?CESAIR?, a vast interactive English?Early Irish semantic database based on the Royal Irish Academy?s Dictionary of the Irish Language and developed by Celticity Project co-director Professor James Mallory of Queen?s University Belfast.


The main file (DILa-u) is a relational database (created with FileMaker Pro) based on Early Irish (Old and Middle Irish c. AD 600-1200) words with semantic and grammatical information entered in other fields. The content is derived primarily from the Dictionary of the Irish Language, based mainly on Old and Middle Irish Materials, Dublin: Royal Irish Academy, 1983 (DIL). CESAIR is the work of James P. Mallory of Queen?s University Belfast, with contributions by Caroline aan de Wiel and John T. Koch of the University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh and Celtic Studies, Aberystwyth. The work was supported by the Arts and Humanities Research Council, as part of the project ?Culture and Celtic speech: intersections of lexicon, names, material remains, and geographic distribution? (ref: B/RG/AN6618/APN10937).

Data has been input into the following fields.

EIrish	=	Early Irish (Old and/or Middle Irish) following the DIL headword

Type	=	grammatical category, e.g. noun

Stem	=	declensional class for nouns and adjectives (the usual terminology used as for Old and Middle Irish Grammar)

Gender	=	grammatical gender of nouns and pronouns. Neuter (neu) is lost during the Middle Irish period. Masculine and feminine remain.

English=	the word?s definition or meaning in English

Gloss	=	If the Early Irish word is used to gloss a Latin (or other non-Irish) word in an early text, this word is given here.

Loan	=	a note indicating if the word is certainly or possibly a borrowing, most often from Latin

Comments=	most often further grammatical information and/or bibliography

NIr	=	New Irish, contemporary Modern Irish form of the word

Class	=	general semantic category, i.e. categorized by meaning

Range	=	more specific semantic category

Sense	=	literal meaning


In the COMMENTS field the bibliographical abbreviations are those used in the Old Irish Academy?s DICTIONARY OF THE IRISH LANGUAGE.
The most frequently occurring abbreviations are

DIL  =  Dictionary of the Irish Language, Dublin 1913?76.
Ped. = Pedersen, H., Vergleichende Grammatik der keltischen Sprachen, 2 vols., 1909-1913
Pok. = Pokorny, J., Indogermanisches Etymologisches W?rterbuch, 2 vols,  Bern/M?nchen, 1959
Stokes = Stokes, Wh. and Bezzenberger, B., Urkeltischer Sprachschatz, 1894.
GOI or Gramm. Thurn.  = Thurneysen, R., A Grammar of Old Irish, 1946 (or later reprint).
Vendryes Lex. = Vendryes, J., E. Bachellery, P.-Y. Lambert,  Lexique ?tymologique de l?irlandais ancien, Lettre A 1959, MNOP 1960, RS 1974, TU 1978, B 1980, C 1987, D 1996, Dublin/Paris



BIBLIOGRAPHY OF SOURCES USED FOR COMPILING THE PROTO-CELTIC LEXICON PROJECT

Degavre, Jean, Lexique Gaulois, Tome I & II, Bruxelles, 1998.
Delamarre, Xavier, Dictionnaire de la langue gauloise, Paris: Errance, March 2001, ISBN 2877721981.
Dictionary of the Irish Language, Dublin 1913?76.
Favereau, F., Dictionnaire du Breton Contemporain, 1992.
Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Caerdydd, 1950?2002.
Freeman, Ph., The Galatian language in Greco-Roman Asia Minor, Lampeter: Mellon, late Spring 2001
George, K., Gerlyver Kernewek Kemmyn, 1993, ISBN 0 907064 07 9
Griepentrong, Wolfgang, Dier Wurzelnomina des Germanischen un ihre Vorgeschichte, Innsbruck, 1995.
Irslinger, Britta, Abstrakta mit Dentalsuffixen im Altirischen, Heidelber, 2002.
Jackson, K. H., Language and History in Early Britain, 1953
Lambert, P.-Y., La langue gauloise, Paris, 1995.
Lambert, P.-Y., Recueil des inscriptions gauloises, vol. 2, fasc.2 , Textes gallo-latins sur instrumentum, ISBN 2-271-05844-9
MacBain. Alexander, An Etymological Dictionary of the Gaelic Language, (1896) Glasgow, 1982.
McCone, Kim R., The Indo-European Origins of the Old Irish Nasal Presents, Subjunctives and Futures, Innsbruck, 1991.
McCone, Kim R., Towards A Relative Chronology Of Ancient And Medieval Celtic Sound Change, 1996, 0-901519-40-5. 
McCone, Kim R., Damian MacManus, Cathal ? H?inle, Nicholas Williams, Liam Breatnach (edd.), Stair na Gaeilge, in ?m?s do P?driag ? Fiannachta, Maigh Nuad, 1994.
Maclennan, M., A Pronouncing and Etymological Dictionary of the Gaelic Language : Gaelic-English, English-Gaelic, 1925 (and reprints) 
Mallory, J. P. and Adams, D.Q. (eds.), Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture, 1997, ISBN 1884964982
Mayrhofer, M., Etymologisches W?rterbuch des Altindodarischen, 1992-. Band I (ISBN 3-8253-3826-6), Band II (ISBN 3-8253-4550-5), Band III (ISBN 3-8253-0556-2.
Morris-Jones, John, A Welsh Grammar, Oxford, 1913.
? D?naill, Niall (ed.), Focl?ir Gaeilge-B?arla, 1977 (or reprint).
Pedersen, H., Vergleichende Grammatik der keltischen Sprachen, 2 vols., 1909-1913 
Pokorny, J., Indogermanisches Etymologisches W?rterbuch, 2 vols,  Bern/M?nchen, 1959
Rasmussen, Jens Elmeg?rd, Studien zur Morphophonemik der indogermanischen Grundsprache, Innsbruck, 1989.
Rieken, Elizabeth, Untersuchungen zur nominalen Stammbildung des Hethitischen, Studien zur den Bo?azk?y-Texten 44, Wiesbaden, 1999.
Rix, H. (ed.), Lexikon der Indogermanischen Verben, 1998, ISBN 3-89500-068-X; erwiterte und verbesserte Auflage, Wiesbaden, 2001. 
Schrader, O., Reallexikon der indogermanischen Altertumskunde, 1901 (in the Caerwyn Williams collection)
Schrijver, P., Studies in British Celtic historical phonology, 1995, ISBN 9051838204, 
Schrijver, P., The reflexes of the Proto-Indo-European laryngeals in Latin, 1991, ISBN 90-5183-308-3
Schumacher, Stefan, The Historical Morphology of the WElsh Verbal Noun, Maynooth, 2000.
Starke, Frank, Unterseuchung zur Stammbildung des keilschrift-luwischen Nomens, Studien zur den Bo?azk?y-Texten 32, Wiesbaden, 1990.
Stokes, Wh. and Bezzenberger, B., Urkeltischer Sprachschatz, 1894.
St?ber, Karin, The Historical Morphology of n-Stems in Celtic, Maynooth, 1998.
Thurneysen, R., A Grammar of Old Irish, 1946 (or later reprint).
Vendryes, J., E. Bachellery, P.-Y. Lambert,  Lexique ?tymologique de l?irlandais ancien, Lettre A 1959, MNOP 1960, RS 1974, TU 1978, B 1980, C 1987, D 1996, Dublin/Paris
Walde, A. and Hofmann, J.B., Lateinsches Etymologisches W?rterbuch, 2 vols, 1938-1956 (or reprint) 
Ziegler, S., Die Sprache der altirischen Ogam-Inschriften, 1994, ISBN 3-525-26225-6, DM 98