD."
37015,160,250,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"The site of a pottery production site some 9km south-west of Doncaster. Around 12 features were noted in total, though only 5 could be analysed in any detail due to the excavation being carried out whilst the site was being quarried for sand and gravel. Four certain pottery kilns were located and one well. Like most other kilns in the Cantley-Rossington area, the kilns were located on the well-drained sand/gravel areas, rather than the local clay outcrops from where potting and kiln furniture material would have been sought. A date range of AD160-250 was tentatively proposed for the kilns at the site."
37016,1,350,150,200,uncertain,complex,No,,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,mixed,Yes,Yes,No,"Large-scale development site with pre-Roman late Iron Age unenclosed industrial activity (1stC AD), 2ndC AD enclosure, and large scale field-system imposed in the late 2ndC AD. The site was located on relatively low-lying, well-drained land.  The earliest signs of activity (other than early prehistoric activity) was limited to industrial working, predominantly in Area C. Five clay-lined hearths were closely situated together and were archaeomagnetically dated to the 1stC AD. They were either in use concurrently or were replacing one another in quick  succession. They appear to have been used at very high temperatures, but because evidence for smelting, corn-drying and pot production were all absent, their function remained unclear.  The creation of a large trapezoidal enclosure occurred in the mid-2ndC AD. Few internal features were found, suggest either that the enclosure was not used for domestic habitation or that such features were no longer present (the site had been truncated by later activity). Evidence for iron smelting was recovered south of the enclosure, suggesting that industrial activity may have continued from the earlier phase of activity.  Between the late 2nd and early 3rdC AD, a major reorganisation of the local landscape occurred with the imposition of a regular, rectilinear brickwork system of co-axial fields and trackways in the east of the site, plus a less regular layout of ditches, potential livestock 'races' and other features. The form of the field-system indicates that it was laid out quite rapidly in a planned manner. Many of the enclosures were approximately 40m in width. The trackways provided access through this newly bounded landscape. Pottery from the field-system and trackway ditches suggest that, at least part of it remained in use through to the mid-4thC AD. Some minor evidence for possible settlement activity was noted in the western end of the site, which dated to around this time. Whether the landscape was completely abandoned or had reverted to open pasture after this point is uncertain.  Several mostly complete pottery vessels were found in a few specific locations within field ditches & two ovens contained most of a lid-seated jar and a complete jar base. Also dumps of near complete vessels carefully placed within piles of burnt stones."
37017,-50,300,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,2,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"A watching brief on a road construction in advance of housing development revealed evidence for late Iron Age and Romano-British settlement activity. The Iron Age features include at least two roundhouses, one of which contained evidence for metalworking in the form of crucibles and a smithing hearth bottom. Romano-British pottery was recovered from a number of ditches. These appeared to represent parts of an extensive, rectilinear field system, as indicated by local aerial photography. Pottery was minimal and it was uncertain whether a hiatus in activity ensued between the late Iron Age phase and the Roman field-system phase, or if the evidence indicated a shift in domestic focus in the area. The dating given here is tentative and based on the few finds recovered from the site. The form of the LIA settlement could not be discerned since the archaeological features extended beyond the limits of the new road construction."
37018,-100,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Site of an extensive field-system and trackways which were sample excavated by trial trench in advance of work on a windfarm. The form of the rectilinear field-systems has been observed from cropmarks and geophysical survey. Pottery was limited, but indicated that the field-system was in use from the late Iron Age and throughout the Roman period. No evidence for domestic settlement was identified."
37019,100,200,,,uncertain,enclosed,Yes,1,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,Yes,Yes,No,"Site of a partially-enclosed settlement area comprising two linear boundaries, internal divisions, pits and postholes. Ceramics dated the period of occupation entirely to the 2ndC AD, though slight evidence for earlier activity was noted. No evidence for maintenance or re-cutting of the enclosure ditches was found, and the Roman occupation of the area appeared to be relatively short-lived. A circular posthole structure was tentatively identified, whilst cleaned and processed cereals and a fragment of a beehive quern were indicative of domestic and agricultural activity. The disposal of a juvenile pig may have been suggestive of ritual activity."
37020,100,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Site of an extensive landscape of late Iron Age/Roman field-systems, trackways and enclosures. The landscape appears to be connected to that discovered at Kirk Smeaton Quarry (Site ID 36064). Cropmarks and geophysical survey revealed the form of the features over a large area, whilst open area excavations in targeted areas dated the features predominantly to the 2nd-4thC AD, though late Iron Age origins for much of the system is suspected."
37021,1,200,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,2,,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,Yes,Yes,No,"Site of a rectilinear enclosure settlement excavated within a wider watching brief site that also covered other foci of field-systems and enclosures. The settlement extended south beyond the extent of the excavation, whilst other ditches appeared to articulate the settlement within the wider field-system. Most evidence for domestic activity was contained in two enclosures however. A trackway ran along the western side of the enclosures. A scheduled Roman road also ran across the site. Pits and postholes may relate to at least two roundhouses. A complete cow skeleton was recovered from the ditch at the north western corner of the complex. To the west of the western trackway ditch (outside of the enclosures) was a four-post structure, c.2.1m across, whilst to the north of this structure,  three beam slots formed a similarly sized structure. The overall complex appears to have Iron Age origins, but is principally of early Romano-British date."
37022,100,200,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,1,No,No,No,No,No,Yes,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"Large area stripped in advance of quarrying revealed part of an area of Romano-British settlement activity. The form of the settlement was not discerned, though domestic activity is suggested by a concentration of gullies, pits and postholes. To the south of this area c.150m, during an earlier phase of stripping, a rectangular masonry structure of Roman date was also uncovered (report not seen, but Roberts et al. 2007, 74, states that it was a bathhouse)."
37023,1,200,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,mixed,Yes,No,No,"Site of a 1st-2ndC AD D-shaped enclosure settlement set within a wider field-system. The enclosure included a range of internal features relating to domestic activity, including possible four- and six-post structures and circular structures, though these were difficult to disentangle from the evidence. Good for differentiation of space was observed with three distinct zones, though the site is more simple than the ladder-type settlements which generally characterise the region. A contemporary east-west trackway was found to the south."
37024,75,350,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,1,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,mixed,No,Yes,No,"Located on a slight limestone ridge and discovered during quarry stripping, the site of a sub-circular enclosure, c.32mx28m, with internal features was excavated. No structures were identified, though three hearths, a gully, postholes and a large area of heat-affected cobbles was revealed. Finds indicated that the settlement was inhabited from the late 1stC AD to the early-mid-4thC AD."
37025,75,200,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,No,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Site of a ditched enclosure system identified from cropmarks, geophysical survey and evaluation trenches. The morphology of the site is reminiscent of a late Iron Age/Romano-British settlement, though the material culture from the trenches was minimal and demonstrated activity from this period, as well as the medieval and post-medieval periods. The excavator concluded that 'the Romano-British occupation fits into a regional system of Roman settlement & in the hinterland of the Roman forts at Doncaster and Rossington Bridge & the framework of medieval and post-medieval land-division seems to echo the pattern of Romano-British enclosures and boundaries, [and] only further excavation will disentangle the various elements from each other.'  Most importantly, however, an area of significant iron-working was identified externally to the settlement enclosure features. The evidence consisted of spreads and dumps of iron smelting slag and pieces of furnace-lining that appears to have been deliberately spread to form 'working surfaces'. Postholes suggest the existence of temporary structures which may have been associated with iron-working processes. A strong geophysical response towards the centre of this area of debris indicated the position of a furnace. The pottery from some of the excavated slag dumps provided a secure 2ndC AD date for the iron-working and, in addition, the excavator argued that the scale of the iron-working was industrial rather than domestic."
37026,100,325,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Site of a complex of ditched enclosures and trackway revealed by geophysical survey, located to the east of Doncaster. Trial trenching confirmed the presence of enclosure ditches of Roman date; the pottery assemblage indicated occupation during the 2nd and 3rdC AD, possibly continuing into the 4thC AD. The area of Roman activity was focussed on the sand and gravel ridge, whilst evaluation trenches showed that there was no contemporary activity on the  clays to the western part of the site."
37027,-100,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"Site of a late Iron Age/Romano-British field-system, revealed by trial trenches and targeted strip, map and record excavations (watching brief). Dating evidence was limited and a broad chronology is given here."
37028,1,200,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"Site of an enclosed settlement with good evidence for internal division of space located within a known landscape of Romano-British settlement enclosures and field-systems (see also Site ID 37021). Excavation revealed deep ditches cut into the rock to form the north, south and west sides of the enclosure, whose eastern extent was not available for examination. The interior of the enclosure contained isolated postholes denoting probable structures and a series of ditched sub-divisions, possibly relating to zones of activity. A brooch dateable to the second half of the 1stC AD was well stratified within the ditch fills. However, the upper levels of the enclosure ditch appear to comprise deliberate infilling deposits which suggests that the farmstead was levelled."
37029,1,225,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"Site consisting of a sub-circular enclosure with some sub-division, revealed by geophysical survey and partially by open area excavation. The settlement originated in the late Iron Age and incurred slight modifications into the early Roman period. A possible posthole structure was identified along with a heat-affected clay-lined pit. Slim evidence for metalworking was identified in a different area of the enclosure during evaluation of the site. The evaluation also identified a wider field-system. The excavator suggests that different parts of the settlement were for habitation, stock control, and industrial working."
37030,,,,,uncertain,enclosed,Yes,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"Evaluation trenching revealed part of an enclosed settlement. Occupation was denoted by pits, as well as beamslots and postholes which may represent at least two structures. The character of the site was difficult to discern without further investigation, but it may have been involved with the local pottery production industry since quantities of clay were recovered from a number of ditch fills, despite no natural sources being present in the immediate area. However, no fired waste material was found an agricultural should not be ruled out. Although the site was described as 'Romano-British', no concise dating was given in the report, and no finds analysis appears to have been undertaken."
37031,1,200,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"Site of a trapezoidal segmented enclosure dating to the 1st and 2ndC AD. The settlement was internally divided into quarters, which possibly reflected differentiation of activity. Internal features were not well represented, though pits and postholes probably pertain to domestic occupation. Linear features beyond the enclosure were thought to be contemporary field boundaries."
37032,100,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Evaluation trenches investigated a site which formed the northern part of an extensive landscape of Iron Age and Romano-British enclosures, field-systems and trackways, identified by aerial photography. The site lies on an east-west ridge sand ridge, with areas of alluvial clay further south. The evaluation results correlated well with the geophysical survey, whilst further revealing additional post-holes and pits likely relating to domestic activity. Most of the ditches excavated dated from the 2nd to the 3rd/4thC AD, and formed a number of small enclosures as part of a much wider network of field-systems. The artefactual evidence is indicative of Romano-British settlement activity through the recovery of pottery, a small number of tile/brick fragments, a flagstone and a coin. Evidence of metalworking activity was also found in the form of smithing slags and possible furnace lining."
37033,1,250,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,,1,No,No,No,No,No,Yes,plateau or plain,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Located on gently sloping arable land, the site of a late Iron Age-mid-Roman enclosed farmstead was discovered by geophysical survey and limited excavation as part of a community project. The geophysical survey revealed a large enclosure with east and west entrances, plus a possible double ditch feature to the north which was thought to be a trackway. Excavation inside the western entrance to the enclosure located the foundations of a rectangular masonry structure, and a cobbled surface around the entranceway, whilst a second masonry wall appeared to line the inside of the enclosure ditch. Radiocarbon dating and pottery from the early ditch fills suggest a LPRIA origin for the settlement, which continued through to the middle of the 3rdC AD, but not much beyond."
37034,100,400,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Geophysical survey and trial trench excavation revealed a long north-south trackway with an apparently enclosed settlement located on the western side of the track, whilst a possible enclosure on the eastern side of the track included industrial activity. The settlement evidence was found on the highest ground of the site at its southern end. The enclosures showed signs of domestic activity, producing coins, loom-weights, and nails indicative of timber structures built in the Roman fashion, as well as hints of cereal processing. Industrial activity, in the form of kilns, was found in the former western ditch of the trackway, close to the western enclosure, whilst iron-smithing slag was found in the eastern enclosure. The pottery evidence ranged in date between the 2nd and 4thC AD, with three coins belonging in the latter part of this date range."
37035,-100,200,70,,small (<1 - 3 ha),complex,Yes,6,,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,No,river valley,,No,Yes,No,"An open area excavation in advance of clay extraction within a low lying flat area south of the River Went revealed major elements of a late Iron Age and Roman farmstead. The earliest settlement evidence dates from the 2nd/1st C BC and comprises at least one, possibly two ditched enclosures containing a number of roundhouses (though probably only two contemporary). The most obvious sub-rectangular enclosure encompassed at least 0.32ha (full extent not reached) and contained three successive phases of a roundhouse (12.5-15m dia.) defined by ring gullies. The existence of a second conjoined enclosure to the SW at this date is not certain, and it remains possible that the roundhouse contained therein was actually unenclosed at this time. This structure was of two phases (13/16m dia.).  A second main phase of activity (dated very approximately mid-later 1st C AD) is represented by the re-definition and sub-division of existing enclosures (and possibly even the creation of the SW enclosure) into a 'ladder'-type settlement, with five circular structures thought to be contemporary, most contained within different sub-enclosures. The roundhouse entrances varied in orientation. Two superimposed structures  were fundamentally different in that they did not possess an entrance break. The earlier gully (12m dia.) contained large quantities of pottery, including complete vessels in its fills; it was replaced by a smaller (5.5m dia) gully, though this was associated with few artefacts. The unusual nature of construction and possible structured deposits led excavators to suggest that these were two successive shrines. In addition to ceramics, a series of radiocarbon dates indicate a late Iron Age to early Roman date for occupation."
37036,250,350,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"The excavation of service trenches in 1968 revealed a small group of Roman burials, potentially part of a larger cemetery. Other approximately contemporary features comprise a pit, possible hearth and a ditch. The limited data from ceramics and a coin indicate a later 3rd to early 4th C AD date."
37037,-50,300,100,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,2,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,Yes,Yes,No,"Small scale excavations in 1984 in advance of limestone quarrying on the eastern edge of the Magnesian Limestone belt revealed elements of settlement and landscape known from cropmark survey, which highlighted enclosures, trackways and field boundaries. One of the excavation areas targeted the SE corner of a probable sub-rectangular enclosure, the rest of which had been quarried away. The substantial enclosure ditch (3m wide, 1.5m deep) contained two substantially complete late Iron Age pottery vessels and animal bone in the lower fills, and is presumed to have defined an enclosed settlement. Another excavation trench, c 70m further south, was positioned over an intersection between the trackway and field boundaries, suggested as a drafting gate to channel livestock into different fields. A silt-filled hollow above the corner of one ditch contained an almost complete 3rd C AD jar and a coin of Valerian I (AD 257).  A further 100m to the south two roundhouses were identified, defined by rock-cut trenches (12.5 & 9m dia.). These appeared to be part of an unenclosed settlement, though no dating evidence was forthcoming.  Overall it appears as though the northern enclosed settlement (and possibly the southern roundhouses?) date to the later Iron Age into the early Roman period, but that after this the site reverts to agricultural use, with field boundaries and trackways."
37038,75,325,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,Yes,No,"Settlement site which formed part of the Cantley pottery production landscape, in use between the late 1stC AD and the early 4thC AD. The earliest evidence for activity was part of a sub-square enclosure which appears to have been a domestic focus. During the mid-late 2ndC AD, this was added to by a droveway and a second enclosure, also with evidence for domestic activity. Hedge-line alignments appear to have delineated paddocks/stock enclosures. In the late 2nd-mid 3rdC AD, evidence for pottery production was identified in the northern half of the site. Accumulations of wasters and kiln furniture were noted. A possible structured deposit consisting of 2 complete pots were found to have been placed in a pit near an oven feature. The latest evidence for activity occurred in the late 3rd-early 4thC AD with the construction of a new land division boundary. No further evidence for activity was then observed to have occurred until the 18thC."
37039,-50,500,70,400,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,Yes,No,"Site of a fort, thought to have been Roman Danum, located on the southern bank of the former course of the River Don and on the road between the vexilation fortress at Rossington (south) and the fort at Burgwallis (north). Civil settlement associated with the fort is primarily known from a number of rescue excavations and isolated finds spots to the south and east of the fort.  Salvage work during the construction of the Arndale Centre (Site DG) between 1964-67 located domestic activity in the form of Roman-period pits, two wells and part of a second road leading south-west in the direction of Templeborough. In 1968, the construction of new law courts and police headquarters (Site DD) revealed a 2ndC AD cremation. Investigations at St Sepulchre Gate (Site DEH) in 1976 revealed part of the defences of the vicus settlement, including three ditches which likely marked the western edge of the vicus settlement. Very little evidence for Roman-period buildings has been discovered, although possible footing trenches for timber structures have been noted at a number of sites, whilst ceramic tile and sandstone roof slabs have been discovered along the street immediately south of the fort. One of the 4thC AD ditches at St Sepulchre Gate produced a number of fine ashlar blocks which may have derived from a well-appointed building in the area, or perhaps from a defensive wall which ran parallel to the ditches.  An apparently medieval pit contained a coin hoard (9 coins dating to the late 1st/early 2ndC AD), four intaglios, five brooches, and a scalpel handle - this may represent a disturbed structured deposit.  Evidence for activity in the vicus dated from the later 1stC AD, whilst the vicus defences were dated to the 4thC AD. Isolated coin evidence indicates that late Iron Age and 5thC AD activity occurred at the site. The fort was built around AD70-71 and was abandoned during AD120s. A second, slightly smaller, fort was built some 30 years later, but it is uncertain how long this site lasted."
37040,70,300,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"A programme of archaeological fieldwork located around 600m south of the Roman fort in Doncaster revealed a Romano-British cemetery consisting of a series of cremation burials dating from the 1st and 2ndC AD, contemporary with the period of military occupation of the settlement. The cemetery lay beyond the area of known civilian settlement and may have formed a peripheral location in the Roman period. The cemetery included between 20 and 30 individual cremation burials and cenotaph deposits. Possible subdivisions within the cemetery and an area of burning, possibly a pyre location, were identified. Evidence relating to the funerary practices associated with the cremations was recovered, the material culture incorporated in the burials, included complete cremation urns, pottery including amphorae and mortaria, oil lamps, glass vessels and nails. Some of the material culture showed evidence of heating and burning indicating its incorporation in the pyre. Also recovered were the remains of votive offerings and ritual feasting, including exotic imports, evidence for which came from material recovered from bulk samples taken during excavation. A small number of inhumation burials with associated material indicated continued use of the area in the later Roman period, during the 3rdC AD. A later gully cut through cremation and inhumation burials indicating the use of the site as a cemetery had perhaps been abandoned by the end of the 3rdC AD or into the 4thC AD."
37041,1,400,70,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"An archaeological evaluation at 10-14A Hall Gate, Doncaster encountered important evidence for activity which predated the road constructed when the Roman fort was built in Doncaster and may have been late Iron Age in date. Features included a wattle fence, gully and ditch that were later sealed by the road probably around AD70. Unfortunately, no material suitable for radiocarbon dating, so the true dating of these features remains tentative. The overlying Roman road was that which ran between Lincoln and York, and it was found the represented by at least six phases of cobbles was situated to the north of the present street frontage. It was clear that the road continued in use through to the late medieval period.  No Roman structural evidence was identified, though the presence of Roman tiles were indicative of a building in the vicinity. The presence of cobbled surfaces, cut features, a large quantity of Roman pottery and finds of nails and glass suggested that the area was part of the Danum vicus. The pottery indicated a concentration of activity in the mid to late 2ndC AD."
37042,,,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Site of a series of small scale excavations just south of the Roman fort where St George's church now sits. The evidence revealed some well preserved Roman archaeology, and though it was difficult to discern the features present, due to the limited nature of the excavations, the remains indicated the presence of well-appointed buildings in the vicinity. No post-excavations reports were included with the write-up."
37043,100,400,300,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Site located c.500m south-east of the Roman fort alongside the main Roman road running through the settlement with evidence for a mixed-rite cemetery. The remains were dated to the 2nd and 3rdC AD, and the site goes out of use as a burial ground into the 4thC AD, when a large boundary ditch is cut across the site."
37044,100,300,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,3,No,Yes,No,No,No,Yes,hill,uncertain,No,Yes,No,"Site of a number of Roman-period structures and enclosures lying in woodland. The site has only received minimal survey investigation and numerous Roman finds have been collected from inside the woodland by local land-users, including pottery, coins and brooches. At least five enclosures were found dispersed within the vicinity, existing as earthwork ramparts, four of which produced certain evidence for Roman activity. Within one enclosure was recovered two complete pots containing coins hoards, which were placed towards the periphery. Lying on slightly lower ground in the area just to the north of the enclosures lay three masonry rectangular buildings, each producing unstratified Roman pottery. One was a 'barn-like structure' with a single room and doorway (38ftx21ft), and was constructed without mortar of large, roughly cut stones. A second and third structure, very similar in size and construction technique to the first (35ftx18ft and 41ftx22ft), was located just east and west of the first. None of the buildings or enclosures have been excavated. Whether the buildings and the enclosure were directly related is unclear, but finds from both areas indicate 2nd and 3rdC AD activity."
37045,200,300,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,2,No,No,Yes,No,No,Yes,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"After the discovery of walling and human remains by workmen digging a waterpipe, excavations revealed the site of a probable villa with bathhouse and further inhumations. Prior to the involvement of Doncaster Museum, it was reported that around 40 inhumations were removed from the site. Two full sacks of human bones, including numerous skulls were said to have been taken to the Museum. It was later thought, however, that the inhumations were not connected with the villa, and belonged to a separate burial ground.  Excavations exposed three masonry structures including the bathhouse, though all appear, from the plan, to have been connected (the semi-circular structure may have been the end of the bathhouse). A hypocaust was exposed, along with painted wall plaster, roof tiles, flue tiles, and concrete flooring. Dating evidence was poor, but pottery recovered indicated a 3rdC AD date."
37046,40,350,125,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Site of a pottery production centre, just north of the River Thorne, along the road from Lincoln to York via Doncaster. Just south of the river lies the remains of the poorly-understood Claudio-Neronian vexilation fortress of Rossington Bridge.  In total, 8 kilns were excavated at Rossington Bridge from two relatively small-scale excavations, which also revealed a number of waster heaps. Magnetometry survey of the sites indicated the presence of a further 15 possible kilns. Ancillary structures were also identified on either side of the road, as were wooden pilings providing foundation structure to the Roman bridge which traversed the river.  Early material indicates the presence of roadside settlement, perhaps associated with the fortress which appears to have been abandoned before the end of the 1stC AD. The main phase of activity focussed on the Antonine period in 2ndC AD when the pottery kilns were at their height. Further evidence for domestic activity suggest continued occupation in the area, perhaps as late as the 4thC AD."
37047,200,300,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Site though previously to have been located outside the area of civilian settlement at Doncaster, but which produced evidence for 2nd C AD activity in the form of three linear features and two pits. The excavator argued that these may have formed part of a 'domestic enclosure'."
37048,70,350,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,Yes,river valley,uncertain,Yes,Yes,No,"Site located due south of Danum Roman fort alongside the main Roman road running through the vicus. Small scale excavation revealed part of the road metalling and marker stones lining its edge. Much of the pottery from roadside ditch was dated from the mid/late 2ndC AD to the 3rdC AD, whilst artefacts recovered from these fills may have been associated with a smithy and/or an associated shop. Little evidence for 4thC AD activity could be discerned, though two Constantinian coins were recovered (AD330-5), and the road was probably still in use into the medieval period.  Preserved traces of late 1st/2ndC AD buildings, including floor and yard surfaces, a beamslot, post-holes and remnants of stone walls were identified. These were notably below the surviving Roman road layers, possibly indicating build up of the road during the 3rd or 4thC AD. The presence of Roman tegulae and imbrex fragments indicate that some of the street frontage buildings had tiled roofs, whilst joiner's dog, T-shaped clamps, and many nails attest to construction techniques. No evidence for hypocausts, wall plaster or opus signinum was recovered however. The rear end of the road-front buildings were bounded by ditches, with fills dating variously between the late 1st and early 3rdC AD.  The recovery of slags, hearth bottoms, tuyère fragments and hammerscale within secondary contexts, indicated the presence of a smithy in the area. Although the smithy itself was not identified, the associated evidence dated from the early/mid-2ndC AD to the mid/late 3rdC AD.  Slim evidence for structured/placed deposits include a group of three spatially-associated post-holes containing a glass counter in one, and two goose skulls and associated goose limb bone in another. Elsewhere, a quarry pit included a relatively large pottery assemblage with a high proportion of large pots, a fragment of Mayen lava quern, and the fragmented but complete skull of a young human male. Other examples are also present but the evidence is equivocal (see report)."
37049,150,250,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,Yes,hill,uncertain,No,No,No,"Romano-British site located on a shelf position in the Pennines. A sub-rectangular, masonry-footed structure was found measuring approx. 30ftx60ft lying in an area of lynchets. The building appears to have been of 'rubble' construction with internally cobbled floors, with Roman pottery scattered throughout the excavated area. Charcoal and burnt stones were found towards the rear of the building, perhaps deriving from a nearby hearth. Some postholes suggest internal timber structuring. Pottery suggests the settlement to have been occupied between the mid-2nd and mid-3rdC AD. There is little evidence to suggest the function of the site however."
38001,275,375,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,No,,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,hill,pastoral,No,No,No,"Site of a small defensible D-shaped enclosure on a heavy clay hillside was thought more likely to have been a stock corral rather than a farmstead. A probable late Roman cremation was dug into the fill of the enclosure ditch near the entrance. Finds from the ditch consisted mainly of animal bone and charcoal. Internal features included mostly postholes, presumably for fencelines indicating a level of internal sub-division. Finds were scarce though the small pottery assemblage suggested a late 3rd-early 4thC AD occupation of the site, possibly being abandoned by the mid-4thC AD. The Huntcliffe cremation vessel provides a terminus ante quem for the late 4thC AD."
38002,75,150,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,No,No,No,"Site of a Roman tilery kiln first discovered in 1590 but later excavated in the 1950s with work continuing in the 1960s revealing further waster dumps. Grimescar Wood covers the northern slope of the steep-sided valley of Grimescar Dike, which flows east to the River Colne.  The kiln was demonstrated to have supplied Slack Roman fort and bathhouse which were located nearly 3 miles west-south-west of the kiln site, as evidenced by roof tile inscriptions. Numerous pottery wasters show that pottery production was also carried out at the site. The excavators overtly suggest that the site was run/controlled by the military, though no finds are present to support this."
38003,100,250,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Site of a Romano-British double-ditched enclosure and trackway which respects a prehistoric ring gully revealed by extensive trial trenching and geophysical survey. The fills of the ditch contained very small quantities of Roman pottery, though very little of the features were sampled. The assemblage suggested 2ndC AD activity, though this date must be taken as tentative in the absence of fuller excavation."
38004,100,200,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,1,2,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Excavation of a promontory spur, after geophysical survey, revealed evidence of a double enclosure settlement with associated trackway. Domestic activity was found both within and beyond the enclosure boundaries, but it appears that most areas were enclosed to some extent and the settlement was probably surrounded by 'brickwork' field-systems. The settlement also appeared to be associated with the nearby Grim's Ditch feature.  The first enclosure appears to have been laid out by the 2ndC AD. This contained a post-built rectangular structure. The enclosure system developed and expanded soon after this phase, including the construction of surrounding field boundaries and at least 3 further post-built structures, one rectangular and one being an irregular circular shape. An adjacent sunken feature may have been an SFB. A blackened L-shaped pit was thought to be a corn-drier, but no cereal remains were recovered from it. The structure to the south of the main enclosures may have been for crop storage as postholes and an externally located pit contained carbonised cereal.  Dating and phasing of the site proved to be very difficult due to a general lack of finds (only 66 sherds of pottery were recovered). However, all the pottery fits a 2ndC AD date."
38005,100,300,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,hill,pastoral,No,No,No,"Site of two roughly conjoined Romano-British enclosures surrounded by open fields, located on the crest of a low hill. There was no evidence for internal structures, though the site had suffered some degree of truncation from later agricultural activity. A small amount of pottery indicated domestic activity to have taken place between the 2nd and 3rdC AD. It is possible that one of the enclosures was for stock. A number of small pits were found to have been generally sterile and formed no consistent arrangement; these may have been formed by trees or hedges."
38006,100,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Area of extensive cropmarks representing a widespread co-axial field-system cut through by a linear excavation trench (c.400mx6m) in advance of road construction. This excavation cut east-west through an extensive trackway which ran north-south through nearly 1km of the field-system, dissecting two likely Romano-British farming settlements which were joined together by field-boundaries. A four-poster structure was located close to an opening between the track and one of the fields. Some parts of the field-system had a pre-Roman origin, whilst the trackway ditches contained pottery dating to the mid-late Roman period, and a nearby field boundary included 2ndC AD Samian ware. The dates of the probable settlements is unknown, though they appear to have been an integral part of the cropmarked landscape; the northern enclosure was also directly linked to the trackway."
38007,100,400,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"Site excavated in advance of construction of the A1(M) near Pontefract revealed a periphery area of a double-ditched enclosure settlement. Although the full extent of the settlement was not revealed, cropmarks show the ditches to continue beyond the area of excavation. Cropmarks also show that the site was part of an expansive network of field-systems and trackways, and appears to have been one of a number of enclosures in the area. Pottery from the ditches show that it was in use during the 2nd and 3rdC AD, possibly into the 4thC AD, whilst further features, cutting the enclosure ditches, also show evidence for 4thC AD activity."
38008,-100,400,175,,small (<1 - 3 ha),complex,Yes,1,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,river valley,mixed,Yes,No,No,"Site of a small complex enclosure constructed along an axial trackway which runs through an area of extensive Romano-British field-systems and other settlement enclosures, many of which were co-axial to the trackway. The site is located along the Magnesian limestone ridge, due south of Fryston Beck, and also lies c.750m west of Ferry Bridge Henge.  The main focus of the settlement was a D-shaped enclosure which lead out to a number of smaller rectangular enclosures on its western side. This small complex dated to the mid-late Iron Age. The internal area appeared to have been quite busy with a number of features being recorded, including two inhumations, which were radiocarbon-dated to around the time of the Roman Conquest, or perhaps just before. Roman architectural material in the ditch fills suggest that the complex continued in use into the Roman period.  To the east of the D-shaped enclosure, also south of the trackway, and adjoining to both, a larger rectangular enclosure complete with internal divisions and a roundhouse was most likely constructed in the late 2ndC, continuing into the 4thC AD."
38009,-50,350,50,300,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,4,1,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,river valley,mixed,Yes,Yes,No,"Large-scale excavations by WYAS on an area of extensive Iron Age/Romano-British cropmarked field-systems revealed a group of at least four enclosures. Two lay either side of a field boundary, whilst the other two were slightly more isolated. Three of the enclosures were constructed alongside a major trackway, and all were incorporated as part of the brickwork, co-axial field system, the extent of which also consumed the nearby Iron Age and Roman settlement at Site Q (see site ID 38008). Notably, the northern side of the trackway was bounded by extensive series of pit alignments rather than a consecutive ditch. Further excavations to the south by OA North revealed further evidence of the field-system. The settlement was also located close to Ferrybridge henge and a number of associated prehistoric barrows.  The co-axial field-system was laid out in the later Iron Age leading of the trackway, and the trackway recorded in Site Q. Many of the boundaries were recut in the early Roman period, but appear to have been aligned on the existing layout. It was notable however, that whilst the major boundaries were maintained, many of the internal sub-dividing boundaries were abandoned at this time (i.e. the fields were enlarged), around the late 1st/early 2ndC AD. The pit alignments appear to have been constructed in the LIA, but gradually infilled through the Roman period of occupation.  The two conjoining enclosures were markedly different in their internal archaeology, one containing three non-contemporary roundhouses and other features indicating domestic activity, whilst the second contained very few internal features other than gullies which possibly dividing the area. The first enclosure produced a number of crucible fragments and metalworking waste, predominantly from brass working. The dating of both enclosures was problematic, though they appear to be broadly contemporary perhaps originating in the early or mid 1stC AD and continuing in use at least into the 2ndC AD.  The two other enclosures, just to the west of the first two, were chronologically successive. Both were large rectilinear in form. One included a roundhouse, was partially sub-divided, and had three large pit, one of which possibly had a structured deposit in the form of a complete beehive quern (see also zooarch data for antler deposits in the pit alignments - possibly ritual). Radiocarbon dating indicates that the enclosure was in use during the middle and late Iron Age. The second enclosure to the south of the previous, and aligned along the same field boundary, appears to have been constructed in the 1stC AD. It originally had few internal features and presumably functioned as a stock-control facility. Sometime later, perhaps in the 2ndC AD/e.3rdC AD, saw the insertion of a rectangular timber structure, a square-headed corndrier, a number of pits and a 'windbreak', into the southern half of the enclosure, suggesting a shift towards an arable function (also ties in with the enlargement of the field sizes into the Roman period). A crouched inhumation was interred in the northern half of the enclosure, perhaps at the same time. It was radiocarbon dated c. AD80-330. The enclosure then went out of use and the area was further remodified, either in the 3rd or e.4thC AD, with the field-system continuing in use for a time.   Interestingly, another inhumation was placed in the northern part of the enclosure and was radiocarbon dated c.AD540-720, some 300 years after the apparent abandonment of the enclosure. However, no post-Roman (i.e. early medieval material) was recovered from the site."
38010,100,400,275,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,Yes,plateau or plain,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Site of a 2nd/3rdC AD field-system and a subsequent l.3rd/4thC AD Romano-British enclosure settlement and trackway (although the plan of the field-system states that the boundaries were Iron Age, the material culture suggests that they were Roman).  Two stone built-structures were found to be associated with the enclosure settlement, one located inside its boundary, and the other outside. Considerable numbers of nails were recovered from these and it may have been that the stone foundations held up wooden superstructures. The shape of the buildings was difficult to identify, but they may have been oval or sub-rectangular.  The site was unexpectedly found after evaluation of an area adjacent to the motorway construction which was to be used for storage, but remains of the settlement and fields required further examination. The excavated area was only subject to strip and map, and the finds assemblage entirely derives from the evaluation."
38011,75,350,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unenclosed,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,Yes,No,"Site of a 2ndC BC chariot burial and nearby shrine located due west of the River Aire. The burial is later middle Iron Age in date (for further details see report), but the upper fill of its enclosing ditch produced significant quantities of cattle remains, demonstrating the continued use of the feature as a monument of ritual significance into the Roman period.  Radiocarbon dating of the cattle bones indicate that much of the remains were deposited in the 3rd and early 4thC AD, some perhaps as early as the late 1stC AD. Pig remains in the burial grave and cattle bones in the lower fills of the ditch were found to be contemporary with the burial, suggesting a hiatus in activity between the burial and the initial deposition of the cattle during the Roman period, though the monument must have remained visible; no recutting of the ditch was noted.  A nearby square-feature marked by a parallel postholes and beamslot arrangement was thought possibly to have been a shrine, perhaps associated with the burial monument. Dating of this feature was problematic, though it was certainly pre-medieval due to it being cut by ridge and furrow."
38012,-100,375,100,200,medium (4 - 8 ha),unclassified,Yes,8,4,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,river valley,mixed,Yes,Yes,No,"Site of a complex Iron Age farmstead and 3rd/4thC AD villa located on the Magnesian limestone and overlooking the Vale of York. Cropmarks show that the site was part of an extensive system of enclosures, trackways and fields, whilst a major Roman road linking Likely fort to Tadcaster ran c.1.5km south of the site.  Roman finds were being recorded from the site when it was a plantation in the 19thC and the first discovery of the site occurred in 1854 by a farm labourer. This prompted excavations by the Yorkshire Antiquarian Club who discovered the villa (Proctor 1855). Continued hillside erosion and agricultural ploughing left the site in jeopardy and, in 1976, plough damage to significant stonework led to large-scale rescue excavation, which also revealed the substantial Iron Age settlement.  The Iron Age settlement existed as a range of conjoined, rounded enclosures, though its form altered and developed over time. The enclosures appear to have been demarked by ditches and palisades. Several of the enclosures contained roundhouses, of which 8 were identified in total, with some enclosures containing more than one. Large storage pits were also an important feature of the site. One of the pits (3405) was of note for consisting a partially articulated dog skeleton and four fragments of a second individual, with the sides of the pit being deliberately lined with bones from pigs and sheep/goats, possibly forming an elaborate burial rite. Another pit in the same enclosure also included a partially articulated dog burial with sheep and horse bones.  Radiocarbon dating suggests that the complex was incredibly long-lived; the excavator argues that the Iron Age settlement was in use during the second half of the 1st millennium BC. No features were securely dated to the 1st and 2ndC AD, though finds of this period were recovered. It was notable, however, that only the eastern half of the enclosure complex observed by the cropmarks were fully excavated, and little is understood of the western half. It may be that the focus of the settlement shifted over time and that it largely continued through to the first development of the villa.  The villa consisted of two compounds, partly built over back-filled ditches of the IA settlement, forming two compounds. Coin and pottery evidence suggest that villa occupation began around AD200 and ceased shortly after AD370. Its main structures consisted of a winged corridor house, similar in form to those found at Langton and Rudston, a large aisled hall with evidence of domestic quarters in the form of a row of small rooms and hypocaust (in its latter phase a T-shaped corn-drier was inserted), a detached bathhouse, and a number of other detached buildings of 'agricultural, craft or other ancillary use'. These included two sunken-floored buildings which appear to have been associated with crop-processing, including hearths and corn-driers, and a smithy. One of the SFBs included a fill in one corner which included animal remains of exclusively pig and sheep, and of 180 sheep bones, 164 were from foetal/neonatal animals. Another possible structured deposit could be the 5 red deer antler fragments all from one pit (8201). The villa's water supply was provided by two wells - one of these was deeply excavated and the remains reported on separately (see finds datasets)."
38013,1,350,75,150,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,mixed,No,No,No,"Site of a late Iron Age/Roman farmstead excavated (unexpectedly) in Nostell Priory for the construction of a car park, located due south of Hardwick Beck. The settlement consisted of several phases of activity possibly beginning with a pre-Roman phase consisting of irregular land plots and a few pits and postholes, though no structures could be determined.  The early Roman phase, dating from the late 1stC AD, was argued to have been 'military-related' from the unusual character of the pottery assemblage (see pottery data). The pottery specialist suggests that the site may have been a vicus or military-associated industrial site (pottery production was evident), though no other features or finds (other than some flue tiles from a probable hypocaust) were available to corroborate this interpretation. Features included a double-headed 'oven' (l.1st-e.2ndC AD) with burnt grain in its fill suggestive of food prep or parching for milling, and two four-poster structures.  The pottery assemblage then indicates a major change in the character of the site from the mid-2ndC AD, becoming more consistent with a 'typical' rural settlement. The digging of large pits, including clay-lined examples, became a feature of this phase through into the 4thC AD. Other features included a straight flue corndrier (later 2ndC AD), and in the late 3rd and 4thC AD there was more evidence for iron smithing, plus some evidence for mortaria production.  Ditches continued to bound and demarcate space within the settlement throughout the phase as well.  Possible burial and funerary monuments were also present (see burial data), with a complete ring ditch suggested to have been a shrine. These remains uncertain however."
38014,-100,410,50,300,large (9+ ha),complex,Yes,12,,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,Yes,river valley,mixed,Yes,Yes,No,"Site of a late Iron Age/early Roman agglomerated enclosure complex, which becomes an unenclosed late Roman farm settlement characterised by inhumation burial and sunken-feature buildings. The site is located on the Magnesian limestone ridge of Yorkshire on well-drained, highly fertile soils, conducive to arable farming. Ceramic and radiocarbon dating suggest a continuous pattern of occupation activity throughout the period, despite the significant changes and developments which took place. A post-Roman hiatus was noted before re-settlement in the 6th/7thC AD. To the south of the LIA/ER complex, a second linear complex with an extensive field-system was located, though this was only minimally investigated by excavation.  The late Iron Age enclosures were laid out and in use between the 4thC BC and the 1stC AD. A major linear boundary existed on one side of the complex, running beyond its extent, and similar in form to the ladder settlements of East Yorkshire. Entrances into and between the enclosures appear to have been funnelled, presumably for driving cattle and other livestock through the system. The early Roman phase saw significant complication in the layout, with numerous smaller enclosure boundaries placed in a central area which had remained largely unenclosed during the LIA phase. This early Roman developed phase continued through to the late 3rdC AD.  A total of 12 roundhouses were discovered in the complex. These likely served as domestic abodes, though some evidence for other, perhaps coincident, functions were also present. For example, LIA Roundhouse 6 included a crouched inhumation and the burials of five neonates, perhaps indicating that the building served as a mortuary structure or shrine; animal burials were particularly common at the site and many articulated remains were interpreted as 'structured deposits' (see zooarch and main report for details). The use of roundhouses continued into the 3rdC AD. 15 sunken-feature buildings were attributed to the late 3rd-early 5thC AD settlement phase. The contents of their fills suggested that they ranged in function, predominantly crop processing, but also animal skinning, drying grain, cooking, antler working, and smithing. Some evidence for stone buildings was also identified."
38015,-50,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,Yes,Yes,No,"Site of  long-running trackway running east-west across the Magnesian limestone around 300m south of Cock Beck. The trackway has been identified by cropmarks, with field-system boundaries on either side, but most notably to the north between the droveway and the waterway. A number of these were also investigated along the pipeline route, most notably at site 20-4 (Site ID 38016). At various points along the droveway, ditched enclosures also can be identified, presumably for the corralling of livestock. Excavation of part of the trackway produced mostly late Roman wares, though the recovery of handmade material suggests that it and the associated field boundaries were perhaps laid out in the late Iron Age and then continually recut during the Roman period, only for maintenance to cease most likely in the 4thC AD. A near complete late Roman vessel may represent a structured deposit."
38016,-100,400,250,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,mixed,Yes,No,No,"Site of a double-ditched rectilinear enclosure which formed part of a field-system associated with a long droveway which ran east west across the Magnesian limestone. The trackway was also partially excavated along the pipeline route (Site ID 38015), running along a high ridge c.300m south of the Cock Beck.  The mid-late Iron Age also saw the construction of the South Dyke through the site, prior to the enclosure. This is a Scheduled Monument and consists of a large bank and slope running down northwards to the Beck. In the late Iron Age the bank of the dyke was removed (at least in the area excavated) and the enclosure was constructed utilising the pre-existing Dyke ditch on its northern side. Organic material from the lower fills of the outer ditch was radiocarbon-dated to the 1stC BC-AD. Linear gullies within the enclosure appear to have divided it up into 'cells', perhaps defining different uses of internal spaces. Soon after its creation, one of the bounding ditches was backfilled leaving a single ditched enclosure.  During the late Roman period a layer of colluvium covered the South Dyke ditch. Late 3rd/4thC AD pottery was recovered from this layer along with a beehive quern and cereal remains, perhaps indicating that cereal processing was being carried out in the enclosure by this time. A contemporary pit contained head and foot bones of domestic livestock, perhaps also indicative of processing. The last Roman phase was more indicative of domestic habitation."
38017,-100,350,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Site of a substantial linear monument, known as Becca Banks, which forms part of the Aberford Dykes Scheduled Monument. Much of the Dykes system runs parallel along the northern side of the Cock Beck forming a significant land boundary and the section at Becca Banks was shown to have been constructed during the late pre-Roman Iron Age. Immediately north of the Dyke lies an extensive field-system complex known from crop marks, but which was investigated by trial trenching at various points revealing a droveway, an enclosure, and other field boundaries, along with a section through Becca Banks. All the features were probably constructed either in the late Iron Age or early Roman period, continuing to be used through the Roman phase, though the date of their abandonment is uncertain."
38018,-100,200,,,uncertain,enclosed,Yes,,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,river valley,mixed,Yes,No,No,"Site of a small cropmark complex located due north of Milner Beck. The site was minimally sampled by trial excavation revealing evidence dating between the 2ndC BC and the 2ndC AD. The cropmarks formed three loosely associated enclosures. The southernmost enclosure had a trial trench placed across its centre, revealing its boundary ditch and internal postholes. Finds included 2ndC AD greyware and a beehive quern, suggesting domestic activity. A ditch, just to the north of this enclosure produced a radiocarbon date of c.170BC-AD20. The northernmost enclosure included a circumnavigating trackway, perhaps suggesting that it was used as a livestock corral, though its upper fills produced 2ndC AD Samian and a padlock, indicative of domestic activity."
38019,-50,300,50,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,1,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Site of a long-lived settlement beginning in the late Iron Age with a roundhouse and a large pit, forming an apparently unenclosed settlement. The area in which the roundhouse stood was enclosed by ditches at some point in the early Roman phase, with associated linears possibly forming a system of ladder-type enclosures. The position of the LIA roundhouse within the early Roman enclosure suggests that it was still extant when these were constructed. The latest feature at the site was a short length of trackway, but it appears that the settlement may have gone out of use by the 3rd or 4thC AD at the latest."
38020,50,400,300,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Site of very uncertain character in Wetherby, but is possibly part of a nucleated Roman settlement. The site was excavated found in 1928-30 during gravel quarrying. The excavation produced evidence of two large ditches, a number of shallower ditches, pits and hearths containing animal bones and 1st-4thC AD pottery. The pottery was predominantly 4thC AD, though earlier wares were present as were two late 1stC AD brooches.  The excavator suggests that the site was an area for waste deposition, possibly located on the outskirts of a Roman settlement. 11 inhumations were also found loosely distributed across the site, though all on the same alignment indicating that they may have formed part of a distinct cemetery. Five were placed in stone cists. However, although the cemetery may have been late Roman in date - one was covered with worn, re-used Roman roofing-slates (c.4thC AD) - it may have equally been post-Roman."
38021,-100,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Site with limited Iron Age activity which develops in the late Iron Age with the construction of a metalled trackway. The trackway could be discerned from cropmarks which show it extending at least 800m north-south, whilst it also forks to the east where the excavation took place. Metalling of trackways in the late iron Age indicates significant investment in local landscape organisation. A beehive quern found in the metalling construction could be dated anywhere from the 2ndC BC to the 4thC AD, whilst a crouched burial placed alongside the trackway, close to its fork,  was carbon-dated c.170BC-AD20."
38022,100,300,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,Evaluation and geophysical survey revealed evidence of a rectilinear 'brickwork' field-system and 'key-hole' corndrier with cereal remains. The features date to the 2nd and 3rdC AD.
38023,150,500,300,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,2,Yes,Yes,No,No,Yes,Yes,plateau or plain,uncertain,Yes,Yes,No,"Site of uncertain character located on a west-facing slope of a north-south ridge on the Magnesian limestone. Two phases of settlement activity were attested. The first dated to the mid-2ndC AD and consisted of a quarry (for limestone), two field boundaries and an oven. The backfill of the quarry included coarse and fineware pottery, including samian, plus a large quantity of Roman brick and tile from a well-appointed building nearby. No structures were dated to this phase however.  There may have been a small hiatus in activity before evidence for 4thC AD occupation occurred, possibly demonstrating fluctuating uses of settlement space at the site. 4thC AD activity included a clay-lined kiln/oven structure (function undetermined), a corndrier (of simple form), and two other kiln/corndrier features (uncertain). Two alignments of postholes pointed to an 'aisled' structure, whilst masonry walls from an apsidal-ended building were also present. Another corn-drier was placed into this building. The finds assemblage is suggested to reflect a relatively high-status population. For details on the structured deposits, see faunal data.  The excavations produced evidence for a sunken-feature building and associated activity dated to the 5th and 6thC AD, and it was suggested that a level of continuity of settlement occurred into the post-Roman period."
38024,-50,200,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,mixed,No,No,No,"The cropmark of a five-sided polygonal enclosure was subject to geophysical survey, trial trenching and open area excavation which confirmed its location and somewhat unusual form. The enclosure included a number of pits and post-holes of varying size, many of which contained fragments of charcoal and burnt stone. Although no structures were positively identified, the presence of hearths suggested domestic activity within the enclosure. The lack of finds raised the suggestion by the excavators that the site may have been seasonally used and/or principally utilised for stock control. Radiocarbon dates from one of the internal pits and the enclosure ditch suggest that the main period of occupation was the late Iron Age to the early Romano-British period."
38025,1,200,,,uncertain,complex,No,,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,pastoral,No,No,No,"Site of an enclosure complex dating to the very late Iron Age/early Roman period (1st and/or 2ndC AD). Although there was a lack of stratigraphy and dating evidence, the complex appears to have developed in three stages. The ditches of the enclosures suffered considerable truncation by later ploughing, and internal features were minimal. It was uncertain whether the complex represented a 'linear' farmstead or was a corralling system for livestock. The meagre dating evidence placed in the 1st and 2ndC AD."
38026,-100,100,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"At field Land, South Elmsall, a large area was targeted with dispersed excavation which revealed various parts of an Iron Age landscape, much of which may have had its origins in the late Bronze Age. It was uncertain how many of the landscape foci continued into the late Iron Age, and certainly there was very little continuity into the Roman period.  However, evidence of a late Iron Age/early Roman site, possibly a settlement, was identified at Field Lane Site C. The site consisting of a number of interconnecting ditches forming an enclosure complex, a cobbled surface area, and an inhumation. The cobbled (yard?) surface overlay a previous silt layer which included some evidence for metalworking in the form of hammerscale, and the cobbled layer (radiocarbon dated by inclusions c.42BC-AD77) was suggested to have been a butchery/carcass preparation area. The inhumation burial was radiocarbon dated to c.169BC-AD51. The site formed part of a wider late prehistoric landscape in which this area provided the latest dating evidence for activity."
38027,-100,400,100,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"Site of a trapezoidal enclosure with a series of internal pits, post-holes and gullies (structures may have been evident, but were not defined), and an array of external linear gullies, ditches and pits which were also probably associated the use of the enclosure. Fragmented cropmarks also highlighted former field-systems and enclosures in the surrounding landscape.  The evidence suggests two principle phases of activity. A single inhumation, placed within the entrance to the enclosure and suggesting its date of construction, produced a radiocarbon date between the 4th and 2ndC BC. A small amount of late prehistoric pottery and part of a beehive quern attest to activity in this period, though it is possible that the enclosure ditch was not constructed until the Roman period. Pottery in the earliest fills within the enclosure ditch suggest that occupation originated in the Roman period, being most intensive during the 2ndC AD. Late Roman pottery occurs in lesser quantities, but demonstrates continued activity within the wider field-system, which produced pottery of predominantly of 3rd and 4thC AD date. A period of use supported by radiocarbon dates obtained from the charred grain the upper ditch fills. The changing character of the finds assemblage may reflect differences in the use of the enclosure over time, perhaps originating as a ritual/burial focus, then becoming a domestic settlement, to being less intensively (perhaps temporarily) used for local agricultural practices."
38028,250,350,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"Evaluation trenches and geophysical survey of a site confirmed the presence of a concentric, double-ditched, square enclosure with a probable entrance located to the south east. Late 3rd/early 4thC AD pottery, predominantly Dalesware, was recovered from both inner and outer ditches. No other features of archaeological significance were identified in the interior of the enclosure. A ritual/religious function was forwarded as an interpretation. Of possible significance in this context is a record of a Roman altar found in the grounds of Elmet Hall during the 19thC (see excavation report). The item is said to be held at Leeds Museum, without an account of its original location."
38029,100,200,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"Site of a Romano-British field-system partly excavated at the bottom of a high ridge. Although very little direct evidence for settlement was encountered, the presence of pottery, including amphora, pointed to nearby occupation. A radiocarbon date was attained from a sherd of hand-made pottery of a type normally attributed to the late Iron Age, but here placed in the 2ndC AD, contemporary with the amphora sherds also recovered. Posthole alignments point to the construction of non-building structure, possibly stock control features."
38030,75,400,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"Excavation of part of a settlement site revealing elements of a rectilinear enclosure or field-system, two curvilinear gullies - possibly roundhouses - as well as numerous postholes and other pit features. Different phases of activity were identified, with pottery dating from the late 1st C to the 4thC AD being recovered."
38031,-100,400,200,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,No,3,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,mixed,No,No,No,"Investigation of a substantial area of land (nearly 24ha in total) concentrated on a large, rectilinear enclosure dated by pottery and radiocarbon dating to between the 5thC BC and the 2ndC AD. The site lies in an a shallow bowl of marginal land which is prone to flooding and surrounded by well-draining higher ground on all sides.  Several distinct phases of activity were defined by linear features, two of which preceded the excavation of the square-ditch enclosure and may represent continuity from the Bronze Age. The enclosure ditch was fully excavated and appeared to have been recut several times between the Iron Age and the early Roman period. Associated features consisted of a series of five curvilinear structures within the enclosure (two of these were middle Iron Age), defined by gullies, post/stakeholes, as well as a few pits. Several subtle remodification to the enclosure and its internal features took place over time (see report). Due to a severe lack of finds, the excavators make the suggestion that the enclosure was a shrine. The lack of domestic refuse make this a possiblity.  Investigation of the surrounding area and hinterland revealed the enclosure was set within a contemporary managed landscape, which was divided at the end of the Iron Age and continued to the end of the Roman period, after the enclosure had been abandoned by the beginning of the 3rdC AD. The medieval period was characterised by extensive ridge and furrow cultivation encountered across most of the site. The plan of the site provides a good overview of the long term changes in land-use."
38032,150,350,275,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,Yes,No,"The excavations at the Redlands Quarry site revealed evidence for a significant field boundary which was later utilised as part of an enclosure. The site was located on a north-south ridge of river gravel terrace between the River Aire to the north and the River Calder to the south.  Initially, the field boundary may have been associated with the late Iron Age settlement located due north at Methley Quarry. The enclosure itself appears to have been constructed in the mid-2ndC AD and may have originally been used for agricultural activity. By the late 3rdC, however, it formed the focus of small-scale iron working site/settlement. The evidence for iron smithing was noted by the excavator to be of considerable significance, given the paucity of such evidence in West Yorkshire. They suggest that the enclosure may have represented a temporary site where repairs were made to existing items and some reworking took place (see also finds data for possible ritual interpretation). Evidence for further settlement or industrial activity was  precluded by the fact that only a small area of the enclosure was excavated. No furnaces were identified, though geophysical survey picked up two significant magnetic anomalies within the enclosure."
38033,,,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"Site of an enclosure or partially enclosed area, with features which relate to probably industrial activity. Postholes, pits and butt-ended features were all excavated, as well as a coal quarry pit. One oval pit was clearly burnt with a red staining, pertaining to some industrial process. The lack of pottery and animal bone suggests that the site was not used for domestic activity. The pottery present indicated 2nd and 4thC AD activity."
38034,100,300,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"Targeted excavation of a cropmark complex revealed 2nd/3rdC AD activity within a sub-rectangular enclosure and an adjacent D-shaped enclosure. Associated linear features appear to define a surrounding field-system, whilst internal features included two small hearths and a stone-line possible corn-drier. Samian, BB1, local coarseware and mortaria were all recovered from the enclosure ditches."
38035,50,300,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"Site of a Romano-British enclosure settlement with evidence for associated land boundaries, located on level plateau. Settlement evidence and activity was represented by pits and postholes within the enclosure, plus a 2ndC AD inhumation grave (though no human bone survived) located to the north of the enclosure adjacent to another contemporary land boundary. Stratigraphic evidence suggests that a reorganisation of the enclosure ditches took place during the 2ndC AD, though no significant change in the character of the site was identified. Dating evidence showed activity from the mid/late 1stC AD to the end of the 3rdC AD."
38036,100,350,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Cropmark site located just north of the River Calder investigated by geophysical survey and large-scale excavation. The archaeology of the site proved to be multiperiod with significant prehistoric remains. The late Iron Age/early Roman period saw the imposition of a large rectilinear field-system. Two D-shaped enclosures were soon after constructed along one of the boundaries, but were only partially excavated. The remains suggest the presence of a settlement with significant evidence for metalworking. The pottery assemblage dated from the early 2ndC AD to the mid-4thC AD."
38037,71,400,100,250,large (9+ ha),unclassified,Yes,,,Yes,No,Yes,No,No,Yes,river valley,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Site of an early Roman fort and vicus and later Roman defended settlement. The site was located on the southern bank of the River Aire, close to its confluence with the River Calder. The site was also the crossing point along the route of the Roman road between Doncaster, via Burghwallis, and northwards to Newton Kyme and Tadcaster.  Various Roman finds were recovered throughout the late 18th, 19th and early 20thC, before numerous rescue excavations took place from the 1960s, with major excavations taking place between 1974 and 1985. This work revealed much of the main phasing and development of two forts now known to have existed and the civilian vicus to the south of these establishments. The earliest fort was constructed c.AD71-74 and was directly replaced by the second fort in around AD86. The second fort was then abandoned by the turn of the 2ndC AD, after which it was used as a rubbish dump until the middle of the 3rdC AD. After c.AD250, the fort is refurbished, becoming a defended civilian settlement until the end of the 4thC AD.  The vicus settlement developed to the south of the forts, also from c.AD71. Excavations along the Roman road at Welbeck Street revealed evidence for early timber structures with a narrow yard area, together forming plots fronting onto the street. Between c.AD140-180, the vicus sees significant investment and re-development with new stone buildings being constructed, including a mansio and a shop/storehouse. The latter consisted of an abundance of Samian wares and appears to have burnt down, c.AD160. A number of timber-lined wells and a granary dated to this phase, which also saw the production and display of religious/funerary stonework, much of which became re-used in the later defended settlement. Possibly before the end of the 2ndC AD, the vicus settlement is abandoned and lies largely derelict whilst the defended settlement in the re-used fort becomes re-established and inhabited. The vicus area is subsequently only used for burial, presumably from the settlement to the north.  The information and data used in this record derives entirely from the occupation phase of the southern vicus area. That from the fort, the later Roman defended settlement and its associated burial area are omitted."
38038,70,200,,,large (9+ ha),unclassified,Yes,,1,No,No,No,No,No,Yes,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,Small-scale excavations around 250m west of the Roman forts in Castleford revealed evidence of 1st-2ndC AD activity and masonry wall foundations. The evidence is important because it shows that the civilian vicus was not restricted to the south-west of the forts and along the Roman road.
38039,75,400,,,medium (4 - 8 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,Yes,river valley,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Excavations in 1933-38 uncovered the remains of a ribbon settlement along the Roman road between Ilkley and Newton Kyme. Investigations revealed 12ft of masonry wall footing, paving, rammed stone floors, cobbled areas and several hearths. Samian and other pottery ranged from the late 1stC AD to 4thC AD, whilst other finds included a cremation burial, quarry pits, stone roof tiles, a few coins, a brooch and quernstones. These excavations followed earlier discoveries in the 18th and 19th centuries which included two uninscribed altars, an altar dedicated to Brigantia, a stone slab with an inscription surrounding a phallus, two tombstones, as well as further building foundations, fragments of statues, pillars, glass-ware and what were described as 'aqueducts'.  Excavations in 1913 cut through the defensive circuit of the fort known at the site (Atkinson 1913). A geophysics survey by ASWYAS in 2005 shows the settlement stretching along the Roman road for as much as 350m, westward from the fort, and subsequent geophysics by Bradford University appears to show that the settlement superseded the earlier fort, though more fieldwork is required to substantiate the full chronology of the vicus and its relationship with the fort. This later work is currently being prepared for publication."
38040,150,350,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,,1,No,No,No,No,No,No,hill,mixed,Yes,No,No,"Excavations in advance of housing development on a low hill revealed parts of two conjoined enclosures previously noted from cropmarks. Only the corner of the larger (0.44ha) rectilinear enclosure was excavated, while the whole of the smaller (0.19ha) D-shaped enclosure was revealed. It was clear that the larger enclosure was the primary settlement unit, with the D-shaped enclosure being a later addition, and argued to have been used for ancillary purposes, including crop processing and iron smithing, rather than domestic use. This enclosure developed from being defined by a palisade to a ditch, and increased in size during the 3rd C AD. Within the enclosure were found hearths/ovens associated with smithing slag (and possibly copper alloy working), a potential rectangular posthole structure, and a possible simple corn-dryer (though this could be another oven). At some point the enclosure was subdivided. A trackway was observed leading westwards from the enclosures.  Occupation has been dated by ceramics from the mid 2nd to early 4th C AD."
38041,-100,50,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,2,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,Yes,No,"One of three large scale open area excavations within a 60ha opencast coal extraction site on high ground north of the River Calder revealed at least one rectilinear ditched enclosure (0.25ha) with a 2m wide east-facing entrance and at least three phases of internal circular structures (4 structures in total) and numerous discrete pits, gullies and postholes. The structures were defined by circular gullies, two representing discrete roundhouses (11m & 18m dia) and two conjoined circular structures (sub-circular buildings with annexes). To the south of the enclosure was a further roundhouse, with three distinct phases (13-18m dia). Burnt bone recovered from the gully terminal of one phase of roundhouse was suggested as a possible ritual deposit, as have deposits of querns within the roundhouse gullies. These structures are argued to have lain within another enclosure, though the western and southern boundaries were not located. A splayed 'avenue' defined by two linear gullies led eastwards from the entrance of the latest roundhouse. Postholes and pits lay within the phases of the building. The finds and radiocarbon dates suggest a middle to late Iron Age date for occupation, though an archaeomagnetic date from a hearth within the enclosure indicated further possible activity between AD 190 and 290. A further settlement was excavated 150m to the east as part of the same excavation, outlined in record 38042. The other open area of excavation within this project revealed Roman field ditches and an undated enclosure."
38042,-80,400,80,250,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,1,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,mixed,No,No,No,"One of three large scale open area excavations within a 60ha opencast coal extraction site on high ground north of the River Calder revealed most of a later Iron Age enclosed settlement. The site comprised a main sub-rectangular ditched enclosure (0.31ha) with a smaller annexe (0.12ha) appended to its northern side. The main enclosure had a 5m wide entrance with gate structure in its eastern side; internally there was a single circular structure (15m dia defined by a gully) and a corner sub-enclosure. A number of pits and postholes were contained within the roundhouse, while other pits were found within the enclosure. Dating evidence through pottery, querns and radiocarbon determinations indicated late Iron Age occupation (the latest C 14 date was 110 cal. BC - 80 cal. AD).  However, there also ceramic evidence for re-occupation of the site during the later 3rd and 4th C AD, and it appears that the south-western enclosure sub-division is of this date. Elements of the earlier enclosure ditch were also re-cut at this time; the presence of late Roman pottery and a Roman quern indicate domestic activity. Also see record 38042 for details of another settlement 150m to the west."
38043,200,350,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,Yes,No,"Rescue excavations in 1977 in advance of coal extraction, to the south of the River Aire, revealed a square ditched enclosure (0.27ha), within which was a 12.3m deep unlined well. Within the well were a series of what looked to be structured deposits, including complete pottery vessels, a yew bucket, ash spade, ash drinking vessels, querns, shoes, ABGs, flue tile and a human adult skull. Other features within the enclosure were few (a pit and a few gullies) and there is little evidence for domestic activity. One suggestion is that this site represents a ritual enclosure. The well appears to have been filled in during the early 4th C AD, with activity as a whole dating (from ceramics) from the later 2nd/3rd CAD."
38044,1,400,100,250,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,1,,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,No,river valley,mixed,Yes,No,No,"Site of a small enclosed farmstead consisting of two separate, but associated enclosures which were incorporated with a wider field-system complex. Cropmarks also identified two other enclosures. The site is located on the second terrace of the River Calder on the Middle Coal Measures.  One of the enclosures was double-ditched on two side, with its other two sides forming part of the field-system. A single roundhouse was identified within this enclosure. The other enclosure included numerous postholes suggestive of structures, though no formal layout could be discerned. Both enclosures produced pottery from pits, suggestive of domestic occupation.  The excavator argued that the two enclosures may not have been contemporary, proposing a tentative phasing for the site as a whole (including the cropmark areas) from the small pottery assemble. 1) A late Iron Age/early Roman phase consisted of large N-S field boundaries demarking large rectilinear fields, plus two non-associated enclosures (one D-shaped), and a central N-S trackway. 2) The 2ndC AD saw significant sub-division of the field-system, with the replacement of the D-shaped enclosure with one of the excavated sub-enclosures to its east. 3) The 2nd-3rdC AD saw the development of the double-ditched enclosure, which may have replaced the 2ndC AD enclosure as the main domestic focus. 4) The 3rd-4thC AD possibly saw the abandonment of the field-system boundaries in use during the 2ndC AD and a reorganisation of the double-ditched enclosure. No evidence for activity between the 4thC AD and the 12thC was found."
38045,1,400,200,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,1,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"A cropmark area notable for very large rectilinear within which an irregular enclosure was identified and fully excavated. Excavation revealed two phases of enclosure, the first consisting of the irregular ditch which included a roundhouse (rebuilt at least once) and a few pits/postholes. The second phase consisted of a smaller trapezoidal enclosure directly overlying the first. This phase produced few associated features. The available dating places the construction the first enclosure in the LIA, continuing in use into the 2ndC AD, with the second phase enclosure dating to the 3rd and 4thC AD. 2 radiocarbon samples from preserved wood provided 1st/early 2ndC AD dates."
38046,-50,300,100,225,small (<1 - 3 ha),unenclosed,Yes,1,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,river valley,mixed,No,No,No,"Settlement site located on the Coal Measures around 2.5km north of the River Aire just before its confluence with the River Calder. The site produced dating evidence for activity between the 1stC BC and the end of the 3rd/beginning of the 4thC AD. Little evidence for LIA activity was identified though two pits were radiocarbon dated to the 1stC BC and included contemporary pottery. Numerous other features at the site were undated and some may have belonged to this phase, perhaps representing part of an open agricultural settlement. The first sign of intensive occupation dated to the beginning of the 2ndC AD, with the construction of a ditched enclosure measuring around 0.07ha. The enclosure had an entranceway on the eastern side and was divided equally into north and south half by a central ditch. The enclosure ditches were substantial rock-cut features. Numerous postholes were excavated in the southern sub-enclosure, but no discernible structure was identified. Towards the end of the 2ndC AD a small annex was added to the north side of the enclosure, with further land division and pits inserted to the west of the annex. By the early to mid-3rdC AD, this complex appears to have been backfilled and a new enclosure was constructed to the north, east of which lay a contemporary roundhouse with a sunken hearth within. This was the only certain evidence for habitation at the site, with the plan appearing to show the settlement as being unenclosed during this phase with an associated stock? enclosure. At the same time, a new ditch was inserted in the southern end of the site, cutting through the boundary of the 2ndC AD enclosure. This may have formed a land boundary for the 3rdC AD open farmstead. The settlement was finally abandoned at the end of the 3rdC AD."
38047,-100,450,200,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,No,,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,mixed,Yes,No,No,"Multi-period site with evidence for activity stretching from the Neolithic to the end of the Roman period, and located on an area of raised ground south of the Kippax Beck. Two phases of activity were found to span the middle Iron Age to the early Roman period and to the late Roman period (Phases 4 and 5 respectively).  Laid out in the early Iron Age, a double-ditched north-south trackway and a parallel boundary ditch, separated by c.120m, continued in use into the later Iron Age and were conjoined by a new ditch dividing the intervening area into two large fields. Within the southern field, evidence for activity was demonstrated by a D-shaped enclosure in the west, marked out by a postholes rather than a ditch. Sandstone packing found in some indicated that the enclosure had been palisaded rather than hedged. Within the enclosure a four-poster structure featured along with three pits. In the eastern part of the field, a rectilinear enclosure was constructed, within which an internal square sub-enclosure was placed in its NW corner. The enclosures did not appear to be directly associated with domestic activity, though a number of pits and postholes contained samples of burnt grain, suggesting that cereal processing was undertaken. Further small posthole structures were also identified. Radiocarbon dates place the span of activity in these enclosure between the LIA and the 2ndC AD. Another enclosure was found in the SE corner of the northern field and may have been contemporary. Whilst no direct evidence for habitation was encountered, the features of the site, taken together, perhaps reflect components of a dispersed farmstead, the centre of which was not identified in the excavated area.  In the later Roman period, perhaps the 3rd or 4thC AD, further sub-division of the field-system as recorded. Three new field boundaries, also co-axial to the trackway, divided the southern field into three new compartments, and the trackway was extended south. The original early Iron Age ditch which delineated the eastern side of the trackway was also recut during this period. This was evidenced by a large quantity of late Roman pottery, possibly indicating a domestic presence in an unexcavated part of this area. Radiocarbon dates also suggest that some of the linear features of the field-system and the trackway did not silt up until into the 5thC AD."
38048,-100,50,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unenclosed,No,1,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Later prehistoric site with a late pre-Roman Iron Age phase (Phase 4) consisting of sub-circular ring gully recut once, and likely representing a roundhouse structure, the corner of a possibly rectilinear enclosure and a number of associated pits and postholes. Little environmental evidence was gained from the pits precluding their function as agricultural features. The presence of a stone mortar may indicate small-scale industrial working (production of iron ore). The site appears to have continued from a more intensively occupied earlier Iron Age settlement phase."
38049,-100,500,200,325,small (<1 - 3 ha),complex,Yes,1,,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,mixed,Yes,No,Yes,"Multiphase late prehistoric, Roman and sub-Roman site located on the western fringes of the magnesian limestone.  The earliest phase of activity (Phases 1 and 2) was limited to a small area in the NW corner of the site and consisted of boundary ditches which may have formed an enclosure, and a group of ten pits which may themselves have also formed a boundary. Pottery was limited, but radiocarbon dates place this activity in the 2nd and 1stC BC. One of the pits contained a substantial quantity of animal bone, including a quantity of cattle bones from nearby processing.  The 'early Roman' period (Phase 3) saw the construction of two new enclosures to the east of the now abandoned late prehistoric activity, positioned in a seemingly and otherwise open landscape. One enclosure was only partially excavated but it included a number of loosely grouped pits and postholes. The other enclosure, c.150m to the east, was slightly larger and rectangular in form with a small semi-circular external annex. Few internal features were found in this enclosure, but pottery from the ditches suggested a 2nd-early 3rdC AD date.  The early 3rdC AD (Phase 4) saw a substantial reorganisation of the site, which saw the abandonment of the Phase 3 enclosures coinciding with the layout of a complex enclosure settlement and an associated co-axial field-system. The main enclosure system consisted of a number of sub-divided compartments. Only one possible structure was identified, potentially a roundhouse, but pottery, animal bone, other finds and burials all pointed to the presence of a substantial settlement. Pottery and radiocarbon dating pointed to a 3rd-early 4thC AD date for occupation.  The 4thC AD (Phase 5) appears to have seen a contraction in the size of the settlement. The major boundary ditch which delineated the 3rdC farm and field-system had silted up, but showed signs of metalling and it may have been used as a trackway. Most of the enclosures and field-system had gone out of use, and only the southern area of the previous settlement appeared to have been active, where a new sub-rectangular enclosure was constructed. The enclosure consisted an area of intense burning, which may have been domestic or industrial, pits and gullies, and a small burial group.  Two sunken feature buildings located to the west of the enclosure possibly represent the latest phase of activity at the site perhaps being occupied into the 5thC AD. A wide range of dates came from radiocarbon samples, though 77 sherds of early Saxon pottery were also recovered."
38050,1,400,75,200,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Site of late Iron Age field boundaries which develop into the 1stC AD with the creation a co-axial field-system, a formal trackway, and two enclosures (one excavated; the other observed by cropmarks). The excavated enclosure may have been inhabited as indicated by pottery and some metalwork, though domestic material was minimal. During the late 1stC AD, the landscape gets transformed by the construction of the Roman road running north from Castleford to Tadcaster, which ploughs through the field-system and part of the enclosure. Domestic activity appears to have initially continued in use as seen by the deposition of 2ndC AD wares, though later, large quarry pits were found either side of the road. These remained open for maintenance and repairs to the road into the 4thC AD. The field-system also appears to have continued to be used in some form through that time as well."
38051,1,250,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,No,,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,pastoral,No,No,No,"Site of a late Iron Age field boundary which gets added to sometime in the earlier Roman period by the construction of a concentric triple-ditched enclosure forming a complex entranceway. The enclosure, though only partially excavated appears to have been sub-rectangular, covering an area of around 0.14ha. Very few artefacts were recovered though a sherd of Roman pottery and a piece of Roman brick came from the upper fills - it is more likely that the enclosure was for stock management than for habitation, probably as part of the expanding field-system in the area."
38052,1,250,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,pastoral,No,No,No,"Small excavated site revealing two late Iron Age field boundaries which continue in use into and through the Roman period, with two successive phases of a small enclosure located in the corner of the field. The enclosures were dated to the earlier part of the Roman period, though the general lack of material culture suggests that they were for stock management rather than habitation (see also Site ID 38051)."
39001,,,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,6,,Yes,No,No,No,No,Yes,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"A field survey of an enclosed settlement on high ground between the confluence of the River Greta and Sleightholme Beck, 0.5km south of the Roman road. A substantial (probably originally at least 3.5m thick & 2m high) rock-faced enclosure wall defined a sub-circular area 45x38m (0.17ha). The western part of the enclosed area contained three drystone foundationed circular buildings, a central larger structures (9.5m internal dia) flanked by smaller structures (6.5 & 6m dia). Other possible huts indicated by low banks. A smaller rectangular enclosure to the east contained three further circular buildings. Although not excavated it is compared morphologically to settlement dated to the early Roman period in Upper Teesdale, and it has been further suggested that the settlement may originate in the later Iron Age. It remains undated here, but is included due the probable Roman date and the rarity of settlement data."
39002,50,400,125,200,medium (4 - 8 ha),complex,Yes,12,3,Yes,Yes,Yes,No,No,Yes,plateau or plain,mixed,Yes,Yes,No,"Large scale geophysical survey and excavations in a zone of generally low-lying, undulating glacial till and boulder clay, c 4km north of the River Tees and 2.2km NW of the River Skerne, revealed a substantial Romano-British settlement. The earliest phase of settlement comprised the truncated remains of several roundhouses (up to 9, defined by penannular gullies, c 7-10m dia) and associated hearths and enclosures/ stock pens, all part of an extensive unenclosed farmstead (dispersed over 6 ha) dating approximately from the mid/late 1st C AD (so potentially from the very late pre-Roman Iron Age). One of the enclosures (10x15m) contained a small circular v-shaped ditched feature (5m dia) suggested as a possible ritual focus, though with little evidence. It is similar to 'stack rings/fodder stands' found further south. Other features of this date comprise two defined trackways, a potential rectangular beam-slot structure (5x7.5m) and two inhumation burials. One pit contained a complete cattle skull. The farmstead was occupied into the early 2nd C AD, when it was transformed into a substantial complex farmstead defined by networks of conjoined rectilinear enclosures and trackways. A principal enclosure (0.5ha) lay to the north on a high spur of land and is probably the main domestic focus, though few features survive within, except a possible fenced sub-enclosure, and a small two-roomed stone building (6.05x3.5m) with a hypocaust system and painted plaster walls. The walls were of mortared blocks around a rubble core and were 0.7-8m wide; floors of opus signinum. It is considered to have been a small bathhouse. An entrance to the enclosure (with possible gate structure) lay to the east and a wattle lined well lay outside to the north. The evidence suggests the outer enclosures were used for a variety of functions: habitation, metal-working, crop-processing and stock management. Three further roundhouse gullies were of this phase and further structured deposits are represented by a complete small pottery jar in an enclosure ditch. There was continual modification of the enclosure system in the 2nd C AD and a 9m wide metalled road was later added going into the main enclosure. At the end of the 2nd/early 3rd C AD, the ditches of the main enclosure were filled in, the bathhouse demolished, and the site was apparently abandoned. Two inhumation graves belong to this period. Late Roman features largely comprised field ditches and a road surface, though a narrow rectangular stone building (c 22x10m) is dated to the 4th C AD; its function remains uncertain though it had very substantial walls (c 2.1m thick) and an internal sunken metalled floor."
39003,80,700,180,250,large (9+ ha),complex,Yes,,12,Yes,No,Yes,No,No,Yes,river valley,mixed,Yes,Yes,No,"Excavations between 1969 and 1981 revealed a substantial Roman settlement on both sides of the River Tees at the point where Dere Street Roman road crosses the river. Although an early fort is suspected no evidence has yet been found, and the earliest evidence for settlement north of the river dates to the later 1st C AD. This included a pottery kiln in use during the early 2nd c AD. It is suggested that the impetus for settlement's development may have been partly as a result of the river crossing becoming a focus for religious activity, as evidence by the large numbers of finds from the riverbed. In the AD 180s the site became the focus of major military activity with large well appointed masonry buildings constructed (including a courtyard building and a 3rd C AD 'temple', 14.5m sq internally with 4 rooms including a cellar; interpreted as religious due to a dedicatory inscription found 30m away) and evidence from finds for high status occupation. Occupation expanded at this time further north, and south of the river (remains of a wooden bridge found in 1933).  The only known fort defences (over 4ha) were not constructed until the mid 3rd C AD, in the area of the earlier high status buildings, though the military activity appears to have lessened from this period onwards. By the 4th C AD occupation had contracted to the fort and immediate area to the east, with other areas abandoned. At the very end of the 4th C or early 5th C there were major reorganisations to the water supply within the fort and eastern entrance and occupation clearly continued into the 6th C at least. The final decline is dated to the 7th-8th C AD."
39004,-50,150,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unenclosed,Yes,9,,No,No,No,No,No,No,coastal,uncertain,No,Yes,No,"The site of a rural settlement with good evidence for salt production. The site is located on the cliff top (170m OD) overlooking the Yorkshire coastline and about 200m from cliff edge. Part of a large late Iron Age ditch appears to be an enclosing feature of the site, which consisted of a number of saltworking ovens which appeared to be directly associated with buildings. At least nine roundhouses could be discerned, though only a few are likely to have been contemporary at any one time. A miniature quernstone found in the terminal of a roundhouse gully. A large quantity of briquetage was also recovered, whilst gullies and clay-lined settling tanks for brine solution were excavated. The ditch appears to have gone out of use into the Roman period, when the settlement becomes open, though the date of this change is uncertain. Settlement activity continues into the 2ndC AD as is evidenced by material culture and radiocarbon results. Also evidence for jet production."
39005,150,300,,,large (9+ ha),unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"A gas pipeline excavation revealed part of a cemetery associated with the fort and vicus at Lanchester, lying on the south-eastern slope of a ridge dropping down to the River Browney. The burials were 350m  from the SW corner of the fort, well away from Dere Street Road and on the periphery of the vicus settlement. At least 41 mixed rite graves were revealed, dated ceramically from the mid 2nd to late 3rd C AD, with an emphasis on the 3rd C. The earliest graves correspond approximately with the likely establishment of the fort. See also ID 39044."
39006,-100,125,1,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unenclosed,Yes,13,,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,,No,No,No,"Excavation of a 0.7ha cropmark enclosure on a Boulder clay plateau overlooking the Tees estuarine basin revealed a complex sequence of occupation from the middle Iron Age to the 1st/early 2nd C AD. The stratigraphically earliest feature comprised an undated linear ditch, but the sub-rectangular ditched and banked enclosure and central roundhouse were the first firm settlement related activity. The enclosure ditch was c 5.5m wide and 1.1m deep and there appears to have been a short-lived division of the enclosure at some point. The main roundhouse was surrounded by at least five small circular 'ancillary' structures, all defined by gullies and postholes. Four areas of hearth were recorded in the main structure. Further small sub-rectangular enclosures found outside the main enclosure, though it remains uncertain if all were contemporary. At some point (late Iron Age?) the main enclosure goes out of use and a further 7 circular structures are built across a larger area, apparently unenclosed, though small enclosures were dug among the roundhouses, presumably stock pens. The settlement continues until the end of the 1st or early 2nd C AD when it appears to have been abandoned, though a subsequent enclosure points to continued activity of some kind. The ditches of this enclosure had infilled completely by the mid 2nd C AD."
39007,-100,400,,,medium (4 - 8 ha),unclassified,Yes,5,4,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,No,hill,mixed,Yes,Yes,No,"Excavations in 1963-4, 1987 and 1999-2007 (unreported as yet) revealed a long-lived later Iron Age to late Roman settlement covering c 4ha on the crest and eastern slope of a low glacial ridge 3 km from the coast. The exact structural sequence is not clear but earliest occupation dates to the 2nd C BC, with continuous occupation likely until the 4th C AD, with no evidence for specific periods of radical change. A series of enclosures, trackways and field boundaries probably represent a complex style farmstead that may have shifted focus over time; five circular timber structures (identified by drip gullies; up to 11m dia) and at least four rectangular buildings identified. All the rectangular buildings (where known) were of beam slot and posthole construction and would appear to be later Roman. One had a complete small cattle burial within. Most structures were surrounded by ditched enclosures. A series of burials were found throughout the settlement and there appears to have been a specialised metalworking area within one enclosure. Evidence for occupation at least until the end of the 4th C AD. The settlement at Catcote has been interpreted as a village, but at present until the latest excavations are published it remains uncertain."
39008,100,300,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,mixed,No,No,No,"Excavation and geophysical survey on the summit of a low Boulder Clay hill overlooking the River Tees floodplain to the north revealed a small Romano-British settlement, which had been severely truncated. Two phases of occupation were identified, the first comprising a series of gullies, ditches and pits; some of the gullies may have been part of a timber stockade - part of an open settlement? In the subsequent phase a large sub-circular enclosure ditch was dug (up. 1.57m wide & 0.7m deep), with a south-facing 2.2m wide entrance. Further south was concentration of ditches and gullies, forming no coherent pattern. The geophysical survey revealed potential associated field ditches. The finds suggest a late 1st/2nd to 3rd C AD date of occupation."
39009,1,300,70,,small (<1 - 3 ha),complex,Yes,5,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"A 7-trench evaluation in 1992 on a spur of higher ground overlooking the Tees valley to the north revealed evidence for late Iron Age and Romano-British features. Subsequent excavation from 2003 (no report as yet) revealed  an extensive area of late Iron and Romano-British settlement extending over 3ha. The late Iron Age settlement was characterised by a series (5?) of circular timber houses (timber wall slots) which were replaced shortly after the Roman conquest by a system of ditched enclosures, suggested to have been part of a cattle ranch. The latest pottery is 3rd c AD in date. The only finds records are from the evaluation."
39010,1,100,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),complex,Yes,10,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,coastal,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Excavations in 2000-1, 2.5km from the coast, revealed a settlement of late Iron Age date defined by internal ditched partitions/enclosures dividing the site into a series of zones across an area of 0.5ha. Some of these were undoubtedly stock enclosures, with others used for domestic and industrial activity. A total of 10 circular structures (defined by drip gullies; most 5-10m dia) were revealed, though not all interpreted as domestic. A radiocarbon programme suggested the site was occupied in the 1st C AD (90cal BC - cal AD210). The excavations have yet to be published but on the basis of available information it can probably be interpreted as a complex farmstead."
39011,100,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,2,1,Yes,No,Yes,No,No,Yes,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"A Roman bathhouse discovered during gravel quarrying in 1940, 40m from Old Durham Beck (and near to the River Wear). It is believed to have been associated with an adjacent villa, though no such building has been found. Subsequent excavations dated the bathhouse (12x7.9m) to the 2nd-4th C on the basis of ceramics, though two circular stone buildings (c 10m dia) to the NW may potentially represent an earlier phase of occupation. These were built of unmortared sandstone blocks with a rubble core and had paved floors. Beneath the floor of one building lay a pit probably used a s lime slurry (for providing lime for plastering). The latest excavations in 1951 revealed areas of sandstone paving slabs further the north, one area of which contained an inverted upper beehive quern."
39012,-100,425,1,150,medium (4 - 8 ha),complex,Yes,4,4,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,river valley,mixed,Yes,Yes,Yes,"Cropmark survey, geophysics and excavations revealed a Roman villa building associated with a network of rectilinear enclosures and trackways on a sand and gravel 'island' upon a terrace just south of the River Tees. During the later Iron Age there is evidence for occupation in the form of ditched enclosures, a circular structure (5.3m dia) defined by gullies and postholes, and pits. It is suggested that there was a hiatus in activity in the 1st and earlier 2nd C AD, before the main villa and associated enclosures were established during the later 2nd C AD, continuing into the late 4th/5th C AD. The villa building was of winged corridor form (c 30x16m; 11+ rooms) and was preserved in situ, while outer buildings were excavated, initially comprising an aisled building (29.5x11m; walls of dressed outer stones with rubble core),  a small freestanding caldarium (2.5x1.8m with associated furnace & drain; re-modelled in later 2nd & 3rd C AD) and fragmentary remains of several other masonry and timber buildings and drains. The surrounding enclosure system was consistently modified since its inception in the later 2nd C AD. Within many of the enclosures were various features including pits, ovens (some associated with metalworking), a corndrier, burials, paved surfaces and wooden structures.  During the later 2nd/3rd C an additional stone rectangular building was constructed to the NE of the villa; it was at least 6.5x6.4m, had lime mortared and dressed walls and internal and external paving. In the later 3rd to 4th C a substantial paved area was added outside the aisled building and caldarium was converted into a T-shaped corndrier. To the south of the aisled building was a large stone paved pit (5.3x2.8m) incorporating a millstone. The corndrier was abandoned during the later 4th C AD, and a circular timber structure (7.6m dia) with a compacted earth floor built over an oven south of the villa; another smaller circular building (4m dia) defined by a gully was built in an outer enclosure. The paved pit was also filled in and extensive metalled surface constructed, defined on one side by a stone wall. In the late 4th to early 5th C a substantial ditched enclosure was built around the main villa building, 260m N-S and extending beyond the eastern edge of excavation. Further ditches to the south defined other smaller enclosures. The rectangular building to the north of the villa was abandoned and the circular timber building to the south was replaced in masonry (8.4m dia; pitched stone foundations and internal wall); other floor surfaces probably represent other buildings within the enclosure. A new T-shaped corndrier built and the aisled building was partitioned. All features abandoned early 5th C AD. Anglo-Saxon occupation of the 5th/6th-7th C AD was detected, including probable sunken-featured buildings."
39013,150,300,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,river valley,mixed,Yes,No,No,"Excavation in advance of residential development c 0.5km north of the Roman fort of Chester-le-Street, immediately to the east of a road leading from the fort, revealed evidence for Roman settlement activity in the very near vicinity. The earliest archaeological features comprised two east-west aligned ditches dated mid 2nd C AD and interpreted as having delimited boundaries of properties that fronted onto the Roman road. No definite structures were recorded, but cultural debris from the ditches indicated nearby settlement. A new property layout was seemingly established in the later 2nd-3rd C, and to the south of this was a large quarry pit and other smaller pits, infilled with stone and domestic material. There is no evidence of activity beyond the 3rd C AD.  The material culture assemblage is believed to be consistent with Roman military consumption, and this may represent the fringes of a vicus associated with the nearby fort. However, the fort is believed to have been established during the later 2nd C, and so roadside occupation here may have commenced at an earlier date. Another small excavation took place in 2006, c 140m to the north, revealing the main road surface (average 11m wide, dated by an unworn coin of Hadrian), and elements of cobbled surface enclosures defined by ditches along the line of the road. The ditches cut through layers with re-deposited pottery of early 3rd C AD date, and probably relate to the new layout seen in the excavations to the south. As with the southern excavation, no structures were found, but domestic material indicated occupation, and it is likely that this was a thinly spread roadside settlement dating to the the 2nd and 3rd C AD."
39014,-100,50,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,1,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,mixed,No,No,No,"A 55-trench evaluation over 23ha revealed parts of a rectangular enclosed settlement previously seen in aerial photographs on high ground overlooking the valley of the Pittington Beck. The enclosure was delimited by a substantial ditch (up to 3.85m wide & 1.65m deep) enclosing an area 0.22ha. An eastern entrance was revealed by geophysical survey.  Internally was a probable roundhouse drip gully along with several potential building foundation (beamslot) trenches and numerous postholes. Dating evidence was scarce from the enclosure ditch, with only limited Iron Age pottery found. Nothing to indicate activity during the Roman period."
39015,100,250,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"Evaluation, excavation and geophysical survey in advance of commercial development revealed a number of ditches and gullies dated ceramically to the 1st/2nd to mid 3rd C AD. Pits were also identified. Most of the features were contained within a larger outer ditched sub-rectangular enclosure. The nature of the activity is not certain, but it probably represents a settlement site."
39016,250,350,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),complex,Yes,,1,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,No,river valley,mixed,No,Yes,No,"A watching brief, 51-trench evaluation (over 113ha) and a targeted archaeological excavation in advance of golf course construction on the flood plain in a meander of the River Tees revealed a late Romano-British farmstead. Most of the floodplain was devoid of archaeological activity and presumably used for grazing, with settlement evidence concentrated in one area (over at least 1.2ha). The limited excavation revealed elements of a ditched enclosure system (complex farm?), within which were 3 (or possibly 4) T-shaped corn-drying ovens and a millstone, attesting to the production and processing of cereal crops on site. A number of pits were also observed, one with an originally intact ceramic jar placed at the base. The only evidence for structures comprised possible post settings (shallow pits with stone bases) and a floor surface of large limestone slabs and associated postholes and beam slots. The millstone was associated with this structure. An adjacent cobbled surface is probably an associated yard, and a fence-line may be contemporary. Two clay-lined oval pits were interpreted as quenching troughs for nearby industrial activity. The finds generally date late 3rd to early 4th century AD, with more limited later activity indicated."
39017,250,350,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,1,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,mixed,No,Yes,No,"Excavation on a north-facing slope in the Wear Valley revealed part of a late Roman settlement.  Features comprised ditches and a gully, thought to have been part of an enclosure system, along with a series of pits of different sizes, part of a stone surface, and two linear gullies containing timber and clay structures that had been burnt in situ. Geophysical survey demonstrated that the remains continued beyond the area of excavation. The deliberate deposition of a complete pot and the partial stone lining of two large pits is suggested as being associated with burial ritual, though no direct evidence for this. Pottery recovered from the features provides a date for activity in the late 3rd and early 4th century."
39018,1,350,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),complex,Yes,,1,Yes,No,No,No,No,Yes,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"Excavations and geophysical survey on a Boulder clay plateau, c 5km NE of the roadside settlement at East Park Sedgefield (ID 39019), revealed a series of enclosure ditches and gullies indicative of a Romano-British complex farmstead. The ditches form a pattern of aligned large rectangular enclosures with occasional small, circular ditched enclosures. Timber structures and fencelines are indicated by postholes and gullies. Part of a timber building (defined by postholes and beamslots) that may have been rebuilt in stone (two parallel east/west aligned walls of unbonded roughly hewn sandstone blocks; 4x3+m) was identified in the north-east corner of the excavation trench, while a further stone structure (corndrier?) was recorded near the centre of the trench. Numerous pits also revealed. The stratigraphy indicated that the settlement had been remodelled on several occasions. The ceramics indicate a long history of occupation from the late Iron Age/early Roman period to the late Roman period, though very little pottery is of 4th C AD date."
39019,100,250,,,large (9+ ha),complex,Yes,,2,Yes,Yes,No,No,Yes,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,Yes,Yes,No,"A Time team excavation in 2002 and large scale geophysical surveys (53ha) and limited excavations in 2005 to 2009 revealed evidence for a substantial roadside settlement either side of Cades Road Roman Road. There does not appear to have been any military association and the settlement is characterised by a series of rectangular enclosures (most 40-50m sq), many fronting onto the main road over a length of 800m, with one main side road branching off to the NE and other smaller trackways. The main part of the settlement covers an area of c 16ha. Within the enclosures were a range of features reflecting different activities (domestic, agricultural, industrial etc.): postholes, gullies and beamslots represent timber buildings with at least one probable aisled building; also fencelines, ovens, hearths and pits. One rectangular timber building sited in an otherwise open space (market?) in the centre of the settlement is suggested as having a 'public' function (shrine?).  No evidence for masonry buildings in the area survey - it is suggested they may lie further to the NE. A complete small pot came from an entrance ditch terminal of an enclosure fronting onto Cades Road. Many large pits were seen by geophysical survey (and some confirmed by excavation; one several metres dia & over 3m deep) on the peripheries of enclosures, thought possibly to have initially been for gravel or clay extraction  and subsequently used as waterholes/wells for stock and/or industry. Significant levels of industry have been observed, with spreads of iron smithing slag, several clay and stone ovens and at least one pottery kiln (dated later 2nd to early 3rd C AD). Overall, the settlement is argued to have been planned and to have dated mainly to the 2nd C AD (though pottery manufacture probably continued to the early 3rd C AD). There are indications of an earlier settlement, though this is not dated. The information in this record is derived from the geophysics report and there is no specialist finds information."
39020,150,400,,,medium (4 - 8 ha),unclassified,Yes,,3,Yes,No,No,No,No,Yes,river valley,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"An archaeological watching brief in advance of electricity cabling revealed part of the vicus settlement immediately outside the NW defences of the Roman fort on a terrace west of the River Greta in the Pennine Hills. The fort lay upon the road connecting Dere Street with Carlisle and dates mid/late 2nd to 4th C AD. The cable trench revealed a stone surface (thin 'slabs' of sandstone), either a yard or road, along with a probably associated NW-SE aligned cobble stone wall, of which only the lowermost foundation course survived.  Two previous areas of the vicus excavated in the 1970s revealed stone buildings linked together with paved and cobbled areas and part of the main Roman road, 6m wide (see ID 39039). Cremation burials revealed during a watching brief to the east of the fort."
39021,100,400,,,large (9+ ha),unclassified,Yes,,,Yes,No,Yes,No,No,Yes,river valley,mixed,Yes,No,No,"A Time Team geophysical survey and 3-trench evaluation within the Roman vicus associated with the fort flanked to the south and west by the River Wear. The earliest fort was constructed in timber around AD80, built to guard the point where Dere Street crossed the River Wear. It was replaced by a larger stone fort in the early 2nd C AD, which continued in use until the early 5th C AD (note: fort excavations not included in this record). The Time Team survey provided information on the layout of the vicus, including evidence for a large associated boundary ditch and a series of possible mausolea;  possible industrial activity was also noted outside the NE entrance of the fort. One of the evaluation trenches examined the heart of the vicus, revealing a series of masonry buildings that were badly disturbed by earlier antiquarian investigations. A general 2nd-4th C AD date was indicated by the finds, with an emphasis on the 2nd-3rd C AD. Another evaluation trench targeted the possible mausolea, revealing a row of three masonry structures, two enclosed within a boundary or 'precinct' wall. An inhumation burial and disarticulated bone found in associated confirmed their interpretation. The antiquarian excavations of the vicus revealed the main bath house of the fort/settlement."
39022,100,400,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,2,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,mixed,No,No,No,"Excavation in advance of electricity pylon routing revealed a Romano-British farmstead near the River Skern, 2.5km NE of the roadside settlement at Sedgefield (ID 39019). Features comprised a partial ring ditch, which was adjacent and outside of a larger ring ditch, probably representing at least two phases of house construction. A third, curving ditch may represent a third phase of construction. A few pits may represent internal features, though not certainly contemporary. Two more curving ditches further north may represent another multi-phased roundhouse. A possible stone trackway lay to the north, but could be recent in date. Ceramic dating suggests 2nd-4th, with an emphasis on the 2nd C AD."
39023,100,400,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,2,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,mixed,No,No,No,"Excavation in advance of electricity pylon routing revealed elements of a farmstead  broadly dated to the 2nd-4th C (though possibly starting earlier). Settlement features comprised several partial ring-ditches (gullies surrounding roundhouses), two of 8m diameter, and a possible furnace or field oven. It is suggested as an oven used for communal bread making. Curved ditches probably represent boundaries, but the form of the settlement remains uncertain. More regular fieldsystem ditches were also observed, with at least two phases. Very low levels of material culture."
39024,150,300,,,large (9+ ha),unclassified,Yes,,1,No,No,No,No,No,Yes,river valley,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"A watching brief undertaken in 2005 during the insertion of a flood relief pipeline c 200m east of the Roman fort revealed elements of the vicus settlement, c 400m west of the River Wear. Features comprised an east-west metalled road with 3rd C AD Roman pottery on its upper surface, and the corner of a Roman period masonry building with substantial clay and cobble foundations. It is suggested this may have fronted onto a road leading from the eastern gate of the fort. A sherd of Samian of 2nd century date from a wall foundation provides a TPQ for the building. In 2006 a small excavation c 200m further NW revealed further parts of the vicus immediately east of the fort. The earliest feature comprised part of a large sub-rectangular clay-lined pit dating from later 2nd C AD. A metalled surface was also observed, with 3rd C pottery in the silt material over the top. A substantial ditch was recorded within the western half of the excavation area, one of three extra-mural defensive ditches of the Roman fort. The ditches were filled in during the late 4th C AD, though the vicus activity appears mostly restricted to later 2nd-3rd C AD.  The fort at Chester-le-Street is thought to have been continuously occupied from the later 2nd C AD to the end of the Roman period with an earlier clay and timber fort belonging to the 2nd half of the 2nd C AD and a stone fort in the later 3rd C AD. There is evidence for an extensive vicus around the fort."
39025,-100,70,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,3,2,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,mixed,No,No,No,"A pipeline excavation revealed part of a substantial later Iron Age settlement on a ridge of high ground extending eastwards down a gradual slope from a Bronze Age hilltop enclosure, 150m away. The settlement was traced for 135m within the pipeline corridor and comprised a series of ditched enclosures containing roundhouses, hearths, postholes and pits with a variety of structural phases evident. Elements of two  rectangular timber structures (timber palisade trenches & beam slots) were also revealed, one linked with smithing activity. Radiocarbon dating suggests that the settlement was occupied by 200BC but was abandoned by the very late Iron Age or early Roman period."
39026,-100,70,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unenclosed,Yes,3,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"A pipeline excavation revealed part of a small unenclosed later Iron Age settlement. Settlement features comprised the remains of three roundhouses (defined by gullies), two of which had clearly been rebuilt, a ditch, a number of pits, post and stakeholes. The site is ceramically dated to the later Iron Age."
39027,,,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,mixed,No,No,No,A 10-trench evaluation and geophysical survey revealed a sub-rectangular enclosure which is tentatively dated to the later Iron Age or Romano-British period on size and form alone. The enclosure appeared to be linked to a fieldsystem or possibly an annex to the east. No internal features were revealed but it appears to have been severely truncated by later ploughing. Samples from the ditch indicate some domestic and low level industrial activity.
39028,1,100,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,3,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"A 15-trench evaluation and geophysical survey over 60ha revealed two areas of Iron Age/Romano-British settlement less than 100m apart. A D-shaped enclosure (90x45m; 0.4ha) attached to a linear field boundary lay to the west; a series of postholes identified towards the centre of the enclosure may reflect the position of a possible roundhouse. To the east was a series of roundhouses, pits, hearths and ditches all lying within a concentrated area, and potentially representing unenclosed settlement. Some fieldsystem elements appeared to link the two areas. Occupation is dated ceramically to the late Iron Age/1st C AD."
39029,70,300,,,large (9+ ha),complex,Yes,,2,Yes,Yes,Yes,No,No,Yes,plateau or plain,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Two evaluations within the vicus of Bowes Roman fort in the Pennines to the north of the River Greta revealed a number of features relating to the Roman settlement. In 2001 a 4-trench evaluation over 1ha, lying 215m east of the fort, revealed ditched enclosures, a road, and timber structures. The pottery dates later 1st to later 3rd/early 4th C AD. In 2008 a 5-trench evaluation 74m east of the inner face of the fort defences revealed a substantial clay-bonded stone wall and floor, footings and lower drystone wall courses of a substantial building associated with a flagged surface, and ephemeral remains of gullies, interpreted as the foundations of wooden buildings and/or associated drainage trenches. The ceramic assemblage mainly dates to the  late 1st/2nd-mid 3rd C AD. Previous investigations of the defences and principia of the fort, showed a sequence of activity from the late 1st to late 4th C, including phases of timber building followed by stone buildings from the Hadrianic period onwards. Previous geophysics investigations revealed traces of ditches, trackways and stone buildings, all considered to be Roman in date."
39030,100,300,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,1,1,No,No,No,No,No,Yes,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"Excavations in the 1940s revealed two Roman masonry shrines lying 3km south of Bowes Roman fort in the Pennines, adjacent to the East Black Sike stream. The shrines lay 30m apart; one (the 'centurion' shrine) was rectangular (5.18x3.12m) with dressed stone walls and is now mostly eroded away by the stream. An entrance in the east side lay opposite an altar.  The other (the 'prefect' shrine) was circular, 6.65m dia, also made of dressed stone walls.  An entrance faced due east, a low stone bench ran around most of the interior, while on the rear (west) wall facing the entrance was an altar. Coins and ceramics indicate a 2nd-3rd C AD date."
39031,-100,90,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,hill,mixed,No,No,No,"Geophysical survey, evaluation and small scale excavation revealed the presence of a rectangular ditched enclosure (0.08ha) on a hill which slopes steeply to the south and west. The enclosure was up to 1.5m wide and 0.65m deep with an eastern entrance. A large oval pit was found in the NE corner, with a posthole in its end. The main interior was heavily truncated but contained clusters of pits and postholes, with a central pit forming a focus. No specific building forms could be discerned. Radiocarbon dates indicate activity in the late Bronze Age but the enclosure was dug in the late Iron Age. The potential span of occupation is at least 170BC-AD90."
39032,-100,100,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,3,1,Yes,No,No,No,No,Yes,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"Excavations on the east bank of the Dubby Sike, a tributary of the river Tees, high in the Pennine hills, revealed a late prehistoric settlement defined by two groups of foundations (made up of whinstone boulders), 35m apart. The western group was more complex, comprising structures strung out along the banks of the Sike for at least 40m.It is suggested that these represented three linked homesteads, each made up of a sub-circular house with a cobbled yard containing one or more huts, and with gateways controlling access (similar to Cornish Rounds in some way). Only one of the houses was excavated, which had two entrances. It is likely that they had turf upper walls.  The eastern group comprised two structures, one circular, the other sub-rectangular. The circular structure was interpreted as a ring cairn, with three shallow pits containing charcoal - suggested as ceremonial. It is suggested that due to the location of the farmstead it is only likely to have been used during the summer months.  Four radiocarbon dates indicate a late Iron Age date. No diagnostic finds."
39033,300,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,coastal,uncertain,No,No,No,"Small scale excavation by the coast, near the edge of the salt water tidal flats, revealed a double inhumation burial of late Roman date. The burial is dated 4th to 5th C AD by a jet and glass necklace. No associated settlement."
39034,125,400,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,5,,No,Yes,No,No,No,Yes,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Excavation on steeply sloping ground on the northern bank of the River Tees, 100m from the river, revealed part of a farmstead dating to the Romano-British period. The site exists as a circular earthwork enclosure, 40m dia, with a smaller rectangular enclosure (14x9m) appended to the W. A 5m wide entrance into the enclosure lay on the north side. An oval shaped cairn (4m dia) lay just outside the enclosure to the SW. Within the enclosure were five circular hollows, two of which were excavated revealing drystone oval structures (7.2x6.6m) with paved floors. The westernmost house wall merged with the enclosure wall and it seems that all the houses were conjoined. An oval hearth was found in one of the structures. Beneath one of the structures was found evidence for a preceding timber circular building (trench for timbers of a ring-groove house) with a porch. Postholes under the later paved floor may have been partitions. The pottery and a single radiocarbon date indicate the earliest occupation is likely to have been early/mid 2nd C AD, and potentially up to the 4th or 5th C AD. Another settlement of similar character though earlier date lies 120m NW of the site (ID 39035). Elements of a field/enclosure system surround both settlement sites and are probably contemporary."
39035,-100,100,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,2,,No,Yes,No,No,No,Yes,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Excavations on the north bank of the River Tees in a marshy hollow next to the Smithy Sike revealed a late Iron Age settlement defined by an oval earthwork enclosure (40x35m; 0.14ha). The enclosure was defined by a drystone masonry wall and outer drainage ditch and had a 2.6m wide entrance to the east and a subsidiary entrance to the north. Inside was a drystone building complex comprising conjoined oval structures (or rooms within the singular complex) of differing sizes, some with paved floors, along with a separate circular drystone masonry building (internal dia. 7m). Flagstones were found outside the entrance to the main buildings.  The settlement is dated by pottery and a single radiocarbon date to the later Iron Age, with occupation probably ceasing by the early 2nd C AD when there may have been a dislocation, 120m SE to another enclosed farmstead (ID 39034).  Enclosures/field ditches lay around the sites."
39036,-100,100,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,1,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,hill,mixed,No,Yes,No,"Excavations revealed parts of a rectilinear cropmark enclosure (0.4ha) on the western edge of the Magnesian Limestone Escarpment. The trenches were targeted on the east-facing entrance, 5m wide with a post-built gateway (and possible structured deposit of animal remains), and the NE corner of the enclosure. The ditch was c 2m wide and 1m deep with steep sides and flat bottom. Relatively large quantities of animal bone came from the ditch fill, but few other finds. A trench within the interior revealed a single large timber-built roundhouse, 13m in diameter. It was defined by a narrow shallow gully, which may have been a drip gully rather than a construction trench. There was a 2.5m entrance to the NE. A partial inner gully, 10m dia, may represent the construction trench, and a number of internal postholes probably represent roof supports. Several lengths of gully preceded the construction of the roundhouse, pointing to different phases of activity.  It is likely that other structures existed in unexcavated parts of the enclosure. The dating of occupation is based only on a few finds, and the lack of pottery is significant. Overall a late Iron Age date is suggested."
39037,-100,70,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,2,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,mixed,No,No,No,"A community excavation and geophysical survey over 13ha revealed parts of an extensive Iron Age multiphase settlement. The main feature revealed by geophysics comprised a large sub-rectangular enclosure (0.8ha) with a smaller enclosure (0.3ha) lying in its eastern side, potentially representing an earlier/later phase. Remnants of other ditches and circular buildings point to significant internal activity though the nature and relative phasing of these is unknown. Two trenches were dug, one over part of main enclosure ditches, which revealed a probable entrance into the larger enclosure. The other trench confirmed the presence of the remains of two sequential roundhouses, one with a hearth, pits and floor surface, lying the south of the main enclosures. Overall the dating from ceramics indicates Iron Age occupation with little to suggest continuation into the Roman period."
39038,-100,200,100,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,1,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Research and community excavations from 1998 to 2012 revealed zones of Iron Age and Roman settlement in the upper section of the valley of the Bollihope Burn, a tributary of the River Wear. The 1998-2004 excavations produced evidence of a Romano-British farmstead (with a roundhouse), dated by morphology and associated finds. From 2005-2009, the excavation focused on a second settlement site located to the east, revealing a late Iron Age/Romano-British farmstead of at least two phases and an extensive Roman period industrial site, including a furnace/forge, and associated charcoal pit. This appears to be concerned with iron smelting & lead working and potentially silver extraction. This appears to date to the 2nd C AD (from pottery evidence). At present there are only a few interim reports on these excavations and almost no specialist data is available."
39039,150,325,275,,medium (4 - 8 ha),complex,Yes,,14,Yes,No,Yes,No,No,Yes,river valley,mixed,Yes,No,No,"Excavations in 1972-4 in advance of road construction revealed two parts of the vicus associated with Greta Bridge fort on a gravel terrace by the River Greta in the Pennine Hills. The fort lay upon the road connecting Dere Street with Carlisle and dates mid/late 2nd to 4th C AD. The main vicus comprised a ribbon development on both sides of the Stainmore road immediately north of the fort, extending across both the River Greta and the Tutta Beck for a total of c 600m.  The earliest structural feature excavated comprised the main east-west road, which dates to the Flavian period, before the fort and vicus. Initial activity appears to be linked with iron-working (including smelting) in the east vicus, next to the road, dating mid to late 2nd C AD. The earliest excavated building comprised a ten-roomed timber structure (16x12.6m; post-in-trench construction) built around 3 sides of a cobbled courtyard (mutatio?), subsequently destroyed by fire in the last quarter of the 3rd C.  A series of stone strip buildings (largest c 26x6m) were then built along the road frontage, with two examples excavated in the west vicus and 11 in the east vicus. Areas of metalling and drains were also found. The ceramic and coin dating evidence from both areas of the vicus indicate occupation from the mid/late 2nd to the end of the 3rd or early 4th C AD. The chronology as it stands suggests the masonry buildings (built c AD 275?) did not remain occupied for a long time."
39040,-100,-50,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,1,,No,No,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,No,No,No,"Excavations on the flat spine of a sandstone ridge between the Deerness Valley and Stockley Beck revealed an enclosed Iron Age farmstead of three structural phases. The earliest phase comprised an apparently unenclosed roundhouse, followed by two phases of enclosure; firstly a palisade, followed by a ditched and banked enclosure (0.4ha). Two phases of a large (16-17m dia.) timber-built roundhouse lay in the centre. Two rock cut bowl furnaces for iron smelting also excavated. The settlement is dated ceramically to the middle/late Iron Age."
39041,-100,70,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unenclosed,Yes,4,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,mixed,No,No,No,"Excavations in 2002 to 2006 revealed elements of a late Iron Age unenclosed settlement south of the River Tees, 2.4km from the coast. A ditched enclosure (0.59ha) contained industrial features and ditches, while four circular structures lay outside to the south, defined by eaves drip gullies. One comprised a large oval timber built structure, 11m dia, with the others being smaller at 7m dia. The settlement is dated by ceramics to the late Iron Age."
39042,-100,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,2,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Pipeline excavations in 1998 in the Tees Valley, 4km north of the river, revealed elements of a late Iron Age-Romano-British settlement. This was defined by enclosure ditches, boundaries and at least two roundhouses, indicated by eaves drip gullies. Minimal information and the dating is very broad."
39043,-100,100,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,mixed,Yes,No,No,"Excavations in 2001 in the Tees Valley revealed parts of a settlement of late Iron Age-early Roman date, defined by a series of enclosure ditches, boundaries and trackways extending over 0.1ha. Identified as an enclosed settlement, but the exact morphology remains uncertain (potentially complex?). The ditches had many phases of re-cutting and re-aligning, but there were no traces of structures in the area excavated. No specialist reports."
39044,150,400,,,large (9+ ha),complex,Yes,,1,Yes,No,Yes,No,No,Yes,river valley,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Small scale excavation in 1975 within the vicus of the fort at Lanchester, lying along Dere Street, revealed a building built with well dressed ashlar blocks.  It was suggested that the building had been used as a workshop area or local `Cobbler's Shop'. Pottery evidence ranged from 2nd century to 4th C AD. Excavations in 2014 revealed peripheral parts of the vicus including a quarry and ditches. Geophysical survey in in 2008-9 revealed the full extent of the vicus along Dere Street for c 700m (c 10-12ha overall). The road was lined with rectangular strip type buildings within ditched plots. A cemetery associated with the vicus is detailed under ID 39005. The Roman fort of Longovicium was built at around AD150 and covers an  area of 2.3ha. It was rebuilt around AD230 and again in the early 4th century. Two aqueducts are known to have supplied water to the fort/vicus, one leading from a dammed water source to the west."
40002,-100,150,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,3,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Excavations in advance of the creation of the Kielder reservoir revealed part of an earthwork enclosure on a terrace above the floodplain of the River North Tyne.  The stratigraphically earliest settlement activity comprised a rectangular palisaded enclosure, though this remains undated (though assumed to be later Iron Age). It was possibly associated with two successive roundhouse gullies. The later earthwork enclosure was approximately rectangular (0.375ha) with substantial ditches, 3.5m wide. The latest of the three roundhouses (8.5m dia) in the interior is most likely associated with this phase. The remains of a cobbled pathway led eastwards from the posthole entrance of this roundhouse. A probable hearth lay in the interior. Finds from the roundhouse indicate a 1st-2nd C AD date of occupation.  Other areas of paving lay within the ditched enclosure."
40003,,,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,2,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,coastal,uncertain,No,No,No,"Excavation of a cropmark enclosure (0.2ha) on the summit of a slight rise on the coastal plain (4.8km from the sea). The enclosure ditch was 6.9-8m wide and 1.5-1.74 deep with an eastern entrance. On the southern side of the entrance a palisade trench was identified just inside the lip of the inner ditch. Within the interior features comprised a small pit, a number of postholes and two successive timber roundhouses. The earliest comprised concentric gullies with an overall diameter of 16.8m. The latest house also comprised two concentric gullies but was smaller at 9.3m dia. The position of these roundhouses within the enclosure is such that they appear to have intersected with the projected inner bank and it is therefore possible that they belong to an earlier unenclosed phase of settlement. A third possible structure was also revealed, though as this only comprised a v-shaped slot, this remains uncertain; this could have been contemporary with the enclosure. There was a total absence of finds from the site and so the dating is only on analogy with other dated sites in the region. From this the roundhouses may well have been earlier Iron Age though the enclosure is probably later Iron Age/Roman."
40004,-100,125,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,5,,No,Yes,No,No,No,Yes,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"Excavations in 1937 of an earthwork complex lying between Hadrian's Wall and the Vallum. It would seem to represent a farmstead, comprising a sub-rectangular  turf covered rubble enclosure (0.064ha), which has been sub-divided; the enclosure walls are double-faced with boulders, up to 2m wide and 0.8m high. Internally were three drystone walled roundhouses (largest 7m dia internally), with a further two external structures abutting the southern side. An additional circular structure was identified by aerial photographs to the north-west of the enclosed settlement. The date of the settlement given in the report is c AD 120-180, but more recent academic debate has suggested the settlement was earlier and abandoned when Hadrian' Wall was built. This is the preferred chronology here."
40005,75,200,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,10,,No,No,No,No,No,Yes,hill,uncertain,No,No,No,"Excavations of an earthwork complex on the steep NW slopes above the Hetha Burn in the Cheviot Hills. The earliest evidence for settlement comprised a timber roundhouse, which may be as early as Bronze Age in date. Thereafter, a walled enclosure settlement  containing two drystone foundationed roundhouses was constructed in the late 1st c AD. The early enclosure (0.1ha) contained an original south facing entrance onto the hillslope but the southern wall was later strengthened (from 1 to 2m thick) and a more elaborate entrance built to the NE. At some point it grew into a much larger settlement (termed a village in the report; 0.2ha) by extending to the north, with new circular houses built in the original enclosure and new extension; at least 10 roundhouses in total, built on terraces cut into the hill slope at varying levels. There is nothing in the finds assemblage to indicate any occupation beyond the end of the 2nd C AD."
40006,-100,200,150,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,6,,No,No,No,No,No,Yes,river valley,mixed,No,No,No,"Excavation in advance of reservoir construction of a rectangular earthwork on a low knoll, 100m to the north of the North Tyne river revealed it be of Iron Age-Romano-British date. Four superimposed, rectangular enclosures were discerned on the site, the first three being entirely timber built and the fourth consisting of the visible ditched and embanked enclosure. The first phase of enclosure (0.1ha max) was undated and contained no recognized internal features though it was stratigraphically earlier than a group of 3 superimposed timber built roundhouses (9-10.8m dia; stone packed foundation gullies and postholes with internal hearth), the earliest of which yielded a radiocarbon date of 100+/-90 BC. The next palisade enclosure (0.17ha) was probably contemporary with at least one of the roundhouses, while the final palisade enclosure was the largest at 0.21ha and was also contemporary with the timber roundhouses. The latest roundhouse in the sequence produced a radiocarbon date of 30+/-110 uncal AD from charcoal sealed at the bottom of the construction trench. It is suggested that the final ditched and stone banked enclosure (0.56ha internally) and at least three putative dry-stone built round houses (with paved floors) and attendant paved causeways belong to the 2nd C AD on the basis of minimal pottery."
40007,120,350,200,300,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,1,,Yes,No,No,No,No,Yes,hill,uncertain,No,No,No,"Excavations in 1951 and the 1970s on the summit of a ridge overlooking Dere Street Roman road revealed a double ditched square enclosure interpreted initially as a fortlett and then as a farmstead. Two phases of Roman occupation were found on the site; the first comprising a 2nd C AD (c AD 120-200) timber post-built roundhouse (11.5m dia with central hearth) within a double ditched enclosure (the inner enclosing an area 0.14ha). A timber gateway was revealed through the enclosure bank. After a period of apparent abandonment lasting c 100 years, the site was re-occupied with a new ditch dug inside the main ditch and possible internal dry-stone structures built (evidence all indirect). It appears to have been thoroughly demolished c mid 4th C AD. The dating is mainly based on ceramic evidence."
40008,100,200,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,4,,No,No,No,No,No,Yes,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"Excavation of an extant stone-built rectangular enclosed settlement on the edge of a rocky scarp overlooking the valley of the River Rede. The earliest phase of occupation  is represented by a series of postholes, a drainage ditch, a stone filled slot and a pit, all potentially surrounded by a rectangular clay bank and ditch (c 0.136ha). The dating of this phase is unclear but after a length of time enough for a thick growth of turf over the bank, the edges were cut away to insert inner and outer revetment stones. The enclosure ditch was recut and the bank heightened. Two central stone-built roundhouses (dia. c 7.6m internally) were built. A large part of one was excavated, showing a porched entrance facing SE, an internal packed clay floor with paving around the outer edges and a charcoal filled groove around the inner wall edge, probably part of a timber structure/wall lining. Each roundhouse was fronted by an enclosed sunken 'yard' separated by a wall. The final structural phase saw two additional smaller circular masonry structures built on either side of the main structures. The excavators suggest a 2nd C AD date of occupation based upon the range of finds recovered."
40009,150,250,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,2,,Yes,No,No,No,No,Yes,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Excavation in 1958 of an approximately rectangular Romano-British earthwork enclosure complex on a ridge, c 190m north of the North Tyne River. The walled, banked and ditched enclosure (0.2ha) contained an entrance on its eastern side, inside of which was a causeway flanked by two smaller sub-enclosures ('sunken yards'), each linked with a stone-built roundhouse (7m dia with central hearths). Each yard also had its own entrance with a cobbled pathway to the roundhouses. A large scatter of stones in the centre of the site may be remains of other buildings, or division walls. It is very loosely dated by Roman pottery to the 2nd/3rd C AD"
40010,100,200,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,1,,Yes,No,No,No,No,Yes,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"Small scale excavation of a sub-rectangular earthwork enclosure in 1957. The ditched and banked enclosure (0.3ha internally) contained at least one dry-stone built roundhouse (c 8m dia) with a paved floor and hearth. Other buildings and possible sub-enclosures are likely. The meagre small finds include sherds of native and Roman coarse ware and, beneath the paved floor, a small piece of Roman bottle glass. The date is suggested as 2nd C AD."
40011,100,200,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,6,,No,Yes,No,No,No,Yes,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"Excavations in 1957 of a sub-rectangular earthwork settlement enclosure. The banked and ditched enclosure was originally 0.3ha but appears later to have expanded to the SW potentially to include a stream within its boundaries. Three dry-stone built roundhouses were excavated (6-7m dia. Internally with paved floors and central hearths; 2 stone 'benches' also found) but at least three other houses were noted in the earthworks, along with ditched sub-enclosures/yards and cobbled pathways. The finds suggested a loose 2nd AD date."
40012,-100,1,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unenclosed,Yes,6,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"Excavations in advance of open cast coal mining on the Northumberland coastal plain (c 10km from the sea) revealed an unenclosed settlement originating in the early Iron Age as a substantial timber roundhouse (16.75m defined by drip gully & dated by radiocarbon). Further foci of settlement were found to the north, thought to date to the later Iron Age on the basis of minimal finds. These comprised a succession of four roundhouses (only two contemporary at any one time with smaller (6m dia) replaced by larger (9m dia)), connected to the south by a small ditched enclosure. Lying 100m further north were two more roundhouses near the corner of what appears to have been a large enclosure/ field boundary. These were thought to be approximately contemporary with the substantial rectilinear enclosed settlement 200m further north (see ID 40013). The precise end date of occupation is uncertain., but there is nothing to suggest continued activity into the 1st C AD."
40013,-100,100,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),complex,Yes,11,,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,mixed,Yes,Yes,No,"Excavations in advance of open cast coal mining on the Northumberland coastal plain (c 10km from the sea) revealed an Iron Age-early Roman settlement. The earliest occupation comprised an unenclosed roundhouse settlement with at least 25 structures defined by drainage gullies, many intercutting, dating early-middle Iron Age (from pottery and radiocarbon dating). Probably successive (the relationships were destroyed by later features) was a small ditched enclosure (0.18ha). A well-preserved roundhouse with a wall trench 9.5m dia within an outer enclosure 16m dia lay to the west and was radiocarbon dated to before 200 cal BC.  It is suggested as a potential shrine. Around 200 cal BC (by radiocarbon dating), the settlement was radically altered, in the form of a concentric ditched and banked enclosure complex. The inner earthwork (ditch 4.7m wide, 1.3m deep) enclosed 0.25ha with the outer enclosing 1.41ha (ditches 2.15m wide, 0.85m deep, though wider in places). A number of gullies further sub-divided the space in-between the inner and outer enclosures (stock pens?); three roundhouses lay within this space, along with three smaller (3m dia) structures - interpreted as a specialist production zone (slag & metalworking debris). All enclosure entrances faced east, though not aligned. The inner enclosure was dominated by two large roundhouses defined by drip gullies and with internal postholes and wall trenches (9-11m dia). Cattle skulls came from the inner enclosure ditch terminal (radiocarbon dated 100 cal BC - cal 60 AD), and parts of the enclosure were partitioned. A trackway led from the outer enclosure entrance, defining two sub-enclosures either side, which contained six further roundhouse gullies (one also suggested as a stock enclosure). Two ditches were traced running south of the main enclosure, possibly part of wider fieldsystems. Radiocarbon dating suggests the settlement did not last long (if at all) into the 2nd C AD."
40014,-100,70,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,4,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Excavations in advance of residential/ commercial development on the north side of a very shallow river valley, just north of the Ouse burn, revealed an Iron Age settlement. An early Iron Age palisaded settlement was succeeded by an early/middle Iron Age unenclosed roundhouse settlement extending across the development area. During the late Iron Age, the settlement was developed around two main adjacent enclosures (one completely excavated; 0.28ha), with other ditches seemingly forming outer enclosures/fields. In the main enclosure was a large roundhouse gully (25m dia; up to 4m width, 1m deep) with internal postholes, and another gully possibly forming a sub-division. The other enclosure contained three roundhouses, one lying within a substantial gully (with two preceding buildings identified). No evidence for occupation into the Roman period aside from a few fragments of tile."
40015,-100,100,,,medium (4 - 8 ha),complex,Yes,6,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,river valley,mixed,No,No,No,"Excavations in advance of residential/ commercial development on the north side of a very shallow river valley, 1km north of the Ouse burn, revealed a middle-late Iron Age settlement. The earliest phase of unenclosed settlement comprised at least 40 individual circular structures radiocarbon dated to the middle Iron Age. During the late Iron Age the settlement was characterised by two distinct ditched and banked enclosures (0.14 & 0.27ha), 20m apart, one of which was preceded by 1-2 palisaded enclosures. On the basis of cropmark evidence, both enclosures appear to have been contained within a much larger enclosure encompassing 4.5ha; other ditched divisions were observed within this outer enclosure. At least six roundhouse gullies observed within the settlement, one within one of the main enclosures and two within the other. A possible 4-post structure was identified. The radiocarbon programme indicated that the settlement ceased to be occupied during the early Roman period."
40016,70,110,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Excavations over 26.5ha between 1997 and 2004 in advance of gravel extraction revealed elements of an early Roman settlement thought to have been associated with military activity along the Devil's Causeway Roman road. The Roman features comprised the remains of a metalled road, a possible timber building and a variety of boundary features. One of these boundaries comprised a pit alignment, at least 60m long  including 33 pits. It continued at both ends into areas not recorded, and contained much early Roman pottery. The latest excavations also revealed a probable corndrier (figure of 8 shaped pit/structure), two four-post structures and numerous pits and postholes, all dated Flavian-Trajanic."
40017,-100,30,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,Excavations in advance of gravel quarrying in the Milfield Basin north of the River Glen revealed a late Iron Age burial within a corbelled stone cist. Radiocarbon determinations on the skeleton indicated a date of 170 cal BC ? cal AD 30 (95% confidence) or probably 110 BC ? 10 AD (68.2% confidence). No known associated settlement. A second nearby feature was probably also an Iron Age burial cist but this had been more deeply truncated by ploughing.
40018,150,400,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,Yes,No,A 17-trench evaluation in advance of gravel extraction revealed elements of a 'Roman' Iron Age settlement dated ceramically to the 2nd-4th C AD. The features included a gully and a ditch with a number of postholes. Possible structured deposit of pottery in gully terminal.
40019,-100,200,100,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,10,,Yes,No,No,No,No,Yes,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"Excavations on Murton High Crags, an outcrop of Fell Sandstone, revealed parts of a large oval enclosure (0.7ha), first seen as a cropmark. The earliest features comprised a group of unenclosed roundhouses, undated but probably late Bronze Age-Iron Age  in date. The earliest enclosure comprised a series of timbers palisades, dated (by radiocarbon) from 3rd-2nd C BC. Within the palisades were at least 9 timber  roundhouses (of ring-trench construction), with material from one providing a radiocarbon date of 2nd-1st C BC. The final enclosure comprised a substantial stone wall, 2m wide, probably constructed in the very late Iron Age. The remains of 9-10 stone built roundhouses were broadly contemporary with the walled enclosure, though may date from late 1st/early 2nd C AD. Occupation continued to at least the late 2nd or 3rd C AD. Another circular enclosure seen on cropmarks lies 120m to the NE."
40020,75,200,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,2,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,coastal,mixed,No,Yes,No,"Excavations in advance of road construction on the Northumberland coastal plain (Lower Tweed Valley) revealed part of an enclosed settlement previously known from cropmarks. The sub-rectangular enclosure ditch encompassed 0.25ha, with an entrance (timber gateway?) on the eastern side. The ditch was 4-5m wide (originally probably 3m) with an inner bank. Objects from the primary silts of the ditch terminals (animal bone, plant remains, pottery, bracelet, finger ring & quern) may have been part of structured deposits. Within the interior was an area of metalling near the entrance (a yard), associated with domestic refuse, and towards the rear were two timber-built roundhouses. They were of ring-trench construction, 7-7.5m in diameter. Scatters of postholes were also revealed in the vicinity, some in the roundhouses (roof supports) and some outside. Pits and patches of well-laid cobbles (probable pathways) also found to the exterior. All closely datable material (glass & metalwork) indicates occupation in the later 1st and 2nd C AD, though the overall duration of occupation remains uncertain."
40021,75,200,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,10,,No,No,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,No,No,No,"Excavations in advance of quarrying revealed parts of an enclosed Romano-British settlement on a north facing escarpment 5km north of Hadrian's Wall. Prior to excavation the walled enclosure and five roundhouses were visible, together with a further five roundhouses beyond the enclosure.  The drystone built rectangular enclosure (0.25ha; earth & rubble core between massive whinstone blocks) appears to have had no timber predecessor and is dated from the late 1st or early 2nd C AD on the basis of pottery. Within the interior, 3 of the 5 visible stone-built roundhouses were excavated, with walls c 1m to 1.5m thick of irregularly shaped blocks with a rubble & earth core (ranging from 5m to 8.5m dia.).  All had paved floors. The two central adjoining houses (dated c mid to late 2nd C AD) lay above the remains of an earlier larger house, c 12m in diameter, dated late 1st to early 2nd C AD.  Three of the external houses were also excavated (5.5-10m dia.), but the dating evidence was inconclusive to establish if they came before or after the structures within the enclosure. A rectangular building was later incorporated within the western exterior wall of the enclosure but could not be precisely dated and could potentially be medieval. No evidence for activity beyond the end of the 2nd C AD."
40022,-100,300,100,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,3,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Excavation in advance of reservoir construction revealed part of an enclosed settlement on the forward slope of a low spur running down to the left bank of the River North Tyne, 250m to the east. The rectangular enclosure comprised three structural phases, the first two being timber built (posthole fenceline, then continuous timber palisade), followed by a ditch (4m wide, 2m deep) with inner wall/bank structure and a counterscarp bank. The latest enclosure was also the largest, encompassing 0.14ha. Plough marks were found beneath the outer bank, probably contemporary with the timber enclosures. Construction trenches for at least four superimposed timber-built roundhouses were found in the interior of the enclosure. These were all of ring-trench construction, ranging from 7.2m to 9.8m in diameter. Internal postholes represent roof supports. It is likely that these represent phases of a single roundhouse contemporary with the smaller timber enclosures. A radiocarbon date from the earliest indicates a 2nd C BC date, and it is probable that subsequent houses ranged up to the 2nd C AD, when sealed pottery dated a stone-built roundhouse built over the top. This was 6m in diameter (internally) marked by a broad spread of stone. Entrances to all roundhouses faced east and a metalled area lay outside of the latest house. Another stone built roundhouse probably lay to the south. Other excavated features comprised a large internal cobbled area associated with the palisade enclosure, and paved causeway across the main enclosure entrance, seemingly leading in a pathway to the main stone building. A scatter of postholes was also found across the interior, carbonized wood from one of them producing a radiocarbon date of c 3rd C AD (cal AD 270-320)."
40023,-100,200,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,5,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,hill,mixed,No,No,No,"Excavation of a double-ditched rectangular enclosure previously known from cropmark evidence on a knoll above the Hart Burn, less than 0.5km from the Devil's Causeway Roman road. The outer ditch (5m width, 1.6m deep) encloses 0.67ha while the inner ditch (3m wide, 1.3m deep) encloses 0.21ha, with both having aligned entrances to the south. A timber inner gateway was noted.  Much of the interior of the inner enclosure was excavated, revealing a metalled yard (containing 2nd C AD pottery) and an inter-cutting complex of timber-built roundhouses. These houses were defined by wall trenches, with 36 noted in total, representing successive replacements of a number of buildings. It is suggested that there was a minimum of 12 replacement phases, with the earliest buildings preceding the inner enclosure. In addition there were two circular buildings defined by postholes. The date of initial settlement may be as early as 6th or 5th C BC, and this longevity of occupation accounts for the large number of replacement buildings. Occupation appears to continue to at least the end of the 2nd C AD, possibly into the 3rd C AD. It is suggested that the latest phase of settlement (later 1st & 2nd C AD) contained 1-2 houses, with an associated cobbled yard. The inner enclosure may have been constructed at this time. Prior to this, there would have been a maximum of 4-5 houses at any one time, probably contained within the outer enclosure, though there may have been a period of unenclosed settlement."
40024,1,200,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,3,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,river valley,mixed,No,No,No,"Excavations in advance of reservoir construction revealed part of an enclosed Romano-British settlement on an outcrop of Fell sandstone 250m south of the River North Tyne. The site was quite disturbed by previous unrecorded investigations, but appears to have originated as a timber palisade enclosing 0.13ha with a southern entrance. This was replaced by a stone wall (large stone blocks with a rubble core; 1.5-2m wide) on the exact same alignment, also with a southern entrance. Within the interior were two contemporary timber roundhouses (of trench construction), one of three phases, where the houses became progressively smaller from 10m to 7.75m dia. Interior postholes and hearths noted. The roundhouses were succeeded by circular dry-stone buildings, probably in the mid 2nd C AD, while another stone roundhouse was constructed just to the NE (this may also have had a timber predecessor but was not fully excavated). The stone houses had paved floors with interior diameters of 5-6m. Defined stone yards existed either side of the entranceway. The rear part of the enclosure contained no features and may have been used for horticulture. To the south of the settlement there is evidence for a field/enclosure system defined by linear banks of stones, which may have been contemporary. The dating of this settlement is typically uncertain, but it is suggested (on the basis of pottery and finds) that it probably began in the 1st C AD, with occupation continuing at least until the end of the 2nd C AD, and possibly beyond."
40025,,,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,13,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"A 290-trench evaluation on the southern side of the Mill Burn valley, which adjoins the river Derwent to the east, revealed a rectangular enclosed settlement, believed to be of Iron Age date. Trenching confirmed the presence of an inner and outer ditched enclosure, previously recorded in a geophysical survey. The inner enclosure enclosed 0.6ha and contained evidence for at least 12 roundhouses (many intercutting). Another roundhouse was found outside the inner enclosure. The outer enclosure encompassed at least 3ha. A palisaded enclosure was also revealed within the ditched inner enclosure that had been cut by later roundhouses and is probably the earliest defined perimeter. No specific dating evidence was recovered.  The development area is bounded to the south by the course of Dere Street Roman road that ran between Ebchester and Corbridge."
40026,,,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"A small 3-trench evaluation 2km north of the River Blyth revealed part of an Iron enclosed settlement and associated linear features previously known from cropmark evidence. Part of one of the enclosure ditches was exposed, measuring 3.6m wide and 0.9m depth. The only vague dating came in the form of a beehive rotary quern indicating a general iron Age/Roman date."
40027,-100,100,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,coastal,mixed,No,No,No,"Excavations in advance of industrial development over a 10ha site by the coast (90m west of the steep sea cliffs) revealed parts of an enclosed middle Iron Age settlement (enclosing 1.2ha) previously revealed through cropmarks and geophysical survey. Approximately 10% of the enclosure was excavated revealing perimeter ditches more than 3m wide and 1m deep, with several instance of re-cutting noted. It was suggested the site could have been occupied on a seasonal/intermittent basis. Two entrances to the enclosure were revealed, one of which had been modified to make wider. A substantial outer ditch leading from one of the entrance may have been designed for stock control. No structural evidence was recovered in the areas excavated, though domestic material found in the enclosure ditches. A radiocarbon date confirmed a middle Iron Age date for occupation.  A series of features in the eastern excavated area seemed to post-date the enclosure, and contained Iron Age pottery and briquetage indicative of salt making. This make have taken place in three broad shallow pits - a middle/late Iron Age date (cal BC 380-170) was obtained from charcoal around these pits. A metalled yard surface was also observed, along with a shellfish midden. A number of shallow pits (some clay lined) and postholes probably post-dated the salt-making features; their function remains uncertain but are dated by artefacts (including samian pottery) to the 1st C AD."
40028,-100,150,100,,small (<1 - 3 ha),complex,Yes,6,,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,mixed,Yes,Yes,No,"Excavations in advance of mineral extraction on the Northumberland coastal plain, 8km from the coast, revealed elements of an Iron Age farmstead, with occupation continuing until the 2nd C AD. The earliest occupation comprised the remains of four unenclosed roundhouses (two contemporary) and associated stock enclosure, dating to the middle Iron Age. By the 2nd C BC this had evolved into a complex enclosed farmstead with sub-enclosures set aside for stock-keeping (some with waterholes), habitation (including 3 roundhouses (up to 2 contemporary) of wall-trench construction with surrounding drip gully: 7m-7.25m dia in a middle enclosure, and 8 further roundhouses in the NW corner of the excavated area - up to 4 contemporary), manufacturing (a group of 6 hearths associated with metalworking) and processing activities, including pottery production. Two large pits within one of the central roundhouses contained much charcoal, burnt bone and slag and are interpreted as ritual pits - foundation deposits associated with construction of the building. A significant deposit of pottery came of the drip gully terminal of the same building. Evidence suggests a mixed agricultural economy, whilst a droveway leading towards the coast and fieldsystems extending away from the focus of habitation point to extensive exploitation of the wider landscape. A radiocarbon date from charcoal in the latest fill of the enclosure ditch produced a date of cal BC 51 - cal AD 131 (95%). The final phase of occupation saw a re-organisation of the fieldsystem and abandonment of the area previously used for settlement. A large palisaded enclosure (with three entrances) was built (0.1ha), within which was a 5m dia circular structure. Possible structured deposits of complete quernstones in earlier settlement ditch and new enclosure ditch. The enclosure and structure were interpreted as being used for stock management; the enclosure was associated with numerous outer field ditches and fencelines. No focus of habitation was found. This phase is dated from the end of the 1st C to the early 2nd C  AD, after which there is no evidence for any activity. It is suggested that the stimulus for change at this time was intimately associated with the advance of the Roman military."
40029,-100,120,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,1,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Watching brief and limited excavation in advance of road construction revealed the remains of an Iron Age/Romano-British settlement on a gravel terrace above the River South Tyne, c 2.5km south of Hadrian's Wall. A stone-packed ring gully, 8.8m dia, was interpreted as the wall trench for a timber built house, with a posthole and cobbling marking the likely position of a doorway on the south side. A pit lay in the centre containing charred material, including bone which turned out to be adult human, marking an unusual cremation burial. The burning was not in situ. Three sherds of badly abraded samian pottery associated with the bone and charcoal indicates a Roman date. The roundhouse appears to have had an earlier phase as evidenced by  another stone packed gully arc, cut by the later structure. Outside of the area of the roundhouses lay areas of cobbling and a posthole, but linear trenching could not locate an outer enclosure and it is quite possible the settlement remained unenclosed. Dating was limited to small amounts of pottery from the roundhouse, providing a general Iron Age to early Roman date."
40030,,,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,No,No,No,"Excavations of a probable Roman shrine high on the south side of the narrow valley of the Holystone Burn, just below the summit of a long Fell Sandstone ridge. The shrine is a natural chamber formed by faulting in the bed-rock, with entrance to the east. Carved on the face of the rock on the north side of the entrance, and framed in a mushroom-shaped niche, is the full frontal figure of the warrior god, 32cm high. A narrow ledge has been carved out near the entrance. The stone slab which formed the south side of the entrance abutted a natural rock outcrop which had been built up to a surviving height of I -2m by drystone walling. A flue/chimney lay in the SE corner of the shrine.  The 2m sq interior of the shrine was excavated revealing a ledge and hearth, with a posthole by the entrance indicating a door structure. No finds came from the shrine and its interpretation and dating rests entirely on the carved figure, suggested as Cocidius."
40031,-100,200,75,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,1,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"Excavations on a slight ridge within the Northumberland coastal plain, c 7k from the coast, revealed an enclosed farmstead dating from the Iron Age and early Roman period. The site was one of three rectangular ditched enclosures on the Boulder Clay seen in close proximity in aerial photographs. The earliest phase comprised a ditched enclosure (0.7ha) with a number of timber roundhouses (three occupied at any one time), dated ceramically to the early Iron Age. It is uncertain if there was continuous occupation, but by the later 1st C AD, a smaller ditched enclosure (0.15ha) was positioned within the earlier enclosure, with both entrances exactly aligned (suggesting that even if there was no direct continuity the earlier earthworks still survived). The enclosure ditch was c 4.5-5m in width and up to 2.25m deep, with a timber gateway. Fencelines defined a pathway from the entrance to a large central roundhouse, defined by a major drainage ditch (2m wide, 1m deep) and four internal rings of postholes, with central hearths. The earlier outer enclosure may have continued to be used as a stock corral. Occupation is dated by a few sherds of Roman pottery to the later 1st and 2nd C AD, but without any greater precision."
40032,-100,200,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,2,,No,No,No,No,No,No,coastal,uncertain,No,No,No,"Excavations in advance of road construction on a headland on the north side of the mouth of the River Tyne  revealed elements of an Iron Age to Roman settlement. Features comprised a timber-built roundhouse (12.6m dia) defined by a circular wall trench, with an entrance to the SE. A short distance to the SE was part of a smaller circular structure (c 5m dia) defined by a shallow ring groove. Other scatters of postholes and hearths may form other parts of the settlement, the exact form of which remains unknown. It is dated ceramically to the Iron Age and early Roman periods (Roman activity concentrated in the mid/later 2nd C AD). The Roman period settlement would been in full view of South Shields Roman fort on the other side of the Tyne mouth."
40033,70,200,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,1,,No,No,No,No,No,No,coastal,uncertain,No,No,No,"Excavations on the Northumberland coast Plain, c 1km from the coast and just north of the mouth of the River Tyne, revealed an enclosed farmstead first observed through aerial photographs. The enclosure encompassed c 0.47ha and had an entrance to the NE with a timber gateway. Internally was evidence for cobbled surfaces and at least one timber roundhouse (6.3m dia.) of wall trench construction. Slight traces of a shallow partition were observed within the structure. Dated to the early Roman period on the basis of a single sherd of pottery and rotary querns."
40034,-100,400,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),complex,Yes,4,2,Yes,Yes,Yes,No,No,Yes,hill,mixed,No,No,No,"Excavations on top of a bluff with extensive views to the north and east revealed an enclosed settlement, visible as earthworks. The oval ditched and banked enclosure encompassed 0.4ha and had an entrance to the east. The earliest phase of settlement was enclosed by two lines of wooden stockades - possibly part of a double enclosure, with the intervening area used for stock management. Although suggested in the original report as being of later 1st C AD in date, later radiocarbon dating of a sample taken from a palisade trench indicated c. 580 BC, suggesting Iron Age origins. The palisades were eventually replaced by two stone enclosure walls (with a gateway structure and external ditch) suggested as being in the 2nd C AD, though this remains far from certain. There is continuous occupation into the late or post-Roman period, with a succession of building compounds/stock enclosures revealed. A scatter of postholes probably represent the earliest timber structures, though no distinct forms could be discerned. Four circular masonry structures were dated to the 2nd C AD (on the basis of a stratified coin of AD 119 beneath floor make up of one). These were linked by conjoined masonry walls into a series of distinct compounds. Other compounds were noted within the settlement. The best preserved of the houses (internal dia. 8.3m) had wall faces of sandstone blocks with a core of packed rubble and a well-defined SE entrance. Internally there was evidence for partitions in the form of lines of stakeholes. At some point after the early 4th C AD (on the basis of ceramics), two conjoined sub-rectangular buildings were constructed over one of the earlier roundhouses, with compact earthen floors; it remains uncertain if these were domestic buildings. Parts of another small rectangular building were found lying over the enclosure wall, though this remains undated."
40035,,,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,1,,No,No,No,No,No,Yes,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"Limited excavation on a high plateau spur beneath High Knowes in the Northumberland National Park revealed evidence for a settlement of probable later Iron Age-Roman date, overlying an earlier Iron Age palisaded settlement. The earlier settlement enclosure encompassed 0.23ha and contained 16 closely packed timber round houses. The excavation area targeted the south-eastern part of the palisade by the entrance, and revealed the well-robbed remains of a stone-founded circular building (4.6m internal dia.) with a central hearth and traces of two adjoining courtyard walls. This overlay one of the earlier structures and the earlier palisade and it is clear that there was no direct continuity. Finds comprised a scatter of hand-made pottery but nothing to indicate a specific date range. Interpreted as of the Roman period mostly on the basis of form alone."
40036,100,200,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Small scale research excavations revealed part of a substantial rectangular double ditched enclosure seen on aerial photographs in the Breamish valley, c 400m south of the river. The single excavation trench went across the double ditches, with intervening 5m wide berm. The inner ditch was carefully revetted around at least one part; at some point it was deliberately backfilled and partially re-cut, and eventually a palisade was inserted. Radiocarbon dating of grain produced a mid 2nd C AD date."
40037,-100,250,80,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,5,,Yes,No,No,No,No,Yes,river valley,mixed,No,No,No,"Small scale research excavation of two overlapping enclosures seen in aerial photographs in the Breamish Valley revealed them to be of Iron Age and Roman date. The smallest (0.1ha) oval ditched enclosure was also the earliest, being radiocarbon dated to the 2nd-1st C BC. Within the enclosure were at least two timber built roundhouses (surviving as construction trenches) terraced into the slope ('scoops'), with at least three circular masonry buildings built above. The better preserved houses showed flagged stone floors, walls of faced stone with a rubble core and internal clay-lined pits. Internal diameter was 5m. A holed stone near one of the doors may have functioned as a mortar for de-husking barley. The larger (0.28ha) rectangular enclosure cut the smaller one, and contained at least two masonry roundhouse sites, along with metalled surfaces and pits. Radiocarbon dates from charcoal and a single coin indicates occupation from the later 1st to mid 3rd C AD."
40038,-100,150,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,3,,Yes,No,No,No,No,Yes,hill,uncertain,No,No,No,"Excavations of a small hillfort above the Breamish Valley with views to the North Sea and Cheviot Hills. The multivallate  hillfort defences were built in the middle Iron Age (internal area 0.38ha) and occupation continued until the 2nd C AD. During the late Iron Age (1st C BC/AD) at least three stone built roundhouses were built, two overlying the inner rampart, suggesting the defences were no longer so important. It is argued that the outer ditches were filled in at this time. Radiocarbon dates suggest these roundhouses were abandoned in the 2nd C AD, though pollen evidence indicates continued cultivation into the post-Roman period. No specialist data."
40039,1,200,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,6,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Excavations in 1983 on the north bank of the River Tyne, c 2km south-east of Corbridge, revealed a rectilinear enclosed settlement, first seen as a cropmark in aerial photographs. Details of the excavations are very sketchy but it appears that there were four structural phases. The three earliest were represented by postholes and trenches of at least six roundhouses. The latest phase had probable masonry built structures along with extensive areas of cobbling. This phase of settlement was associated with two probable 2nd C AD pottery sherds, but no other dating information is forthcoming."
40040,-100,200,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,3,,Yes,No,No,No,No,Yes,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"Excavations in 1956, mostly within the interior of a concentric oval earthwork enclosure (enclosing 0.3ha), c 2km south of the River Wansbeck, revealed pits, surfaces and structures of Iron Age and early Roman date. Remnants of at least three roundhouses were observed, although two only partially. The largely complete structure was 6.6m dia and defined by a shallow ring gully around which was a probable low stone wall. A crescent shaped area of paving probably represents the floor surface of a 4th structure. The pottery indicates occupation from the Iron Age to the 2nd C AD."
40041,-100,200,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,5,,Yes,No,Yes,No,No,Yes,hill,uncertain,No,No,No,"Excavations of an earthwork enclosed settlement in 1941 at the western end of a line of north-facing crags, to the north of Hadrian's Wall. The rectilinear stone-built enclosure encompassed c 0.2ha, with an entrance gateway in the southern side. Two lengths of wall were seen running into the enclosure flanking a pathway from the entrance. Internally there were five masonry built circular buildings, with evidence for preceding timber buildings. Three of the latest masonry houses were divided into two rooms by partitions, and two had pivot stones to carry a front door. One of the circular buildings appears conjoined with a rectangular building/walled enclosure, but no further details. Outside of the enclosure to the south was a possible contemporary burial cairn. The dating is fairly vague but based mainly on Iron Age and early Roman ceramics.  The settlement lies c 110m west of another enclosed settlement (ID 40021), separated by a narrow dry ravine."
40042,,,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,7,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"Limited excavations in 1861 of an enclosed earthwork settlement (the 'upper fort') on the eastern edge of the Cheviot Hills, c 170m NE of another larger earthwork settlement (the  'western fort'). The upper fort settlement has an amorphous ground plan suggesting periodic organic growth over at least three phases, and is c 0.35ha in size, comprising four enclosed stone built courtyards. Each courtyard has one or more dry-stone hut-circles abutting it, seven in total. These had paved floors. This settlement would seem to have formed part of the fieldsystem emanating from the main settlement to the SW, which is probably contemporary. If so, this could be classified as a village type settlement. The dating is very insecure, although a glass bangle suggests occupation at least into the later 1st-2nd C AD."
41001,100,325,175,250,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,1,2,Yes,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"A site near Penrith in the Eden Valley, north Cumbria, initially identified through aerial survey and subsequently subject to research-led investigation. The site was substantially defended by a single ditched and banked enclosure with a double (and in parts triple) palisade, enclosing an area of approx. 0.2ha, broken only by a gated and cobbled eastern entrance. Two phases of occupation were identified, the earliest of which incorporated a roundhouse of approx. 12m internal diameter, with a cobbled floor and of wattle and daub construction. Pottery suggested occupation had begun by AD 100 and continued until at least the late 2nd century. Features contemporary with this phase included a hut or animal pen and a ditch of uncertain function, containing some artefacts. Some time after the abandonment of the roundhouse, by the late 3rd century, the site was levelled, the ditch filled with stone, and a new range of rectangular timber 'shed-like' structures were built. Occupation continued into the 4th century. One building was of two rooms with dimensions of 13m x 9.5m internally. A contemporary structure was possibly attached, and measured 6.5m x 4.5m. A further building was just 3.5m x 3m and was possibly a granary and an oven (corn dryer?) was situated immediately to the south of this structure. A further similarly sized structure also identified, whilst on the other side of the enclosure traces of possible fences suggest livestock enclosure. A cobbled track/road led into the site. Aerial photographic evidence indicates a fieldsystem associated with the site. The latest pottery was of early 4th century."
41002,200,300,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,1,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,coastal,uncertain,No,No,No,"A site in the North Cumbrian Plain, situated just 600m from the coast at Silloth Bay, surrounded by marsh. The site was initially identified through aerial survey and excavated for the Department of the Environment in advance of the construction of residential housing. The site consisted of a small roughly square univallate enclosure with an internal area of approx. 0.026ha. The defences took up almost twice as much space as they defended. The defences were a single bank and ditch with traces of an outer bank, with an eastern cobbled entrance. Aerial photographic evidence suggests an associated fieldsystem. Postholes indicated a number of internal structures and fences. No single clear building was recognised, though the large number of postholes in one area may represent a roundhouse of approx. 4.5 internal diameter rebuilt on several occasions, perhaps with a walled off annexe. Also a possible small square structure. A roughly rectangular area of cobbling was also identified. A quarry pit had been dug to provide material for the enclosing bank. Dating evidence suggested a single phase enclosure of the 3rd century AD."
41003,100,200,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plain or plateau,uncertain,No,No,No,"A site situated approx. 700m east of the fort and vicus at Old Carlisle, where a six trench evaluation was undertaken ahead of development. Features included ditches containing sherds of 2nd century Roman pottery and glass comparable to material from the 2nd-3rd century fort  and vicus to the east, and the ditches were thought likely to be part of a fieldsystem associated with the fort and vicus."
41004,70,400,,,uncertain,complex,Yes,2,3,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,plain or plateau,uncertain,No,No,No,"Lancaster University Archaeological Unit undertook an excavation within the area of a probable extramural settlement associated with Bravoniacum Roman fort at Kirkby Thore in the Eden Valley in East Cumbria, north of the Troutbeck, a tributary of the Eden River (see also database record 41029). The area excavated was situated to the north of the fort, north of its north-east angle. Several phases of Roman occupation were identified, the earliest of which dated to the late first century, equating roughly to the date of the origin of the fort. Features included boundary features, and subsequent activity included structural remains of principally 2nd-3rd century date, with evidence for possible occupation in the late 4th century. The earliest structure identified was a possible circular building of early Roman (Flavian) date. At least two buildings of timber built rectangular construction were associated with a later phase (late 2nd to 4th centuries?). The orientation of these broadly reflected the earlier layout of ditches, indicating broad continuity in the layout. At least one of these buildings saw modification during its lifetime. Other features may have represented further buildings, including just possibly a second circular structure of mid-2nd century date, though this only tentatively identified, and a further possible rectangular building of late 2nd to 4th century date. A stone constructed area may have been associated with an area of manufacturing as evidence for industrial activity included hammerscale from the area. A further possible well also identified. Earlier work in the 1980s in the same area produced evidence for probable field boundaries, a well and possible fences or isolated buildings, and carbonized plant remains included a high proportion of cereal crop seeds, with barley and oats predominating. In 1961 work at the site ahead of building development revealed part of a substantial stone wall, raising the possibility that the vicus may have had defences at some point and may have been a small walled town. However, this feature was undated and it is unclear whether the civil settlement was truly walled."
41005,-100,,100,,small (<1 - 3 ha),complex,Yes,5,2,No,No,No,No,No,No,hill,arable,No,No,No,"A site subject to excavation and further subsequent evaluation by Carlisle Archaeology, on the west side of Carlisle, approx. 1km west of the Roman city and 300m south of the line of Hadrian's Wall. The site occupies the crest of a low hill overlooking the River Eden to the north, with good views to the south and east. Evidence from the earliest work at the site included at least five roundhouses forming part of an unenclosed settlement on the crest and north slope of the ridge. No finds were recovered from this phase but the settlement was believed to be of late pre-Roman Iron Age date. Later, probably during the late 1st-2nd centuries AD, a multi-phased settlement comprising rectilinear buildings (uncertain numbers, but plural so two placed in rect. Buildings box) and associated yards enclosed by palisades and ditches was established. This was associated with imported Roman pottery and other artefacts as well as the construction of rectilinear structures. Provisional analysis of plant remains suggested primary processing of grain on site. End date uncertain."
41006,,,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Part of a probable Romano-British fieldsystem identified during an evaluation undertaken by Carlisle Archaeology ahead of construction of an access road for British Gypsum, in the Eden Valley. Only limited evidence was recovered, but the size and shape of small ditches as well as their association with ancient plough marks was seen as consistent with their interpretation as field boundary ditches, and the small ceramic assemblage suggested a Roman date. Structural evidence recovered from one trench was entirely undated, though the possibility remains that this was in some way linked to the evidence for this fieldsystem. Aerial photography suggests the presence of Romano-British enclosed settlements in the near vicinity. No close dating available so the start and end dates have been left blank."
41007,-100,200,1,55,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,3,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,No,Yes,No,"An enclosed rural farmstead site in the Cumbrian Mountains, north of Lake Ullswater. The site was subject to a series of research-led excavations between 2002 and 2006. At least six distinct phases of activity were recognised, dating from between c. 1000 BC and AD 200. The settlement  consists of a roughly oval drystone enclosure wall, approx. 60m in diameter, covering 0.2ha, containing three/possibly four roundhouses (not all dated), a possible cairn and other internal features. The first phase of the enclosure wall was apparently late Iron Age in date, whilst there was a second phase in the late pre-Roman Iron Age, when the enclosure wall was reconstructed and widened in a different tradition. Within the enclosure late pre-Roman Iron Age features included postholes, stakeholes and other structural features. At some point during the late 1st century AD the earlier Iron Age features were removed and backfilled with gravel, and a circular house was constructed. Other circular buildings exist within the enclosure, and whilst these have not been dated they appear from the plan to be possibly contemporary with the excavated example, and are thus included here. There is little clear evidence for the date of the abandonment of the settlement. A relatively rich assemblage of finds included glass, lead and pottery (coarse and fine wares). Some of these objects were believed to relate to structured deposition within one of the roundhouses, including samian, other fine ware and glass bangles and beads. Dating for the site is derived from C14 dates which include dates of between AD 70-170 and AD 55-135 from a hearth associated with the circular building, 40 BC - AD 30 and 55 BC - AD 30 from the layer below the Roman period gravel, 5 BC-AD 55 from a hearth below this, and 210-110 BC from a layer beneath the enclosure wall."
41008,70,250,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,No,No,No,"A site occupying a low flat-topped hill on the western outskirts of Carlisle, approx. 0.5km south of Hadrian's Wall. The site was excavated by CFA Archaeology in advance of proposed residential development. A substantial rectilinear enclosure and a network of smaller ditches thought to be part of a Roman period fieldsystem of Flavian-Trajanic date were recognised. The enclosure was of approx. 35m x 30m (enclosing c. 0.1ha). No features were identified within the enclosure, despite excavation of approx. 47% of the interior. An entranceway was identified in the southern side. The enclosure was dated by pottery to the late second/early third century. It is regarded as being of uncertain character, though a military defensive role is postulated on the basis of the v-shaped profile of its ditch, possibly a watchtower or a fortlet. However, the limited finds assemblage and lack of clear internal features perhaps suggest it was instead a Romano-British farmstead, and the small finds assemblage is consistent with this interpretation, as well as its situation in relation to the ditches interpreted as a fieldsystem (though the fieldsystem is likely to have been earlier). The site's classification on this database must therefore be regarded with some caution."
41009,,122,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"A site excavated by Oxford Archaeology North, situated between the line of Hadrian's Wall on the north, and the probable course of the Vallum, 200m south east of the Wall. It is also 500m north east of the Roman fort of Stanwix. The earliest archaeological features comprised a series of plough-marks, a buried turf line and a probably contemporary ditch, all part of an extensive system of arable fields which pre-dates the construction of the Hadrian's Wall frontier system in the AD 120s. These were sealed by the remains of a thick deposit of earth and clay which may have been associated with the construction of Hadrian's Wall, or of activity associated with the fort at Stanwix. The date of the agricultural activity is uncertain, though it certainly pre-dates the construction of the Wall."
41010,100,300,,,uncertain,complex,Yes,,2,Yes,No,No,No,No,Yes,river valley,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Oxford Archaeology North undertook a watching brief during construction of a farm yard on land situated 116m east of the Roman fort at Old Carlisle, within an area of likely extramural settlement. Features included a well-preserved Roman road, clear structural remains including mortared masonry buildings, perhaps two in number. One may have had a timber superstructure. Barrowdale slate and tegulae indicated a tiled roof. The features corresponded with the walls of a structure recognised through aerial photography, measuring approx. 12m square.  Other spreads of stone may represent other structures. The pottery evidence suggested activity at least during the 2nd century, and possibly into the 3rd. A further watching brief was undertaken, again by OAN, this time c.220m east of the fort. This produced further evidence for a Roman road as well as a relatively rich finds assemblage including charred cereal remains. Finds indicated a significant presence during the later 2nd and early 3rd centuries. Less material was recovered which dated to the later 3rd/4th century, and there was an absence of material from the mid-4th century onwards. The area may have seen some industrial and crop processing activity."
41011,115,200,,,uncertain,complex,Yes,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,Yes,river valley,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"The site of a vicus associated with the Roman fort at Ambleside, immediately north of Lake Windermere in the Lake District, 120m south-east of the confluence of the rivers Brathay and Rothay. The work of five small projects in the area of the vicus, including evaluations, excavations and watching briefs, is amalgamated and presented together in the principal bibliographic source for this record. The combined results of these projects and sporadic earlier investigations indicate that the settlement lay within an area of damp, perhaps marshy, land, previously uninhabited. Settlement appears to have been concentrated on either side of the road leading north from the fort. Features included roads, boundaries, stone building foundations and evidence for industrial activity. Funerary remains have also been confirmed in two areas previously. Evidence of industry included debris indicative of smithing, including furnace lining and vitreous waste. The pottery assemblage dates exclusively from the late first to late second century AD, and only a small proportion was of Flavian-Trajanic date, suggesting limited extramural activity contemporary with the occupation of the initial timber fort. The majority of the building evidence was of Hadrianic and Antonine date. The extramural settlement may have been abandoned prior to the end of the 2nd century, though the fort apparently continued, perhaps with a reduced garrison."
41012,-100,300,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,2,,Yes,No,No,No,No,Yes,river valley,uncertain,Yes,Yes,No,"A site at Baldhowend, Matterdale, near Penrith, in the Lake District. The site was the focus of research-led topographic survey, geophysics and excavation. The site was identified as a small multi-period, possibly unenclosed settlement with an adjacent fieldsystem and trackway, likely to have been occupied over a long period, from the late Iron Age and perhaps abandoned by the 3rd century AD, as suggested by radiocarbon dates. Excavation focussed on an area of circular buildings south of the trackway. C14 dates indicated that two stone built circular buildings and an associated enclosure and bank were of late pre-Roman Iron Age in date, with a date range of 365 BC to 65 AD.  Features in the surrounding landscape include field boundaries, cairns and further circular buildings, and whilst these may be of the same broad date they were not independently dated. A small number of finds were recovered including iron slag and vitrified pottery, though again this is not dated in the report. A large number of worked stone tools placed in the walls of one of the circular buildings during construction evidence of possible structured deposition. Also a large unused quernstone placed in a purpose-built niche in the NW corner of the house."
41013,1,400,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plain or plateau,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"A site initially identified through aerial photography, in the Solway Plain, approx. 1km east of the modern coast line. Excavations in the 1950s by B Blake suggested a 4th century date for the site, and the site was subject to further investigation in the 1980s by B Bewley to ascertain whether the site may in fact be multi-period, after a Bronze Age cremation cemetery was discovered  60m to the south. The site was certainly a double ditched enclosed settlement with substantial defences including a stone rampart, with a large paved internal area (possibly a walled compound) and a trackway, occupied until the late fourth century AD. The cremation cemetery and a single pit containing barley which produced a C14 date of 1410-1000 BC (though possibly a contaminated sample) perhaps suggest Bronze Age origins. The pit contained barley as well as oats and spelt wheat, whilst spelt and barley was also recovered from other contexts in fewer numbers. Little refined dating is available, though some ceramic sherds suggest activity in the 1st or 2nd centuries AD, as well as the 4th. A number of cropmark features surround the excavated site."
41014,,350,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,1,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,No,No,No,"A site north of Bewcastle, occupying a commanding ridge on the northern side of the Kirkbeck valley. The site survives as a rectangular surface feature and a small area of just 23 sq. m. was excavated by students and staff of Manchester University. Features included rubble and flagstones and finds included iron nails and a whetstone. Two phases were distinguished, including the clearing of the natural subsoil in preparation for construction and construction of a paved floor, with a probable wooden superstructure over it, possibly with a  lean-to. This was followed by replacement of this building at some point by a rough stone platform of unknown extent and purpose. Some evidence for small-scale smithing. A terminus post quem was provided by a broken mortarium from a hearth, which dates to the first half of the fourth century AD and wear on the paved floor suggests a reasonably lengthy occupation prior to the building's destruction. The building was thought not to be of military origin, and it was thought instead to be of late Roman civilian use, probably connected with agriculture, and possibly part of an extended vicus associated with the fort at Bewcastle (though the distance of approx. 1.5km and the orientation in relation to the fort perhaps make this unlikely). As the date for the beginning of this site is unknown the start date has been left blank above."
41015,70,250,,,uncertain,complex,Yes,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"A site subject to a watching brief for a pipeline which destroyed the edge of a vicus associated with the fort at Watercrook, adjacent to the River Kent (see also record 41024 for other excavations within the vicus). Features included a clay layer resembling clay floors of buildings known from other parts of the vicus, though no wall foundations or post holes were recognised, though thought to relate to structures. Ceramic evidence suggested activity between the Flavian-Trajanic to the Hadrianic-Antonine periods, with the majority of sherds from the latter. An area closer to the line of the Roman road produced significantly later pottery, early 2nd- early to mid-3rd century, possibly indicating a shift towards the road with time. A complete samian vessel was recovered from an area known as 'Pots Land', thought to be the site of a Roman cemetery."
41016,50,200,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plain or plateau,uncertain,No,No,No,"A site in north Cumbria, in the Solway Plain, initially identified through aerial photography and subject to survey and small-scale excavation by R.H. Bewley. The site was identified as being multi-period, with a circular and a square enclosure juxtaposed. Romano-British pottery was recovered from the ditches of the square enclosure, whilst the circular enclosure may have been earlier, though it was not closely dated. The limited pottery assemblage from the square enclosure suggested an early Roman date."
41017,120,275,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,Yes,plain or plateau,uncertain,No,No,No,"A site in north Cumbria, in the Solway Plain, initially identified through aerial photography and subject to survey and small-scale excavation by R.H. Bewley. The site was identified as a sub-square ditched enclosure. Features revealed through geophysical survey indicated structures within the enclosure. Phosphate analysis also suggested an area of potential stock keeping in the south-east of the site. Excavation revealed postholes as part of a gateway arrangement, which was approx. 1.6m wide. Pottery indicated a broad span of occupation from sometime after c. AD 120 to the late third century AD. A stone 'horseshoe' shaped structure was probably part of a larger structure, but its function is unclear."
41018,,200,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plain or plateau,arable,Yes,No,No,"A small four-trench excavation was undertaken at the site of Yanwath wood, a settlement which survives as earthworks, occupying the edge of a plateau on the west side of the Lowther River. The site is enclosed by a single outer stone wall line and a possible outer ditch. Survey in the 1930s showed banks and traces of ditches running away from the northwest and southwest corners of the site and a small triangular enclosure to the southwest, though these have since been destroyed by agriculture. Aerial photographic evidence indicated a network of small field enclosures associated with the settlement enclosure, and covering an area of between 7-8 ha. A trackway was also recognised, leading towards the River Lowther. The fields are thought likely to have been for agriculture rather than pasture. The pottery evidence indicated occupation in the Roman period, though not necessarily exclusively. The limited dating evidence from samian and glass recovered from the upper fill of a ditch suggests a possible end date of the end of the 2nd century AD at the very latest, and possibly as early as the Hadrianic period. No start date is available for the site."
41019,,,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plain or plateau,mixed,No,No,No,"A site at Croftlands, Bothel, in the lowlands of North Cumbria. The site was recognised through aerial survey and was subject to a single trench test excavation. The focus is a stone walled enclosure with traces of a relict fieldsystem visible from the air. A fragment of samian provided an approximate chronology for the site dating broadly to AD 90-180, and this was associated with a deposit containing barley and other plant remains. The chronological limits of occupation were not identified, but it at least included the early Roman period. As the start and end dates of the site are unknown these have been left blank above."
41020,175,,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,No,No,No,"A large and regularly shaped rectangular enclosed site identified through aerial photography and initially interpreted as a Roman military temporary camp. The site lies c. 500m north-west of the Roman fort at Old Penrith, adjacent to the River Petteril, commanding a steep bluff overlooking the river. Excavation was undertaken in order to confirm the character of the site. The expected military features were not identified however, and the enclosure was suggested to be a possible farmstead or stock compound, perhaps associated with the vicus of the fort to the south. Pottery from the site was residual and may have derived from the fort or vicus, though it is suggested that the enclosure dates no earlier than the second quarter of the 2nd century AD. The end date is uncertain."
41021,100,200,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,,1,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"A site situated on a bluff above the Roe Beck comprising two near square ditched enclosures, one inside the other, total area of approx. 3ha. An additional single enclosure, less regular in form but of comparable size, is situated approx. 500m to the east. Both enclosures were subject to trial excavations by Manchester University. No dating evidence was provided for the eastern enclosure, whereas the inner ditch, but not the outer ditch, of the western enclosure were found to be of Romano-British date. The outer ditch was considered likely to be of pre-Roman date. The interior enclosure contained stone-filled post-pits and other postholes, indicating at least two phases of timber construction, though it is unclear whether this represented buildings or other structures such as fencing. A cobbled surface was also recognised, along with a feature interpreted as a stone-built rectangular structure or house with a single entrance. A small number of pottery sherds were recovered suggesting occupation during the 2nd century AD, though there may have been a wider period of occupation than the evidence suggests."
41022,125,300,,,uncertain,complex,Yes,,3,Yes,No,Yes,No,No,Yes,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Excavations took place ahead of road construction at Brough under Stainmore, in an area adjacent to the site of the Roman fort. Features revealed included part of the cemetery associated with the occupation of the fort as well as parts of the vicus. Features within the vicus included the remains of floors, walls and pits, and earlier structures appear to have been of wattle-and-daub, later of stone, some with flagged floors. Timber buildings of probable 'strip building' type apparently represented, covering at least two periods. A bathhouse also discovered, of several periods, occupied from at least the early 2nd until the end of the 3rd century AD. There is little evidence for use of the vicus area during the Flavian-Trajanic periods, or beyond the late 3rd century AD. Little is understood of the layout or detailed development of the settlement."
41023,275,325,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,1,,No,No,No,No,No,Yes,plain or plateau,uncertain,No,No,No,"A site at Fingland in North Cumbria, in the Solway Plain, initially recognised as a cropmark and subject to exploratory excavation. The site was represented by a roughly circular enclosure ditch of approx. 23m diameter and 3.7m thick with a possible east entrance. The mound associated with the ditch may have had a palisade, suggested by pieces of oak and willow recovered from the ditch. Evidence for some revetment using cobbles. This enclosed a single circular building of approx. 9m diameter, apparently constructed using turf walls on stone cobbled foundations. The building produced dating evidence for occupation in the late third or early fourth century AD. A cobbled area was also identified.  The pottery evidence and the shallow stratigraphy suggested a relatively short duration of occupation, probably early in the 4th century."
41024,90,220,,,uncertain,complex,Yes,,7,Yes,No,Yes,No,Yes,Yes,river valley,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Excavations were undertaken within the fort and its associated vicus at Watercrook, south of Kendal in the Kent Valley, adjacent to the River Kent. See also 41015 for the results of a pipeline watching brief within the vicus. Results of the work within the vicus only are presented here, though see the publication for detail and data regarding the fort itself. Two areas of vicus activity were identified, a north vicus and an east vicus. Features associated with the north vicus included two super-imposed timber-framed structures, apparently constructed quite late in the life of the fort, the first perhaps in the late 2nd century, with occupation for much of the 3rd century. Relatively low number of finds and lack of domestic evidence suggested as evidence that the north area was not domestic, and suggestion that these buildings were stables. A small metalworking hearth was identified on the other side of the road within this area, indicating smithing in the area and large quantities of slag of Hadrianic date suggest large-scale metal-working activity (unclear whether smelting and smithing or just smithing). Within the east vicus extra-mural settlement was clearly focussed on the road in/out of the fort. Deep stratigraphy representing approx. 100 years of activity began with timber buildings dating to the Flavian-Trajanic period, coinciding with the initial garrison of the fort, with occupation lasting until the early 3rd century. Buildings became increasingly substantial over time, with those of Antonine date having mortared floors and stone footings. Early (Flavian-Trajanic) features included at least three individual rectangular buildings represented, including a long strip building with multiple rooms, as well as a well. Hadrianic-early Antonine features included more substantial buildings in place of the earlier ones, a well, and a further substantial rectangular building with multiple rooms. This phase also saw an apparent increase in material wealth compared to the earlier phase, with coins and small objects more prolific. Antonine-early third century activity included resurfacing of the road, construction of more solid buildings, apparently masonry strip buildings. The east vicus appears to have been abandoned by c. AD 220, corresponding with activity at the fort. Elsewhere, to the north-west of the fort, several trenches recovered very little other than a post-Roman lime kiln."
41025,100,300,,,uncertain,complex,Yes,,2,Yes,No,Yes,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Evaluation and a subsequent watching brief were undertaken at a site including part of the Scheduled Monument of Brougham Castle, Penrith, a Roman fort occupying a terrace adjacent to the Eamont river. The work took place during construction of recreational facilities, and was principally in the known area of the fort's vicus. No evidence for prehistoric activity was found, though geophysical survey revealed ditches of possible pre-Roman date. Part of the Roman road was revealed, and this had at least three phases of metalling, the earliest over a damp or marshy part of the site. The work revealed that the civil settlement extended north of the river Eamont, a considerable distance from the fort, which was situated south of the river, and the settlement consisted largely of ribbon settlement along the line of the road. Although occupation seems to have been confined largely to the street frontages, the watching brief identified areas of isolated activity well away from the road. Timber structures were identified, and though their forms were generally not well understood due to the limited area excavated at four rectangular timber buildings were identified, interpreted as strip buildings. Other features included pits including one interpreted as a cess pit or a latrine. The limited ceramic assemblage suggests that the settlement may have flourished during the 2nd and 3rd centuries and may have been in decline by the late 3rd century AD."
41026,125,400,300,350,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,1,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plain or plateau,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"A site at Wigton, subject to evaluation and a subsequent watching brief during construction of new residential housing. The work revealed a palisaded enclosure. This phase of activity at the site was undated, but thought possibly to be of late pre-Roman Iron Age in date. At some stage in the Roman period (dating from the pottery very broad) the perimeter of the enclosure was redefined by a large ditch, defining an enclosure in excess of 90m long and 40m wide. Very little investigation took place within the enclosure, though a small sub-oval timber building of approx. 6.5 x 5m internally was identified. Pottery (BB1) suggests a 2nd century date or later for this building. Following the silting up of the enclosure ditch three cobbled trackways were laid out, none dated, but assumed to be of late Roman in date. During the late Roman period a small cemetery was established at the east end of the enclosure (see burial data for detail), apparently post-dating it, and burials were found both inside and outside the enclosure."
41027,,,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plain or plateau,uncertain,No,No,No,"A site subject to evaluation and excavation ahead of residential development in Carlisle, situated approx. 1.3km north of Hadrian's Wall where it meets the fort at Stanwix. The site was interpreted as possibly being on the periphery of a Romano-British farmstead, though features were not all datable or well characterised. Several linear features were thought likely to be Roman based on their orientation and their fills, whilst one linear feature containing a metalled surface and another shallow feature produced a small number of Roman sherds, and a number of stakeholes were also recognised. The site is imprecisely dated within the Roman period and so the date fields have been left blank above."
41028,200,300,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"A site in the Eamont Valley, east of Penrith, excavated ahead of sewer construction. The excavation produced evidence for a ditched fieldsystem, and whilst no dating evidence was recovered from the excavation a previous evaluation had recovered 10 sherds of Romano-British pottery from the ditches, indicating a likely Roman, probably 3rd century, for the fields. These had been superimposed on an earlier fieldsystem."
41029,150,200,,,uncertain,complex,Yes,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"An evaluation was undertaken in part of the probable vicus associated with the Roman fort at Kirkby Thore (see also database record 41004). Several linear features were recognised, possibly part of an enclosure. Postholes suggested a timber structure or structures, as well as a pit and a probable hearth. At least one room, possibly more, represented by features interpreted as floors. No clear plans of any buildings were recognised. Dated finds were principally of the 2nd half of the 2nd century AD."
41030,100,250,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plain or plateau,uncertain,No,No,No,"A site subject to geophysical survey and evaluation in advance of residential development. The site is situated at Maryport, approx. 1km east of the modern coast and approx. 250m south of the Roman fort. One of the features subject to targeted evaluation was a roughly square ditch-defined enclosure measuring c. 60m x 60m with a possible east entrance. A trial trench within the centre of the enclosure failed to identify any internal features. The enclosure ditches produced pottery of 2nd-3rd century date. Note that this enclosure was regarded as being of earlier date than the cremation cemetery recorded as record number 41031."
41031,250,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plain or plateau,uncertain,No,No,No,"A site subject to geophysical survey and evaluation in advance of residential development. The site is situated at Maryport, approx. 1km east of the modern coast and approx. 250m south of the Roman fort. Trial trenching led to the identification of a late Roman cremation cemetery with up to nine cremations recognised. The cemetery was situated on the top of a low flat-topped knoll, close to the line of the presumed Roman road from the fort. Only one cremation burial was fully excavated (see burial data for detail). Note that the cremation cemetery was regarded as being later than the enclosure recorded on database number 41030."
41032,100,125,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plain or plateau,uncertain,No,Yes,No,"A tile production site was discovered by chance in 1963 during extension of a school on the west side of Brampton and a subsequent rescue excavation took place. Eight kilns were discovered, ranging in levels of completeness. Six were rectangular and two were circular. No other structures were discovered, though these may have been truncated during mechanical removal of the upper layers. Finds included a 'terracotta inspection lamp', bearing the stamp of the potter FORTIS, which dated the tilery to the early 2nd-century in date. A hoard of ironwork was also discovered the following year as a chance find, buried at the base of a deep narrow pit, possibly a well. See finds data for detail of this hoard. Manning in his subsequent report on the hoard suggests it is likely that the hoard came from the fort at Old Brampton, approx. 1.2km to the west. Also notable that Manning suggests that the deep pit within which the hoard was buried may originally have served as a well. The burial of the hoard at the tilery perhaps represents an act of structured deposition, possibly associated with the end of the tilery. The tile is thought to be military, probably associated with a nearby fort. Also seemingly some pottery production."
41033,350,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,coastal,uncertain,No,No,No,"A group of iron smelting bloomery sites were discovered in west Cumbria, in sand-dunes adjacent to the coast, south of the Esk Estuary. Survey suggests some, though apparently not all, are of Romano-British date. Amongst slag and cinder there were sherds of Romano-British cooking pots. As the likely Roman period sites are separated by just 500m they have been included together here. Roman pottery from the area of the bloomeries appears to have been predominantly of late 4th century date."
41034,180,350,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),complex,Yes,2,1,No,No,No,No,No,Yes,hill,uncertain,No,No,No,"A site situated on a low, southerly flank of one of a group of hills lining the Lune Valley. The excavated site is one of a group of closely situated sites which survive as earth works, interpreted as six 'farmsteads', i.e. groups of small enclosures within perimeter walls, together with a number of possible isolated huts, a well-preserved fieldsystem and at least four or five barrows. The Eller Beck watercourse runs through the broad area of the site, to the north of the excavated farmstead. Not all of the earthwork sites need necessarily be contemporary, but the excavated example was found to date from around the late 2nd to the late 3rd-4th centuries AD. The excavated site consisted of a long rectangular enclosure approx. 96m x 36.5m, with a well-preserved gateway at the short southern end, which proved to have been cobbled on excavation, and two more entrances on the western side. The enclosure was apparently built on an artificially levelled platform, and was sub-divided into eight enclosures, whilst close to its north west corner there is an additional enclosure, whilst to the west of the centre there is a circular structure which may have been a circular building. Excavation in the centre of the enclosure revealed a small enclosure of dimensions appropriate for a stone-built sub-rectangular building. Whilst no clear domestic evidence came from this potential building, immediately outside was found a scatter of pottery sherds, charcoal and fire-burnt stones. A possible circular stone building may have lay beneath the later rectilinear stone walls."
41035,-100,900,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,No,Yes,No,"The Dog Hole cave, formerly the 'Fairy Hole', a limestone cavern in south Cumbria, excavated in 1912 and again in 1956. Finds recovered seem to span mainly the 2nd to 9th centuries AD and include pottery, Roman bronze bracelets and finger rings, an iron axe head, and iron brooch and studs, some jet beads, and the remains of at least 23 individuals. E Fowler suggests a broad date range for the finds from the 1st century BC to the 2nd/3rd century AD, whilst M. Guido suggests glass beads may be of 5th-9th century AD in date. Animal remains include ox, pig, sheep and horse, some with butchery marks. Numerous deer antlers were also present, and some were seemingly associated with the human remains, as well as the remains of at least two Red Deer. No clear stratification was  found, and no trace of any occupation layer, but three distinguishable zones were noticed:  Zone A: Accumulation of human and animal remains of 2nd-9th century AD, possibly washed in from shallow graves and settlements in the vicinity (or ritually deposited?). Zone B: At some time between the 5th and 9th century a large quantity of dog remains in association with those of pig and sheep are suggested as evidence for its use as a dog's den (though, again, a votive function should not be discounted). Zone C: Numerous cast deer antlers were deposited, suggesting the use of the cave as a store (as interpreted in the report, but perhaps also used ritually).  Interpretations of how the material accumulated varies between deliberate deposition and ""wash-in"" from elsewhere (though given the location within the cave and the evidence from other cave sites the former interpretation perhaps seems more likely)."
41036,100,200,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Excavation uncovered two Roman rectangular kilns of Hadrianic - Antonine date, primarily used for tile production, but possibly used for oxidised pottery. An initial tile kiln was found in 1884 during the construction of the Muncaster Private Drive to Forge Bridge. Complete excavations took place in 1960-61. Pottery sherds of possible 2nd century AD date were recovered, though there were no wasters and it is doubtful if they were used for the firing of pottery, though box tile and tegulae wasters were recovered."
41037,200,400,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plain or plateau,uncertain,No,No,No,"A site in north Cumbria in the Solway Plain, where trial excavation of an enclosure of approx. 25m diameter, previously recognised through aerial photography, was undertaken. The investigation proved the extent of a ditch with dry stone walling, and an occupational floor of small cobbles. Pottery sherds of coarse red ware were found, and dated to the latter half of the Roman period."
41038,275,325,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,,1,No,No,Yes,No,No,Yes,hill,uncertain,No,No,No,"A site in north Cumbria, approx. 15km east of Carlisle and 3km south of Hadrian's Wall. The site was initially identified through aerial photography and subject to trial excavation during the late 1950s. The site is thought to comprise a Roman period farmstead and associated curvilinear enclosures, occupying a low ridge approximately 770m ESE of Old Church Roman Fort. The farmstead is dated by excavation to the late 3rd to early 4th Centuries AD, and appears to have had a ditched palisade and an almost square walled building, with walls weather-proofed with turf, and which is thought to have had a timber superstructure and thatched roof. The interior of the building was divided by crude walls of timber on a foundation of stone, with perhaps 8 walls and a courtyard. Outhouses were presumed from fragments of walls and floors, a stone hearth and pottery finds, mainly of crude 'native' ware. Whilst not recovered during the excavation, a number of Roman objects were recovered from the same site as casual finds, in discoveries dating back to the late 18th century (see CWAAS Transactions 1936, 179-82). Objects included a lamp, a figurine, possibly of Mercury, an object inscribed IOVIS, a Crossbow brooch and a hoard of 3rd century coins. Roman pottery and quernstones are also reported to have been abundant over the whole area, as well as flag stones, paving stones and possibly part of a hypocaust."
41039,-100,,125,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,1,,No,No,No,No,No,No,coastal,uncertain,No,No,No,"A site at Wolsty Hall, north Cumbria, approx. 750m east of the modern coastline, occupying a ridge of gravel which forms part of the main raised beach of the Solway. The site was recognised through aerial photography and subject to targeted excavation. There are two closely situated enclosures within the same field, one of sub-oval shape and one sub-rectangular (see database record 41040), approx. 40m apart. The oval enclosure (approx. 71m by 61m) was subject to investigation and was found to have been defined by a timber palisade set in stone-packed post holes with an external ditch and single entrance. An associated internal roundhouse consisted of a ring-groove, approx. 13-14m in diameter, with two opposing entrances, an internal turf wall or ramp enclosing a circular cobbled floor and four central post holes for the roof supporters. No definite dating evidence was found for the enclosure, but Hadrianic pottery in the upper levels of the ditch (but not elsewhere) suggested occupation in the pre-Roman period. Contained within the oval enclosure was a smaller circular ditched enclosure (approx. 25m diameter) with a single entrance but no clearly defined buildings. Remains of stone floors and a stone-lined well, two knife blades, a quern and an assortment of pottery of typical northern Roman provincial types, including Hadrianic pottery, were associated with this enclosure. The evidence suggests that the late Iron Age oval enclosure later became the focus for a smaller, circular enclosure during the Roman period, though it is unclear when this later enclosure went out of use."
41040,275,325,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,,1,Yes,No,Yes,No,No,Yes,coastal,uncertain,No,Yes,No,"A site at Wolsty Hall, north Cumbria, approx.. 750m east of the modern coastline, occupying a ridge of gravel which forms part of the main raised beach of the Solway. The site was recognised through aerial photography and subject to targeted excavation. There are two closely situated enclosures within the same field, one of sub-oval shape (see database record 41039), and one sub-rectangular, approx. 40m apart. The rectilinear enclosure had a deep ditch, approx. 5.5m wide x 2.5m deep, with inner timber palisade set in stone packed post holes, and a west facing entrance originally formed of upright posts which were apparently burnt down. On the outside of the enclosure and fronting the west entrance was a series of large, regularly spaced post holes of unknown purpose. The interior of the enclosure contained a complex of habitations including in one corner of the enclosure a sub-square building with stone foundations and a probable timber superstructure, possibly of multiple rooms (the building is described in the report as similar to an example from Old Brampton ? see database number 41038). All were associated with late 3rd-early-4th century pottery. Incorporated into the foundations of the square building was an unfinished quern ? unclear whether this may have been a form of structured deposit."
41041,300,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,,uncertain,No,No,No,"Archaeological excavation in advance of road construction at High Crosby, Carlisle, produced a group of features relating to the Neolithic and Bronze Age. There followed an evaluation of the surrounding area which produced a palimpsest of features of at least two occupation phases. Structural elements included ditches, gullies, slots, postholes and pits and some curving gullies or slots which may have represented roundhouses. Dating was problematic however, and a prehistoric date is possible for some of the features. However, a relatively large concentration of Roman ceramics suggests activity in the area, particularly during the 4th century AD. The character of the settlement was uncertain, and it was unclear whether the evidence related to military activity or a domestic settlement."
41042,100,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,coastal,uncertain,No,No,No,"The site of a cemetery associated with the Roman fort and vicus at Beckfoot, in the Solway Plain, immediately adjacent to the modern coastline and situated approx. 365m from the site of the fort. Various finds from the cemetery were reported throughout the 20th century including many metal detector finds reported to PAS (for these see Brindle 2014, not included here). A number of publications describing excavations and finds from the site have emerged, but these are drawn together and summarised by Caruana (2004), on which this record is based. Many finds were retrieved from sand dunes south of the fort as they eroded out of the dune-face. The burials appear to be exclusively cremations and no definite inhumations are known."
41043,100,400,,,large (9+ ha),complex,Yes,1,7,Yes,Yes,Yes,No,Yes,Yes,coastal,uncertain,Yes,Yes,No,"The site of an extensive vicus associated with the fort at Maryport, adjacent to the modern coast in the Solway Plain, part of the coastal defence system associated with Hadrian's Wall. The fort has seen a number of interventions, initially by the Senhouse family in the 18th century, then by J Robinson in the late 19th century, subsequently by Collingwood in the 1930s, by Jarrett and Birley in 1966 (1976) and recently by the University of Newcastle and OA North.  Much of the work has focussed on the fort itself though Robinson, the University of Newcastle and OA North have focussed on the vicus. The fort and vicus have also been subject to extensive geophysical survey by Timescape Surveys. The geophysical survey showed the line of the via prinicpalis extending north-east from the NE entrance to the fort with stone strip buildings fronting the road on each side, decreasing in density the further they are from the fort and terminating approx. 350m from the fort. Many buildings were large, and in numerous cases additional small buildings were constructed to the rear of those fronting the road. Back lanes appear to have provided access to the rear of the properties. Individual buildings of note identified during the survey include a substantial probable granary. The size of the larger buildings, at c. 11m in width, are thought almost certainly to have been of aisled construction.  A large prominent building adjacent to the north angle of the fort is regarded as likely to have been of military use and was probably a courtyard building, possibly a mansio. Numerous ditches may represent field boundaries though some may be defensive. Adjacent to the SE field boundary in the field to the NE of the fort, at its highest point, there was a rectangular and a circular building, probably both temples, and two altars were found nearby by Robinson in 1880, along with associated burials and a funeral pyre. The survey shows that this sanctuary site was within an irregular enclosure bounded by a curving ditch and field boundaries. The field to the north-east of this religious sanctuary is the location of the discovery of 17 altars deliberately buried in pits, found in 1870, and this part of the site has been the focus of the most recent work by the University of Newcastle who have retrieved yet more altars. The altars were variously dedicated to Jupiter, Mars and Victory and it is inferred that this area of burial was for military as opposed to civilian use. The recent work by The University of Newcastle has indicated that the altars may in fact have been deposited as packing for pits associated with the construction of at least one large hall-type structure (possibly more), possibly of late 4th, or more likely 5th century, date. An apse at the western side of the complex suggests a possible church. This building (or buildings) appears to have been enclosed by a circular ditch. Immediately north east of these timber buildings lay a cemetery, which was separated from the structures by a fence.  This cemetery included stone-lined long-cists and consisted of three north-south and four (later) east-west oriented graves.  One of the earliest of these graves yielded a textile fragment with a calibrated radiocarbon date of AD 240-340 (with 95.4% probability). High magnetic anomalies visible in the geophysical survey results to the north-west of the road suggest a cremation cemetery in an area where a funerary sculpture had previously been found, suggesting burial of the dead along the exit road. The recent work by OA North produced evidence for a stone-built strip building, 20x5m, (possibly a shop) fronting the road, constructed in the early 3rd century AD. This was proceeded by two timber-built strip-buildings, one of which was probably mid-2nd century. The remains of a further two buildings were also recognised. There was evidence that the property boundaries were maintained. A probable well was also identified, as well as possible cisterns.   There is little good evidence for any substantial settlement to the south of the fort and it is suggested that this land may have been retained by the army for pastoral purposes. Iron slag, charcoal and coal discovered by Robinson attest to some industrial activity within the vicus, and finds of slate and nails suggest some tiled roofs. The geophysical survey results suggest that the vicus and its area of farming land may have encompassed an area of approximately 90ha. It is thought that by the end of the 3rd century the vicus would have been a self-sufficient community not reliant on the army. Evidence for early Christianity from the site in the form of tombstones, the orientation of some of the later graves and potentially the late Roman/post Roman church (if it is such)."
41044,100,300,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),complex,Yes,20,,No,Yes,No,No,No,Yes,hill,uncertain,Yes,Yes,No,"The site of a complex farmstead, sometimes termed a 'village', at Ewe Close in the Eden Valley, occupying the north slope of a hill overlooking a stream. The course of the Roman road north from Lancaster to Carlisle passes to the immediate west of the site. The site survives as an earthwork but saw excavation by Collingwood in 1907-8. The site consists of a walled group of enclosures. The principal enclosure is almost square in shape, approx. 0.5ha in extent, with rounded angles and an entrance almost centrally placed in the south side. To the east there are stone-walled fields covering approx. 0.8ha, and nearby, to the south, there are a group of 'nearly a dozen' stone-built roundhouses, outside the entrance to the enclosure. In total the site covers an area of approx. 1.5ha. The walls are approx. 1.8m thick and are constructed of granite boulders and rubble. Within the centre of the principal enclosure there is a large circular stone-built roundhouse with an internal diameter of approx. 15m. Close to this building there is a small circular building containing a furnace, and clustered around the entrance there are nine other small 'huts'. Features to either side of the gateway are interpreted by Collingwood as 'guard chambers'. The excavation produced clear pottery evidence for a Romano-British date, though most is of unspecified Roman date in the report. However, pottery of 2nd and late 3rd/early 4th century was recovered, and there was no evidence for any earlier or later occupation (though it is not clear whether all buildings were simultaneously occupied and IA activity would not necessarily have produced dating evidence). It is suggested that the route of the Roman road to the west avoids the settlement, suggesting that the settlement may have existed prior to the construction of the road. The 1909 report on the 1907-8 excavations describes the find of a quern built into the pavement of the large roundhouse, and given other examples of the deliberate deposition of quernstones it is possible that this represents a structured deposit. A grave was also located in the NE angle of one of the fields to the east of the main enclosure."
41045,90,220,,,uncertain,complex,Yes,,2,No,No,Yes,No,No,Yes,river valley,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"In the 1930 issue of the Transactions of the Cumberland and Westmorland Antiquarian and Archaeological Society Collingwood summarises earlier unpublished work at the site of the fort at Watercrook, including information relating to the bathhouse discovered by Machell in the early 18th century, located to the south of the fort in the vicus (for more recent excavations in the vicus see database records 41015 and 41024). Machell recognised two buildings outside the fort, one of which was the bathhouse, now under the site of farm buildings. Features included a stone building with hypocaust and several rooms, wall plaster. A second building with hypocaust was also reportedly located to the north of the fort. In addition, pottery kilns are reported to have been discovered to the south-west of the fort in 1813, on the other side of the river. A cremated burial is also reported to have been discovered, though its location is not known."
41046,200,310,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,No,Yes,No,"Excavations took place in 1966-67 during road construction at the site of a 3rd century Roman cemetery at Brougham, which lay to the east of the fort and vicus at the site, on the west side of the Eden Valley. The cemetery occupied a hilltop location, and was long known prior to excavation through the discovery of tombstones and a mausoleum over many years. The fort and vicus themselves have until recently seen little work and the vicus is known primarily through aerial photography, though see database record 41047 for a summary of recent work in the vicus. There were indications in the material culture, from the epigraphic evidence and from some elements of the grave ritual that the people being buried had come from the Danubian area, and it can be suggested that this cemetery was used by a particular army unit and their families who had been transferred from that area. Besides the burials themselves, features included two funerary monuments. One was probably a square monumental tower, whilst another was probably originally a circular foundation. In addition to the cremation burials there were 12 'special pot deposits', which appear to be deliberate deposits without burials. Also several examples of redeposited pyre debris including ash, charcoal and sometimes pyre goods but no cremated bone. See the link to the ADS archive for downloadable data from the site, provided in the URL field in core data."
41047,200,300,,,uncertain,complex,Yes,,5,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Oxford Archaeology North undertook an excavation within the extramural settlement associated with the Roman fort at Brougham in 2008, ahead of pipeline construction. The excavations determined that the core area of the extramural settlement was focused on the road leading from the fort's south gate. Three main occupation phases were recorded, commencing in the early third century AD and ending c. AD 300. The remains of several rectilinear timber-framed buildings were found in association with minor roads, lanes, and cobbled surfaces (a nominal 5 included under rectangular buildings). Immediately to the south-west was a probably broadly contemporary fieldsystem, represented by a system of ditches. Activity seemingly became less intensive to the north-east, away from the main street frontage. However, a second major Roman road was recorded north-east of the main settlement area. This lay beneath modern Moor Lane, seemingly sharing its north-west to south-east alignment, and would appear to have passed east of the fort, broadly parallel to the fort's eastern defences, and seemingly heading towards the present-day crossing of the River Eamont at Brougham Castle Bridge. The remains of timber structures and cobbled lanes were also recorded on the western side of this road. Pottery from the excavated road surface suggested a late third-fourth-century date, though it is possible that the road originated before this. North-east of this road, a palimpsest of features, including further ditched field boundaries, possible ditched trackways, and several large wells or waterholes, was recorded, the remains of a predominantly agricultural landscape associated with the nearby fort and settlement. Further east still, two cremation burials were recorded on the southern periphery of a third-century cremation cemetery excavated  in 1966-7 (these included in the database record for the cemetery - 41046).  Analysis of a Romano-British pottery assemblage excavated in 1999-2000 at Frenchfield, north of the River Eamont, was also undertaken. This suggested that the settlement north of the fort, was, like that to the south, established in the early third century, and had been wholly or largely abandoned by the beginning of the fourth century. The absence of late first-second-century settlement remains in these areas, together with a lack of evidence for pre-third century occupation at Brougham in general, suggests that the presumed early Roman fort may have been located on a different site to the visible stone installation."
41048,100,325,200,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,Yes,Yes,No,"The site of a cremation cemetery associated with the Roman fort and vicus at Low Borrowbridge, Tebay, Cumbria, in the Lune Gorge, excavated during pipeline construction. Located to the south of the fort, 71 probable cremations were excavated, including many damaged but complete cremation urns and grave goods. Ten sub circular or sub rectangular ditched enclosures of at least two phases were also identified, seemingly earlier than the cremations, but respected by many of them. These are thought to be funerary monuments of some sort. The date of their construction and primary use is unknown, but they are thought to have been infilled between the early 2nd and mid-3rd centuries AD. Large pits representing possible inhumation graves were associated with two of the enclosures, but no skeletal material found in these. A tombstone was also discovered. The date of the cremations within the cemetery was believed to be principally late 2nd to 3rd century AD, with some continuation into the 4th. The latest phase of the cemetery may be represented by five pits, probably graves. Two suggest possible wooden boxes or coffins, one contained a miniature BB1 jar/pot, and one of the pits contained a bead necklace, either a grave good or a structured deposit, but no human remains were recovered. A road was identified, not dated, but thought possibly Roman."
41049,100,275,,,uncertain,complex,Yes,,12,Yes,No,Yes,No,No,Yes,river valley,uncertain,Yes,Yes,No,"The site of the fort and vicus at Old Penrith, 4.5km north of Penrith. The site occupies a natural terrace above a steep scarp down to the River Petteril. The site is known through chance finds and excavation during the late 1970s in response to development of a farm. Whilst some of the excavation area included the fort defences, part of the vicus to the south was also investigated. Dating was confirmed as initially Flavian (probably under Domitian) on the basis of pottery and an inscribed tombstone as well as coins. The earliest buildings were pre-Hadrianic and consisted of four successive buildings, three in timber and one in stone. Additional contemporary structures which were poorly understood were also identified. These buildings may have been military rather than civilian. There then appears to have been a period of inactivity within the area of the vicus for some time.  After this break five Antonine buildings were identified within the vicus, lining the road into the fort, the function for all uncertain. These constructed using large sandstone through-stone blocks. Evidence for similar buildings lining the road. The construction of these buildings believed to be very early 3rd century. A further stone rectangular building of several phases, one of which saw the provision of a hypocaust, was constructed over others somewhat later.  Evidence for metalworking and lime kilns within the vicus, and other features included a well and drains.  It is suggested that the history of the vicus differs from that of the fort, with occupation of the vicus declining and terminating around the 3rd quarter of the 3rd century, whilst the fort continued until the late 4th. Unclear whether two knee brooches found beneath the flagged floor of one of the buildings may represent a structured deposit."
41050,200,350,,,uncertain,complex,Yes,,7,No,No,Yes,No,No,Yes,hill,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Excavation ahead of pipeline construction near the site of the Roman fort at Brougham revealed highly significant remains relating to the Romano-British extramural settlement associated with the fort. The excavations determined that, south of the fort, the core area of the extramural settlement was focused on the road leading south to the fort at Low Borrowbridge, near Tebay. Three main occupation phases were recorded, commencing in the late second-early third century AD, and either continuing, without interruption, into the second half of the fourth century, or recommencing in the late fourth century after a period of abandonment or reduced activity. The remains of several rectilinear timber-framed buildings (some with evidence for cobble and stone foundations) were found in association with minor roads, lanes, and cobbled surfaces. Activity seemingly became less intensive to the north-east, away from the main street frontage; immediately to the south-west was a probably broadly contemporary fieldsystem, represented by a system of ditches. A second major Roman road was recorded north-east of the main settlement area. This lay beneath modern Moor Lane, seemingly sharing its north-west to south-east alignment, and would appear to have passed east of the fort on an alignment broadly parallel to the fort's eastern defences. Pottery from the excavated surface suggested a late third-fourth-century date, though there were indications that the road may have originated before this. North-east of the road, another system of ditched field boundaries, associated with possible trackways, pits, and several large wells or waterholes, was recorded. Further east still, possible cremation burials and spreads of possible charcoal-rich pyre debris were recorded. Since these remains were located immediately south of the third-century cremation cemetery found in the 1960s, it seems likely they formed part of the same burial ground."
42001,75,150,125,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,4,Yes,No,Yes,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Five trenches were excavated at The Wiend, Wigan, between 1982-4, on a site on and around the crest of a low hill rising above the River Douglas. Much archaeology was truncated. Earliest deposits were uncharacterised but dated from c. AD 70-120. Subsequent phases included evidence for structures and cobbled surfaces (a possible road), including large rectangular timber structures (possibly four?, and possibly with multiple rooms) (8m wide by up to 20m long), with large sill or sleeper beams and floors supported by joists. The buildings were thought to have been deliberately dismantled, and it is suggested that this represents military activity. The buildings were not closely dated but thought to date from the late 1st to early 2nd century AD. After a phase of abandonment (though with some possible continuity) the area saw industrial activity, at first on a small and then on a large scale, with some kind of structure in use throughout. Features associated with this phase included hearths and possible bloomery furnaces. No material datable to later than the mid-2nd century was associated with this phase. The exact character of the site is uncertain, but it is defined as part of a roadside settlement here."
42002,120,150,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),complex,Yes,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,Yes,hill,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"The site of a vicus adjacent and to the south of the short-lived auxiliary fort at Castleshaw, occupying a spur on the eastern slopes of the Castleshaw Valley. The fort was Agricolan and had two phases of occupation, built around AD 79 and probably abandoned in the mid-AD 90s, and after a short period of abandonment a small fortlet was erected around AD 105 which also had two phases of development before being slighted in the mid-AD 120s. Evaluation by Greater Manchester Archaeological Unit produced evidence for a substantial area of extra-mural activity, probably of early 2nd century AD origin. This activity appears to have been confined to the area outside the southern defences and there was little or no occupation outside the western defences. Features included parts of at least two road surfaces, a possible boundary ditch, and areas suggestive of structures including a dwarf stone wall and associated postholes, though the form and function of these buildings is unclear. The end date for the extramural activity is uncertain, though stratigraphy was shallow and it is thought that occupation may have been short-lived. A destruction deposit suggests that the occupation ended in the buildings being burnt. Finds from the evaluations were generally of military character. Two ditches running out of the settlement may represent the remains of part of a fieldsystem."
42003,-100,400,200,,uncertain,complex,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,coastal,uncertain,No,No,No,"The site of what appears to have been an important Roman port on the North Wirral Coast. The site is poorly understood and is known predominantly from antiquarian finds revealed during coastal erosion since the 19th century. There is evidence for Iron Age activity, though evidence for status is slight. It is possible that it may have been the point of export for salt, copper and lead. Rich Roman material has been recovered, mostly dating from the first and second centuries AD. Some possible late prehistoric structural evidence was recovered, including circular buildings of stone. The dating of these was uncertain but they were clearly stratigraphically earlier than medieval floor levels and produced few finds. No clearly Romano-British structures have been identified, though tile fragments have been recovered.  As well as some earlier Iron Age finds, late Iron Age objects from Meols includes coins and other material ranging from the 1st century BC to the mid-1st century AD in date, including 'exotic' coins which perhaps indicate an early trading function. A significant portion of the Roman finds assemblage dates to the pre-Flavian period, suggesting military activity at the site during the early Roman period. The later Roman material, principally of late 1st-2nd century in date, are suggestive of an active market centre during this period. Coin finds indicate some activity continued at the site until the late 4th century, though this appears to have been at a reduced scale."
42004,95,385,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,coastal,uncertain,No,No,No,"The site of an isolated human skeleton discovered in 1864 on the shore near Leasowe Castle, approx. 2.5-3km NE of the likely focus of Roman settlement at Meols (see database record 42003). C14 dated to between c. AD 95 and 385. Some unstratified Roman objects recovered from the near vicinity."
42005,125,265,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,fen,uncertain,No,No,No,"The site of a discovery of a well preserved human skull, known as Worsley Man, recovered from a peat Bog at Worsley Moss in 1958. See burial data for detail."
42006,50,300,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,No,No,No,"A cave site at Warton Crag, north Lancashire, excavated by Dr J.W. Jackson between 1909-1913. Material recovered during the excavations includes coarse and samian pottery, bone objects, iron objects, enamelled bronzework, a steelyard and scale pans, all dated to between the first-third centuries AD. Several lumps of iron slag with charred timber were also recovered, indicating some small-scale ironworking at the site. Analysis of the slag suggested some came from a bloomery, indicating smelting not smithing,  and it is suggested that they may be early Roman, possibly 1st century in date. Some disarticulated human remains also discovered, although dating uncertain. The site was regarded as wholly domestic by the excavator, but others have suggested a possible votive character and it has therefore been included tentatively as a shrine for the purposes of this database. Some Beaker pottery indicates not all activity within the cave was of Romano-British date."
42007,77,400,,,uncertain,complex,Yes,,13,Yes,No,Yes,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"An excavation was undertaken in the Deansgate area of Manchester when an area of housing was demolished to make way for a temporary car park, associated with the construction of a ring road. The area is approx. 80m north east of the fort, adjacent to the Roman road leading though the fort, and major evidence for the vicus was revealed, despite significant development in the area since the 19th century. The site is located on a sandstone bluff near the confluence of the Rivers Medlock and Irwell. The earliest evidence dating to the AD 70s comprised an extensive ditch system forming the outer defences of the auxiliary fort. This ditch system was abandoned at some stage during the Flavian period and deliberately filled in to allow the creation of timber-built shops and houses close to the fort in the very late first and early second centuries. The excavation revealed the position of several rapidly changing timber structures, the layout of which was mainly controlled by the line of the Roman road. These were situated on both sides of the road. Amongst these buildings was a furnaces shed covering a series of iron working furnaces. By the end of the 2nd century there was a clear focus on secondary iron working across the whole area, and 33 furnace areas were recognised. The last surviving buildings on the site belong to the early 3rd century. Any later buildings which may have been present had been destroyed by intensive late medieval cultivation and high density working class housing during the 19th century, though at least one structure represented by a single posthole appears to have been of 4th century date. No evidence for any pre-Roman settlement was recovered. One building in the east area interpreted as a tavern based on finds of gaming counters, knucklebones and a large quantity of glass. Another, later, building interpreted as a possible military workshop as it contained a large furnace and a possible iron-worker's hearth was just outside. A wicker-lined pit may have served as a well."
42008,100,200,150,,uncertain,complex,Yes,,1,Yes,No,Yes,No,No,Yes,plain or plateau,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Excavations in advance of housing development in 1994 in the southern part of the Fylde coastal plain revealed parts of a Roman fort and associated vicus. Earliest activity comprised a series of temporary military camps of late 1st C AD date, followed by a small signal station/fortlet, possibly marking landfall in the Ribble estuary. A large more permanent fort was established c AD 120, but was abandoned c AD 150 and slowly fell into disrepair [NOTE: finds from the fort not included in this record]. Excavation trenches up to 50m south and SE of the fort revealed parts of the vicus settlement, comprising masonry wall footings, possible  areas of industrial (metalworking) activity, potential timber building remains, metalled road surfaces and pits.  In addition was a watching brief by Oxford Archaeology North during construction of a building extension at a site on the south-east edge of modern Kirkham, c. 70m north-east of the Roman fort. The work revealed part of a substantial Roman masonry building with a hypocaust, and wooden structural remains including post and stakes, preserved by waterlogging, were also observed, along with a possible ditch and other deposits. The masonry building was of red sandstone and brick and contained an apsidal or circular heated room. The features are likely to relate to a vicus associated with the fort, and the building may have been the fort's bathhouse or another important structure. 130m to the SE a small four trench evaluation within the garden of 14 Myrtle Drive produced evidence for timber buildings, also thought to be part of the extramural settlement. In addition, a watching brief at 36 Dowbridge Close, near to the one at Myrtle Drive, revealed a substantial linear feature, probably 2nd century in date, and which may have enclosed timber buildings within this part of the extramural settlement."
42009,75,200,,,uncertain,complex,Yes,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"A site subject to a watching brief ahead of a housing extension in part of the area of the vicus associated with Ribchester Roman fort, situated in the Ribble valley (see record 42045 for a summary of the major excavations at the site). Exposed features included a possible midden with finds dating from the late first and second centuries AD, and included material relating to both domestic and industrial activity including debris related to smithing and glassy spheres from an environmental sample. The presence of burnt daub and a nail perhaps suggested the presence of a timber-framed building nearby."
42010,100,400,200,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,,1,Yes,No,Yes,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"A site initially excavated in 1993 as part of development of the A5300 road corridor, and subsequently targeted again during the Highways Agency's improvements to the M62. The site occupies a gently sloping valley side near the Ochre Brook and is the site of a Romano-British farmstead. This farmstead was represented by a rectangular ditched enclosure of early 2nd century date, inside which were several wooden buildings, including at least one rectangular building c. 11.5m long x 4.5m wide, with multiple rooms. After the disuse of the rectangular structure a number of pits were dug in the enclosure. The site produced strong evidence for tile production, and stamps indicated that the tiles were being constructed for the Twentieth Legion, stationed at Chester. Further evidence for tile production was recovered during fieldwalking, including tile debris and some kiln material. This activity was thought to date from C. AD 167.  The 2007 junction improvement works produced evidence for industrial activity on the western periphery of the farmstead, with evidence for the dumping of industrial waste in an open stream channel and debris from a blacksmith's workshop. Artefacts including coinage suggested some activity during the 4th century, though the main period of occupation in the enclosure may have come to an end by the end of the 2nd century."
42011,100,200,,,uncertain,complex,Yes,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"A small two-trench evaluation was undertaken within the north of the vicus of the Roman fort at Ribchester (see record 42045 for a summary of the major excavations at the site). Roman structural remains were represented by two small oval pits filled with pottery and tile, thought to be post-pits for timber uprights. This structure may have been associated with industry thought to have been carried out in this part of the settlement in the early 2nd century AD. A cobbled surface may have been a yard or path associated with a building discovered previously, immediately to the north."
42012,-100,400,,,large (9+ ha),enclosed,Yes,5,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,No,No,No,"A long series of community excavations have taken place at the Old Vicarage, Mellor, beginning in 1998. This record and its associated data is based on multiple interim reports, some fuller than others. The finds data must therefore be regarded with some caution. The site occupies a high promontory projecting west from the Pennine uplands, overlooking the River Goyt and the Cheshire Plain. The site is large and multi-phased and appears to have been a hillfort during the Iron Age. During the Iron Age the site was occupied by a series of roundhouses (precise number unclear from interim report - a nominal 5 included here) and was enclosed with the cutting of two ditches. The first, the 'outer enclosure', is a shallow and narrow ditch which on-going geophysical surveys and test trenches suggest encloses an area of c. 20 ha. The second, 'inner ditch', is wider and deeper with an interior palisade slot and appears to enclose an area c. 80m east-west by 60m north-south. It is unclear how or whether these ditches relate to one another. Occupation continued through the late 1st and 4th centuries AD, though it is unclear whether there was continuity between the late Iron Age and Roman periods. The Roman period activity at the site is not well understood, though the pottery evidence suggests a high status site."
42013,,,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,1,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,No,No,No,"A 12-trench evaluation was undertaken at the proposed site of a new stadium, occupying a low promontory , north of the Salteye Brook. The higher parts of the promontory produced evidence for settlement in the form of postholes/pits and linear gullies and small finds indicated late pre Roman Iron Age/Romano-British dates, though the character of the activity was uncertain. Potential structures included a curvilinear gully, possibly part of a circular structure measuring 4.4m in internal diameter, as well as postholes which may have related to other structures.  The site has been defined here as a potential farmstead, though this identification must be treated with caution. The site was also dated to the late Iron Age/Roman period on the basis of a single rotary quern stone fragment, and as a small number of Mesolithic/Neolithic flint implements were also discovered the site's dating must be regarded as very tentative and broad. The date fields have been left blank above for this reason."
42014,100,250,175,200,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plain or plateau,uncertain,Yes,Yes,No,"A site excavated ahead of development on the southern edge of Lancaster, south of the known Roman fort (see also database record 42032 for an overview of the vicus and 42022 for further information on burials). Between AD 70-75 a road was established in the area investigated, part of the main road leading south from the fort. Approx. 25-40 years later a roadside cemetery was laid out, apparently defined by ditches. This included the important discovery of a tombstone of a Treveran cavalryman, placed on a turf mound.  The cemetery was developed further during the mid-late 2nd century, with internal divisions or plots within the cemetery. The ditches for these divisions and subsequent cemetery ditches were deliberately filled with red clay which may have had ritual connotations. Further potential ritual acts may have taken place at the junction of two ditches though the deposition of organic objects. A possible period of stagnation/neglect during the early/mid 2nd century was followed by reestablishment of the cemetery boundary during the later 2nd century. Further development of the cemetery area by the early 3rd century as ditches were redefined and the tombstone appears to have been moved from its original location and placed in a pit,  and possibly was now housed in a wooden superstructure. The transferral of the tombstone to its new setting involved further ritual acts, with sherds from the same pottery vessel deposited within a pit and ditch. This part of the cemetery appears to be the continuation of a cemetery previously discovered on sites to the north of the area. Truncation meant that the end date of the cemetery is somewhat uncertain."
42015,,,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"An excavation ahead of housing development in the Edgehill area of Liverpool exposed a ditch which produced a single sherd of possible Romano-British pottery, possibly associated with a fieldsystem or rural settlement. The site was regarded as important as there is little evidence for Romano-British activity in the area. No close dating evidence available, the sherd being only of possible broad RB date."
42016,100,250,,,uncertain,complex,Yes,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"A nine trench evaluation was undertaken ahead of redevelopment in Manchester, south of the area of the known Roman fort. The evaluation confirmed the presence of Roman settlement activity including ditches and pits and the size of the fragments of pottery suggested that the site was directly occupied rather than being on the periphery of settlement. Two features which possibly represented buildings were identified including a possible sill-beam foundation."
42017,175,200,,,uncertain,complex,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"A watching brief was undertaken in Ribchester, on the north bank of the River Ribble, in an area believed to be part of the vicus attached to the fort (see record 42045 for a summary of the major excavations at the site). The Roman layers revealed were believed to be part of an area of dumping and the only discrete features was an area of undated cobbling, possibly Roman. However, the finds assemblage  added significant dating evidence to the area within the extramural settlement. Although a large part of the pottery assemblage was unstratified, the Roman material was closely dated to no later than the late second century AD, with some tentatively dated pottery evidence from the third century AD recovered from an evaluation in 2004. The assemblage was domestic in nature and is a mix of low and high status."
42018,-100,200,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,hill,pastoral,No,No,No,"A site at Castle Steads, a natural promontory in the upper Irwell Valley, in Walmersley, 2km north of Bury. The site has seen limited trial trenching in the 1960s, field survey in the 1980s and more recent evaluation and survey in the 1990s. The earlier work identified a defensive ditch and the site was interpreted as a small univallate hillfort enclosing an area of c. 1ha. A hollow-way revealed through survey was not dated. The evaluation trenches revealed truncated evidence for late Iron Age/early Roman-British settlement, with features including gullies, pits and post-holes and finds including crude late prehistoric pottery. Radiocarbon dates spanned roughly the mid 5th century BC to the mid/late 2nd century AD (see grey lit. report for full range of radiocarbon dates)."
42019,100,200,,,uncertain,complex,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"An evaluation and a watching brief took place in part of the vicus associated with the fort at Ribchester (see record 42045 for a summary of the major excavations at the site). Identifiable stratigraphy was recorded across the whole of the site and principally consisted of areas of cobbling and linear cut features. The most notable features were discovered on the northeast side of the site, closest to where the original Roman street frontage would have been. A small assemblage of material was recovered, .comprising pottery and tile/ brick with very occasional pieces of burnt bone. These finds are awaiting specialist referral but indications are that they are mainly 2nd century AD in date."
42020,27,379,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,1,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,No,Yes,No,"A site approx. 5km south of Lancaster at the University of Lancaster, subject to excavation ahead of development at the University campus. The main focus of the excavation was a group of features located on top of a low promontory overlooking the River Wyre, identified as a late prehistoric/Romano-British farmstead. A small number of finds and radiocarbon dates confirmed activity at the site between the 1st and early 4th centuries AD. The main elements comprised the remains of a roundhouse, a circular enclosure with ditches of several phases and two 5m wide opposing entrances on its east and west sides. Further features included associated linear arrangements of postholes interpreted as fence-lines. The farmstead was bounded by a ditch to the west, beyond which a large waterhole was identified. An earlier evaluation identified further apparently Romano-British activity to the north, suggesting the settlement extended north beyond the limits of the excavation.    An oval feature in the south-west of the roundhouse contained a large portion of a beehive quern, possibly a structured deposit. A further beehive quern was recovered from one of the ditches of the circular enclosure. Metalworking evidence included a smithing hearth bottom. Radiocarbon dates from the primary enclosure ditch gave dates of cal AD 78-316, cal AD 27-212, cal AD 82-236 and 127-322, whilst a date from the boundary ditch had the range AD 136-379. The roundhouse was not well dated other than by an abraded possible amphora sherd and the fragment of Iron Age/Romano-British quern stone."
42021,-100,200,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,4,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,Yes,Yes,No,"A site at Lathom, West Lancashire, situated approx. 400m west of the River Tawd. Finds recovered during fieldwalking on land affected by a gas pipeline led to excavation of six trenches at the site. The excavations revealed a late Iron Age/Romano-British farmstead with evidence of adjacent agricultural landscape features in use during the Roman period. It is unclear from the excavations whether the settlement was enclosed. A ditch located to the south of the settlement may either have been a field boundary or an enclosure ditch. The earliest structure identified was a four-poster structure, dating uncertain, but certainly earlier than the first roundhouse at the site which was in use during the 2nd or 1st century BC (between 175-5 BC based on a C14 date). A second four-post structure was also not undated. The roundhouse had a diameter of c. 10.3m (based on size across gully), an inner diameter of c. 5.8m, two entrances, one on each side, and potential evidence for internal division. Two sherds of late prehistoric pottery from the northern ditch terminal of the eastern entrance to the house were the only such sherds from the site and may represent a special deposit associated with disuse of the house. Notable that this building was of one phase and avoided when new structures were rebuilt, which was not the case elsewhere on site where a series of roundhouses were constructed approximately on the same spot. A group of successive buildings approx. 10m to the west of the first roundhouse include three secure examples and another two complete or partial rebuilds. Diameters ranging from c. 8.5- . It is unclear whether any of these were contemporary with the first roundhouse, but the final building of the sequence contained two sherds of Romano-British pottery in its final fill, dating late 1st-late 3rd century AD. Apparent that there was a gradual drift of settlement west over several centuries. Suggestion that this particular spot may have been abandoned at some time in the early Roman period, when a subsequent new structure was built elsewhere. Aside from the settlement evidence, another trench provided evidence for landscape features including trackways and field boundaries, and at least one of the track ditches appears to have been in use during the Roman period ? pottery and a small disturbed hoard of early Roman coins (with TPQ of AD 138) recovered from its fill, and thought accidentally deposited in the track ditch in the later Roman period. A second trackway also produced RB finds."
42022,100,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"A site located at the southern end of the historic core of Lancaster, approx. 500m SE of the site of the Roman fort. Development in the King Street/Penny Street area over several years has led to the discovery of part of a cemetery, probably part of an arc of funerary activity extending around the southern side of the vicus associated with the fort (see also 42014 for a nearby, probably associated site which produced a tombstone and see 42032 for an overview of the vicus more generally). Excavations at 77-79 Penny Street identified a disturbed horizon of Romano-British date and a small number of features, all disturbed. A small quantity of burnt bone together with sherds of pottery in some of the features indicated that the site had formerly been part of a cemetery containing low status burials, including a discrete possible family plot, which was reused repeatedly from possibly the second through to the fourth century AD. Excavations at 81 Penny Street revealed what may have been a cremation burial, though this was not positively identified as such in the report. An excavation (approx. 444 m2) at King Street, approx. 250m to the SW of the Penny Street sites produced several cremations, dating approximately to the 2nd/3rd century AD. Five of these were cut into the top of a large sub-rectangular enclosure ? probably originally a mortuary structure which was later used as a focus for cremations once the ditch had filled, possibly during the 2nd century. Several rectangular features, possibly inhumation graves of Roman date, cut through the cremations, though no certain evidence for inhumations. An earlier evaluation in the same area produced a further cremation of probable Roman date. In 1987 fragments of a cremation were also found during the digging of a foundation trench at Penny Street."
42023,75,200,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,1,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"A site in Merseyside, south of Tarbock, initially identified through a dense concentration of medieval pottery during fieldwalking. Whilst the major period of activity appears to relate to a medieval farmstead, the earliest phase was of Romano-British date, and a small but significant group of Romano-British pottery were concentrated in the vicinity of a major ditch which was possibly also of Roman date. The Roman activity at the site is considered likely to be late 1st or 2nd century AD in date. The only structure likely to be of Roman date is an oval building, not closely dated, but thought Roman based on its curvilinear plan. Other postholes suggest other ephemeral structures. The lack of clear Romano-British features may be a result of truncation by medieval activity. The character of the site is unclear, and it has been characterised here as a farmstead only tentatively."
42024,100,400,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unenclosed,Yes,,7,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,plain or plateau,uncertain,No,No,No,"A site in Merseyside, to the north of Halewood, subject to evaluation trenching and excavation in advance of development of land for housing, where an unenclosed Romano-British rural settlement of the 2nd to 4th centuries was recorded. The site occupies a south facing slope of a slight rise in an otherwise flat landscape. A total of seven sub-rectangular buildings were excavated, and two main phases were identified. One of the buildings had unusual opposed entrances, and another had been substantially rebuilt. A hollow cobbled area partly surrounded by a curved ditch may have been a stockyard, and a possible agricultural or stock enclosure lay to the north. Two large pits may have represented cisterns, whilst further large pits of uncertain function were excavated along with what appeared to have been fragments of fences or palisade, which may have been used to subdivide the enclosure. One of the buildings had been cut by a substantial ditch which contained well-preserved organic material including timber stakes, one of which yielded a radiocarbon date of cal. AD 680-980. Finds included over two thousand sherds of locally produced and imported pottery, poor quality roof-tile, quern-stones, a fragment of linen cloth, three brooches and various iron artefacts. Environmental assessment indicated the presence of emmer and several weed species. Industrial waste indicated that iron-smithing had been undertaken, whilst crucibles pointed to other metallurgical processes. Coal was found which analysis confirmed as being from Cronton, nearby in the south Lancashire coalfields. A subsequent 15 trench evaluation in the field immediately to the east suggested that the settlement extended into the area targeted during this later evaluation and confirmed a 2nd-4th century date for activity."
42025,175,225,,,uncertain,complex,Yes,,1,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,Yes,No,"A single trench evaluation was undertaken in advance of proposed redevelopment of a site in Ribchester, within the area of the vicus associated with the Roman fort and is situated approx. 120m to the north east of the bathhouse (see record 42045 for a summary of the major excavations at the site). Features included a probable post-trench for a rectangular timber building, an area of cobbles, and a probable pit within which there was a large fragment of an inscribed Roman altar, believed to be of late 2nd/early 3rd century in date. This appears to have been deposited inscribed face down, possibly representing structured deposition. It is unclear whether the pit was inside or outside the building represented by the trench. It is also unclear at what date the altar was deposited."
42026,77,200,150,,large (9+ ha),complex,Yes,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"The site of one of a series of excavations undertaken by the University of Manchester Archaeological Unit in advance of redevelopment in the Castlefield area of Manchester, the site of the Roman fort of Mamucium and its associated vicus. All excavations took place within the area of the vicus. See database record 42007 for earlier excavations in the vicus and for the site's broader setting. The vicus may have included an area of up to 21ha in extent.  The numerous Roman features identified during the excavation were heavily truncated by 18th/19th century activity. Features included a late 1st/early 2nd century ditch and a gully; early-mid 2nd century pits, gullies, possibly for fences or cultivation, a potential ephemeral timber building and a possible tanning pit; evidence for a mid-late 2nd century reorganisation along more formal lines represented by ditches and gullies which may have been boundaries, and the possible remains of a building."
42027,77,250,100,175,large (9+ ha),complex,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,Yes,Yes,No,"The site of one of a series of excavations undertaken by the University of Manchester Archaeological Unit in advance of redevelopment in the Castlefield area of Manchester, the site of the Roman fort of Mamucium and its associated vicus. All excavations took place within the area of the vicus. See database record 42007 for earlier excavations in the vicus and for the site's broader setting. The vicus may have included an area of up to 21ha in extent. There was considerable truncation to some of the remains by 18th/19th century activity. The earliest features were a large probable military ditch and associated pits dating to the late 1st century, and following the backfilling of these features during the early 2nd century a series of gravel extraction pits were dug. During the early to mid-2nd century a group of timber buildings were constructed in this part of the vicus, and three successive timber buildings were identified fronting the road exiting the north gate of the fort, the latest of which was systematically refurbished in the mid-2nd century. A series of pits were also connected with the construction and occupation of this building. At least three separate buildings were also identified in the southern part of the site, and one may have functioned as a metalworker's workshop (smithing hearths and slag found associated). This building was replaced by pits, some possibly of industrial origin. During the late 2nd century a post-built building was constructed in the south of the site and the northern part of the site was transformed through the construction of two successive structures. One of these was associated with an unusual deposit consisting of a small centrally placed hearth near the threshold, adjacent to which was a small crudely made lead figurine which had been deliberately inserted in an upright position into a small divot immediately south of the hearth. A copper-alloy zoomorphic mount was also discovered close to the southern boundary of the building though this was unstratified. This structure/enclosure probably existed for only a short period of time (perhaps a decade or less) before it was demolished/backfilled and a large pit was dug. This pit also contained the lid from a copper-alloy jug probably associated with the preparation of hot spiced wine.  This pit was rapidly backfilled and a building was constructed in exactly the same area as the earlier structure/enclosure. This new building consisted architecturally of an 'inner' timber structure and more elaborate sandstone 'outer' structure. Outside of the building but immediately adjacent to one of the colonnade posts an urned adult female cremation burial was located. This is thought to have been deposited in the backfilled perimeter trench for the short-lived structure/enclosure, and the internment occurred during the construction or use of the later building. Only sporadic evidence was recovered for activity during the 3rd century AD, suggesting that this part of the vicus had been abandoned by the mid-3rd century."
42028,100,,,,uncertain,complex,Yes,,2,Yes,No,Yes,No,No,Yes,hill,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Evaluation and subsequent area excavation took place in advance of the construction of a new retail centre in the centre of Wigan, 75m south-east of the area of previously discovered military industrial activity at the Wiend site (database record 42001). The excavations demonstrated that the site was a settlement of some significance. The earliest feature was a small post-built structure, apparently an insubstantial timber building which contained a succession of hearths, some used for metalworking. This was succeeded by a large stone building with hypocausts and multiple rooms (possibly a bathhouse), clearly of some importance, possibly of early 2nd century date. The report is not clear on the full date range of the settlement so the end date is left blank above. No clear evidence for military activity was found and it is not clear whether the activity represents part of a mansio associated with a vicus and an unlocated fort or another form of nucleated settlement. The site has been interpreted as a roadside settlement for the purposes of this record, as it is located at the junction of the Roman roads to Manchester, Preston, and King Street to the west, though its precise character is uncertain."
42029,75,400,100,275,uncertain,complex,Yes,,3,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Excavation ahead of development in part of the vicus associated with the fort at Lancaster produced evidence for probable early Roman features perhaps associated with the period of fort construction in the AD 70s (see record 42032 for a general overview of the vicus). These were followed by rows of postholes apparently representing the remains of two separate but contemporary 2nd century structures, aligned with their gable ends facing the Roman road. Several large hearths and amounts of industrial waste were retrieved from inside the buildings, and the presence of blacksmithing tools in the easternmost of the buildings suggests smithing. Evidence that these buildings were destroyed by fire. A later phase of rebuilding appeared to involve a slight remodelling of the layout with the erection of another large structure, again of timber construction. This building is likely to have been of late 3rd-4th century date and may have been standing until after the end of Roman occupation at Lancaster."
42030,75,350,200,,uncertain,complex,Yes,,4,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,Yes,Yes,No,"Excavation ahead of development in part of the vicus associated with the fort at Lancaster produced evidence for multiple phases of activity including an early Roman substantial boundary ditch, an isolated early cremation burial and a beam slot or boundary ditch (see record 42032 for a general overview of the vicus). A second century timber building had an associated floor surface and drain along with a sequence of pits, one of which contained an unusual stone carving of a bird (possible structured deposit?). An early 3rd century metalled alleyway was also recognised and an insubstantial timber structure was apparently associated with this feature. The latest Roman features comprised a group of late 3rd and 4th century pits. Elsewhere on site refuse pits and apparently randomly placed post and stake holes, as well as possible horticultural slots, were recognised. Earlier excavations in the same general area in 1988 and 1992 also produced evidence for structural remains including at least three timber buildings, one at least 10m long, another 18m long with a projecting wing and a raised floor. Evidence for post-in-trench construction for these buildings. Unspecified industrial evidence associated with one of these buildings. There may have been a break in the 3rd century and then a metalled alleyway was laid over the earlier buildings (presumably the same as the one above), and this may have been flanked by further timber buildings. Timber lined wells were also identified. The coin evidence suggests abandonment of this part of the civil settlement in the mid-4th century."
42031,,,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plain or plateau,uncertain,No,No,No,"Trial excavation of a site identified through fieldwalking at Lythe Brow, Quernmore, approx. 5km east of Lancaster revealed a kiln, approx. 2m x 1m, constructed of discarded tiles. The kiln was interpreted as a temporary structure suitable for a single firing. A further kiln was situated approx. 250m to the NE, where quantities of broken tiles were located and 17 sherds of Roman pottery were recovered. The precise date of the kilns within the Roman period is uncertain."
42032,100,350,,,large (9+ ha),complex,Yes,,15,Yes,No,Yes,No,No,Yes,river valley,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"This record forms a core record for the Roman vicus associated with the fort at Lancaster, based on Shotter and White's 1990 summary of the evidence. The finds data are derived from a number of rescue excavations undertaken in the 1970s-80s (see bibliographic information for sources). The vicus grew up adjacent to the fort from at least the early 2nd century AD. It appears to have begun as a ribbon-development along the roads leading to the fort gates. The full extent of the site is uncertain. The north gate led to the river crossing and the road was flanked by timber-constructed strip buildings built on dwarf stone walls, as well as a large courtyard building interpreted as a possible mansio, which included a bath suite of several rooms. Early finds from the site included a possible foundation stone for a temple as well as an inscribed pipe-clay figurine. The area around Penny Street has produced finds indicating a cemetery in the area (see database record 42022 for further information). A bathhouse was excavated under rescue conditions in 1973. The first controlled excavation within the vicus was in 1973-4 when evidence for a sequence of buildings was discovered, though levels post mid-2nd century were truncated. At least one building had a gable end fronting the street with poorly constructed trench-built dwarf walls carrying vertical timbers, with associated window glass and tiled roof. Considerable evidence for other buildings also recovered (up to 14 in total?), many apparently burnt. One possibly a granary. There was a possible late-2nd century extension to the vicus. During the early/mid 4th century a new fort was constructed on a radically different layout, which must have had a profound effect on the vicus, causing some parts to be levelled, and it is possible that the vicus ceased to exist at this time. Notable casual finds included a group of probable votive offerings including eyes from the northern part of the vicus, suggesting the presence of a shrine, though there is little information available on these early finds."
42033,70,125,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plain or plateau,uncertain,No,No,No,"The site of a Roman pottery production site subject to a small excavation which produced pottery sherds, tile and kiln debris, though the kiln itself was not located. The pottery was of Flavian-Trajanic date. Brick and tile included tegulae and a number of floor or building bricks/tiles."
42034,80,140,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plain or plateau,uncertain,No,No,No,"A pottery production site at Quernmore, situated approx. 5km SE of the Roman fort and vicus at Lancaster. The site saw several interventions in the 20th century. Two kilns were excavated in the early 1970s, and one kiln was found to have been for tile production. Large quantities of tegulae and imbrices were found. Pottery of late 1st-early-mid 2nd century suggested operation during this period (c. AD 80-140). Whilst the kiln was for tile production it is believed that pottery production also took place in the area and stamped mortaria indicated likely production in the area. A second kiln was in fact a limekiln. An iron roasting hearth was also discovered though this was not well dated. A Roman date does seem likely however."
42035,100,300,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,plain or plateau,uncertain,No,No,No,"A site subject to excavation in advance of work on the A5300 road corridor in Merseyside, occupying flat land. The site was identified through aerial photography as a double-ditched sub-rectangular enclosure enclosing approx. 0.9ha. The excavation produced radiocarbon dates which suggested a date range of c. 390-170 BC for the enclosure and its associated structures, including a four-post structure within the mid-Iron Age. There appears to have been a hiatus in the use of the enclosure between the late Iron Age/early Romano-British period, but a small amount of samian and other pottery indicate use of the enclosure in some way during the 2nd/3rd centuries AD. No certain Romano-British structural evidence was found, though a rectangular structure was considered potentially Roman in date because of its form, though a possible Iron Age date is acknowledged."
42036,120,150,,,large (9+ ha),complex,Yes,,3,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"The site of one of a series of interventions undertaken by the University of Manchester Archaeological Unit in advance of redevelopment in the Castlefield area of Manchester, the site of the Roman fort of Mamucium and its associated vicus. All excavations took place within the area of the vicus. See database record 42007 for earlier excavations in the vicus and for the site's broader setting. The vicus may have included an area of up to 21ha in extent. The Southern Street site is located c. 70m northeast of the fort and was subject to a watching brief and evaluation. Identified features included pits of varying sizes, some possibly for sand and gravel extraction, some possibly rubbish pits. Also possible construction trenches and postholes for small timber buildings, some later than others and apparently replacing them. Ditches may have related to part of the boundary of a military annexe to the fort, intentionally filled during the Hadrianic period."
42037,80,200,100,,large (9+ ha),complex,Yes,,3,Yes,No,Yes,No,No,Yes,river valley,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"The site of one of a series of interventions undertaken by the University of Manchester Archaeological Unit in advance of redevelopment in the Castlefield area of Manchester, the site of the Roman fort of Mamucium and its associated vicus. All excavations took place within the area of the vicus. See database record 42007 for earlier excavations in the vicus and for the site's broader setting. The vicus may have included an area of up to 21ha in extent. The 340 Deansgate site was an area of open-area excavation adjacent to the Ribchester Roman road. A dense deposit of Roman period archaeology was recognised and Roman remains could be divided into two major chronological periods, encompassing six separate phases of activity. The earliest deposits were of late first/early second century date and probably represented a heavily truncated earth and turf bank. This was followed by the digging of a number of pits, probably associated with gravel extraction for road construction. This was followed by the construction of a ditch, possibly with a palisade, and which may have been early defences for the vicus. During the early to mid 2nd century this ditch was backfilled and the palisade dismantled, and occupation deposits formed, though no structures were identified with this phase. This was followed by the construction of three rectangular buildings constructed adjacent to the line of the Roman road. One had an internal area of 4.2m by at least 8.2m. Evidence for 'post-in-trench' construction for two of these buildings and possible thatched roofs. One building was probably slightly later (mid-2nd to late 2nd century in date) and more substantial than the others, employed both timber and stone in its construction, and probably had a tile roof and multiple rooms. Contemporary features included a large pit and a probable smithing hearth, set inside a four-post structure. The more substantial building may have outlasted the others, but was abandoned by the late 2nd century and the area was then used for the digging of rubbish pits. The area was perhaps abandoned by the close of the 2nd century."
42038,80,150,,,large (9+ ha),complex,Yes,,1,Yes,No,No,No,No,Yes,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"The site of one of a series of interventions undertaken by the University of Manchester Archaeological Unit in advance of redevelopment in the Castlefield area of Manchester, the site of the Roman fort of Mamucium and its associated vicus. See database record 42007 for earlier excavations in the vicus and for the site's broader setting. The vicus may have included an area of up to 21ha in extent. This evaluation included part of the interior of the fort, the defences, and parts of the vicus to the north of the fort. Evidence for activity within the vicus included occupation layers, areas of metalling, pits, parts of walls, and construction trenches which may have formed two sides of a timber building. Other features suggestive of additional buildings, some possibly stone walled, also recovered. Pottery recovered from this part of the vicus suggested a late 1st to mid-2nd century date range for occupation in this part of the vicus."
42039,120,150,,,large (9+ ha),complex,Yes,,4,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"The site of one of a series of interventions undertaken by the University of Manchester Archaeological Unit in advance of redevelopment in the Castlefield area of Manchester, the site of the Roman fort of Mamucium and its associated vicus. See database record 42007 for earlier excavations in the vicus and for the site's broader setting. The vicus may have included an area of up to 21ha in extent. This evaluation targeted an area to the east of the fort and produced evidence for a series of timber buildings, probably dating to the Hadrianic/early Antonine period, and two Roman ditches, which had been backfilled during the early second century. The position and form of these ditches indicate that they probably linked with a comparable ditch system found at Barton Street (see database record 42027) and formed part of an early military annexe, which surrounded the earliest Roman fort at Manchester. The sequence of four timber buildings were represented by sleeper beam trenches, postholes and a post-pad."
42040,80,200,120,,large (9+ ha),complex,Yes,,4,No,No,Yes,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"A site subject to open area excavation by Pre-Construct Archaeology during redevelopment in the Deansgate area of Manchester, near the site of the Roman fort of Mamucium and its associated vicus. See database record 42007 for earlier excavations in the vicus and for the site's broader setting. The vicus may have included an area of up to 21ha in extent. This excavation focussed on an area within the vicus, situated approx. 120m NE of the Roman fort, and north-east of the confluence of the Rivers Irwell and Medlock. The earliest activity on the site related to early Roman gravel quarrying, probably for road construction, dating from c. AD 80-120. A probable fence-line was also identified, probably representing initial laying out of property boundaries within the vicus. Between AD 120 and 160 the quarry pits were backfilled prior to the construction of buildings in the area, and linear features may have represented further property boundaries. Buildings dating to this phase included a post and beam rectangular structure which was probably demolished by c. AD 160. Between AD 160 and 180 the ground was levelled and raised ahead of the construction of three further clay and timber buildings, at least one of which had multiple rooms. Two of these buildings produced evidence for repair or rebuilding. There was little evidence for activity beyond c. AD 200, and it is possible that, as the vicus contracted in size in the late Roman Period, this area was turned over to cultivation or abandoned."
42041,175,250,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),complex,Yes,2,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,mixed,No,No,No,"United Utilities submitted proposals for the construction of a water pipeline on land to the east of Poulton-le-Fylde, and an archaeological desk-based assessment, walkover survey, and watching brief were undertaken by Oxford Archaeology North. Features of potential Roman date were encountered during the watching brief and, as a result, programmes of archaeological strip and record were undertaken on land to the north of Garstang Road East, and to the south of Mains Lane. The work revealed the presence of remains indicative of at least five phases of activity, pertaining to the Roman, medieval, and post-medieval periods. The most conspicuous remains lay to the north of Garstang Road East and comprised a settlement made up of multiple enclosures and dated to the Roman period. This was defined by at least two rectilinear ditched enclosures which each contained a roundhouse, and several other potential structures were also revealed within, and adjacent to, the enclosures. At least two additional enclosures were also identified but not fully excavated, and these might represent further inhabited enclosures, working areas, or parts of fieldsystems. Numerous pits and ditches were encountered within the settlement and fragments of metalwork and worked stone, together with ceramics datable to the Roman period, were recovered from features in this area. Radiocarbon dating and ceramic evidence suggests that the settlement may have been occupied for a relatively short period from the late second-mid-third century AD. Environmental evidence suggested that the economy of the settlement was based on mixed farming, including the growing of wheat, oats and barley and raising of livestock, whilst the recovery of a reasonably large (by local standards) assemblage of Roman pottery suggests that at least some of the inhabitants were operating above subsistence level."
42042,275,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"A 58 trench evaluation over an area of 10ha development on a greenfield site. Whilst most of the evaluation trenches produced negative results, a group of six produced evidence for Romano-British occupation in an area of previously identified earthworks which survived as three linked, sub-rectangular enclosures. The site is in the floodplain of the River Lune and is approx. 2.5km NE of Lancaster. Features included possible cobble spreads, cut features including gullies, burnt clay as well as pottery suggested activity in the late Roman period (dated fairly tentatively to the late third or 4th century AD). The site was thought to represent a possible domestic site, though it was poorly understood. There was possible evidence of small-scale industrial activity in the vicinity."
42043,75,150,,,uncertain,complex,Yes,,1,No,No,No,No,No,Yes,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,A watching brief in part of the vicus of the fort at Ribchester produced evidence for cobbled surfaces and wall foundation slots for a building. Pottery evidence suggested a late 1st to mid-2nd century date for the activity. See record 42045 for a summary of the major excavations at the site.
42044,70,350,,,large (9+ ha),complex,Yes,1,20,Yes,No,Yes,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"A substantial roadside settlement situated in southern Lancashire, occupying a large tongue of land on the south bank of the river Ribble, at its former confluence with the Darwen. The site has been subject to a number of interventions since the mid-20th century. All evidence suggests that the early Roman road, probably constructed in the AD 70s, dictated the layout of the settlement, and a series of standardised plots were established alongside the road in the earliest phase of the site. Not all of these plots were immediately developed, though some contained structures, including one with a large circular building, possibly industrial as it contained a series of hearths associated with ironworking. The first large-scale phase of occupation appears to have been in the Hadrianic/Antonine periods, when many buildings were constructed. Perhaps 20 or more rectangular buildings were identified during the excavations. Most structures were long rectangular buildings, almost exclusively erected on massive post-in-trench or sillbeam foundations. Suggestion of orderly distribution of large buildings, one per plot, all gable-end onto the main road, and separated by neatly metalled alleys running off from it, presenting an impression of deliberate organisation. Some buildings were replaced several times. Some are thought to have been domestic, whilst some may have been for storage, including a possible granary, and for further industry.  One isolated building was considered especially large, possibly official. Another was thought possibly to be the domestic residence of a potter, and a kiln producing Wilderspool-type wares and mortaria was present. Tile production also indicated in vicinity. Other features included a possible roadside burial, ephemeral structures and wells. The site continued until the fourth century at the latest, though there appears to have a big decline in the later Roman period, with many the buildings facing the road seemingly abandoned. The site is suggested to be a harbour service centre."
42045,72,200,117,,uncertain,complex,Yes,,30,Yes,No,Yes,No,No,Yes,river valley,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"This record forms the principal core record for a series of major excavations at the site of the fort and extramural settlement at Ribchester, on the northern edge of the Ribble flood plain (see also record numbers 42009, 42011, 42017, 42019, 42025 and 42043 for a number of more recent smaller scale evaluations and watching briefs). Excavations were undertaken in 1980 and 1989 prior to the extension of a cemetery and redevelopment to the north of fort. There is little evidence for pre-Roman activity at the site. The first Roman activity was the establishment of a timber fort, probably c. AD 72/3 and to the north some extramural timber buildings, probably military, were associated with this phase. During the early 2nd century (c. AD 117-125) the timber fort was demolished and replaced in stone, and the extramural settlement was also demolished and replaced, and to the north of the fort a large timber building was constructed, interpreted as an extramural fabrica, associated with metalworking or other industry. This was possibly in an annexe, but was certainly in an area of industrial activity where metalworking increased c. AD 120-25, though also apparent garden plots adjacent to the building. To the north, a well-made road which lead to Kirkham to the west was associated with insubstantial structures which were replaced by a major stone building displaying evidence for high status. Other large stone buildings were erected elsewhere at about the same time, and the extramural settlement was defined or defended by a substantial ditch. The end of the fabrica phase appears to have occurred around AD 135, after which the building was left to decay. Coin evidence suggests a winding down of activity in this part of Ribchester during the Antonine period, when the ditch of the stone fort was allowed to silt up and become overgrown, perhaps associated with the blocking of the west gate. The extramural settlement extended at least as far as 500m to the north of the fort and may have been more extensive. It had its peak in the late 1st and 2nd centuries and the area excavated in 1980 and 1989/90 was abandoned except for the disposal of refuse by the end of the 2nd century, though the fort itself, and possibly other parts of the extramural settlement, continued into the fourth century. The main axes of the settlement probably followed the principal roads, north and east. A 2nd/3rd century bathhouse was discovered by labourers in the 19th century and poorly published excavations in the 1960s/70s revealed a hypocausted room, stone walls, furnaces and a preceding structure on the site.  Major excavations in the 1960s, 70s and 80s to the north of the fort produced further evidence for extramural activity of 1st/2nd century date, consisting of wooden strip buildings, some with industrial hearths. Good environmental evidence recovered from waterlogged deposits including leather and structural timbers."
42046,100,400,350,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,3,3,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,plain or plateau,mixed,No,No,No,"A site subject to excavation ahead of development at Mill Hill Road, Irby, Wirral, approx. 1km north of the modern village. The site occupies a fairly level area approx. 3km east of the River Dee estuary. The excavations revealed a complex multi-period site. As well as domestic occupation in the mid-Bronze Age, an Iron Age phase produced a substantial assemblage of Cheshire VCP and C14 dates of mid-Iron Age date (400-200 BC). No clear evidence for continuation between the Iron Age and Romano-British periods, though this is a possibility. Romano-British occupation followed from the late 1st or early 2nd century through to the late 4th century and probably beyond. A palisaded enclosure was succeeded by a ditched enclosure, to which a second ditched enclosure was then appended. The earliest structures were roundhouses (one more polygonal in plan), but in the later Roman period rectilinear and sub-rectangular buildings (two were elliptical) were constructed within the interior. These are not generally well dated, though a rectangular building was constructed in the mid-to-late 4th century.  Other features included a possible four-post structure and an oven or kiln. Many postholes were associated with structures of uncertain date and form. Occupation was shown to have been very intensive. During the early medieval period the enclosure ditches were deliberately filled in and several stone buildings were constructed. The Romano-British finds assemblage is regionally important, including pottery, glass beads, metalwork and other finds. Environmental sampling indicated that barley and emmer were the dominant cereal crops."
43001,1,340,150,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,8,15,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,No,Yes,plateau or plain,mixed,Yes,Yes,No,"Excavations over five years on a Boulder Clay plateau in the Vale of Glamorgan revealed a late Iron Age settlement that developed through many structural phases into a modest villa/farm complex. The earliest occupation comprised a farmstead of three roundhouses and a well enclosed by a  sub-rectangular ditched and banked enclosure (0.42ha), with an entrance to the east. The roundhouses were 9-10m dia and defined by shallow drip gullies; they lay around the periphery of the enclosure. In the mid-later 1st C AD a larger central roundhouse was built (14m dia.), with large entrance posts. Further arrangements of timber roundhouses, timber sub-square buildings (7.5m sq defined by wall trenches) and ditched and fenced internal divisions took place well into the Roman period. From the early/mid 2nd C AD the first buildings with stone foundations were built around a central courtyard, along with rectangular post-built structures interpreted as granaries. Some of the buildings had multi-rooms, and are argued to have formed separate units. Remains of hypocausts were found but apparently never fired. Some walls were plastered and painted. A T-shaped corndrier dating late 3rd C AD was found in the eastern building range, and two infant burials recovered from foundations of the same building. A third infant burial came from a stone lined tank in this building. The final structural phase, in the early 4th C AD, saw a slightly more substantial corridor type villa building, probably with two stories. The earlier well continued in use until the end of occupation, which is suggested (from ceramic and coin evidence) to be c AD 340. Presumably at this point the well was infilled with many animal ABGs (including deer and dog), plant remains and a leather shoe. Possible structured deposit. Aerial photographic survey in 1996 showed  perhaps two concentric outer ditches to the main enclosure, extending c 25-30m from its ditch. A further ditched enclosure lay to the SE. A paved roadway led eastwards from the main enclosure entrance for at least 80m. Where it crosses the outer ditches, parchmarks indicate that there was a series of stone features, suggested as possibly bases for monuments of some kind."
43002,1,350,150,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,6,1,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,Yes,plateau or plain,mixed,No,No,No,"Excavations in 1978-9 in advance of road construction revealed elements of a late Iron Age-Romano-British farmstead on the eastern side of a low hill/plateau, 1.5km north of the coastline. Three main phases of activity were distinguished, beginning in the early 1st C AD as an unenclosed group (c 4-5) of roundhouses, loosely defined by arcs of postholes. Two circular ovens, interpreted as corn-drying kilns, were placed in this phase by associated ceramics. By the end of the first century AD, occupation was either severely reduced, or the settlement was abandoned, and did not resume in the middle 2nd C AD when a palisaded enclosure (c 0.15ha) was constructed around a number of circular timber posthole-defined buildings. A single sub-square wattle and daub structure (defined by a wall trench) may also belong to this phase, along with an oval corndrier, possible stock pens and pits. This phase ended c AD 270, and a substantial boundary bank was constructed, encompassing a similar area to the earlier palisade. Features associated with this comprised two corndriers (one T-shaped the other simple rectangular), and two drains, one leading from water cisterns by the enclosure entrance. Short lengths of masonry walling probably represent sub-divisions of the enclosure, though one masonry footed building may be represented. The ceramic and coin evidence suggested cessation of activity by the mid 4th C AD, though a radiocarbon date from an inhumation burial inserted in the last corndrier was later 4th-5th C AD."
43003,75,350,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,5,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,,No,No,No,"Excavations in 1977 in advance of quarrying revealed parts of Romano-British farmstead on a low ridge less than 1km SE of Caerwent Roman town. The stratigraphy was very disturbed and the precise morphology of the settlement is far from certain, but it is suggested that the earliest phase (dating later 1st to mid 2nd C AD) comprised a succession of palisaded enclosures with potentially five circular timber buildings contained therein. Limestone quarry pits lay to the north. The palisades were then replaced by a series of  shallow gullies suggested as accompanying hedged boundaries. No structures were assigned to this phase, though domestic debris from the gullies indicated occupation nearby. In the early 4th C AD a substantial N-S wall replaced one of the gullies, and domestic debris indicates continued nearby occupation (stone roof tile hints at more substantial buildings). There is little evidence for any activity beyond the mid 4th C AD, except a cist grave."
43004,1,325,125,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,1,3,Yes,No,Yes,Yes,No,Yes,river valley,mixed,No,No,No,"Rescue excavations in advance of housing developments in 1979 revealed part of a villa complex on a limestone escarpment 350m west of the Ely River. The earliest occupation appears to have comprised a roundhouse gully (8-0m dia with substantial entrance postholes), within a palisade enclosure, dating ceramically to the late Iron Age. The earliest phase of villa dated from the first half of the 2nd C AD, comprising a range of rooms with evidence of painted walls, possible mosaic floors and a hypocaust. The form of the building at this stage is uncertain, but was probably of corridor (or winged corridor) type, with a cobbled courtyard stretching 7m to the north, where it was delimited by a drystone wall. A drain ran along the outer face of the enclosure wall and further ditches lay to the north. During the early 3rd C AD there were major alterations and additions, with a new range of buildings on a different axis, which included a bath suite. Water was supplied by a wooden pipeline (iron collars still place). A stone and clay lined drain ran through one room to the north of the baths. A courtyard wall was observed running northwards, joining with another building suggested as an agricultural barn. The end of occupation id dated by pottery to the early 4th C AD."
43005,200,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,coastal,uncertain,No,No,No,"Rescue excavations in 1965, 700m north of the Bristol Channel, revealed five pottery kilns of later Roman date. The kilns produced South Wales Reduced  greyware."
43006,40,350,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,9,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,mixed,No,Yes,No,"Excavations in advance of housing development on a low hill in the Wye Valley, 350m west of the river, revealed elements of a late Iron Age - Romano-British farmstead. At least two small circular post-built structures (4.5 & 5m dia.) were dated to the very late Iron Age, along with what may have been low outer dry stone boundary walls (visible on the south and east sides; possibly open on other sides) and an internal dividing wall between the two structures. Infant burials from a pit  associated with one of these structures have been suggested as a foundation deposit. It seems that the character and form of the settlement did not change drastically throughout the Roman period, though in the 2nd C AD three new circular post-built buildings (two at 5-5.5m dia and one at 8.8m dia) were concentrated in the SE corner of the walled 'enclosure', which by this point had turned into more of a rubble bank. A number of infant burials probably belong to this phase. Four further circular post-built structures date to the later Roman period, ranging from 4-6m dia. They dated ceramically up to the early 4th C AD. A limestone quarry was in use in this period, if not before. The rubble banks continued in use into the late Roman period, and were associated with much domestic debris. The distribution of debris appears to have been highly structured, with concentrations of animal bone in some areas and pottery in others."
43007,100,350,,,large (9+ ha),linear,Yes,,4,Yes,No,Yes,No,Yes,Yes,river valley,mixed,Yes,No,No,"Various excavations between 1977 and 1988 in the Vale of Glamorgan near the river Thaw revealed elements of a nucleated Roman settlement alongside the road from Cardiff to Neath, covering a minimum of 10.5ha. Although often supposed to have had military origins there is no explicit evidence for this, though an official origin is hinted at by one of the earliest buildings - a 2nd C AD bathhouse that was out of use by the Hadrianic period. Many other timber and stone-founded buildings (including a timber aisled building) date from the 2nd C AD onwards, along with rectilinear ditched plots (13-22.5m across) thought to be connected with water management and possibly surrounding timber buildings. Large areas of metalling and at least one side street were also observed, along with oven flues (metalworking) and T-shaped corndriers. A few burials were found across the settlement, but no formal cemetery was revealed. The end of occupation is dated ceramically to the mid 4th C AD. An archaeological watching brief in 2005 just south of the high street revealed the presence of a clay-floored Roman building, although its extent and alignment could not be estimated. It is possibly dated to the 3rd/4th century AD."
43008,250,350,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,1,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,fen,uncertain,No,Yes,No,"Evaluation and subsequent excavation at the edge of Caldicot moor on the northern edge of the Gwent levels (1.4km from the coast) revealed outer elements of a later Romano-British settlement. One of the earliest features was an apparently isolated pit at the northern end of a palaeochannel, which had numerous broken sherds of two near complete middle-late Iron Age ceramic jars placed centrally at its base (with large stones concentrated further south), interpreted as a possible marker sited at the head of the channel. The Roman period saw the reclamation of the marshes, and areas of later Roman settlement and funerary activity were revealed. In the northern most excavation area was a rectilinear enclosure (26x27m) with a possible southern entranceway. Many linear gullies were found within and to the south of the enclosure, four of which may have marked out a rectangular area (a structure?). Over 70 pits and postholes also came from this area, circular and square in plan, some interpreted as cess pits. Just east of the palaeochannel was a pit containing half the pottery sherds from the site, possibly another structured deposit. Lying almost 200m to the SE were a number of ditched enclosures and evidence for a rectangular timber building defined by postholes and beamslots. To the south of this building, beyond an enclosure ditch, lay a small cemetery group of six burials, all contained within an outer enclosure. Overall, it is likely that the excavation uncovered the outer fringes of the settlement, given the burials and the relative lack of material culture."
43009,100,325,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,,1,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,No,fen,mixed,Yes,Yes,No,"Excavations on the edge of the Wentlodge Levels revealed the peripheral parts of a Romano-British settlement. The earliest features comprised ditches of a drainage system laid out in line with the fen edge. The main ditch contained significant quantities of domestic material (pottery of 2nd-early 3rd C AD date, animal bone and querns) which suggests occupation in the near vicinity, although no specific domestic focus was located in the excavation area. The drainage ditches had fallen out of use by the early/mid 3rd C AD, and a large ditched enclosure created (limits not defined in excavation area; ditches up to 2.7m wide). Within the fills of the enclosure ditch were ceramics (including a single complete vessel) and large quantities of animal bone (mostly in the SW corner of the enclosure) which may indicate continued nearby occupation, though the excavators argued for an agricultural function for the enclosure. After these ditches had silted up in the later 3rd C AD, a smaller rectangular enclosure was created from it (0.16ha). Within this enclosure were pits, postholes, gullies, an area of metalling (possibly defining a sill-beam timber building; 10x5m) and spreads of metalworking material. It is suggested as enclosing a smithy, but again the quantities of domestic debris suggest occupation at least in the immediate vicinity if not within the enclosure. There is no ceramic evidence for activity continuing into the later 4th C AD. Possible remains of field ditches and a trackway were revealed in evaluation trenches around the enclosure."
43010,-100,250,50,150,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,2,,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,mixed,Yes,Yes,No,"Excavations within the Vale of Glamorgan, 2km from the coast, revealed a mid to late Iron Age enclosed settlement, with further activity in the mid Roman period. The sub-square settlement enclosure encompassed 0.36ha (ditches 3-4.5m wide & 1.5m deep) with a central gateway on its western side. A possible complete pottery vessel was found in the enclosure ditch immediately north of the gate and two inhumation burials were originally set into the internal bank of the enclosure. Within the enclosure lay  up to two roundhouses (defined by gullies 6-8m in dia.), and a series of 4-post structures (granaries?) and 2-post structures (drying racks?). A complete sheep burial came from a posthole of one of the 2-post structures (though grains from this feature were radiocarbon dated to later 1st-3rd C AD), and a late Iron Age pottery vessel came from another. Outside the enclosure were possible field ditches. Radiocarbon dates and ceramics indicates occupation from the 2nd C BC to AD 50/80, before apparent abandonment. Activity resumed after c AD 140, continuing until the mid to late 3rd C AD. It is suggested at this stage that the main focus of settlement lay outside the area of excavation, but features of this date comprised ditched enclosures (interpreted as fields), trackways and pits (limestone quarries?). Within the earlier enclosure (whose banks were partially levelled) were two T-shaped corndriers with associated small post-built structures."
43011,-100,400,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"Excavations between 2007 and 2010 in the Vale of Glamorgan near a water course revealed small elements of an Iron Age and Romano-British enclosed settlement. The oval enclosure was seen as a cropmark encompassing 1.25ha, and the excavated ditches were up to 3.4m across and 1.2m deep. Internally were a series of pits, hearths and postholes, some relating to a late Bronze Age/early Iron Age settlement. The date of the initial cutting of the enclosure remains uncertain (probably mid to late Iron Age), but it was certainly re-cut within the Roman period. Occupation appears to have continued into the later Roman period (possibly with a hiatus in the 1st-2nd C AD?), with a distinct ceramic emphasis on the 3rd-4th C AD. Furthermore, radiocarbon dates also indicate early and late Roman activity. There is evidence for extensive coal-fuelled iron smithing."
43012,1,350,100,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,Yes,Yes,No,"Geophysical survey, evaluation and excavation (in 1997; 0.26ha) on a small hill to the north of the River Severn and just west of the Nedern Valley revealed the southern part of an enclosed Romano-British farmstead. A small number of features were stratigraphically pre-enclosure, including a ditch and possible timber palisade, hinting at an earlier unenclosed settlement (or else just agricultural land division). The main enclosure (extent uncertain) dated later 1st/2nd C AD and comprised an internal bank, a ditch (3m wide, 0.5m deep) with a revetted inner face, and then an outer bank formed by limestone blocks (this is likely to have evolved over time). A metalled entrance causeway was revealed, 15m long and 3m wide. The excavations were not extensive enough to reveal anything within the enclosure but it is assumed to be a settlement boundary. A pit outside the enclosure contained two originally complete BB1 pottery vessels. The deposition of a coin hoard in the upper fill of the ditch dates the abandonment of the site to the mid 4th C AD, which corroborates the ceramic dating. Further large scale excavation (1.3ha) immediately to the north in 2009 revealed field ditches and trackways dating to the later Iron Age/early Roman period, and probably relating to the earliest phases of activity. Two cremation burials were found amongst the field ditches, probably dating to the 2nd C AD."
43013,250,425,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,coastal,uncertain,No,No,No,"Excavations in 1946-59 within a sea cave in the Gower Peninsula found evidence for late Roman activity. The activity is argued to have been domestic in nature, with a range of pottery vessels, domestic metal tools and personal objects. There were also four hearth areas, with limited evidence for smithing and for high quality bone-working. Possible seasonal occupation is suggested."
43014,150,400,300,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,Yes,No,Yes,Yes,No,Yes,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"Excavations in 1887-8, 1938-9, 1948 and 1971 revealed parts of an extensive double courtyard villa in the Vale of Glamorgan, c 2.2km from the coast.  The whole complex measured approximately 78x73m (0.56ha), with ranges of buildings around an inner courtyard on the west and an outer yard on the east (50+ rooms noted). The west range included a suite of baths, and mosaic floors were found. The buildings were of local limestone and sandstone, supplemented with Bath stone for certain architectural features. Ceramic and coin evidence suggests activity from mid 2nd to 4th C AD, with the zenith of activity in the 3rd C AD, after which decline set in. By the end of the 3rd C AD(?), the main villa domestic range (including bathhouse) was largely dismantled or re-used for iron smelting and for a cemetery. Residential occupation was confined to a 'basilican' house, part of the old southern range. This continued to be occupied until the end of the 4th C AD. A rectilinear cropmark enclosure (1.09ha) revealed in 2013, 150m west of the villa."
43015,280,325,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,fen,uncertain,No,No,No,"Two small excavations on the Gwent levels, 70m apart, revealed elements of a coastal saltmarsh landscape with timber bridges/jetties and a well-preserved timber boat. The main structural feature excavated was rough stone abutment, regularly positioned timber piles and deposits of waste and rubble within a palaeochannel. It is suggested as a bridge or jetty. The boat would originally been 11.4x3.16m in size, clearly suited for operating in the Severn Estuary and marshy margins (with 2.5-6.5 tonnes of cargo). Dendrochronological dates from the piles indicate a possible start date for activity in AD 279-83, and coins and ceramics indicate continued activity until the early 4th C AD. An evaluation in 2007 immediately to the north-east revealed a well-made metalled road, potentially of Roman date and linked to the bridge/quay at Barlands Farm."
43016,150,350,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,coastal,uncertain,No,No,No,"Excavations, evaluations and watching briefs  on the western edge of the Caldicot Levels on the Severn Estuary revealed the fringes of a Romano-British settlement of 2nd-4th C AD date. Features comprised large square sectioned ditches and occupation horizons. Further banks and shallow ditches were located in the evaluation, in a rectilinear grid arrangement - suggested as a systematic attempt to improve the drainage and prevent the inundation of a low-lying area previously subject to regular flooding. A 3rd C AD inscribed stone previously found nearby previously may represent an episode of military repair to a long lived wall/ditch and bank system, which had come under threat from renewed marine transgression."
43017,125,175,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,fen,mixed,No,No,No,"An archaeological watching brief during construction of drainage ditches in the Gwent Levels revealed elements of a Romano-British farmstead, comprising five ditches containing occupation material. The dating evidence from the ceramics is suggested as c AD 130-170."
43018,100,300,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,fen,pastoral,No,Yes,No,"Excavations in 1998 in advance of water treatment works on the Gwent levels near the mouth of the River Usk revealed what appears to be a Roman agricultural landscape potentially incorporating areas of occupation, even if only on a seasonal basis. Three phases of Roman occupation were discerned, ranging from the late 1st/2nd C to the end of the 3rd C AD; prior to this the site was open wetland, with no evidence for cereal cultivation. The earliest activity comprised the cutting of ditches interpreted as a limited attempt at drainage. Isolated postholes may represent hitching- or feeding-posts, though a few refuse pits hint at some limited occupation. Subsequently came the development of a field-system comprising four fields defined by large boundary ditches, drained by smaller ditches. In addition there were (livestock) enclosures, rubbish pits/middens, hearths, postholes, cattle and horse burials and two inhumation burials. The final phase of activity was characterised by a further series of field ditches, though far less extensive and less regular, along with another stock (cattle?) enclosure. Further animal burials were revealed. It is suggested that rising sea levels and  increased flooding forced a shift westward in the field-system."
43019,150,350,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,fen,uncertain,No,No,No,"Aerial photographic and ground survey revealed a gridded system of ditches within the Wentlooge Level on the south Wales coastline. Some of these ditches were seen in profile within mud cliffs at the head of an embayment (2.7m wide, 0.75m deep). Romano-British domestic material was found in the ditches, with ceramics dating from the later 2nd to mid 4th C AD (though with a distinct later Roman emphasis). Large quantities of iron slag were also found in Roman levels in the vicinity, thought to have possibly been associated with iron smelting.
This site is important for indicating a planned reclamation of the Wentlooge Level in the Roman period.
Excavation and survey at Rumney Great Wharf in 1992 revealed series of ditches, a pit and a well, extending over 130m of the present mud cliff, containing Roman pottery. A radiocarbon date confirmed the Roman date. The features were thought to represent the limits of a settlement which has otherwise largely been lost to the sea. Some iron smelting slag recovered. The ceramics generally indicate a later 2nd/3rd to early 4th century date, with a late 3rd century emphasis.
The environmental evidence points to an open and predominantly pastoral landscape with some cereals and weeds associated with arable."
43020,275,350,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,2,Yes,No,Yes,No,No,Yes,coastal,uncertain,No,No,No,"A watching brief in 1960 and excavations in in 1980-81 revealed most of a major late Roman masonry building on the shore of a broad semi-circular bay of the Bristol Channel. The building covers c 24x40m, comprising ranges of rooms (21) around a colonnaded central courtyard, with a cellared building appended to the SE. The southern (seaward) range had an external veranda/walled terrace. No floor levels were found (wooden?), though the walls were of bonded tile and stone. There is evidence that the building may never have been completed and its function is not certain. One suggestion is that is was a mansio, located on a coastal route across the Bristol Channel. It is suggested from the quantity of flue tile that a bathhouse probably lay in the vicinity. In terms of chronology, ceramics and coin evidence suggest a short lived period of use/construction at about the end of the 3rd C AD, although some activity before this date is indicated. Demolition is suggested by mid 4th C AD."
43021,100,325,,,large (9+ ha),linear,Yes,,16,Yes,No,Yes,No,No,Yes,river valley,uncertain,Yes,Yes,No,"Various excavations, geophysical surveys, evaluations and watching briefs over many years have revealed elements of a substantial Roman roadside settlement 2km NE of Caerleon on the eastern side of the River Usk on a gravel terrace. It is thought to have extended about 500-600m along an irregular axial street (c 10ha?), and to have originated as a planned plantation, in the later 1st/early 2nd C AD.  Excavated features include a substantial metalled road, drainage ditches, stone-lined drains & wells and the remains of various masonry (at least 16) and timber buildings (including multi-room masonry buildings with drains and furnaces) and areas of paving fronting onto it. Two pottery kilns (800m apart) and a drying kiln (corndrier?) have also been identified, along with an area of metalworkings and a possible masonry Romano-Celtic temple (a double square shown on geophysical survey), though specific details are lacking. Outlying masonry buildings have been interpreted as workshops and storage buildings. Cemeteries are clustered about the settlement, particularly above the road leading to Caerleon. The settlement is thought to have been in decline from the 3rd C and abandoned by the early/mid 4th C. No full reports on the various excavations as yet."
43022,120,325,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,,2,Yes,No,Yes,Yes,No,Yes,river valley,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Excavations in the 1890s and 1920s revealed a Romano-British villa complex in the low lying marshy Ely Valley, 450m to the west of the River Ely and near to the Caerau brook. It was thought the villa was constructed during the early 2nd C AD and continued with many structural modifications until the early 4th C AD. The main villa house was a rectangular building (21.3x18.3m) with a corridor and  projecting wings  which enclosed a small paved and cobbled courtyard. Its walls were of rubble with facings of ashlar and limestone and its roofs of tile. Evidence for tessellated floors and a hypocaust. To the west of the main house was a large yard and to the SW was a second corridor building containing three rooms. A bathhouse was later appended to this southern building, though appeared to have been flooded and filled with silt soon after it was built. There is evidence for abundant ironworking (including a possible foundry involved with iron smelting). A geophysical survey in 2001 over the villa showed that the buildings were surrounded by a trapezoidal triple-ditched enclosure (c 80x90m). The line of a Roman road leading northwards from the villa was also revealed, along with wall lines of buildings previously unidentified."
43023,1,350,125,250,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,2,Yes,No,Yes,No,No,Yes,river valley,mixed,No,No,No,"Four small scale excavations in 1958 on the north side of the valley of the river Waycock revealed parts of what may have been an extensive Roman farmstead spread over a few hundred metres. The earliest occupation appears to date (from pottery) to the later Iron Age and comprises postholes and gullies, though no discernible structure was noted. This continued into the early 2nd C AD, when a  rectangular stone founded building (14.9x3.4m) was constructed, with clay floor and sandstone slate roof, associated with large numbers iron nails, opus signinum and painted plaster. It is suggested as a possible corridor villa building, though this remains uncertain. Coins and pottery indicate occupation into the early 4th C AD. A few hundred metres to the north was another stone founded building of some pretension, associated with opus signinum, painted plaster and sandstone roofing slates; it was dated ceramically to the late 3rd-4th C. Further occupation areas in the immediate vicinity included hearths and paved areas, all with a late Roman emphasis."
43024,100,250,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,fen,uncertain,No,No,No,"Excavations in 1992 on a small rise within the Gwent Levels revealed parts of an enclosed Romano-British settlement previously noted from aerial photographs. The polygonal enclosure encompassed c 0.28ha, and was defined by a broad inner ditch and a narrow outer ditch, containing rectilinear features appearing as dark cropmarks suggested as timber buildings.  The excavations cut the edge of the enclosure and revealed two cobbled areas and associated gullies or ditches, with pottery of mostly 2nd to early 3rd C AD date."
43025,75,200,,,medium (4 - 8 ha),linear,Yes,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,Yes,river valley,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Salvage excavations in the 1930s and limited later interventions (including test-pitting) and geophysical survey revealed parts of a nucleated settlement extending for c 0.5km along the road from Caerleon to Caerphilly, on the floodplain of the River Rhymney. Rough masonry building foundations were discovered, along with 'working floors' with evidence for leading working, timber structures, pits and linear gullies. The settlement is thought to be associated with the local lead mining industry (especially the lead/silver mine at Draethen on the other side of the river). Very little information available. Most finds indicate early Roman activity (later 1st-2nd C AD)."
43026,150,350,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"A coin hoard was discovered in 1957 on the NW tip of a small stream valley; subsequent test pitting revealed a layer of rubble and occupation soil with pottery of late 2nd-early/mid 4th C date, along with structural and occupation material. Geophysical survey in 1999 revealed a large double-ditched rectangular enclosure (1.03ha; no plan available so here classed as unclassified) along with associated linear ditches both within and beyond the enclosure. Aside from the building materials, no specific evidence for structures. It has been suggested as a villa, with Iron Age origins, though the evidence to date merely confirms  a mid to late Roman farmstead."
43027,1,120,50,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,6,,Yes,No,No,No,No,Yes,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,Yes,No,"Small scale excavations in 1949-50 on the southern edge of a plateau revealed a small farming settlement. The earliest phase, dated ceramically to the late Iron Age comprised a triangular ditched and banked enclosure (0.3ha; bank 5.5m wide and ditch 1.3m deep, 3-4m wide), within which lay at least 3, possibly 5, timber-framed roundhouses. A gated entrance into the enclosure lay to the SW. Two cattle skulls came from the lower fills of the main ditch. There were major changes around the mid 1st C AD, with a group of three dry-stone walled roundhouses partially built over the enclosure, though the overall layout suggests this was still a feature. Each roundhouse lay within a lightly walled enclosure.  Possibly contemporary were three burials in upper fill of the earlier enclosure ditch."
43028,1,400,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,1,1,Yes,No,No,No,No,Yes,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"Excavations in 1967 revealed parts of an enclosed late Iron Age-Roman British settlement on an almost level summit with a good view in all directions. The site showed clearly on aerial photographs as a double rectangular banked and ditched enclosure (inner enclosure 0.2ha, outer 0.9ha; funnelled gated entrance to the south) and the excavation was concentrated on the badly plough damaged southern half of the inner enclosure. At least five structural phases were noted: initially (during the Iron Age) the settlement appears to have been unenclosed, with a single roundhouse (c 10m dia.) noted. Subsequently the site became enclosed by a palisade (defined by postholes), and then (still in the Iron Age) by the ditched and banked enclosure. Within the interior were groups of postholes (4 and 6-post structures?), a possible palisade trench and the foundation trench for a timber building (details lacking). Some of these internal features can be dated to the Roman period, indicating occupation continued past the conquest. The final structural phase is represented by two parallel drystone walls, which are suggested as forming part of a large rectangular building (9x30m) of late Roman date, associated with many finds. This is perhaps more likely to have represented of an inner walled enclosure. A corn-drier also noted but no specific details. Overall the pottery suggests continued occupation from the 1st to 4th C AD. No specialist reports."
43029,250,350,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,4,Yes,No,Yes,No,No,Yes,plateau or plain,mixed,No,No,No,"Small scale excavations in 1985-6 and geophysical survey in 1989 revealed what is thought to be a Romano-British villa complex. First noted in 1850 with discoveries of opus signinum floors and painted wall plaster, the excavations  revealed a sequence of 8 phases of activity, most dating between the mid 3rd century and the mid 4th century. The earliest features noted comprised a posthole structure or structures of uncertain type and date, overlain by patches of metalling. Within one area of metalling was part of a badly robbed rectangular building in coursed rubble laid with pink mortar (7.70m x at least 6.22m), containing a T-shaped corndrier. Later features included a series of postholes cut into the metalled surfaces and a boundary bank. The geophysical survey indicated that the excavated area formed part of a complex of masonry buildings of which the main range seems to have run at right-angles to the excavated building, possibly with other ranges or detached buildings to north and east. A winged corridor plan was thought most likely. The excavated building seems to have been agricultural in nature. Although likely to have been a villa complex, the uncertainly means it is classified here as a farmstead."
43030,75,150,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Limited investigations in the 1930s near the estuary of River Loughor revealed a small circular masonry structure interpreted as a kiln, along with large quantities of pottery, dating later 1st to mid 2nd C AD. It is suggested as a pottery production site, undoubtedly associated with the fort at Loughor, 250m to the SW."
43031,200,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,1,4,No,No,Yes,Yes,No,Yes,hill,uncertain,No,Yes,No,"Antiquarian excavations revealed parts of what was assumed be a Roman villa on an outcrop of rock raised above the surrounding area (except the north), and overlooking Caerwent, 650m to the SW. This revealed elements of masonry buildings of evident high status, including mosaic floors. Further investigations (geophysical survey and excavation) in 2012-14 as part of the MODs Nightingale Project further clarified the form, nature and extent of the site. It appears to have been a large rectilinear complex of buildings covering 0.5ha, with rooms/buildings around a courtyard and an orthogonal-shaped structure. The buildings were of dressed and mortared stone, with evidence for imported materials  (quartz), mosaic flooring and a hypocaust. Ceramic and coin dating indicates 3rd-4th C AD occupation. The excavators have suggested that instead of being a villa, this could represent a religious site overlooking Caerwent, but the evidence to date is inconclusive."
43032,150,300,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,1,No,No,No,No,No,Yes,fen,mixed,Yes,No,No,"Excavation in advance of road construction revealed elements of a Romano-British farmstead on the edge of the Gwent Levels. The remains comprised the western and southern foundations of a rectangular masonry building, and a series of cobbled surfaces next to a road. The building's floor comprised a series of loose cobble spreads, and there was a single hearth.  Finds indicate late 2nd-late 3rd/early 4th century date of occupation. Underlying these structures were a number of ditches, also of Roman date, representing a pre-existing drainage/fieldsystem."
43033,70,400,250,,large (9+ ha),linear,Yes,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Geophysical survey and limited excavation in 2002 and 2004 revealed parts of Roman fort and settlement extending over a low ridge west of the River Ely. The 1.6ha timber fort was the earliest activity noted, built and occupied during the Flavian period, and this was succeeded by a settlement focussing on ironworking and spread over c 13ha (though iron smelting had already been taking place during the life of the fort). Features of the settlement comprised ditched enclosures, large spreads of iron slag, cobbled surfaces, furnaces, gullies, postholes and hollows. The main period of activity within the settlement appears to have been the 2nd and 3rd C AD, though some activity continued into the later Roman period, with a possible shift in focus to the west of the site at this time."
43034,200,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,2,No,No,Yes,No,No,Yes,fen,uncertain,No,No,No,"A watching brief in 2006 and a small scale excavation in 2009 revealed evidence for two substantial stone founded buildings lying 25m apart on the edge of the Gwent Levels. The northernmost building was 17.4x7.4m in size and divided into two rooms (4.2m & 10.3m across). The foundations were of large limestone blocks and it probably had an upper superstructure of timber/cob. A lack of hearths and paucity of domestic debris suggested that this was probably an agricultural building, dated by a coin of AD 286-93 in the foundation trench. There is no further information on the southern building, but together these suggest a farmstead of the late Roman period. In addition a 2nd/3rd C AD urned cremation burial lay to the east of the northernmost building."
43035,60,75,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Small scale excavations in 1989 in the Usk Valley revealed two urned cremation burials near a major road from the fort/settlement at Abergavenny c 800m to the south, and Usk to the north. The pottery was dated to c AD 60 and therefore the burials were clearly associated with military activity. There were previous discoveries of cremation burials along the main road and so it is likely that is part of a cemetery."
43036,100,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"Excavations in 1977 and 1978 in the Vale of Glamorgan, c 3km north of the coast, revealed a series of enclosures associated with outcrops of limestone containing veins of lead ore and thought to have been associated with lead extraction. Features within the enclosures comprised metalled surfaces, and burnt area, though no structural remains were found. Worn Roman pottery was found in the mine workings. The only evidence provided for date in the HER entry is late Roman, based on a bracelet and coin, though samian hints at earlier activity and so a broad 2nd to 4th C date is given here."
43037,50,375,250,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,1,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Three small excavations in the late 1980s and early 1990s along Monnow Street in Monmouth, near the confluence of the Rivers Monnow and Wye, revealed parts of what would appear to be a nucleated Roman settlement associated with ironworking. Earliest activity dates from the early 50s AD and is suggested as being associated with the first military incursions into Wales (see below for postulated existence of a fort). Ditches defining a rectangular system of paddocks/fields were revealed, dating from the later 2nd C AD. During the later Roman period, the excavations revealed extensive ironworking activity, with large quantities of smelting and smithing slag recorded. This seemed to have ended in the last quarter of the 4th C AD. The partial remains of a building was associated with the industrial phase of the site. It is defined by padstones (at least 13m long) and contains two hearths. Further timber buildings were suggested elsewhere along Monnow Street. Pipeline excavations in 2010 revealed concentrations of pottery and bone at Agincourt Square just to the north of Monnow Street, which were taken to imply the existence of a fort of the 50s AD.  Not yet published. Excavations in 2011 at Monmouth School revealed possible defensive ditches of the fort. Monmouth is generally identified as Blestio as recorded in Iter XIII of the Antonine Itinerary, lying between Usk (Burrium) and Ariconium."
43038,-100,100,-50,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,1,,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,No,hill,mixed,No,No,No,"Excavations in 1930-32 and 2012 revealed parts of an oval multivallate hillfort (1.4ha), 2km NW of Caerwent. It is suggested that the hillfort was first constructed in the 4th or 3rd C BC, with the final major modification made, c 50 BC when the entrance was remodelled, and an annexe added stretching 70m from the entrance and comprising three separate sub-rectangular enclosures. It is suggested that these were for the corralling of animals or related to funerary practice. Roundhouses and posthole structures in the interior have been given a broad Iron Age date, but could well have continued into the 1st C AD (a token '1' indicated here). Pottery from the later excavations indicated  relatively intense activity in the main enclosure during the 1st C AD, though activity does not seem to have lasted into the 2nd C."
43039,-100,200,75,,medium (4 - 8 ha),enclosed,Yes,1,1,Yes,No,No,No,No,Yes,coastal,uncertain,No,No,No,"Limited excavations in 1968 within the interior of what is believed to be an Iron Age coastal promontory fort, with the earthen ramparts still enclosing 4.1ha (further areas lost to erosion). The Iron Age origin for the fort is still not proven ceramically, with the only dating evidence coming from Roman buildings of later 1st-2nd C AD date, lying against the innermost rampart in the NW of the fort. Here, an initial posthole building appears to have burnt down and been replaced by a rectangular dry-stone wall building, over 10m long with a doorway at the west end of the southern wall. Geophysical survey carried out in 1999 to the south of this excavated area revealed probable roundhouses (10m dia.) but no further rectangular buildings. Two sherds of later Roman pottery indicates some activity in the area, but nothing to suggest sustained occupation."
43040,100,300,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,1,Yes,No,No,No,No,Yes,hill,uncertain,No,No,No,"Excavations in advance of house building revealed the robbed and damaged remains of a Roman building aligned east-west across a hill, c 2km north of the coast. The rectangular building was of dry-stone construction and traced for 10.15x1.25m. Limestone slabs laid over a section of the south wall could have been an entrance threshold. The building is dated by pottery to the 2nd and 3rd C AD. Immediately south of the building were traces of more stone structures but these were not examined. A nearby rock-cut ditch contained 2nd to 4th C AD pottery."
43041,1,325,50,100,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,2,No,No,Yes,No,No,Yes,fen,mixed,Yes,Yes,No,"Four areas of excavation in advance of industrial development on the upper margins of the Severn Levels near the River Wye estuary revealed elements of a complex multiperiod landscape. In one excavation area (A) was evidence for a substantial late Iron Age rectangular building of four phases. The first was a posthole structure, which was replaced by linear gullies/ditches (possibly holding posts) defining a rectangular area 12x22m (a nearly complete pottery vessel was found in northern terminal of one ditch). A series of postholes (some with stone packing) along the periphery probably represent the foundations of the superstructure that succeeded this enclosure/structure, orientated east-west. The interior was covered by a metalled surface (river cobbles) of two phases. No evidence for any internal partition. Extensive remains of domestic material (pottery, plant remains and animal bone) were directly associated with this structure and analysis of the pottery suggested a focus of occupation in the 1st C AD, though radiocarbon dates suggested middle-late Iron Age. A later metalled Roman road on this site seems to respect and avoid the late Iron Age building. The road was picked up in another excavation area (C) where wheel ruts were seen. The road possibly linked the dryland to the wetland and may have had Iron Age origins. In another excavation area (D) c 200m further south was found a badly robbed rectangular masonry building of Roman date. The east-west building was substantial (20x5m; foundations 1m wide) and divided into three rooms, the central being the largest (6x6.5m). This had four postholes in the corners, suggested as supporting a 2nd floor. Two postholes contained  a lot of animal bone, including partial skeleton of a sub-adult cow. The western room was divided in two by a corridor. Outside of the eastern room was a simple corn-drying oven. The building had a beaten earth or stone floor and probably had a tiled roof. The pottery from this part of the site indicated occupation focussed on the 2nd-3rd C AD (possibly starting in late 1st C AD), with destruction of the building in the later 3rd/early 4th C AD."
43042,-100,100,,,uncertain,unenclosed,Yes,,1,No,No,No,No,No,No,coastal,pastoral,Yes,No,No,"Excavations in the early 1990s on the intertidal zone of the Severn estuary revealed a series of 8 timber post-built rectangular structures spread over c 800m.  Most of these buildings were dated by radiocarbon (and in three cases dendrochronology) to cal 400-100 BC, whilst one (Building 8), which lay furthest to the west (190m from the nearest other building), was radiocarbon dated to cal 50 BC-220 AD (probably 1st C AD).  This building was 7.6x5.7m and sited on a large peat hummock, defined by timber posts. No floor levels survived, but well preserved cattle hoof prints were found in depressions around the building. One of the 18 wooden trackways in this area also had a radiocarbon date suggesting continuation into the later Iron Age and early Roman period (170 cal BC - 130 cal AD). The main activity suggested is seasonal grazing of cattle in the coastal wetlands. The middle Iron Age buildings are suggested as being used for domestic habitation and as animal byres."
43043,20,225,100,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,,1,No,No,No,No,No,Yes,hill,uncertain,No,No,No,"Small scale excavations of a circular earthwork enclosure on the edge of an escarpment on the west side of a stream valley. The enclosure (0.152ha) contained Roman pottery and tile in its make up (though is suggested as possibly post-Roman in the report), and contained at least one masonry structure. Only one definite linear wall was found (0.6m wide, dressed limestone blocks with a rubble core), which cut through a rubble deposit, perhaps of an earlier building. The nature of the building remains uncertain, though quantities of ceramic brick, roof tile and flue tile, along with very limited painted plaster and tesserae point to relatively high status. It may have been a small villa building though the evidence is too ambiguous to be certain. The dating from pottery indicates late 1st/2nd to early/mid 3rd C AD, while radiocarbon dates from animal teeth indicated a range between cal AD 20-120, perhaps indicating pre-building activity."
43044,-100,100,70,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,coastal,uncertain,No,No,No,"Excavations in 1934-6 and 1998 revealed parts of a coastal promontory fort defined by up to four lines of ditched ramparts forming a triangular area, c 200m by 92m (c 1ha), with the seaward side being heavily eroded. Pottery suggests the site was occupied from the later Iron Age (later 2nd/early 1st C BC?) to the end of the 1st C AD, though it has also been argued that the early Roman assemblage dates to c AD 70 and is reflective of Roman military occupation during the final assault into Wales. A substantial rectangular building with masonry foundations was observed within the fort but its date and function are unknown and it could well be medieval."
43045,100,300,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"A Roman inhumation cemetery excavated sporadically from the late 1990s to 2005 located on a hillside c 1km NE of the Roman roadside settlement of Bulmore (ID 43021) in the Usk Valley, close to a postulated enclosed late Iron Age/Roman farmstead. Earlier excavations revealed 9 inhumations, with a further 6 being found in 2006. The burials represent part of a roadside cemetery dated by radiocarbon dates to the later 1st - early 3rd C AD (cal AD 70-220). The ceramics suggest a (mid?)2nd-4th C AD date.  The layout of the cemetery, delimited by ditches, appears to be rectangular, at least 43m by 34m. It is suggested that the cemetery was related to the settlement at Bulmore as it was on higher ground and clearly visible from it."
43046,60,120,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,2,Yes,No,No,No,No,Yes,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Small scale excavation in 1986 just to the east of the Roman fort at Abergavenny in the Usk valley revealed elements of a probable vicus settlement. The earliest activity comprised an ephemeral timber post-built structure of probable Neronian or Flavian date. This was replaced by another structure, seemingly of beam-slot construction in the later 1st C AD. An area of cobbling seems to be related. A series of pits date to the start of the 2nd C AD, suggested as sand/gravel quarry pits. The final phase comprised parts of a mortared masonry structure, though this remained undated and it is uncertain if Roman. If Roman, it is suggested as being a bathhouse associated with the fort. The pottery and coins do not suggest activity beyond the early 2nd C AD, though the fort was not abandoned until the mid 3rd C AD."
43047,75,150,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,2,Yes,No,No,No,No,Yes,coastal,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Archaeological investigations over many years have revealed sporadic evidence for a vicus lying to the north and east of the Roman fort at Neath. In particular, excavations between 2010 and 2012 (and a watching brief in 2008) at Dwr Y Felin School revealed elements of the vicus arranged in relation to the channel of a former watercourse immediately north of the fort. Roman features comprised a metalled road surface, associated roadside ditches, gullies, pits, post-settings, stone pads, stakeholes and a probable timber structure (a short length of wattle walling). Also evidence for a stone-founded building and for metalworking. The date ranges of activity was indicated by pottery and glassware to be later 1st to early/mid 2nd C AD. The fort itself is thought to have been established c AD 75-80, possibly abandoned later 1st C AD then refurbished in the early 2nd C AD and occupied for a short period.  Pottery and coins attest to limited occupation at some point in the broad period AD 140-170, and as with other forts in the region, some form of late 3rd or early 4th C activity has also been detected, though not necessarily of a military nature."
43048,60,100,,,uncertain,linear,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Excavations revealed early Roman cremation burials beneath the remains of a monastic barn at a bend in the River Wye close to the confluence of the Wye with the River Severn. Other excavated Roman features comprise ditches (possibly boundary ditches around the cemetery) and a small square gully (4.5m sq) surrounding one of the cremation graves. This was interpreted by the excavators as a wooden shrine, but was almost certainly a funerary monument of some kind. The main Roman road from Caerwent to Gloucester is supposed to have crossed the River Wye at approximately this point and a number of Roman artefacts have been found in the town, though the nature of any wider occupation remains uncertain."
43049,-100,400,100,,medium (4 - 8 ha),enclosed,Yes,1,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,No,No,No,"Excavations of a univallate hillfort of c 4.2 ha occupying a high spur overlooking the Nant Llancarfan Valley at the confluence of Ford and Moulton Brook in the Vale of Glamorgan. The earliest settlement comprised a smaller enclosure defined by a  stone wall, prior to the later and larger earthwork enclosure. Most of the interior was destroyed by ploughing, though the foundations of roundhouse were excavated at the highest level. The settlement is only broadly dated by ceramics to the Iron Age, though a little Roman pottery of 2th-4th century date suggests later activity of some kind. There is not enough evidence to confirm continued occupation for certain."
43050,250,300,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"An inhumation burial was discovered in 1933 while quarrying in the Gower peninsular, alongside a hoard of 91 coins dating AD 260-282. No indications of associated settlement."
43051,100,300,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Inhumation burials of Roman date were discovered during quarrying in 1910 in the Usk Valley, c 3.5km south of Caerleon. At least two inhumation burials were revealed with probable grave goods including coins of 2nd-3rd C AD date. No indications of associated settlement."
43052,100,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Road-building during the early 20th century exposed at least six inhumation burials in the Usk valley, dated approximately to the 2nd-4th C AD. No certain associated settlement."
43053,100,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"Inhumation burial found during road reconstruction work  in the early 20th century within the Vale of Glamorgan. The remain lay within a cist, and recorded pottery of 2nd-4th C AD date was also noted, though not explicitly said to be associated with the burial."
43054,1,100,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Excavations in 1994 in advance of housing development, near the crest of an escarpment overlooking the estuary of the River Ely revealed elements of an extensive cemetery (1026 burials), radiocarbon dated mid-7th C to late 10th C AD. However, there were also indications of earlier burial activity, comprising a 1st C AD pit-burial. There are no burials from the main cemetery for which a Roman date is unequivocally claimed, despite Roman artefacts in some of the graves, though it is possible that there was a late Roman origin for the cemetery. The site lay c 120m north of Llandough villa."
43055,60,100,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,Metal detecting  on the edge of the Breacon Beacons revealed a Roman copper alloy cup with a silver zoomorphic leopard handle. Subsequent small scale excavation revealed an un-urned cremation burial of early Roman date. 2nd to 4th century pottery overlay the burial and suggests later settlement in the immediate area although nothing is known for certain.
43056,100,300,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,2,Yes,No,Yes,Yes,No,Yes,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Limited excavations in 1976 in the Wye valley, c 200m south of the river, revealed a complex of masonry buildings, dated ceramically to the 2nd-3rd C AD. It appears to have been a villa complex, with at least one building having a hypocaust, tiled roof and painted plaster walls. Tesserae were found during fieldwalking. The presence of a bowl furnace and considerable quantities of smelting slag indicates that iron production was probably a major economic activity on site. Also evidence for bronzeworking. An additional masonry building (14x8m) revealed as a cropmark in aerial photographs c 700m to the SW by the banks of the river. Roman pottery and slag was found in the vicinity after ploughing."
43057,-100,400,1,250,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,No,No,No,"Limited excavations within Lodge Hill hillfort overlooking the River Usk revealed some evidence for occupation within the Roman period. The triple banked oval enclosure (c 2.2ha) originated in the 5th C AD and occupation (at the western half at least) appears to cease during the late Iron Age, when a series of narrow terraces were laid out across the area. It is uncertain if the hillfort had been completely abandoned by the time the fortress at Caerleon was established in mid 70s AD, 1.4km to the SE, though there is evidence for some possible re-occupation. A small oval inner enclosure within the hillfort may have been a later addition, within which were terraces and postholes associated with a small assemblage of Roman pottery, mostly dating 3rd-late 4th C AD. Parts of the outer ramparts may have been deliberately slighted at this time."
43058,55,400,75,100,large (9+ ha),linear,Yes,,,Yes,No,Yes,No,No,Yes,river valley,mixed,Yes,No,No,"Extensive excavations since 1968 revealed evidence for a vast Roman fortress covering 19.5ha by the River Usk. The base was established in the 50s AD as a legionary base though by the 70s AD the legion had moved to Caerleon and  a much smaller base (1ha; possibly a legionary works-depot), was built within the remains of the great fortress. This small fort/works depot was abandoned c AD 120. During the 2nd C AD a civil settlement was established, focussed on the fortress' central crossroads with widely dispersed buildings. The settlement, which lasted till the 4th C AD, has been suggested as being founded for military veterans, though it was also clearly a centre for large scale iron production. A military interest in the settlement is suggested right up into the 4th C AD. The specialist reports are dominated by material from the fortress phase, which could not be separated."
43059,250,350,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,Limestone quarrying in 1903 in the Severn Estuary revealed approximately 12 Roman inhumation graves. These were associated with coins of late 3rd-mid 4th C AD date. No indications of immediate contemporary settlement.
43060,250,350,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,coastal,uncertain,No,No,No,Workmen discovered an inhumation burial in 1899 by the South Wales coast. The skeleton was within 3m of a copper alloy container with jewellery and a coin hoard (3rd/4th C AD?). No contextual information.
43061,100,400,200,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,1,No,No,No,No,No,Yes,fen,uncertain,No,No,No,"A 15-trench evaluation over 22ha in the Gwent Levels, c 1.5km from the coast, revealed elements of  Romano-British settlement. Features comprised several stone spreads, one representing the corner of a structure and another a dwarf wall footing, along with a number of associated ditches. The stone structure contained a possible post-setting indicating a mainly timber superstructure. General pottery from the ditches suggests a broad 2nd-4th C AD date, while pottery associated with the building is of later 2nd/early 3rd C + date."
43062,150,360,250,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,mixed,No,No,No,"Excavations in advance of housing development on a promontory separating two portions of the reclaimed alluvial wetlands of the Caldicot Level revealed elements of a mid/later Roman settlement. The earliest features comprised the remains of middens dated mid/late 2nd C AD, containing much domestic material. It is likely this represents the fringes of a settlement that lay outside of the excavation area. Parts of a probable ditched enclosure (4m wide, 1.5m deep) were also revealed containing much domestic material, and cutting through a horizon dated later 3rd C AD, and therefore dating it to the later Roman period. There is evidence for an internal bank (5m wide), and the extent of the enclosure (of rectangular layout) may have been in excess of 60m x 45m (0.27ha), with an entrance to the south down to a watercourse. A large, roughly hewn sandstone block lay within the inside corner of the enclosure ditches. Two ditches in the north-western part of the excavation area probably relate to internal division or drainage within the enclosure. Due to the lack of internal features (aside from ditches and a pit), it is suggested that the enclosure had an agricultural purpose associated with stock management. However, the quantity of associated finds suggests occupation."
43063,100,200,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,coastal,uncertain,No,No,No,"Excavations of a coastal promontory fort in the Gower, defined by an outer substantial stone revetted bank (4.3m wide) and ditch (5m wide, 1m deep) enclosing c 1ha. A further bank (4.5m wide) and ditch (3.3m wide, 1.3m deep) defined an inner zone, with both earthworks having evidence for entranceways, the inner having a well-built gateway. Within the inner enclosed area were excavated drainage gullies, pits, and a number of structures. One was partially built into the inner stone revetted rampart, with the remainder of the building constructed using timber posts. Internal hearth noted. Two other structures were defined by floor surfaces and hearths and both utilised natural rock walls for one side. The limited number of finds suggested occupation in the later 1st or 2nd C AD, though the settlement could have begun at an earlier date."
43064,-100,200,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,1,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Excavations in 1939 of an inland promontory fort in the Gower, c 1.5km from the coast. The settlement was created by two lines of ramparts (c 6 m wide) and ditches (2-3m wide, 1.7-2m deep) cutting off an area of 48x36m (0.17ha) on the promontory. An entrance and pathway appears to have been from below the north side of the promontory, by-passing the ramparts. Internally,  a midden and a single post-built  oval 'roundhouse' were revealed. The building contained a hearth and lay at the foot of the stone-faced rampart. The dating from finds (small amounts of pottery and metalwork) indicated a later Iron Age to 2nd C AD date for occupation."
43065,,,,,,,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,,No,No,No,A stone coffined Roman burial was discovered in 1996 during work on a housing development just north of the Gwent Levels. The stone sarcophagus was set into a rectangular grave. Only loosely dated as Roman.
43066,100,200,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,1,No,No,Yes,No,No,Yes,plateau or plain,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"A 37-trench evaluation in advance of housing development on a plateau on the fringes of the Gwent Levels revealed a substantial Roman masonry building. Two phases of construction were identified,with walls comprising cobbled foundation layers with limestone block walling above. The building was at least 18m in length, with a possible partition wall. A limestone metalled road lay to the north of the building though was not conclusively Roman in date. The pottery associated with the building was 2nd C AD in date."
44001,250,350,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,,1,No,No,Yes,Yes,No,Yes,river valley,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Small scale excavations in 1961-2 and a further 3-trench evaluation and geophysical survey in 2009 revealed parts of a winged corridor Roman villa (35x5m building) on the south side of the Tywi Valley. Three rooms of the villa were revealed in the earlier excavation, with walls of dressed local sandstone in bonded lime mortar and floors (in two rooms) of opus signinum. Building debris comprising hypocaust tiles, stone roof tiles and wall plaster point to some architectural pretention, and there was clearly more than one phase to the building. The building is dated ceramically to the mid/late third to the mid 4th century AD. The geophysical survey demonstrated the presence of a large (c 0.22ha) rectangular enclosure around the villa, comprising single ditches on three sides with a double ditch to the south. The 2009 trial trenches targeted the enclosure ditches, the northern side comprising a V shaped ditch (c 2m width,0.9m depth), with a bank on the outer side and a possible trackway beyond this. A metalled courtyard surface was indicated within the southern side of the enclosure. A large pit indicating industrial activity of uncertain date was also located on the eastern side of the enclosure."
44002,-100,300,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unenclosed,Yes,1,3,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,Yes,coastal,mixed,No,Yes,No,"Excavations on the Pembrokeshire coast at the east end of a limestone plateau revealed elements of a late Iron Age to early/mid Roman settlement. Features comprised occupation deposits of ceramics, animal bone and hearth debris (and infant burials), overlain by a circular posthole structure (c 3m dia.) which was in turn replaced by sub-rectangular dry-stone structure (c 7x5m). Within this building were a series of hearths. At least two other stone buildings lay in the area, one with a clay floor. An inverted ceramic bowl came from a posthole of the earliest structure. Pottery and radiocarbon results dates occupation from the late Iron Age into the 2nd and 3rd C AD. Peripheral to the domestic site (which appears to have been unenclosed) was part of a fieldsystem. This originated in the middle Iron Age, but rectangular fields with stone walls were laid out at the end of the Iron Age (radiocarbon dated from 80+-70 BC). Some of the fields had been cultivated by indications of plough marks while others were suggested as being used for cattle."
44003,-50,650,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"Excavations at the eastern end of a low ridge between two rivers, and within site of a standing stone, revealed a series of features with ritual associations dating from the later Bronze Age to the post-Roman period. Three pits contained the bone stains of crouched inhumations, at least one of which dated to the late Iron Age.  Nearby were at least 22 E-W graves arranged in rows, some with faint bone stains of inhumations. The only dating evidence was a single radiocarbon date of 265-640 cal AD. Three of the graves were marked by surrounding rectangular wooden structures (5.5x3.8m). One also contained a stone-lined pit."
44004,-100,150,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,6,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Excavations of a defended earthwork enclosure to the southeast of a rounded hilltop. The enclosure is sub-rectangular (0.12ha) and the main defences were constructed in the late Iron Age, comprising a 7m wide rampart and a 5m wide & 3m deep ditch. At least six roundhouses and a number of four-post structures were revealed within the enclosure. The roundhouses were not all contemporary and many were multiphased. All except one were defined by wall gullies and entrance postholes. A central roundhouse was defined by postholes alone. Some had evidence for internal hearths. Most were c 10m dia. A four-post gate structure was approached from the west by a cobbled trackway heavily defended on both sides by banks and ditches. These continued 70m from the enclosure, possibly running into defences for a concentric annexe. A second gate lay midway along the track. The early phases of the site were aceramic but a series of radiocarbon dates indicate a 1st C BC date. Evidence from further radiocarbon dates, an archaeomagnetic date and Romano-British ceramics indicate continued occupation into the early 2nd C AD. The settlement lies just 120m from another defended enclosure at Dan-y-Coed (ID 44005)."
44005,-100,200,150,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,5,1,Yes,No,Yes,No,No,Yes,plateau or plain,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Excavations of an oval defended enclosure (c 0.1ha) lying on a gentle south-facing slope. The severely eroded defensive rampart had almost entirely disappeared (up to 6.5m wide), but the associated ditch was c. 3.5m wide and almost 3m deep. At least five roundhouses lay within the interior, along with four-post structures. The roundhouses were multiphased and defined by wall gullies with associated stakeholes and post-built entrances. This earliest phase of the site was largely aceramic but a series of radiocarbon dates indicates occupation between the 2nd C BC and 1st C AD. Ceramics, radiocarbon dates and archaeomagnetic dates indicate that the site continued in use into the Roman Period, when a 'long house' was constructed, possibly in the mid 2nd C AD. This rectangular building (c 11x4m) was of post and panel construction, though with the end walls of more substantial clay-bonded stone construction. There may have been an axial line of timber roof supports. Internally, two distinct floors (clay/gravel & rough paving) were noted suggesting an internal partition. It was suggested as living quarters (with a hearth) and an animal byre. A series of surface spreads and hearths probably represent the remains of further buildings. Externally the southwest-facing, simple entrance of the enclosure was approached by a ditched trackway. The ditches funnelled out 60m from the enclosure to form the defences of a concentric annexe. After a certain period of abandonment, there is some evidence re-occupation of the site in the late or post-Roman period (radiocarbon dates and a single sherds of late Roman mortarium). The site lies only 120m from another defended settlement (ID 44004)."
44006,-100,600,150,250,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,1,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"Excavations of a small (0.28ha external, 0.07ha internal), circular defended enclosure lying on a plateau on the edge of an open valley. The earliest settlement comprised a palisade dated early-middle Iron Age and this was succeeded by a bank (8m wide) and ditch (5m wide, 2.5m deep) enclosure during the late Iron Age. A substantial timber gate structure lay in the NW facing entrance. Within the enclosure lay a posthole defined timber structure (described as a roundhouse) of many phases and a number of 4-post structures. Ceramics and radiocarbon dates indicate the main phase of occupation to be late Iron Age to early Roman, though small quantities of late Roman pottery suggests possible later occupation/reuse, even if intermittent. A brooch and a radiocarbon date also indicates post-Roman activity on site."
44007,75,300,125,,large (9+ ha),linear,Yes,,2,Yes,No,Yes,No,No,Yes,river valley,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Excavations and surveys between 1987 and 1999 revealed elements of a Roman fort, vicus and associated gold mining complex extending over 1km in a valley on the SW edge of the Cambrian mountains. It is thought that the fort  began as an auxiliary fort in the mid AD 70s and that this was reduced in size c AD 100 (a fortlet with stone defences) before eventual abandonment in the AD 120s. The vicus, which geophysical survey revealed to be extensive to the south (along a road) and east, is thought to have been occupied within a similar timescale, though perhaps continuing on some level until the mid 2nd C AD (e.g. mid 2nd C AD pottery came from the vicinity of a bathhouse in the vicus). Some later ceramic material (up to at least later 3rd C AD) is also known from the area closer to the mines, possibly indicating continued exploitation of the mines (in a non-military capacity?). No direct evidence for associated settlement of this date, although a large timber building was constructed during the later Roman period (radiocarbon dated later 2nd-early 5th C AD) within the earlier fort; it is not certain whether the earlier defences were still extant, but it seems likely to have had an official/military character. A large number of water supply features have been recorded as being associated with the early Roman mining complex, including at least three aqueduct, or leat systems as well as apparently isolated spring-fed reservoirs. There is also evidence for a possible water mill complex, used in ore crushing and processing."
44008,-100,600,70,250,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,,2,Yes,No,No,No,No,Yes,hill,mixed,No,No,No,"Excavations in 1963-4 in advance of quarrying revealed large areas of an earthwork  oval enclosure on a steep-sided promontory surrounded by wetlands near to the estuary of the Taf river. The enclosure (c 0.8ha) was defined by stone-revetted ramparts, or walling, with an additional rampart and ditch on north. The excavations produced mainly late  Roman-British ceramics, though it was suggested that the site had Iron Age origins, on the basis of limited ceramics and la Tene metalwork (the latter found in Roman contexts). No internal features could be associated with the proposed late Iron Age phase. There then appears to have been a substantial gap until renewed occupation in the later Roman period, although 2nd C AD ceramics (including samian) perhaps suggest earlier activity of some kind. A rectangular dry-stone and timber structure (with cobbled floor; 7.6x3.6m) was built within the earlier enclosure in the later 3rd C AD, along with three slighter structures (a post-built wind-break, a post & trench built rectangular building (5x3m) and a clay floor of another structure). Around these buildings accumulated thick deposits of domestic material and under a cobbled yard was found a later 3rd C AD 'counterfeiter's' coin hoard. A possible small iron smelting furnace was also indicated.  There is far less activity attested in the 4th C AD, though imported pottery of 5th-6th C AD date points to a continued presence of some kind, even if just on a sporadic basis."
44009,1,350,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,mixed,No,No,No,"Research excavation in 2005 revealed parts of a rectangular enclosed settlement (0.2ha) seen in aerial photographs towards the top of a gentle east facing slope, falling into a stream valley. The enclosure ditch was 3.4m wide, and there was an 8.9m wide entrance on the eastern side. Limited excavation in the interior revealed no obvious buildings, though a range of postholes, pits and gullies indicate structures of some kind. A rectangular annexe (0.14ha) was appended to the south side. Pottery dates activity on the site from the later 1st to early/mid 4th C AD, though this occurred in mid and upper fills of the enclosure ditch and so a late Iron Age origin is tentatively suggested."
44010,250,350,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,,1,No,No,Yes,Yes,No,Yes,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Research excavation of a Romano-British villa first revealed by aerial photographs in the Ystwyth Valley. The south-facing villa lay in the NW corner of  a rectangular double ditched enclosure (1.1ha), and was of winged corridor type, measuring c 22x12m with 8 rooms. The walls had been well-robbed and much plough damage had occurred, but wall foundations comprised substantial trenches filled with closely packed clay-bonded river cobbles. The floors appear to be of clay, with one room having a stone-floored hearth and circular stone-built oven. Appended to the eastern part of the building was a large, rectangular pit seemingly dug with a view to adding a hypocausted room, though this appears never to have been completed. The villa was fronted by a cobbled yard. Numismatic and ceramic evidence indicates occupation of the building c AD 270-350, with part of the slate roof over two rooms collapsing during a fire sometime after AD325. An additional annexe was seen in aerial photographs and geophysical survey, appended to the SE. Only interim excavation reports as yet. No specialist reports.An early Roman fort  lay nearby at Trawscoed."
44011,-50,140,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,fen,uncertain,No,No,No,"Excavations on the south-east edge of the Cors Fochno, a raised peat mire on the south edge of Dyfi estuary, revealed an extensive lead smelting site radiocarbon dated (charcoal) to the late Iron Age-early Roman period (ranging from 90 cal BC to cal AD 240, but most falling in the early Roman period). Features comprised extensive spreads of buried spoil (200x150m) along with a single open hole/bole furnace. Analysis showed that the lead was obtained from local sources of galena ore, and silver production cannot be ruled out. There is evidence for a decline in surrounding woodland during the period of lead smelting. Although the dates suggest a possible Iron Age start to production, it remains possible that this exploitation belongs purely in the Roman period, perhaps associated with the nearby Roman fortlett at Erglodd, which overlooks the site."
44012,,,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,5,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,No,No,No,"Geophysical survey and limited excavation on an oval cropmark enclosure site at the southern end of a rounded hilltop near the west Welsh coast. The enclosure measured 160m N-S and 140m E-W with a 12m entrance gap on the western side (ditches 3.8m wide, 1m deep). A circular enclosure (45m dia.) was located within the outer enclosure, offset to the south. This had ditches 4.2m wide and 2.2m deep.  At least four roundhouses (c 10m dia.) were revealed by geophysics within the inner enclosure, and excavation revealed one of these in completion, and fragments of two others (all defined by drip gullies and timber wall trenches). A 4- and 6-post structure were also excavated. Other features revealed by geophysics comprised an appended rectangular enclosure to the south containing another roundhouse and a possible trackway leading in from the main entrance. Dating evidence was poor, with a spindlewhorl made of Severn valley ware indicating some occupation during the Roman period."
44013,-100,400,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,1,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,coastal,uncertain,No,No,No,"Excavations of a kidney-shaped enclosure (c 1.5ha) set about the summit of a steep sided hill on a coastal promontory. It is defined by a single bank and ditch and  internal excavations revealed elements of a possible four-poster and a roundhouse defined by postholes and curving gully. In-situ charcoal from a posthole of this structure was radiocarbon dated to cal AD 85-420. Charcoal from another isolated posthole produced a radiocarbon date of 1210-810 cal BC, so suggesting an origin for activity (if not the enclosure) in the late Bronze Age. Few finds."
44014,-100,340,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,2,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,mixed,Yes,No,No,"Excavations in 1982-3 on a plateau dissected  by steep-sided river valleys and overlooking the Towy Valley to the east, revealed an enclosed late Iron Age to Romano-British farmstead. The site was previously revealed by earthworks and comprised a sub-rectangular ditched and banked enclosure (c 0.17ha; ditch up to 4.4m wide, 1.8m deep) with a 5m wide, 40m long  funnelled entrance/cobbled trackway and wider antennae ditches, resembling a banjo type enclosure.  A timber gate structure was observed, and within the enclosure were two roundhouses. One near the centre was c 11m dia and defined by a wall trench for a timber superstructure, with internal postholes. A smaller (and later) 5m dia roundhouse lay 10m distant. Other internal features comprised a four-post structure, palisade/fence lines and a number of drainage gullies. A series of six radiocarbon dates were taken from various features, four providing a later Iron Age (later 2nd/early 1st C BC) to early Roman date (c mid/later 1st C AD). A calibrated later 3rd-mid 4th C AD date came from the smaller roundhouse, though it remains uncertain if there was actually any occupation gap. Late Iron Age-early Roman and later Roman pottery recovered."
44015,100,350,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,,1,No,No,Yes,Yes,No,Yes,hill,uncertain,No,No,No,"Excavations in 1905-6 on the crest of an east-facing slope within a stretch of uplands to the north of Barmarthen bay revealed a modest Roman villa building set at the western end of a subrectangular banked and ditched enclosure (0.12ha; 6m wide ditch, over 2m deep). The stone built villa building (32.5x8.3m) incorporated a small bathsuite (2 heated rooms and associated drain) and had at least six rooms, one added at a later date. The surviving walls were of dressed and mortared stonework. Floors appears to be of compacted gravel, flagstones and perhaps clay. The enclosure contained an east-facing entrance with a masonry gateway structure. A possible simple corn-drying kiln also lay in the enclosure. Much of the interior was metalled and there is also possibly an area for metalworking (described as a smithy). Finds from the building are of early 2nd to early 4th C AD date."
44016,-100,400,1,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,No,No,No,"Excavations over 30 years revealed major parts of a small (0.65ha) Iron Age hillfort occupying an inland promontory overlooking the River Gwaun. The earliest phase of the hillfort dates to the early 4th C BC, and abandoned in the late Iron Age, whereupon a small farmstead was established in an annexe (0.56ha) to the north of the Iron Age settlement. This settlement is believed to have continued throughout the 1st to 4th C AD, and there is also evidence for post-Roman activity of some kind. Evidence for ironworking and bronzeworking within the Roman settlement. As yet there is no further information on the Roman period settlement, though it did contain finds indicative of relative high status within the region."
44017,-100,400,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,2,,Yes,No,No,No,No,Yes,coastal,uncertain,No,No,No,"Excavation of parts of a massively defended multivallate coastal promontory fort above a rocky cove, which probably originally enclosed c 0.45ha. Within the fort the remains of at least 8 roundhouses were  revealed, some of which show signs of multiple re-building. Radiocarbon dating suggested the earliest phase of occupation dated early to mid Iron Age (which most of the gully-defined timber roundhouses belong to), though pottery (and a single radiocarbon date) from later phases of occupation, including a roundhouse with stone footings, indicated occupation during the 1st to 4th C AD (with an emphasis on the later Roman period). The walls of this roundhouse were 2m in width, constructed of stone bonded with soil. Evidence for internal hearth and floor of rough slabs with an internal drain. A 1.2m wide entrance lay to the SW. There may well have been a hiatus in occupation during the later Iron Age, though an archaeomagnetic date from a hearth in one roundhouse was 200BC - AD 100. Evidence for bronze and ironworking."
44018,-100,100,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,coastal,uncertain,No,No,No,"Limited excavations within a severely eroded coastal promontory fort in West Wales demonstrated occupation beginning in the early to middle Iron Age and continuing through at least into the Roman period. The fort had exceptionally large defences, of at least three phases, with the most extensive probably dating to the late Iron Age. Excavations within the remains of the interior revealed a high density of structural features, comprising postholes, gullies, areas of metalling and pits, though no specific buildings could be discerned. The main Iron Age and Roman dates for occupation were confirmed by limited pottery and radiocarbon dates. The site was re-fortified in the 12th-13th C AD."
44019,,,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"Small scale excavations in 1979 of a ploughed-out oval earthwork enclosure on the tip of a gentle west-facing spur. The ditch and rampart enclosure encompassed 0.15ha and was stone-revetted internally. It is thought to have replaced an earlier circuit, defined by parallel palisade trenches. Structural features (gullies, postholes) were located within the interior. Dating evidence is minimal, with just a single sherds of Iron Age pottery. A post-Roman (7th C AD) cist grave cemetery cut through many of the earlier features."
44020,-100,1,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,No,No,No,"Excavations in 1969 and 1980 revealed parts of an earthwork enclosure  set upon the crest of a ridge. The main sub-rectangular earthwork enclosure (0.36ha) appears to have been surrounded by a concentric outer enclosure (excavated ditch section 1.9m wide, 0.95m deep) revealed as cropmarks, covering 1.98ha. The earliest settlement activity appears to have been a smaller enclosure complex, which was subsequently replaced by an unenclosed settlement (a single roundhouse observed). The main earthwork enclosure then followed, and was dated (by radiocarbon) to the later Iron Age (2nd/1st C BC). No datable finds were produced, and chronology is only evident from the single radiocarbon date."
44021,250,500,,,medium (4 - 8 ha),linear,Yes,,110,Yes,No,Yes,No,No,Yes,coastal,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Limited excavations in the early 20th century of a substantial earthwork-defined settlement on a small tidal islet (5ha) on the Pembrokeshire coast. About 110 rectangular earthwork structures are known (most in long rows, between 'streets'; the largest structure c 6x3m), of which two were excavated in the 1920s. These were built of drystone walling (and turf & timber supports) with central hearths. The dating evidence is not entirely conclusive, but most of the pottery supports a late Roman date, perhaps extending into the early medieval period."
44022,-100,70,,,medium (4 - 8 ha),enclosed,Yes,12,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,coastal,uncertain,No,No,No,"Excavations occurred in 1933-37 within a major hillfort (4ha) on a steep sided rise overlooking the sea, between the Rivers Rheidol and Ystwyth.  Four main phases  were established, with the major developments occurring in the middle to late Iron Age. It was at its height during the late Iron Age (1st C BC/AD), with elaborate stone walled gateways and timber defences. The sites of about 12 roundhouses can be seen as earthworks. There is no explicit evidence for the hillfort being occupied within the Roman period, aside from a few scraps of Roman pottery and a late Roman coin."
44023,-100,400,200,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,No,7,5,No,No,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,No,No,No,"Excavations in 1967-8 on a sloping inland promontory above a stream revealed an enclosed late Iron Age-Romano-British farmstead. The oval earthwork enclosure measured 65x50m internally (0.32ha), defined by a bank (up to 7.3m wide) and ditch (3.3m wide, 1.8m deep) with an entrance on the SE side (with gateway structure and cobbling). Several roundhouses and other structures were revealed within the interior. A group of four post-defined timber structures were observed in groups surrounding the central part of the enclosure, measuring 30m, 18m, 20m and 33m long respectively, with average widths ranging from I-2m to 4-2m. One of these structures contained a large bowl-hearth filled with ash, along with fragments of crucible. Charcoal from this hearth radiocarbon dated 3rd-2nd C BC. These buildings were interpreted as workshops (smelting and smithing) and animal byres. Another possibility is that the posthole pattern around the interior periphery could represent lines of four- and six-posters. The seven roundhouses in the interior were defined by shallow gullies and postholes (c 6-10m dia.), with internal hearths. Four and six post structures also lay in the interior, presumably granaries. Overall, occupation of the site (from ceramics and radiocarbon dating), began in the 3rd-2nd C BC and continued to the 2nd C AD, though with some further sporadic activity into the 3rd-4th C AD. Two of the roundhouses are associated with Roman finds (8-10m dia with internal flag covered drains). Another structure explicitly dated to the Roman period (on the basis that it """"conforms to a Romanised building plan"""", along with 2nd C AD Roman finds) lay partially across the SE entrance to the enclosure. This was a rectangular building (9.4x3.65m), with walls of faced limestone blocks and a non-mortared rubble core. Within the west wall was a slab-lined drain, and the floor was of well-laid cobbling. No indications of internal partitions."
44024,-100,390,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,No,No,No,"Geophysical survey and trial excavation of a ploughed-out defended oval enclosure (67x53m; 0.28ha) just below the crest of a ridge above the valleys of Cwm Gloyne and Nant Duad. The enclosure ditch varied from 1.5m to over 3m in width and a bank was indicated, possibly surmounted by a hedge. Within the interior were postholes, stake-holes, irregular scoops and areas of burning, though no obvious structures could be discerned (roundhouses and four-posters suggested). A charcoal sample from one posthole gave a radiocarbon date in the Romano-British period (cal AD 70–390), while a further sample from a feature that must have lain under the bank gave a radiocarbon date in the Iron Age (360–30 cal BC)."
44025,320,600,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,No,Yes,No,"Geophysical survey and limited excavation of adjacent earthwork enclosures on a promontory at the top of the steep valley side of Cwm Gloyne. The irregular shaped enclosures (c 0.4 & 0.3ha) were defined by banks and ditches (5m wide). Internally, some test pits revealed pits, stakeholes, gullies and stone-packed postholes. One pit contained a thin layer of charcoal-rich material at the base, above which was a layer of large slate slabs, with further burnt slate above. The complex nature of the pit fills suggested some form of structured deposition. Almost no finds, but a single radiocarbon date (from charred material in the base of the structured deposit) suggested a late to post-Roman date for occupation (cal AD 320–600), potentially starting much earlier."
44026,-100,,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,4,,No,No,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,No,No,No,"Excavations in advance of the construction of a prison camp during the Second World War, revealed parts of a later prehistoric type hillfort occupying a promontory on a bluff high above the River Teifi. The fort comprised two substantial banks and ditches enclosing the end of the promontory (c 1.5ha), with an inner enclosure around the promontory, surmounted by a palisade.  Four post-built roundhouses were explored in the lee of the inner rampart. The dating was very poor, but it was suggested that occupation could have continued into the Roman period, only on the basis of iron nails and beads. The end period is left blank here."
44027,75,200,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Limited excavations in 2001 in the Towy Valley, c 2km west of Carmarthen, revealed an urned cremation burial of two individuals, along with associated grave goods. The finds were dated later 1st-2nd C AD. The location is probably too far to have been directly associated with the Roman fort (established c AD 75) or town (c AD 120+). No associated features found in surrounding watching brief."
44028,70,200,,,large (9+ ha),linear,Yes,,5,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,Yes,Yes,No,"Limited small scale excavations and geophysical surveys revealed parts of a Roman fort and vicus close to the head of the Usk valley and overlooking the Tywi valley. A geophysical survey and targeted 7-trench evaluation in 2004-7 mostly outside of the fort revealed roads (with possible wheel ruts), military ditches, metalled surfaces, an oven, postholes, pits (including a possible cess pit) and elements of timber beam-slot buildings along the roadside (some associated with occupation and industrial/craft activity (e.g. metal-working)). A possible collapsed clay wall from one of the buildings was revealed, and an almost complete Severn-Valley storage jar came from a ditch. The results from the evaluation and surveys indicated that the fort was initially a large (3.5ha) playing-card shaped auxiliary fort with annexe, dating to the second half of the 1st C AD, and then undergoing a series of transformations (and reductions in size to 2.2ha) until abandonment at some point in the later 2nd C AD. Outside of the defences a vicus was established alongside the road to the NE. Box-flue tiles suggested a bathhouse in the vicinity and it is also suggested as the site of a mansio. A cremation cemetery was previously observed in 1961 SE of the fort/vicus, but little information is available. The fort is identified as Alabum in the Ravenna Cosmology."
44029,240,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,coastal,uncertain,No,No,No,"Excavations revealed the skeletal remains of three individuals from a layer within a coastal cave on Caldy Island in Carmarthen Bay. Two of the skeletons were radiocarbon dated as Mesolithic, but was dated cal AD 240-400. Possible associated Romano-British finds."
44030,100,150,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,coastal,uncertain,No,No,No,"A Roman cremation burial was discovered in 1806 whilst digging in a barrow of probable Bronze Age date, 0.7km from the north Pembrokeshire coastline. The urn has recently been dated to the 2nd C AD and late 1st C AD coins were probably associated with the cremated remains."
44031,1,100,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,1,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"A pipeline excavation revealed part of a late Iron Age/early Romano-British settlement just below the summit of a low prominence bordering the River Towy floodplain. Features included a penannular ditch (14.5m dia.), which was probably part of a roundhouse, and three pits. A wide north-facing entrance to the roundhouse was defined by postholes. The pits contained late Iron Age/early Roman pottery and large amounts of charcoal and hazelnut shells, along with unidentifiable burnt animal bone. An undated D-shaped enclosure nearby may be related, and it was felt likely that further parts of the settlement may await discovery."
44032,50,200,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,No,Yes,No,"A pipeline excavations revealed an area of Roman activity within an earlier henge monument defined by two massive rock-cut ditches, located on the southern edge of a ridge which projects eastwards from a 110m-high hill. The ridge lies at the confluence of the River Taf and a smaller water course. Roman pottery (1st to 2nd/3rd C AD) was retrieved from the uppermost fills of both henge ditches along with unidentifiable cremated bone fragments. A four-post structure (2x2.5m) was then built within the footprint of the former eastern henge ditch. A bowl-shaped pit was cut into the NW henge terminal and contained burnt bones from up to two sheep/goats and a neonatal/foetal sheep/goat, along with cereal remains - a possible structured deposit? Radiocarbon dates suggest that the cremation deposit occurred in cal AD 130–260. Another pit nearby contained early Roman pottery and further postholes probably represent the remains of another four-post structure. There are two main suggestions for the Roman activity at this site. Firstly, it could be part of a small settlement including at least one four-post granary and small pits. Alternatively, these features could represent renewed ritual use of the site, with the four-post structure(s) interpreted as having a ritual or funerary use, for example to support excarnated human remains."
44033,-50,100,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,No,No,No,"Pipeline excavation revealed parts of a late Iron Age/early Roman settlement on the south-western face of Conkland Hill, potentially part of a previously unrecognised multivallate hilltop enclosure. Feature comprised substantial ditches and pits along with a hearth and postholes. The site is dated by a small assemblage of pottery and one radiocarbon date (170 cal. BC–30 cal. AD)."
44034,250,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Pipeline excavation revealed what is probably the fringes of a late Roman settlement on the eastern side of a small stream 2km NW of Gelliswick Bay. Features comprised a series of ditched rectilinear plot boundaries and pits associated with later 3rd to 4th C AD pottery and ceramic building material. The layout of the ditches  suggested only one phase of activity was present. A sub-rectangular pit nearby was suggested as a possible grave, but no skeletal material survived."
45001,100,150,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"A site occupying the flat floor of the Severn Valley. The site is an apparently Romano-British occupation site attested by two ditches, 11m apart (one 1.5m wide by 1. 1m deep, the other 1m wide by 1m deep), with a 24m stretch of loose cobbling on either side. The site was discovered during drainage work and subsequently excavated by CPAT during 1977. Sherds of black-burnished ware from the first half of the second century were found in the ditches and Severn Valley ware in the ditches and on the cobbles. All were overlain by alluvium. At least one sherd of pottery was dated to c.100-150 AD."
45002,150,325,250,,uncertain,enclosed,Yes,,3,Yes,Yes,Yes,No,No,Yes,plain or plateau,uncertain,Yes,Yes,No,"A site located approx. 1.5km NW of the centre of Wrexham, revealed during development-led excavations between 1994 and 1996. It is 17km SE of the legionary fortress at Chester and 8.5km SW of the legionary tile works and barracks at Holt (see database record 45016). The site is regarded as probably, but not certainly, a farmstead (also suggested as a small villa or a building associated with the Roman administrative system). The finds from the site are certainly suggestive of at least a high status farmstead. Activity was focussed on a rectangular enclosure which may have had a timber palisade which was later replaced by a bank and ditch. Several phases were identified, but the lack of a stratigraphic sequence for most areas meant that the phasing was poorly understood. Within the enclosure at least three phases of building were recognised, with an initial timber building of possible Hadrianic-Antonine date which was later replaced by a two-roomed building in stone, or at least with stone foundations, which was probably constructed in the early or mid-3rd century. Ceramics suggest some earlier Roman activity, though the main occupation appeared to date from the later second century until the early fourth century. The enclosed building may have been adjacent to a trackway and a field-system. Additional features included probable field boundary ditches, perhaps two corndriers, two or three wells, several other enclosures, an area of dense postholes and a possible hearth. Palaeoenvironmental samples from pits, ditches and the corn-drying kiln indicated the presence of cereal, chaff and weed seeds. Prior to excavation the construction site was targeted by amateur detector users and some finds may have gone missing, though many were reported to Wrexham Museum Service and are included in the finds from the published report. A ceramic mould depicting a hippocamp was recovered from one of the wells. Structured deposit?"
45003,150,400,,,uncertain,enclosed,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"A site just within the modern border of Wales, east of Presteign. The site is situated immediately north of the River Hindwell. A sub-rectangular enclosure with an entrance along the eastern side was discovered by aerial reconnaissance in 1995. Cropmarks indicated a substantial ditch enclosing an area of about 96m by 80m, within which were faint traces of further parallel linear features, possibly indicating a rectangular internal structure, leading to the suggestion that this may be the site of a villa. A second possible enclosure was also visible as a cropmark to the SE. Surface finds of Romano-British pottery are recorded from fields within the immediate area, although not from the field in question. A magnetometer survey was undertaken by Stratascan during May 1997 which identified the southern and western sides of the main enclosure. Three trenches were excavated by CPAT in 1997, two across the main enclosure, and one to investigate the second enclosure. The main enclosure was defended by a substantial ditch over 4.5m wide. Pottery from the secondary fill of the main enclosure ditch suggests that the site had been established by at least the middle to late 2nd century. Two parallel internal ditches may represent two phases, or possibly a double-ditched internal enclosure, the innermost enclosing an area 42 by 35m, set slightly off-centre of the main enclosure. Pottery from the ditches ranged in date between mid-2nd to 3rd and 4th century. No evidence was revealed for any structures within the enclosure, but the absence of building stone, brick or tile suggests that had there been buildings within the enclosure these were probably timber. The second possible enclosure comprised a V -shaped ditch, 1.7m wide, containing Romano-British pottery. A second ditch, l.4m wide, was identified further to the east on a slightly different alignment, also containing Romano-British pottery. Two hearths were identified outside the enclosure which may indicate small-scale metalworking, although no evidence of metallurgical waste was recovered. The only dating evidence for this activity was a single sherd of medieval pottery from one hearth, although this may have been intrusive. Three shallow linear scoops identified close to the hearths were of unknown date and function, although their shape, size and alignment were suggestive of graves."
45004,100,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,2,Yes,No,Yes,No,No,Yes,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"The site of a probable villa at Maesderwen, Llanfrynach, in the Brecon Beacons, immediately north of the Nant Menasgin, a tributary of the River Usk.  The earliest report of discoveries at Maesderwen is from 1698 when bricks and the ruins of walls were revealed, although about 20 years previously a pavement of small stones of various colours had been uncovered, together with pottery, Roman coins and other finds. The site was rediscovered in 1783 when workmen revealed small pillars 3ft 3in high, built with brick tile 7in square and 1 in thick. Further excavation revealed the extent of a bath-house, published by Charles Hay in 1785 (Archaeologia 7, 205-210). The bath-house measured 21.64m east to west and 14.48m north to south and consisted of a range of rooms, including four with mosaic pavements, one of which depicted a sea monster. A detailed interpretation and plan of the bath-house was published by Nash-Williams (1949; see also RCAHMW 1986, 181). Hay's report also refers to the foundations of a second building located 80ft to the south, where two skulls were found, leading to the later suggestion that this may have been a mausoleum. The only reported finds from the site are two spoons of silvered or tinned bronze, now in Brecon Museum, and twelve coins ranging from a denarius of Severus Alexander A.D. 222-235 to a nummus, probably of Valentinian I A.D. 364-375. A geophysical survey was undertaken by Stratascan in March 1993 covering an area of 60 by l00m. A complex series of anomalies were identified, which were provisionally interpreted as indicating the location of the bath-house and other structures or building platforms. Small-scale excavations and geophysical survey were undertaken by CPAT during 1997, revealing cobble foundations and robber trenches which defined part of a building consisting of parallel walls c.5.2m apart internally, aligned north-west to south-east, and extending for over 6m, with the south-western wall incorporating either a dog-leg or a butt-ended wall at right-angles to it. The recovery of a significant quantity of Roman pottery, brick and tile from the excavations, indicates that the building may have had a hypocaust and tiled roof. However, although only a partial plan was revealed, the dimensions do not match any of those of the bath-house recorded by Hay and it is possible that it represents the second building or 'mausoleum'. Cobble foundations identified in another test pit may have been part of the bath-house, or at least of another sizeable structure. The precise location of the bath-house remains somewhat uncertain and it seems likely that the site was substantially levelled not long after its rediscovery in 1783. Test pits investigating the geophysical survey results revealed no obvious evidence for structures. The dating evidence from the excavations comes entirely from the pottery, the majority of which is of 3rd and 4th century date, with some 2nd-century vessels. The excavation also identified substantial deposits of iron slag which, together with the antiquarian references to iron cinders within the field called Clos y Gaveilion, suggests significant, probably Roman, smelting activity within the immediate area. Based on the collective evidence it has been assumed that the recorded remains represent part of a villa complex, although the site of the villa itself has yet to be identified."
45005,80,300,125,180,uncertain,linear,Yes,,2,Yes,No,Yes,No,No,Yes,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"The site of a poorly understood but probably nucleated settlement at Ffrith, Flintshire, immediately west of the River Cegidog. Many discoveries of Roman material since the 16th century, including a significant quantity of Roman artefacts and structural evidence including a probable hypocaust. Excavations were undertaken by Sir Cyril Fox in 1926 and others in the late 1960s in advance of housing development. These produced evidence for a complex stratigraphy including masonry buildings which superseded timber predecessors. Also more recent work by Time Team. The site is regarded as a significant Roman settlement, probably civilian, although the quantity of XX Legion tiles recovered suggests a military connection. Whilst the exact character of the site remains uncertain it has been classified as a potential unwalled ‘small town’ for the purposes of this database. The limited dating evidence available suggests activity from the late 1st to 3rd centuries, though seemingly not into the 4th."
45006,-100,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Excavation ahead of housing development at Rhuddlan, on the east bank of the River Clwyd, produced some limited evidence for Iron Age and Romano-British activity comprising agricultural gullies, plough marks, two probable Iron Age four post structures (regarded as likely to be 3rd- 1st century BC in date). A possible hiatus in activity during the later 1st and early 2nd centuries AD after initial Iron Age activity, though this is based on a very small area of excavation and so is not considered certain. Very little evidence for Romano-British structures, but the quantity of later Roman ceramics suggestive of domestic activity in the vicinity, continuing into the later 4th century AD. The site is tentatively suggested as a farmstead here."
45007,200,400,,,large (9+ ha),enclosed,Yes,,1,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,No,No,No,"Rescue excavations between 1969 and 1976 at the Breiddin hillfort, Powys, although covering only a small part of the site’s 28 ha, showed that small-scale or sporadic activity in the Mesolithic and late Neolithic/early Bronze Age was followed by a substantial occupation towards the end of the Bronze Age, with a timber framed rampart yielding radiocarbon dates centred around 800 BC. After a period during which the hilltop was probably used for little more than grazing, the rampart was rebuilt on a larger scale, probably in or about the 3rd century BC; an outer line of defence may date from about this period but a third rampart seems more likely to be later. There was nothing to suggest that the Iron Age occupation persisted into the very late Iron Age, and early Roman material was absent. Pottery and coins showed that occupation, perhaps of an essentially agricultural nature, began again in the 2nd or early 3rd century AD and continued until the end of the Roman period, if not later. Probable or possible Roman period features included hearths and the floor of a possible rectangular building, and possible stone-built structures which may have been stock enclosures."
45008,50,200,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,No,No,No,"A natural limestone cave, the entrance to which is S facing, excavated 1949 and later. Several finds indicate Roman activity of 1st and 2nd century AD date, as well as six burials. The burials were not well dated, though they were considered likely to be of Roman date based on the artefacts recovered from the cave, although these were not found in clear association with the skeletal material. Finds up to 1954 included a bronze penannular brooch, possibly of 1st-century date, a zoomorphic plate brooch in the shape of a fish, possibly of the 2nd century, and a bronze ring. A Roman bronze fibula was recovered from work in the entrance chamber in 1950, at the same time as a barbed and tanged arrowhead."
45009,-100,100,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plain or plateau,uncertain,No,No,No,"Four probably Romano-British bowl or dome furnaces for iron smelting were excavated in 1951. AD. The find of a chisel suggested as evidence for forging as well as smelting.  Romano-British pottery apparently collected in the furnaces after their abandonment and collapse, providing a TAQ at the beginning of the 2nd century AD. They are considered probably Romano-British in the report, though it is acknowledged that they may be earlier, possibly contemporary with early Iron Age activity at a nearby small hillfort, Gwernyfed Gaer. However, the chisel is regarded as a Roman and not early Iron Age type."
45010,100,250,,,uncertain,linear,Yes,,2,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Rescue excavation took place in part of the vicus to the south of Forden Gaer Roman fort, where the River Severn was causing erosion to part of the civilian settlement. The extent of the vicus is uncertain but appears to have been situated between the fort and the river, alongside the Roman road south from the fort. The vicus apparently developed and expanded from the 2nd and possibly into the 4th century AD, though there may have been a reduction in the size of the vicus on the south side of the fort after the early 3rd century. Excavated features included part of the main road, side roads, part of possible timber structures, gullies, structural postholes and a possible well. Other areas of occupation were seen on either side of the main Roman road during a small excavation in 1975."
45011,80,400,,,uncertain,linear,Yes,,4,Yes,No,Yes,No,No,Yes,river valley,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"The site of a fort and associated vicus 4km west of Brecon, occupying a terrace overlooking the confluence of the River Usk with its tributary the Afon Ysigir. First excavations of the fort and part of the vicus by Mortimer Wheeler in 1920s, produced evidence for at least three extra-mural stone-walled buildings in addition to post-built structures and clay floors, suggesting that the vicus extended at least 300m north along the road out of the fort. Subsequent geophysics and test pitting by CPAT in 2009 and 2010 have shown the vicus to have been larger than previously assumed, covering an area of up to 10ha. Features included evidence of iron smelting, a probable oven or kiln, and the robbed-out walling of a probable building, together with a series of pits, gullies and layers. There is little information available about the dating of the extramural settlement, though the fort itself appears to have dated from c. AD 75-80, and continued with alterations into the 4th century. Amateur metal detecting has also taken place around the area of the vicus though the finds have not been available for study."
45012,75,120,,,uncertain,linear,Yes,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"The site of a fort and associated vicus at Caerau, occupying a low hill immediately adjacent to the Roman road and overlooking the Afon Cammarch, a tributary stream of the Afon Irfon, to the north-east. Geophysical survey and test pitting has confirmed the presence of an extra-mural settlement to the north-west of the fort, with a regular layout of buildings either side of the road. Early 20th century reports of finds suggest a possible bathhouse, though this has not yet been confirmed through excavation. Very little dating evidence available, though the fort is believed to have been occupied between c. AD 75-120."
45013,80,330,230,300,uncertain,linear,No,,1,No,No,Yes,No,No,Yes,hill,uncertain,No,No,No,"The site of a fort and associated vicus at Castell Collen, Powys, subject to several excavations since the early 20th century, most of which have focussed on the fort itself, with some limited work in the extramural settlement by Alcock in the 1950s. The fort occupies a position overlooking the River Ithon. Alcock’s excavations in the extramural area revealed a bathhouse. The bathhouse was predated by an earlier building of uncertain form of probable Flavian date, possible evidence for early civilian activity shortly after the fort’s foundation in c. AD 75-80. The bathhouse itself thought to have been constructed at the same time as the stone phase of the fort, c. AD 100-10. It is believed that both fort and vicus were occupied continuously up to the AD 220s, with a possible abandonment or period of light use covering the period from the AD 230s to about AD 300, after which there was a short-lived phase of occupation up to about AD 330, when the fort seems to have been finally abandoned. More recently the area of the vicus was subject to amateur metal detecting. As these detector finds were reported and are well provenanced and published they have been included in the data for this record. Geophysical surveys were also undertaken in response to the reporting of the metal detector finds."
45014,55,200,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),linear,Yes,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,plain or plateau,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"The site of a fort and associated vicus at Hindwell, Powys. The presence of a civilian settlement, or vicus, on the eastern side of the fort was first recognised through geophysical survey in 1998 and was subject to further survey. Trial trenching revealed evidence for the Roman road, a probable boundary ditch of the vicus and pits, some with smithing waste. Finds from the fort argue for its establishment in the Neronian period, between AD 55-65, with occupation probably extending into the Flavian period, beyond AD 80. Present knowledge suggests that the vicus is focused on the road leading from the east gate, with indications of buildings and ancillary activity spreading out for about 30m on either side of the road and defined, at least on the south side, by a narrow, V-shaped ditch. The vicus continues for about 160m beyond the fort defences, occupying an area of around 0.7ha. The recent limited excavations identified several pits within an area which may be presumed to lie behind roadside structures. A preliminary examination of the pottery indicates the presence of some earlier pottery, possibly of Neronian date, but an absence of later Roman material. Finds made in the 1950s about 120m to the south of the fort included tile and hypocaust bricks, suggesting the presence of a bath-house close to the stream. This southern area was the subject of geophysical survey and small-scale investigation in 2010 which identified the road leading towards the southern gate of the fort, and also provided evidence for a southern annex to the fort, within which a number of linear features and pits were evident. There was, however, no suggestion of civilian activity in this area."
45015,80,130,,,uncertain,linear,Yes,,3,Yes,No,Yes,No,No,Yes,hill,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"The site of a fort and associated vicus at Pen-y-gaer, Powys. Excavation of the fort in the 1960s revealed it to have dated from c. AD 80-130. Geophysical survey and small-scale excavation in the area of the vicus revealed it to have been to the south of the fort, lying to the east and west of what is believed to have been the principal road in/out of the fort. To the west of the road at least it is now clear that the area was occupied by a complex of buildings which may have been laid out with respect to the Roman road, along with one or more side roads. Although the nature and extent of the occupation remains uncertain, it is clear that there was significant industrial activity, in the form of iron smithing, and it seems likely that the buildings in this area housed a variety of small-scale industries. The work identified at least three buildings, perhaps of different phases, which all appear to have been constructed on stone sleeper walls, which would have supported timber-framed structures with tiled roofs. One had an associated hearth and one a domestic oven. Other features included a paved area, a stone-lined well and other structures. Also a small corn-drier which possibly had a wooden superstructure. A metalled road or track also identified, implying a planned layout to the vicus. The pottery from the site has not yet been analysed and so dating of the vicus is currently uncertain and dating rests on the date of the fort."
45016,87,250,175,,uncertain,enclosed,Yes,,6,No,No,Yes,No,No,Yes,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"The site of a military supply depot and tile production site at Holt, on the west bank of the River Dee, excavated between 1907-1914. Structures included a workmen's barracks, a bathhouse, two sets of workshops, a drying shed and kilns, clay pits, as well as evidence for domestic occupation in the form of a well-appointed, heated building. The site lies 12km south of the legionary fortress of Chester, and the purpose of the site was apparently to produce building materials for the fortress. The site also produced pottery. Samian ware and coins suggest activity at the site may have started c. AD 87 and tiles were still being produced into the mid-3rd century, though occupation may have been much reduced after the later 2nd century."
45017,1,200,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,1,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,plain or plateau,uncertain,No,No,No,"The site of a large double-ditched enclosure with a N entrance, first identified through aerial photography, one of two similar sites situated within 300m of each other. The site occupies a position adjacent to but slightly above the flood plain of the River Severn. Small-scale rescue excavation was taken ahead of the rerouting of the A483. The enclosure’s inner ditch encloses an area of at least 50m by 50m, around 0.4ha. The outer ditch appears to enclose an area of approx. 100m across, with approx. 9m between ditches. The excavations produced ceramic dating evidence of no later than 2nd century AD,  as well as a radiocarbon date of 1895±60 bp (c. AD 55). Features within the interior included gullies, a possible furnace pit, other pits and an additional possible furnace. No stratification survived. No traces of buildings identified in the first excavations. Further excavation (4650m2) was undertaken 2002-3 by CPAT in advance of housing development. A number of structures were identified in this work, represented by gullies, pits and postholes. Structures included a possible small roundhouse with at least two or three phases with a diameter of approx. 5.2-5.5m with possible entrance on the north-east side in each phase. Lack of finds and a hearth was taken to suggest a store rather than a dwelling. Two pairs of postholes are possible evidence of a four/six-post structure. Indications that other buildings existed. The earliest phases of both the inner and outer ditches are undated but Roman pottery and C14 dating suggest that the inner ditch was recut in about the 2nd century AD, implying that the settlement probably originated in the late Iron Age to early Roman period. Irregular spacing of the ditches suggest that the two ditches may perhaps not have been strictly contemporary."
45018,-100,420,150,260,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,3,2,No,No,No,No,Yes,Yes,hill,uncertain,No,No,No,"Dinorben hill-fort, near Abergele, Denbighshire, situated on a low range of hills on the west side of the Vale of Clwyd near the sea. The site was subject to several rescue excavations since 1912, chiefly in advance of quarrying and is now entirely destroyed. The enclosed area of the fort is a little over 2ha, making it one of the smaller hill-forts in NE Wales. It was occupied from the early/mid Iron Age until the end of the Roman period, though with a complex sequence of development. Phases identified include a pre-rampart ‘open village’ phase (c. 300-200 BC), an initial rampart phase (c. 200-100 BC), a later multivallate rampart phase (c. 50 BC- AD 150), after which the site was abandoned for over a century,  a late Romano-British reoccupation phase (c. AD 260-355), and a phase of sub-Roman activity (c. AD 380-420). Structural features associated with the first Romano-British phase (c. 50 BC- AD 150) include ramparts, possibly reconstructed in response to the advance of Rome, guard chambers behind the gate, and a circular stone building. After a long hiatus the hill-fort was reoccupied but not refortified, c. AD 260. Features of this phase include a large circular wooden house. After a second phase of abandonment, a roughly constructed aisled timber building was built over part of the site of the earlier timber circular building, and late Roman pottery and coins of the House of Valentinian were probably associated with this phase."
45019,75,250,150,,medium (4 - 8 ha),linear,Yes,,5,Yes,No,Yes,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"The site of a vicus associated with the fort at Caersws, Powys, in the Severn Valley, approximately 250m north of the Severn. A number of development-led excavations and watching briefs have taken place within the area of the vicus since the 1960s, and it is considered to be one of the best understood vici from the region. See database record 45020 for a full summary of the site. This record includes data from several investigations between 1984 and 1993, totalling c. 744m2, to the east of the fort, which produced evidence for a defensive ditch and a sequence of at least four/five timber buildings and two ovens. Whilst an early ditch produced samian of c. AD 70-110, finds associated with the sequence of buildings suggested that the principal activity began in the mid 2nd century and continued into the 3rd century. One of the buildings was square and apparently enclosed by a palisade, and this building was interpreted as a potential Romano-Celtic temple (the enclosure perhaps a temenos). A fragment of a statuette of Venus was recovered from a rubbish pit immediately to the north of this building. Many features were unphased, including various pits and postholes. One shallow elongated pit contained no artefacts but thought possibly to be an inhumation grave. Other features in this part of the vicus produced included up to 4 wells and pits and postholes and gullies, some probably structural."
45020,75,300,100,130,medium (4 - 8 ha),linear,Yes,,5,Yes,No,Yes,No,No,Yes,river valley,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"This record forms the primary record for the site of a vicus associated with the fort at Caersws, Powys, in the Severn Valley, approximately 250m north of the Severn. This record is based principally on the results of excavations at the Old Primary School in 1985-6, but also includes results from several early interventions which have not been fully published elsewhere (see also database records 45019 for additional recent excavations). A number of development-led excavations and watching briefs have taken place within the area of the vicus since the 1960s, and it is considered to be one of the best understood vici from the region.  The extramural settlement is known to lie on the S and E sides of the fort, occupying an area of around 7 hectares. Both major and side roads, along with the generally regular alignment of many of the excavated features, suggest a degree of internal planning, rather than piecemeal development. A possible tavern, shops and workshops have been identified just to the south of the fort, with small-scale industries including iron, bronze and leather working. A stone building discovered in the mid-19th century is now recognised as an extramural bathhouse. The various excavations within the vicus have provided a sequence from the later first century to the early third century. Phasing of the vicus suggests construction of main and perimeter roads c. AD 75, with the construction of shops/workshops etc. and temporary yards/work areas. Demolition or destruction of buildings by fire before AD 100, followed by levelling and rebuilding of vicus to new plan, again with shops/workshops etc. after AD 100. This was followed by decay or demolition of Trajanic buildings around AD 130 or later. After this date little evidence for occupation, and it is thought that the vicus may have ceased to function commercially after around AD 130, and it may have then had a significantly reduced population or been deserted, though the bathhouse may have continued to be used, possibly up to or beyond AD 300.  As well as several buildings of timber and clay construction, probably with thatched or shingle roofs, other features include many hearths/ovens, pits and at least two wells."
45021,-100,400,-50,100,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,3,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Partial rescue excavations were undertaken between 1980-82 at an enclosure site in the Upper Severn Valley, previously known from cropmarks and earthworks. Ephemeral scatters of earlier prehistoric activity. First enclosed settlement constructed c. 3rd century BC, probably consisted of three widely spaced concentric ditches, associated with banks of simple dump construction with a single gated entranceway on the downhill side. The enclosure covered approx. 2.5ha and appears to have been of relatively high status, with 3-4 timber roundhouses and 4-5 four-post structures in use at any one time in the central enclosure. These dated exclusively to the Iron Age and produced radiocarbon dates ranging from 340 ± 70 BC to 120 ±70 BC. The roundhouses seem to have gone out of use and the enclosure was reduced in size in the 1st century BC to a double-ditched enclosure, though storage buildings of Iron Age form appear to have continued well beyond the mid-1st century AD, though the evidence for domestic activity beyond the 1st century BC is limited. The entranceway was remodelled in about the late 1st or early 2nd century AD by means of a timber-lined passage linked to a new date on the line of the inner bank. It is unclear whether there was direct continuity between the Iron Age and Romano-British phases and few finds certainly date to between the mid-1st century BC and the mid-1st century AD, and it is possible that there was a hiatus, though the lack of ceramic dating evidence from this period makes this uncertain. Possible continued occupation within the inner enclosure continuing until at least the mid-4th century AD suggested by ceramic finds, possibly at a comparatively low social level, associated with domestic structures of uncertain form sited on earlier roundhouse platforms, and including some four-posters and possible six-posters. A rectilinear enclosure was created inside the main enclosure, setting aside the whole of the SE corner of the inner enclosure. Pottery from the fill of the ditch dates to the 3rd and 4th centuries AD. A possible late Roman domestic house recognised, though this attribution uncertain. Other Romano-British features included pits, some of which may have been used for water storage, and a clay oven which contained charred plant remains (including wheat and oat) was possibly Romano-British. Crucibles and slag associated with iron smithing apparently of Iron Age date."
45022,120,240,175,200,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,5,Yes,No,Yes,Yes,No,Yes,river valley,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"A site in the hamlet of Oakenhold, 1km SE of Flint on land which slopes towards the marshes on the edge of the Dee estuary. Many finds were recovered from the general area during the 18th and 19th centuries and the area was believed to be a focus for Roman lead production. A number of excavations have taken place at the site since the 1920s. The earliest excavations produced evidence for a number of furnaces dating to the first half of the second century, possibly associated with lead extraction. Further work in the 1930s produced remains of a 2nd century Roman building of sandstone with at least two rooms.  Approx. 230m to the north, work in the late 1950s/early 60s revealed a bathhouse which was subject to further investigation in the late 1970s/80s when the site was threatened by development. These investigations revealed a complex of buildings, thought to represent an official residence associated with lead mining and extraction in the area. The initial phase of the complex is represented by three ranges of buildings of clay and timber construction, built soon after AD 120. A yard, incorporating a D-shaped ornamental pool/pond, lay in the heart of the complex. The complex saw a number of developments, including in the Antonine period removal of the veranda and external corridors from the south range, part of which was now used for lead working, as well as demolition of part of the west range. There was subsequent rebuilding of the complex sometime in the late 2nd century, when the north range and part of the west range were demolished and a masonry building was constructed. Following this an additional stone building was built and the remaining section of the west range was replaced by a heated room. Some further minor alterations were undertaken in the late 2nd to early 3rd centuries and the heated room was replaced by a bathhouse with four main rooms. In the early to mid 3rd century the complex saw the demolition of the south range and the addition of three rooms (one timber, two masonry) on the south side of the north-west range. The central room may have been a tower. The majority of the complex was robbed of its stone in the mid-3rd century, although additional floors and walls in some of the southern rooms indicate some continuity of occupation. To the west of the complex a track and ditches were revealed."
45023,-100,325,75,160,uncertain,enclosed,Yes,1,11,Yes,Yes,Yes,No,No,Yes,plain or plateau,uncertain,No,Yes,No,"The site of an Iron Age farmstead and Romano-British industrial settlement, occupying a gentle slope, approx. 2km south of the modern North Wales coast. The site was first discovered in 1934 and a number of excavations were undertaken between the 1930s and mid-1980s. The most recent excavations were undertaken in advance of housing development. The first period of occupation on the site is represented by a small farmstead comprising a roundhouse, a possible paddock, three working areas and an infant burial surrounded by a stake-built fence. Radiocarbon dating suggests that this phase dates to the first or second centuries BC (radiocarbon dates associated with this phase are 30±60 BC for the burial, 100±70 BC, 220±60 BC, and 20±70 BC for features associated with the roundhouse) . This was possibly followed by a phase of early military activity, c. late 40s AD, though this based on finds only. In the AD 70s Romano-British structures were constructed and by AD 90-100 two bronze-smith’s workshops and other buildings had been built. The workshops produce a range of copper-alloy objects and moulds were found for the production of trumpet brooches, button-and-loop fasteners, cheek-piece rings, chapes, and cruciform moulds. One of the workshops continued in use until c. AD 140 and another to c. AD 155/60. Three stone buildings are known from the site (all excavated in the 1930s). The masonry bathhouse was built c. AD 120 and extended in c. AD 150 when a timber aqueduct was constructed. Evidence for construction using materials from the legionary works depot at Holt. Expansion of the site in c. AD 120 may be due to a reorganisation of the local mining and associated settlements in Hadrianic times. It is postulated that the settlement may have developed around a putative harbour, perhaps associated with the export of lead. The main period of occupation ended c. AD 160 and only one structure appears to have been built after this date, when a timber building and a group of pottery suggests reoccupation in the late 3rd/early 4th century. A boundary ditch around the complex limited the extent of the occupation to the north and east and it appears that the buildings excavated may be on the eastern fringes of the settlement. Stone column fragments discovered suggest that the main focus may have been to the west. A Mediterranean stone pine cone thought to be a possible votive deposit. A possible kick wheel recovered from the base of a pit a possible structured deposit? A skeleton of a dog also recovered from one of the buildings. Other features included a well and possible water tanks."
45024,75,100,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"A site situated to the north west of the vicus and fort at Caersws (see  45020 for detail about this site). Evaluation trenching and subsequent area excavation produced evidence for a Roman road as well as possible quarry pits for clay extraction alongside it, and a kiln is thought to be located nearby. A notable find from the work was a likely Roman horseshoe. Limited dating evidence for the activity available, though the small ceramic assemblage suggests a late 1st century date."
45025,,,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plain or plateau,uncertain,No,No,No,"A one trench evaluation took place at the northern extent of the village of Four Crosses, 500m north of the main crossroads of the A483, on an outwash plain between the rivers Severn and Vyrnwy. The work produced evidence for significant Romano-British activity in the immediate vicinity and the orientation of the ditches and gullies found during the work imply further deposits will survive to the north and north-east. Likely that to be part of a Romano-British fieldsystem, precise date uncertain. Approx. 150m to the NW an earlier 5 trench evaluation targeted linear features initially seen as cropmarks. These also contained Severn Valley Ware and were interpreted as part of a fieldsystem of tentative Romano-British date."
45026,1,350,120,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,Yes,No,"Area excavation during redevelopment in part of Welshpool revealed features associated with a probable fieldsystem of two phases, including gullies which may have functioned as boundaries or drainage ditches. The excavation took place in an area from which a group of high-status metalwork and other objects were discovered in 1959. The records indicate that these Roman artefacts were concentrated in a relatively small area and the new evidence implies that the metalwork lay within a feature that had been cut shallowly into the subsoil. A recent programme of radiocarbon dating on Celtic art objects in Britain has provided a date of 1-120 cal. AD from old yew wood from a bucket stave from the Welshpool collection, suggesting that they were deposited during the 1st century AD or later. It seems likely there that the finds were buried within a shallow pit which was disturbed in its entirety by workmen in 1959. Boon suggested that the finds may relate to burial of a Cornovian chieftain (though also a possible structured deposit?). However, the recent excavations failed to reveal any evidence for associated structures or deposits, or provide any stratigraphical link to the other Roman features on the site. The site produced evidence for a wide date range from the late 1st or early 2nd century into the 4th century."
45027,,,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"A four trench evaluation and subsequent watching brief produced truncated evidence for a probable fieldsystem associated with a nearby Romano-British settlement (or associated with nearby Roman military sites), including ditches and post-holes. Finds from the upper fill of one of the ditches included numerous sherds of pottery and clusters of burnt stone, possibly pot-boilers, perhaps indicating domestic activity close by. No good dating evidence available other than broadly Roman."
45028,75,125,,,uncertain,linear,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"The site of a vicus associated with the fort at Caersws, Powys, in the Severn Valley, approximately 250m north of the Severn. A number of development-led excavations and watching briefs have taken place within the area of the vicus since the 1960s, and it is considered to be one of the best understood vici from the region. See database record 45020 for a full summary of the site. This record concerns five small trenches excavated in 2002, which produced evidence for significant Roman deposits within the area, which must be associated with the extensive civilian settlement. The small size of the excavated areas limited the interpretation of the results. Although no structural features were revealed it was thought at least some of the deposits identified represented either floor levels or yard surfaces associated with a succession of buildings. Ceramic evidence suggests a date range of predominantly the late 1st to early 2nd century AD, typical of activity elsewhere in the vicus. Perhaps the most significant evidence revealed by the excavations relates to smithing activity, possibly associated with the production of nails, a significant number of which were found in association with the smithing evidence. Several fragments of smithing hearth bases were recovered from the excavations, along with furnace lining and smithing slag, although none were from primary contexts and had evidently been redeposited. This clearly suggests the presence of a smithing workshop within the immediate area. Features sealed by a deliberate dump of clay and stone of uncertain date, though with nothing later than Roman - possible levelling signalling end of activity in this area of the vicus."
45029,80,300,,,uncertain,linear,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Small-scale test pitting (19 1x1 test pits) was carried out to the east of the fort at Castell Collen (see also database number 45013 for earlier investigations at the site). The investigations demonstrated significant levels of Roman activity indicative of vicus development. A range of features were revealed in the test pits, including possible floor and yard surfaces, gullies, and a feature which may hint at brick or tile manufacture in one of the test pits. The small-scale nature of the investigations meant it was not been possible to determine any phases of activity within the vicus, though from previous work it is thought to have been occupied from c. AD 80 to the 3rd century (see 45013 for further detail on chronology)."
45030,100,300,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,1,1,No,No,No,No,No,No,hill,uncertain,No,No,No,"The site of an enclosure known from cropmarks, subject to small-scale excavation and geophysical survey after a coin hoard in a Severn Valley Ware jar was discovered by a metal detector user. Geophysics revealed two ditched enclosures, one inside the other, and the larger outer enclosure was believed to be the earliest. The geophysics suggested one or more buildings, possibly rectangular, on the SW side of the larger and smaller enclosures, approx. 30m NW of the coin hoard. Also a possible 2nd building of curvilinear form. Sherds of Roman pottery were recovered from one of the fills of the ditches, suggesting a Roman date for at least some of the activity. The precise relationship between the coin hoard and the enclosure ditches was not established. The composition of the hoard suggests a date of deposition in the early to mid-270s. The small number of pottery sherds recovered from the excavation aside from the Severn Valley Ware jar included some of probable 2nd-3rd century date, though as only a small number of sherds were recovered the above dating of the enclosures should be viewed with caution. The site is interpreted as a low-status agricultural settlement."
45031,,,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,mixed,No,No,No,"A small one trench evaluation was undertaken in advance of building construction in Ruthin, Denbighshire, in the Vale of Clwyd. Truncated Romano-British evidence included a gully and two deposits, the upper of which contained a high percentage of metal working debris (probably smithing waste), from which two sherds of Roman pottery were recovered. No date for the activity is offered in the report so the above date fields have been left empty."
45032,100,400,180,330,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"A cave site in the Swansea valley, consisting of a single chamber, roughly rectangular in shape. The cave first saw excavation in 1923 by staff of the National Museum of Wales, and subsequently by the Mendip Exploration Society. Finds included a 'grave' area, where human bones, representing at least 12 individuals, male and female, were found. Pottery and coins suggested activity in the mid-Bronze Age and the Roman period, and the Roman finds suggested activity in the second and fourth centuries AD respectively, with a possible hiatus between c. AD 180 and AD 330. It is suggested in the report that the earlier, 2nd century, phase related to burial and the later to domestic occupation. The burials were regarded as being more likely to be of Roman rather than prehistoric date. Outside of the 'grave area' finds included human remains, animal bones, metal objects and pottery."
45033,100,200,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,1,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"A site at Brynhyfryd Park, Ruthin, on the easternmost of two north-south glaciated ridges set within the Vale of Clwyd. Excavated ahead of residential development. The nature of the activity is unclear, though firm evidence for Romano-British occupation was identified, consisting of ditches, a gully, pits and postholes, a trackway, a rectangular structure (identified tentatively as a mausoleum), as well as the remains of three cremation burials, found in the area of the ‘mausoleum’, but not directly associated with it. The cremations were not closely dated, but a late 1st/2nd century date is suggested in the report. Pottery from the site in general ranged from the late 1st to early 4th centuries, with an emphasis on the late 1st/early 2nd century and particularly the 2nd century. Excavations to the north had earlier produced fairly strong evidence for a site of military character, probably a fort, and Flavian-Trajanic cremation burials were also recovered during this work. No direct evidence for military activity was found during the course of the CPAT excavations, and whilst uncertain, it is speculated that the evidence perhaps suggests a civil settlement associated with a fort located further to the north, with occupation possibly developing around the trackway. A small inhumation cemetery was undated, but thought to be of early medieval date, with the alignment of graves suggesting a Christian origin. Six of the graves were cut through the Romano-British trackway."
46001,-100,300,100,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,3,,No,No,No,No,No,Yes,river valley,mixed,No,No,No,"Site of a one-acre bank and ditch earthwork located on low-lying ground close to the River Brain. Excavation revealed a middle Iron Age phase in which a single round-house stood within a timber stockade, which was superseded in the 3rd or 2ndC BC by a substantial bank-and-ditch enclosure with two contiguous round-houses at its centre. This settlement continued to be occupied until the end of the 3rdC AD. The Iron Age phase was predominantly aceramic, though the settlement was receiving salt from the salt springs of the Shropshire/Cheshire plain as evidence by remains of coarse container vessels. The final phase of occupation, spanning the Romano-British period, was characterized by the demise of the bank and ditch and the addition of a third house. The later structure was structurally distinct from the Iron Age houses in that its walls had a rubble core and faced stone, and the use of Romano-British pottery became more common (2nd-3rdC AD). A small paved area was also constructed outside the third house. Based upon the pottery, the date of the end of occupation at Bryn Eryr would seem to be in the later third or early fourth centuries, of which the later third century would seem to be far more probable. The enclosure survived as an earthwork into the medieval period but there is no evidence for occupation beyond the 4thC AD."
46002,-50,350,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unenclosed,Yes,2,,No,No,No,No,No,Yes,coastal,uncertain,No,No,No,"Excavations at Bush Farm identified a previously unrecorded settlement of the late prehistoric and Romano-British period. Four main phases of activity were recorded. The earliest is represented by a stone wall on a north-south alignment in the north-western part of the excavated area. The second phase is represented by a clay-walled round-house which was succeeded by a smaller, stone-walled, round-house immediately to the west. This phase can be dated by association with Romano-British pottery. The fourth phase of activity is represented by the abandonment of the settlement and the subsequent agricultural use of the site which includes the construction of a field-wall over the eastern perimeter of the stone-walled roundhouse and its associated enclosure wall and the dumping of field-clearance stone over the house itself. Both of these activities contributed to the preservation and survival of the evidence for the house's former existence. The two houses appear to have been built in the LIA, the second of which continued in use until at least the end of the 3rdC AD. Pottery suggests that the site was abandoned by the mid-4thC AD."
46003,70,140,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,3,No,No,Yes,No,No,Yes,river valley,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Site of settlement and industrial activity outside the south and west defences of a late 1st/early 2ndC AD auxiliary fort and later fortlet. The dating of the extra-mural activity appeared to be contemporary between c.AD70/80 and c.AD120/140. Features excavated included parts of the fort and fortlet defensive ditches, a four-post structure (possibly pre-conquest), a small rectangular Roman timber building (which overlay the four-post structure), part of the contemporary Roman road (possible pre-conquest features lay beneath the road foundation), a tanning pit, and a large rectangular timber building. The latter building was multi-roomed, two of which contained large, stone-lined furnaces with an abundance of charcoal. This building was thought to have been a fabric, a workshop,  associated with the tanning pit. Some structures were masonry-built. Metallurgical analysis suggested that smithing, rather than smelting was carried out using the furnaces. A cistern along with finds of opus signinum and other material suggested to the excavator that an early bathhouse may have lay between the two excavated areas, though no structure was positively identified. Later geophysics provided a further information regarding the form of the site, though identified gaps in the defensive circuit."
46004,1,200,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,1,,No,No,No,No,No,Yes,plateau or plain,mixed,No,No,No,"Site of a Romano-British masonry roundhouse. The structure was heavily damaged, but was circular in plan and unmortared in construction. Radiocarbon dating suggests that the structure was built around the beginning of the 1stC AD and continued to the end of the 2ndC AD; pottery and a melon bead dated occupation to the 2ndC AD. A small sub-square annex/porch was also identified on the side of the house. A drainage gully and a central hearth were also features of the site. Further evidence for field boundaries were observed in the surrounding landscape."
46005,50,80,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,coastal,uncertain,No,No,Yes,"Site located c.300m east of Segontium Roman fort on the outskirts of medieval and modern Caernarfon. Excavation produced numerous twin-chambered oven features (18 in total) dotted over the site in an largely random manner. The ovens generally contained quantities of charcoal, abraided pottery, some with burnt clay, and others with stone, either as cobbling or perhaps structural. The best preserved examples showed signs of collapsed earthen roofs, and the signs of burning suggested a relatively low temperature was reached, not indicative of pottery firing or similarly high-temperature practices. The small quantities of grain also precludes the possibility of corndrying. Food preparation is instead preferred by the excavators. Radiocarbon dating placed them all around the period of the construction of the fort. The excavators suggest that the features represent a temporary military camp whilst the fort was being constructed. Some late 2ndC AD material appeared to have derived from manuring scatter, with the land converting to agricultural use after the abandonment of the ovens. There was no evidence for vicus settlement associated with the fort. The other feature of the site was a large early medieval cemetery with mortuary enclosures, which may have been for the local settlement after the fort had gone out of use in the late 4thC AD."
46006,-100,300,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,6,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,mixed,Yes,Yes,No,"Large-scale excavations revealed a late Iron Age/Romano-British settlement located on a plateau between two valleys which run north into the Menai Strait. The settlement was multifocal in form consisting of a large sub-circular enclosed area in the north, containing at least three roundhouses, an unenclosed central area with one roundhouse and a post-built structure, and a southern enclosure (or partial enclosure) with a further single roundhouse. The two enclosures were connected by a long north-south ditch which partly formed a trackway around the southern enclosure, and a boundary line along the eastern side of the central habitation area. Radiocarbon dating was limited, but suggested that occupation begun possibly as early as the 3rdC BC in the central area (so beginning as an open settlement). The northern enclosure seems to have come into existence in the 1stC AD. No dates were obtained from the southern area, but the pottery and feature alignment is indicative all each area being contemporary through the Roman period, at least until the end of the 3rdC AD."
46007,75,125,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"A poorly understood early Roman site of domestic character located around the entrance of a Neolithic henge monument. The henge was centrally reoccupied in the late Bronze Age/early Iron Age, but late 1st/early 2nd C AD features found in the silted up henge ditch pointed to the presence of a short-lived agricultural settlement. The features included possible four-posters (though these may have been Iron Age), hearths, and a possible furnace."
46008,100,350,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,3,2,No,No,No,No,No,Yes,plateau or plain,mixed,No,No,No,"An walled hut group site surveyed by the Royal Commission and partially excavated by the University of Wales in the 1970s. The hut group consisted of a number of masonry structures including three roundhouses and two rectangular buildings, with some evidence for internal division. These were built using burnt stone as core rubble. The settlement appears to have been set within a pre-existing field-system, as seen by a number of lynchets. Though these features were not dated, one was found to run beneath the enclosure wall. The site may have had a number of occupational phases, though these could not be discerned from the available excavated evidence. The settlement was occupied between the 2nd and the 4thC AD. An absence of calcite-gritted ware suggests abandonment in the middle of the 4thC AD."
46009,75,400,300,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,coastal,uncertain,No,No,No,"Site located on the eastern bank of the River Seiont as it drains into the Menai Strait, c.200m west of Segontium Roman fort. The fort was constructed in the late AD70s and was occupied through to the late 4thC AD. The site at Hen Waliau was excavated across a number of targeted areas over four separate periods between 1952 and 1985. The evidence revealed suggested that the area may have formed part of a vicus settlement between the fort and the river, with a period of intensive activity figuring in the late 1st and 2ndC AD, after which a contraction in the settlement may have ensued. In the 4thC AD, a large rectangular masonry walled enclosure was constructed in herringbone form in places, and was perhaps as high as 4 meters (though this is conjecture based upon the width of the base). The enclosure measured approximately 60mx80m. No internal buildings or other structures were identified, though an external gatehouse was found outside the southern boundary wall. Early commentators suggested that the enclosure was a second fort, though it has been subsequently suggested that it was a storage area, perhaps controlled by the military. The enclosure was overlooked by Segontium fort where the river runs closest to it. The remains of a possible Roman bridge (identified in the 19thC, but now lost) was observed to align with the road running south-west of the fort and immediately south of the enclosure."
46010,150,400,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,3,,No,No,No,No,No,No,coastal,uncertain,No,No,No,"Site of a large group of masonry hut circles located in the north-eastern corner of Holyhead around 400m east of the current coastline. The settlement was originally excavated in the 19thC, again between 1912 and 1913, and between 1978 and 1982, the latter forming the only modern excavations carried out at the site. The settlement was long thought to be a Romano-British village, but subsequent work has shown that the site was long-lived, perhaps originating c.2000BC and continuing into the early medieval period. The settlement pattern of the site clearly fluctuated across different areas and between different house structures. Of the structures present, a group three buildings were shown to have been occupied in the Roman period by coinage, pottery and radiocarbon dating. These structures were excavated during early investigations, but coinage placed the use of Building C in the later 2nd and 4thC AD, whilst Buildings B and M were probably also contemporary due to their location. Other buildings may also have been contemporary but this could not be demonstrated and, although LIA and earlier Roman use of the site is highly likely, these phases of occupation are uncertain. In addition, the late Iron Age phase is thought to have been aceramic, further complicating the situation. The settlement was also associated with field-system, seen in lynchets formed by arable working, much of which must also have been in use during the Roman period. The 1978-82 excavations only revealed a hut group thought to have represented 6thC AD reoccupation."
46011,75,200,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,1,Yes,No,Yes,No,No,Yes,coastal,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Site located c.300m NW of Segontium Roman fort and due north of the masonry enclosure of Hen Waliau. Excavation revealed evidence of two main phases of activity dating from the late 1stC AD to the mid-2ndC AD, whilst a burial dated to the second half of the 2ndC AD. Two lengths of ditch found probably formed an enclosure, with which were the remains of a post and beam-slot rectangular building with a side annex, a well, and a tile kiln. A short section of road was located adjacent to the enclosure. To the south of the features lay postholes and a hearth likely forming a second structure (again possibly multi-roomed), external gullies and a second well. To the south of these features lay further evidence of domestic occupation in the form of gullies and pits, but their form was more difficult to discern. Due to the recovery of well preserved wood working and leather, as well as evidence for tile production, the excavator suggested the site to have been workshops supplying the military. The recovery of children's shoes, herbs such as dill and coriander, and domestic finds such as wooden combs, suggest the presence of an affluent local community. More recent excavations just east of the tile kiln produced evidence for cobbled drains with contemporary pottery (Hopewell 2005)."
46012,100,350,,,large (9+ ha),unclassified,Yes,,2,Yes,Yes,Yes,No,No,Yes,coastal,uncertain,No,No,No,"Site of a Roman roadside settlement on the Menai coast, opposite Segontium fort. Regular Roman finds were being recovered in the 19thC. The site was extensively surveyed with geophysics in 2009 over nearly 20ha, revealing a settlement focussed upon a 0.6 km section of road with several side branches, and flanked by a series of small enclosures, typically c.20mx40m. Many of the enclosures contained anomalies, interpreted as structures, with around 25 possible buildings detected in total. Most appeared to be rectangular, possibly with internal subdivisions, and a few appeared to be more complex with extensions or additional rooms. Further anomalies throughout the settlement were interpreted as hearths, ovens or furnaces. Property plots appeared to be defined by small ditches, and there were no obvious sign of defences around the settlement. Small-scale excavations later ensued over two seasons revealing two rectangular buildings both with stone foundations and a wattle and daub superstructure. One was destroyed by fire, whilst the other overlooked the Menai Strait with a grand entrance and a portico suggestive of a relatively high-status building. It was, however, a fairly basic construction. A corn-drier was discovered as well as part of the road which measured eight metres wide and was said to be of 'typical Roman construction'. Numerous smaller features were also excavated including pits, and a small granary. Pottery was found to range in date from the 2nd to 4thC AD with a concentration on the mid/late 2nd century and the late 3rd to mid-4thC AD. There was no indication of activity after the mid-fourth century."
46013,200,300,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,3,,Yes,No,No,No,No,Yes,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"Site of an enclosed hut group first surveyed by the Royal Commission and later sample excavated due to landscaping by a new landowner. The site is located on the side of a low ridge of a shallow valley, and consists of three masonry roundhouses and enclosure wall, whilst the presence of large stones potentially reflect the remains of further destroyed huts and sub-enclosures within the settlement. Limited trial excavation revealed part of the enclosure wall, an earthen bank, and a hearth. The Excavation produced a large quantity of Roman coins, mostly from the earthen bank and it appears that the construction of the bank had disturbed a hoard (the coins were all of a restricted 3rdC AD date range). Black burnished ware was recovered from the occupation layer below the bank. A 3rdC AD date is given here, but this is based upon the coin hoard and should not be taken as an accurate range for the occupation of the site as a whole."
46014,1,400,,,large (9+ ha),enclosed,Yes,95,,Yes,No,No,No,No,Yes,hill,uncertain,No,No,No,"Important multivallate hillfort on Penmaen Mawr, now entirely destroyed by quarrying, dated by excavation to between AD100-400, though findings of 1stC AD pottery and a late La Tene brooch suggests earlier habitation, whilst intensive activity appears to have been most prominent in the 2ndCAD. Four stone walls formed a series of enclosures on the summit and on the east side of the hill. 95 roundhouses were investigated in the interior, though the site potentially housed as many as 150 across its full chronology. These produced quantities of animal bones, frequent fire-cracked stones and other domestic objects. Some of the roundhouses produced paved floors and most had hearths preserved. None of the were structures were found in the innermost hilltop enclosure, but the presence of four possibly Bronze Age cairns may have marked the area out as sacred (shrine?). Iron working on site is also indicated through the recovery of a small collection of ferrous slag fragments from three roundhouses."
46015,50,350,150,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,6,1,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,Yes,plateau or plain,mixed,No,No,No,"Site of a sub-square, masonry hut-group enclosure located on a low ridge surrounded by hills. The earliest phase of occupation at the site dated to the 2ndC BC, and was represented by a single masonry hut. However, analysis of the buried soils below the structures indicated that the land had been ploughed previously for arable purposes. Following a period of possible abandonment a new phase of construction ensued, c.AD50-150, with two masonry-footed roundhouses and a small oval enclosure. Two of the structures included hearths. In the middle of the 2ndC AD, the main enclosure wall was set in place, with existing buildings being modified and new ones erected. Probably during the latter half of the 2ndC AD a large sub-rectangular masonry building was also constructed within the enclosure. Few major alterations followed this phase, but the settlement continued until around the middle of the 4thC AD, after which it appears to have been abandoned. A number of hearths contained cereal remains, with higher proportions of chaff than grain commonly present, indicating processing and cooking of arable produce, but the site generated little evidence for storage, other than in the sub-rectangular building which provided some evidence for cereal processing in one half and sheathed-grain storage in the other. Phosphate analysis suggests that some buildings may have been used as livestock shelters. Limited evidence for iron-working was also identified."
46016,-100,400,300,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,2,2,No,No,No,No,No,Yes,plateau or plain,mixed,No,No,No,"Site of a hut group located on a low ridge surrounded by hills. The settlement begins with the construction of two unenclosed masonry-footed roundhouses, each with annexes. Radiocarbon dating places these structures in the date range, c.2ndC BC-late 1stC AD. The buildings were rebuilt around the end of the 1stC AD on top of levelling, suggested to defend against waterlogging which may have become a problem. The settlement continued in this form until the early 4thC when the layout of the settlement changed with a large enclosure wall surrounding the settlement. One of the roundhouses was partially demolished with the remaining part forming part of the enclosure wall. The other roundhouse appears to have remained (though it was not fully excavated). However, the sub-rectangular annex of the demolished roundhouse was maintained and added to its southern end by a second, larger sub-rectangular structure. After a short break in occupation, the settlement appears to have been reoccupied sometime between the 6th and 13thC AD, when a small corndrier is inserted adjacent to one of the walls."
46017,-100,200,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,1,1,Yes,No,No,No,No,Yes,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"Site of a late Iron Age/early Roman farming settlement located along the construction of the A55 trunk road. The site consisted of a roundhouse and several ancillary structures which were terraced into a south-facing hill slope. The roundhouse had an earth and stone wall with internal drainage and floor surfaces and an external annex. Other buildings included a small industrial workshop and a rectangular nine-post structure, thought to have been a granary. Radiocarbon dating of charcoal from the earliest hearth dated to the mid-late Iron Age, whilst samples from the roundhouse, the granary and the workshop all dated between the 1st and 2ndC AD. A sample of germinated barley suggests reuse of the site in the early medieval period, c.AD390-720."
46018,75,350,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unenclosed,Yes,2,,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,Yes,plateau or plain,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Site of a Romano-British farmstead dating from the late 1stC AD to the mid-4thC AD. The site is located on a ridge of high ground, sloping sharply to the east and west, but more gradually to the south, and the area is cut by numerous streams. The settlement consisted of at least three buildings and the remains of other structures, including pit groups and an enclosure, positioned either side of a pebbled trackway. Two of the buildings were earth and rubble roundhouses, one of which had internally-facing stones. A high proportion of imported fine wares suggests an element of high-status at the site. One pit circle formed a circular structure and was seen to have faced an earlier prehistoric cremation cemetery. Whether this was deliberate or a coincidence was uncertain, but it raises the possibility that the structure was a shrine. Few finds of note were recovered from the pit group, but it dated to the 1stC AD."
46019,-75,225,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unenclosed,Yes,3,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"Site located on the south-facing slope of a gently-rising ridge, consisting of a small unenclosed farmstead comprising three close-knit roundhouses. Other features include a few pits and a number of small gullies which may represent other structures. A cobbled yard was present, and the houses had internal, stone-paved drainage systems. Some evidence for the processing of cereals was noted. Artefactual evidence and radiocarbon dating together placed occupation between the early 1stC BC and the early 3rdC AD."
46020,100,350,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,1,2,No,No,No,No,No,Yes,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"Site of an enclosed Romano-British hut group consisting of two rectangular structures, both built into the enclosing wall and a single masonry roundhouse. The site was located on a low ridge within an area of a number of possibly contemporary lynchets. One of the rectangular buildings was interpreted as a workshop due to evidence for metal-working, along with large quantities of burnt clay, pottery and charcoal on the floor surface and a slate-lined hearth. The roundhouse was probably a dwelling; it contained two small hearths. The wall and buildings were of dry stone construction, and all were well preserved. Pottery and finds (finger ring) dated the site to the 2ndC AD-early/mid-4thC AD."
46021,100,350,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,4,,Yes,No,No,No,No,Yes,plateau or plain,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Site of a partially enclosed hut group consisting of four masonry roundhouses and a smithy sandwiched between two of the roundhouses. The remains of the smithy area was analogous to that found at Hafotty-Wern-Las (Site 46020). Two of the roundhouses were constructed as part of the external masonry wall and three were connected to each other by further walling. The entrance to the settlement was formed by a cobbled trackway which lead to each roundhouse. The settlement was very poorly dated but Roman greyware, similar in type to that found at Hafotty-Wern-Las, and a Roman glass bead was recovered; for this reason, the same dating as the former site has been given here, but this is tentative."
46022,100,400,,,uncertain,unclassified,Yes,,1,No,No,Yes,No,No,Yes,river valley,mixed,No,No,No,"Site of a Roman farmstead of some status identified from the excavation of a masonry bath-house 1908 in advance of road construction, and a nearby corn-drying structure consisting of a masonry platform encompassing a T-shaped flue, excavated in 2005. The bath-house was dated between the 2nd-4thC AD. Nearby ovens were thought to be contemporary with the corn-drier. A sparse selection of pottery suggests 2ndC AD occupation (possibly late 1stC AD), whilst radiocarbon dating suggested use between c.AD120-250. The site lies on a strip of pasture between the spectacular cliffs of Craig y Castell and the reclaimed estuary of Traeth Mawr."
46023,70,130,,,uncertain,unclassified,No,,,No,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"Site of a Roman tile kiln first recognised by a spread of tile and associated debris. The kiln was dug into the natural boulder clay and consisted of five cross-flues, each divided by free-standing cross-walls. Shale appears to have been used as kiln furniture. The report suggested that the tile produced was intended for the fort at Tomeny Mur, 7km to the north. Archaeomagnetic dating placed the firing of the kiln between AD70-130 at the 68% confidence level."
46024,-50,110,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,Yes,river valley,uncertain,No,No,No,"Site located during an evaluation in advance of roadworks. Excavation revealed a series of colluvial deposits overlaying a sub-rectangular stone structure with a central hearth and a cobbled floor surface. A second cobbled surfaced was identified external to the structure, as was another hearth/oven feature, c.3mx3m. No artefacts were recovered from the site, though charcoal spreads found within the structure, on the floor surface dated c.50BC-AD110."
46025,75,250,160,,medium (4 - 8 ha),linear,Yes,,3,No,Yes,No,No,Yes,Yes,plateau or plain,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Extensive geophysical survey showed ribbon development in the form of a probable vicus alongside two of the roads leading from the fort at Cefn Caer. These extended over 100m beyond the scheduled area over the fort. A variety of more specifically military features were found to cluster around the fort, including a bathhouse, a circular tomb and a possible mansio and parade ground. The vicus area to the north east was subjected to limited trial trench excavation, focussing upon three anomalies and revealed to be three rectangular timber aisled buildings. One was constructed using sleeper beams and postholes, and another was shown to have probably set wooden walls on a stone and clay foundation. Part of an enclosure ditch possibly represented a property plot. Hearths were noted from within two of the buildings. The buildings produced a large quantity of pottery including high status Samian ware and a considerable quantity of amphora. The majority of this was recovered from the floor/demolition layers. No analysis has yet been carried out, but the material suggests a 1st-3rdC AD date, outlasting the abandonment of the fort which dated c.AD75-160."
46026,75,200,160,,medium (4 - 8 ha),linear,Yes,,,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Site of a Roman fort and vicus settlement, dating from c.AD75 with the fort being abandoned some time between AD120 and AD160, whilst activity on the vicus continued to the end of the 2ndC AD/beginning of the 3rdC AD. Small scale excavations have been carried out in and around the fort, but much of the site is known form recent and extensive geophysical survey. An annex has been identified on the south-east side of the fort, containing a mansio and a bath-house, whilst a similar area on the south-west side contained an probable industrial area. The main vicus area formed a ribbon development along the road running north east from the fort. The survey results suggested the presence of a possible shrine (though this was focussed upon an enclosed area with some burning in one corner) and an extensive complex of buildings of unknown date and function. Small scale excavations were carried out in the vicus area, focussing upon geophysical anomalies. These revealed floor surfaces, possibly from buildings, parts of palisades, and hearths."
46027,75,400,150,,medium (4 - 8 ha),linear,Yes,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,river valley,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Site of a Roman fort and associate vicus settlement located on the west bank of the River Conwy. The fort was excavated in the 1920s and 30s by Baillie Reynolds of Aberystwyth University. The fort dated to c.AD80-145 with the second phase of defence rebuilding occurring around AD105-110, though a later assessment of the pottery has suggested an Antonine date for the second phase stone-built defences with abandonment occurring in the late 3rd or 4thC AD. 3rd-4thC AD coinage has also been recovered, which alongside the late pottery may suggest a later reoccupation following 2ndC AD abandonment. A small annexe excavated by Reynolds on the southern side of the fort yielded potential evidence of civilian habitation between AD75 and AD150, whilst a bathhouse to the east of the fort was excavated in 1650 and 1801. A dock is also said to be visible on the bank of the Conwy to the northeast of the fort (though this is now thought to be modern drainage channels), whilst further extramural activity was confirmed during the dry summers of 1975 and 1976 (Frere and St Joseph 1983). Parch marks revealed a road running from the porta principalis sinistra parallel to the river with extensive signs of ribbon development running north from the fort along the road, confirming the presence of an extensive vicus. Extensive geophysical survey in the early 2000s gave further resolution to the northern vicus settlement. The survey revealed very dense activity in the central part of the settlement, apparently consisting of several phases and including hearths, property plots and possible structures. A scarcity of occupation was notable closest to the fort. None of this northern area has yet been excavated however. We can assume that it developed in the late 1st C AD, alongside the fort, but we have no idea when it was abandoned."
46028,100,400,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),unclassified,Yes,2,,Yes,No,No,No,No,Yes,coastal,uncertain,No,No,No,"A Roman period hut circle site discovered during 19thC AD excavations of Bronze Age cremation burials. The site was further excavated in 1939 in advance of road building along the coast. The settlement consisted of at least two masonry roundhouses with central hearths and postholes designating timber supports, plus other ancillary structures. One of the roundhouses was particularly large (c.28ft diam.) and had a central partitioning wall. Early excavations produced samian, an intaglio, and a Roman brooch, whilst further burials were noted, though these may have been post-Roman in date. 4thC AD pottery was found during later excavations. This was unstratified, but suggests that occupation occurred between the 2nd and 4thC AD."
46029,250,400,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,6,3,Yes,No,No,No,No,Yes,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"Site of a pentagonal, masonry walled, hut group enclosure. The enclosure measured approximately 50m by 60m and was built with local limestone slabs. It had a small square 'gatehouse' structure next to the external side of the entrance to the complex. Within the enclosure, at least four rectangular buildings were present, three of which were built with their fourth sides being formed by the enclosure wall. Two large circular roundhouses were also present within the enclosure. Two of the rectangular buildings included at least six smelting hearths between them. Coinage and pottery from the settlement dated its period of occupation to the 3rd and 4thC AD. Two further structures (circular and rectangular buildings) and two ditches had also been identified outside the enclosure. These may have been part of an earlier, though undated, and possibly unenclosed phase of the settlement."
46030,-100,1100,100,350,medium (4 - 8 ha),enclosed,Yes,2,,Yes,No,No,No,No,Yes,hill,uncertain,No,No,No,"Predominantly a 'Dark Age' site, the hillfort at Dinas Emrys was shown by two separate excavations in the early and mid-20thC to have had a late Iron Age/early Roman (1stC AD) phase of activity, and 4thC AD origins for its early medieval settlement activity. The late Iron Age/early Roman phase was poorly identified, but appears to have consisted of a small settlement with timber structures and a possible hut/granary on a wooden platform. A small palisade was identified, possibly enclosing the settlement, but it is unlikely (and despite the site's location) that the site could be classified as a 'hillfort' during this phase. Finds from this phase, however, give some indication for high-status activity, including two bronze-coated iron terrets, amphora and early samian ware. Occupation may have ceased before the end of the 1stC AD. The late Roman/early medieval phase of activity consisted of two sub-phases, the first of which was located in the 'central hollow' and the western side of the hill-top. The late Roman settlement probably originated sometime in the later 4thC AD, and consisted of dry-walled circular hut buildings with evidence for metal-working, and some imported goods (glass vessels, etc.). The rampart defences appear not to have been constructed until at least the middle of the 5thC AD, with activity continuing through to around the 11thC AD. Further stone-built structures of the early Medieval period were also excavated."
46031,75,120,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,No,,1,No,No,No,No,No,Yes,hill,uncertain,No,No,No,"Located on a low promontory southern Anglesey, close to a bridging point of the River Cefni, lies a multi-period site which produced prehistoric funerary activity and an early medieval cemetery. The Roman phase consisted of a small, square masonry structure. The excavation report suggests that the structure was associated with 1st-2ndC AD casting of small decorative bronzes. The square building was partly built over a large pit which was filled with similar material that seen in the foundation of the structure, and though undated, probably directly preceded its construction. The pit appeared to have a central socket at its base, suggesting the presence of a post or similar. The cut of the pit feature was also quite regular and suggests that it was not merely a quarry pit. The features of the site were all enclosed by a circular metalled bank, within which the stone structure was centrally placed. The stone lining lay directly on top of a Bronze Age cairn. A copper alloy pendant of early Roman date lay in the stone build up. The site also produced samian ware, but little evidence for domestic occupation could be discerned. The industrial activity appeared to be light in intensity and, considering the landscape location, the site is probably best interpreted as a shrine."
46032,100,200,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,2,1,No,No,No,No,No,Yes,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"Site of an enclosed hut group consisting of one sub-rectangular and two circular structures, plus much of the original enclosure wall, all masonry built. The hut group is visible above ground and had three small excavation strips placed at different points. The buildings were constructed using orthostat faces, being internally filled with earth and small stones. Paving slabs were found near the entrances to some buildings, whilst occupation floor layers were also noted. One building contained a drain and sump, but its usage was uncertain, plus a probable hearth. The site was dated by a small quantity of pottery to the 2ndC AD. Extending south and eastwards from the hut group lies a probably contemporary field-system, consisting of numerous fields of varying size marked by stone walling or lynchets. The field-system also includes several other visible hut groups."
46033,1,400,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,19,,Yes,Yes,Yes,No,No,Yes,hill,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"Site of a well-known hillfort covering about 2ha in area and including at least 19 masonry roundhouses, but consisting of around 150 structures in total. The site was excavated in 1904-6 and in the 1950s. The structures varied in size, shape and form, some including two or three rooms, whilst others appear to have annexes. The external area of the hillfort, particularly outside the western entrance, is lined with numerous enclosure complexes. Trackways can be seen to lead to both the western and northern entrances. The ramparts of the main hillfort enclosure were earth reveted with masonry walling. The settlement appears to have originated shortly before the Roman conquest and was occupied through to the 3rd or 4thC AD, but does not extend into the post-Roman period. A Bronze Age cairn was found within the interior of the hillfort. This was presumed to have been coincidental by the excavator, but a parallel exists at Braich-y-Dinas (see site 46014), which may well have existed as a shrine during the Roman period of occupation. The pottery dates from the 2ndC to the 4thC AD, but a mid-1stC AD bronze brooch was also recovered from one of the huts and the earlier phase may well have been aceramic."
46034,100,300,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,1,,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,Yes,hill,uncertain,No,No,No,"Site of an enclosed masonry hut group located on the upper slopes of Bodafon Mountain on the northern side of Anglesey. Three hut groups were investigated on the mountain side, though one was later medieval in date and clearly different in form, whilst only one of the other two groups was dated by pottery - samian ware of 2nd-3rdC AD date. The enclosure included one roundhouse, a small rectangular annex, and a small square structure next to the eastern entrance of the farmstead which was enclosed by masonry walling. A second square 'gatehouse may also have existed on the left side of the entrance, the potential structure was less well preserved. The farmstead appeared to have a conjoining 'paddock' on its southern side. The roundhouse wall was constructed with upright orthostats, with a rubble and earth core. A black occupation layer was preserved within the interior of the roundhouse, and which produced charcoal and fire-cracked stones, as well as a small collection of slingstones."
46035,140,400,200,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,1,2,No,No,No,No,Yes,Yes,hill,uncertain,No,No,No,"Lying on a gravelly hillock, the site of a mid-late 2ndC AD settlement consisting of a timber roundhouse and an iron-working area was identified. The industrial area also provided some evidence for a shelter or other timber structures, whilst further pits and post-holes found across the settlement appeared to be contemporary. This settlement may have been unenclosed, but was largely destroyed by fire towards the end of the 2ndC AD. Just after this event, the settlement was completely rebuilt as a sub-square, masonry-built, enclosure farmstead with a paved and twin-gatehouse entrance on the eastern side, a rectangular aisled building in the NE corner, a rectangular building in the SE corner, a roundhouse more centrally placed, a central courtyard space with the southern and western spaces possibly divided up into separate sections. All the buildings were of masonry construction, whilst the gatehouses and both rectangular buildings were incorporated into the enclosure wall. The roundhouse appeared to have been joined by internal division walling within the farmstead. The floors of the buildings were made up with natural gravel and some building included drains."
46036,150,300,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,2,,No,No,No,No,No,Yes,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,Site of a masonry-built enclosed settlement located just north of the site at Caerau II and found within the same lynchet field-system. The remains of other masonry farmsteads are also noticeable within the area. The sites both lay topographically between a marshy valley to the west and higher mountain slopes to the east. Caerau I was the more simple of the two farmsteads being oval in shape with a central courtyard and two roundhouses built into the curtain wall. The walls were built of earth and stone with rough-facing stonework. Both roundhouses included postholes and slab-lined drains.
46037,150,300,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,1,2,Yes,No,No,No,No,Yes,plateau or plain,uncertain,No,No,No,"Site of a masonry-built enclosed settlement located just south of the site at Caerau I and found within the same lynchet field-system. The remains of other masonry farmsteads are also noticeable within the area. The sites both lay topographically between a marshy valley to the west and higher mountain slopes to the east. Caerau II was  roughly polygonal in shape with a northeast entrance, a left-hand gatehouse, a large rectangular building on the eastern side, a roundhouse, a small rectangular, and two further structures. All the structures were built into the curtain wall of the settlement, though different phases of construction were apparent. The roundhouse and sub-rectangular rooms included slab-lined drains and each were connected by a central paved area. Postholes for roofing were identified in some rooms. The roundhouse included a central hearth."
46038,-100,250,150,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,4,,Yes,No,No,No,No,Yes,hill,uncertain,No,No,No,"Site of a small fortified hilltop enclosure (known in the literature as a 'hillfort') which was an important iron working centre, where both smelting and smithing was undertaken on a large-scale. The site was completely excavated between 1979-85 revealing two main phases of activity: 100BC-AD70 and AD150-250. The early phase appears to have been a domestic settlement associated with substantial iron-working, whilst the latter phase appears not to have been permanently settled and instead just used for iron-working. Over 1.2 tons of iron working debris has been recovered from the site, with about equal quantities coming from each phase, and smelting furnaces were identified. The defences are relatively simple consisting of a stone rampart encircling the very top of the hill, making entrance into the settlement difficult. Circular buildings of varied construction were identified within the enclosure including two stake-wall roundhouses in the central area (rare in Welsh hillforts). A stone building in the north corner was originally a conventional round hut with a doorway facing south-east. Later the south wall was moved to create the unusual snail-like plan. This provided a draught for ventilation, and shade for smithing hearths along the east wall. The interior was full of smithing debris. It is uncertain whether the structures dated to the different phases of activity at the site, much of which has been gained from radiocarbon and archaeomagnetic dating. A number of glass bangles from the site may also suggest glass-working, but this remains to have been proven."
46039,75,150,,,uncertain,linear,Yes,,,Yes,No,No,No,No,No,plateau or plain,uncertain,Yes,No,No,"The site of an isolated and exposed Roman fort, mostly known through earthwork remains. Very little excavation has been carried out, and many of the buildings associated with the possible vicus settlement is interpreted from aerial photography. Arnold and Davies (2000, 22) suggest the presence of a bathhouse and a mansio outside the south-east gate. However, the site is notable for two associated barrow cemeteries lining two of the roads leading from its north-east and south-east gates respectively. These have always been considered to be Roman, due to the fact that they lie astride the roads, though the exact dating of the barrows are not fully ascertained. They have not been excavated but have variously suffered from metal-detectorists and early 'antiquarian' explorations. The south-east group lies c.600m in the same direction from the fort and consists of seven barrows. One of these is an exceptionally large (c.11.5m) example is enclosed by a square bank and ditch. The north-east group consists of two sub-groups of barrows located c.500m in the same direction on a prominent ridge. The first sub-group includes 7 barrows lying close together but quite randomly placed, and the second includes four barrows in a linear formation. Crew et al. (1989) note that disturbance by metal-detectorists produced a sherd of a Roman coarseware flagon. The dating given here is that used for the Roman fort and not necessarily that of the barrow cemeteries."
46040,250,450,,,small (<1 - 3 ha),enclosed,Yes,2,1,Yes,No,No,No,No,Yes,hill,uncertain,No,No,No,"Site of a masonry hut group located on the NW side of Moel Rhiwen in Snowdonia. The hut group was found to have been part of a lynchetted field-system, within which other hut groups were visible to the excavators. The hut group formed an oval enclosure with a main wall which incorporated two circular buildings and a sub-rectangular structure, as well as a smaller building next to the main entrance. A central courtyard may have been divided into two areas. The settlement also appeared to have a thinner outer wall, enclosing the main group. This feature is thought to have been rare amongst hut groups in this region. The main walling of the hut group consisted of dry-stone construction faced with boulders and internally constituting earth and small stones. The outer wall consisted of little more than a single line of boulders. Postholes suggest that the buildings had been roofed supported by uprights. One circular hut included a hearth platform with significant evidence for burning and metal-working debris, and could be regarded as a smithy. The other circular hut included a slab-lined drainage channel. Dating of the settlement was based purely upon the pottery assemblage which appeared to centre on the 4thC AD, but may have shortly extended before and after."