SECTION 3.8:CLAYDON PIKE WORKED STONE CATALOGUE
by Fiona Roe

Claydon Pike: Warrens Field

Phase 1: middle Iron Age

Ctx

SF

Description

Stone

Context details

104

25

5 fragments, burnt and weathered but a saddle quern material, possible traces of worn surface; 380 g

Lower Greensand from Culham area, Oxon

Small gully overlying gully 37 and abutted by 111 (a linear spread of burnt limestone); S2, Trench 6

111

71

Fragment lower stone rotary quern, slightly convex grinding surface prepared by pecking, roughly pecked round edge, underside not modified; 181 x 169 x 85 mm, 3.800 kg

Upper Old Red Sandstone, pebbly sandstone

Layer of cobbles, sealing gully 37, contemporary with gully arc 22; S2, Trench 6

155

28

Fragment with a flat surface which has been worn smooth, probably part of a hog-backed rubber for a saddle quern; now 104 x 77 mm, th 90 mm, 935 g

May Hill sandstone

Ditch of large enclosure probably surrounding a structure, 15m diam, cut by 153 (large ditched enclosure E3), 2m entrance to E, 3 phases; S11/E4, Trench 8

223

56

Part of saddle quern made from boulder, possibly re-used part of larger quern, grinding surface worn smooth, especially round edge, central part slightly hollowed; 216 x 178 mm, th 54 mm. 2.5 kg

May Hill sandstone

Shallow clay-lined pit; S10, Trench 12

234

57

Part of cobble with flat surface that has been worn smooth but has slight traces of previous pecking, probably used as rubber; 100 x 74mm, th 49 mm, 465 g

Quartzitic sandstone

Clay-lined pit, S7, Trench 12

401

154

2 fitting fragments with traces of a slightly convex, worked surface, probably part of small rubber for saddle quern; now 68 x 57 mm, th 57 mm, 260 g

May Hill sandstone

House gullies (369, 394, 400) on west side where all merge; S 20, Trench 14

413

176

Fragment from rotary quern, probably upper stone, grinding surface worn into rings, pecked into shape round rim; diam c. 300 mm, max th now 105 mm, 1.390 kg

Upper Old Red Sandstone, sandstone

E-W ditch, cut by 377, same as 445; LB 413, Trench 14

998

291

Corner fragment from saddle quern, grinding surface worn smooth, especially round edge, made from a boulder with some chipping into shape at one end, well worn with a minimum thickness of 7.5 mm; now 153 x 135 mm, max th 48 mm, 1.300 kg

Upper Old Red Sandstone, sandstone

NW – SE ditch in east of Trench 14

1016

292

Pebble with dimensions and weight suitable for use as a slingstone; 47 x 35 x 29 mm, 50 g

Quartzite

Possibly same as 997, (NW – SE ditch in east of Trench 14); LB 997, Trench 39

1046

294

Burnt and weathered fragment with some iron staining, small area of worked surface, probable quern fragment; 81 x 55 mm, th 30 mm, 160 g

Probably Upper Old Red Sandstone, pebbly sandstone

Layer beneath 1044; Trench 14

Unphased

Ctx

SF

Description

Stone

Context type

0

5643

Weathered fragment, likely to have been part of a saddle quern or rubber, probably relates to Iron Age activity; 360 g

Lower Greensand from Culham area, Oxon

No information

414

276

Fragment with traces of grinding surface, probably part of saddle quern or rubber, likely to be redeposited from middle Iron Age context; now 80 x 68 mm, th 50 mm, 340 g

May Hill sandstone

Series of boundary cuts across the south of Trench 14, cutting S 15, most probably Roman; LB 414, Trench 14

 

Claydon Pike: Longdoles Field

I: OBJECTS

Phase 2 (early 1st – early 2nd century AD)

Ctx

SF

Description

Stone

Context type

506

78

Fragment whetstone, worn rod type; 53 x 24 x 11 mm, 20 g

Kentish Rag

Complete circular gully, 8m diam, in north east Trench 12

577

750

Unshaped slab with some evidence of wear on one flat side, possibly used as a smoother; 109 x 75 x 27 mm, 425 g

Fine-grained limestone, probably from Oxford Clay or Kellaways Beds

Roughly circular enclosure on west side Trench 13

775

616

Complete spindlewhorl, burnt, disc type, cylindrical hole; diam 37 mm, th 14 mm, diam of hole 8.5 mm, 20 g

Fine-grained limestone, probably from Great Oolite

Large, sub-rectangular enclosure in south east corner

1753

1058

Slab utilised as whetstone, wear on two edges and one flat surface; 107 x 68 x 23.5 mm, 240 g

Fine-grained, red, slightly micaceous sandstone, Lower Old Red Sandstone?

Short length of ditch/gully near CG 1775

Phase 2/3 (early 1st – late 3rd/early 4th century AD)

Ctx

SF

Description

Stone

Context type

891

3238

Fragment, unworked but probably intended for use; 22 g

Chalk

Circular pit in trench 13

1910

1545

Fragment whetstone, worn rod (now split in 2); 66 x 22 x 19 mm, 40 g

Kentish Rag

Gravel surface

Phase 3 (early 2nd – late 3rd /early 4th century AD)

Ctx

SF

Description

Stone

Context type

522

361

Complete spindlewhorl, disc shape; diam 32 mm, th 12.5 mm, 15 g

Clay, either from Oxford Clay or Kellaways Beds

Possible floor make up within B 3, Trench 13

559

356

Fragment whetstone, slab type, also used as point sharpener; 63 x 50 x 24.5 mm, 60 g

Lower Old Red Sandstone, Brownstones

Eastern boundary of Trench 13

609

580

Fragment millstone, upper stone, raised rim round edge of top surface, rest of top surface pitted, grinding surface worn smooth; diam approx 750 mm, th at rim 88 mm, 2.500 kg

Millstone Grit

Part of fencing line 2

687

420

Whetstone, triangular block with 4 worked surfaces, probably re-used roofing tile; 84 x 51 x 34 mm, 180 g

Lower Old Red Sandstone, Brownstones

Layer of cobbles, enclosure in Trench 13

1200

672

Fragment whetstone, retains groove from initial shaping of rod; slightly worn, rectangular cross-section; 58 x 26 x 19 mm, 50 g

Kentish Rag

General spread of material cleaned up from Trench 17

1200

705

Fragment whetstone, retaining traces of 4 grooves from cutting of original rod, rectangular cross-section (cast of fossil shell); 54 x 22 x 13.5 mm, 20 g

Kentish Rag

" " " " " "

1200

717

Fragment whetstone, rod type, worn sides; 83 x 20 x 16 mm, 30 g

Kentish Rag

" " " " " "

1200

2572

Weight, nearly complete, near spherical but with flattened top and bottom; diam 67.5mm, th 51 mm, 340 g

Quartzite

" " " " " "

1200

2747

Whetstone, re-used fragment of roofing tile, one worn, flat surface; 75 x 62 x 16 mm, 90 g

Pennant sandstone

" " " " " "

1200

2923

Millstone fragment?

(not seen)

Upper Old Red Sandstone, quartz conglomerate

" " " " " "

1200

2933

Quern

(not seen)

"Old Red Sandstone"

" " " " " "

1200

3079

Part of whetstone, rod type, well worn, oval cross-section; 82.5 x 21 x 13 mm, 40 g

Kentish Rag

" " " " " "

1200

3558

Whetstone, re-used fragment of roofing tile, one worn, flat surface, traces of further use as point sharpener; 135 x 100 x 21 mm, 410 g

Lower Old Red Sandstone, Brownstones

" " " " " "

1269

2336

Small spherical pebble, unworked, but possibly could have been used as a marble; diam 22.5 mm, 15 g

Flint

Wide N-S ditch across central Trench 17

1294

2938

Whetstone, re-used fragment of roofing tile, two worn flat surfaces and further use as point sharpener; 78 x 78 x 29.5 mm, 310 g

Lower Old Red Sandstone, Brownstones

NE – SW ditch in Trench 17

1366

2925

Weathered fragment from rotary quern or millstone; 162 x 128 x 102 mm, 1.700 kg

Millstone Grit

N-S linear rubble spread to S of B6, possibly representing a wall

1368

2924

Fragment lower stone rotary quern, fully pierced, smooth grinding surface, underside not modified; th in centre 90 mm, 3.900 kg

Upper Old Red Sandstone, quartz conglomerate

Gully, possibly same as 1416, contemporary with 1428

1393

2936

Fragment lower stone rotary quern, fully pierced, pecked to shape round rim, underside left rough; diam 440 mm, th at rim c. 40 mm, th in centre 62 mm, 4.500 kg

Upper Old Red Sandstone, quartz conglomerate

E – W gully central Trench 17

1393

2937

Fragment millstone, probably upper stone, weathered, part of central hole; th 129.9 mm, diam of hole approx 130 mm, 7.100 kg

Millstone Grit

" " " " "

1408

2926

About half lower stone rotary quern, fully pierced, rim pecked to shape, underside unmodified; diam c. 350 mm, th at rim 59 mm, th in centre 85 mm, 7.800 kg

Upper Old Red Sandstone, quartz conglomerate

E – W ditch turning N – S in Trench 17

1409

2838

Corner fragment from palette, two chamfered edges; 74.5 x 32 x 10 mm, 35 g

Purbeck Marble

" " " " " "

1429

2840

Fragment whetstone, well worn; 51 x 20 x 12 mm, 20 g

Kentish Rag

Ditch, SW – NE

1716

1030

Fragment whetstone, traces of 2 grooves from initial shaping into rod, rectangular cross-section, slightly worn; 60 x 26 x 17 mm, 40 g

Kentish Rag

Pit/ditch terminal along S edge of Trench 13

1988

1546

Fragment whetstone, worn rod; 46.5 x 19 x 14 mm, 20 g

Kentish Rag

Deep gully, probably contemporary with B7

2111

1544

Fragment rectangular block used as point sharpener and probably also as whetstone; 54.5 x 47 x 35 mm, 110 g

Fine-grained, reddish sandstone, probably ORS

Black loam layer WS B7?

2162

1686

or

1696

"whetstone"

(not seen)

 

N – S boundary ditch

2175

3552

9 small fragments, quern or millstone material; 125 g

Niedermendig lava

Boundary ditch SW – NE, contemporary 2198

2509

2141

Whetstone, worn to a slender rod; 97 x 17 x 13 mm, 40 g

Kentish Rag

Wall trench for building 2

2818

2979

part of whetstone, re-used fragment of roofing tile with wear on one flat surface and 2 sides; 82 x 60 x 16 mm, 75 g

Pennant sandstone?

 

E boundary ditch running S from E – W road

2828

3023

Whetstone, seems complete but well worn; 79 x 18 x 16 mm, 25 g

Kentish Rag

Rectangular enclosure , 30 x 33 m, in Trench 29

2853

3008

Fragment rotary quern, part of grinding surface with traces of pecking; 110 x 100 x 54 mm, 705 g

Upper Old Red Sandstone, sandstone

Part of trackway sequence, N Trench 29

2906

3007

Burnt fragment, now without working traces, but a quern or millstone material; 134 x 121 x 50 mm, 1.100 kg

Millstone Grit

Earliest of 4 wells in Trench 29 (2nd C), steps

 

Phase 3/4 (early 2nd – early 5th century AD)

Ctx

SF

Description

Stone

Context type

622

371

Part of whetstone, slab type, also wide grove from use as point sharpener, probably re-used roofing tile; 70 x 57.5 x 37 mm, 220 g

Lower Old Red Sandstone?

Layer of soil between trackway ditch sections, truncated Roman surface, Trench 13

622

372

Fragment with worked, slightly concave surface, possibly from quern; 102 x 46 x 55 mm, 235 g

Medium-grained quartz sandstone with a few shell fragments and scattered mica;

Jurassic sandstone?

" " " " " "

667

735

Fragment rotary quern, probably upper stone, disc type, pecked into shape round edge, grinding surface worn into rings; diam approx 360 mm, th at rim 53 mm, 1.370 kg

Upper Old Red Sandstone, quartz conglomerate

Large boundary ditch on W of Trench 17, possibly cutting earlier ditch

721

518

Quern fragment, smooth surface suggests re-use as whetstone; 84 x 67 x 29 mm, 160 g

Upper Old Red Sandstone, pebbly sandstone

Layer, disturbed fill in room 3 of B 8

721

1420

Fragment from rotary quern or possibly millstone, with flat area of grinding surface and part of pecked rim; 195 x 98 x 58 mm, 1.630 g

Upper Old Red Sandstone, quartz conglomerate

" " " " " "

721

3239

Fragment, unworked, but probably intended for use; 15 g

Chalk

" " " " " "

1201

2531

Part of whetstone, slightly burnt, rod type; 79 x 21 x 11 mm, 20 g

Fine-grained shelly limestone

Substantial N boundary of Trench 17, phase 5

1201

2532

Fragment whetstone; 38 x 29 x 16 mm, 25 g

Kentish Rag

" " " " " "

1201

2568

Part of whetstone; 77 x 28 x 12 mm, 40 g

Fine-grained shelly limestone

" " " " " "

1216

1744

Whetstone

(not seen)

   

1249

2316

Fragment whetstone, rod type, rectangular cross-section; 41 x 20 x 12 mm, 20 g

Fine-grained shelly limestone

One of 25 intercutting pits in centre of Trench 17 enclosure, dating 3rd /4th C

1249

2317

Fragment whetstone, 50 x 28.5 x 20 mm, 50 g

Fine-grained, reddish brown, hard sandstone, probably ORS

" " " " " "

1318

2864

Small, polished pebble, could have been used as counter; diam 2.6 mm, th 12 mm, 7 g

Flint (with blackened surface)

Large pit/well (2 m Diam) to E of 667

2335

2018

Fragment from rotary quern or millstone, one flat, worked surface; 193 x 113 x 63 mm, 1.920 kg

Millstone Grit

Cobbled road surface in area of crossroads, Trench 13

2403

2943

Whetstone, re-used triangular fragment of roofing tile with one flat, smooth surface; 82 x 48.5 x 24 mm, 90 g

Lower Old Red Sandstone, Brownstones

Part of a pit group within Trench 19 rectangular enclosure

2447

2573

Fragment of mortar, weathered and burnt; diam c. 210 mm, max th 70 mm, 640 g

Jurassic limestone, shelly & oolitic

N – S ditch running to south out of Trench 29

2448

2574

Part of crudely made mortar, hollowed area in unshaped cobble; 190 x 141 mm, max th 57 mm, 1.650 kg

Coarse-grained, shelly Jurassic limestone, possibly a cobble from the gravels

" " " " " "

 

Phase 4 (early – late 4th century AD)

Ctx

SF

Description

Stone

Context type

0

842

Fragment rotary quern, fits 765, SF 595, listed below

   

501

3554

Small weathered fragment, unworked but a quern/millstone material; 5g

Niedermendig lava

E 22, latest Roman enclosure ditch around villa site

693

474

Fragment of roofing tile re-used as whetstone & point sharpener with 3 narrow grooves; 95.5 x 57 x 15 mm, 150 g

Lower Old Red Sandstone Brownstones

Rubble spread in front of main Trench 13 buildings

693

1624

Part of wide, shallow dish with flat rim; diam c. 360 mm, depth at rim 76.5 mm, 869 g

Jurassic limestone, coarse-grained & shelly

" " " " " "

693

3237

2 fragments, unworked but probably intended for use; 10 g

Chalk

" " " " " "

700

870

2 fitting segments from rotary quern, lower stone, fully pierced by narrow hole, grinding surface prepared by pecking, coarser pecking on underside and rim; diam c. 410 mm, max th 72 mm, 3.485 kg

Upper Old Red Sandstone quartz conglomerate

Part of inner enclosure E 21 around phase 3 late Roman villa (B 8)

700

906

Broken slab from possible paving stone re-used as point sharpener, with 1 narrow groove; 85 x 71 x 29 mm, 190 g

Fine-grained, light coloured quartz sandstone, possibly Jurassic

" " " " " "

765

592

Segment from rotary quern, upper stone, grinding surface worn smooth round edge, rim pecked into shape, underside uneven; diam c. 340 mm, max th 50 mm, 2.250 kg

Upper Old Red Sandstone quartz conglomerate

" " " " " "

765

595

2 fitting segments from large rotary quern, disc type, grinding surface worn smooth. SF 595 fits unstratified fragment SF 842; diam c. 470 mm, max th 38 mm, together 2.230 kg

White Limestone

" " " " " "

765

1601

Small fragment roofing tile re-used as whetstone with 2 flat worn surfaces;37 x 35 x 12 mm 20 g

Lower Old Red Sandstone Brownstones

" " " " " "

1909

1214

Fragment roofing tile re-used as whetstone and point sharpener, with one worn surface and one wide groove; 88 x 79.5 x 27.5 mm, 280 g

Lower Old Red Sandstone Brownstones

B8, sunken feature in room 10

1989

1543

Fragment rotary quern or millstone, weathered; 122 x 83 x 65 mm, 915 g

Upper Old Red Sandstone, pebbly sandstone

Regular square pit in Trench 13

1989

3205

2 fitting fragments from rectangular shaped object; 58 x 43 x 23 mm, 25 g

Chalk

" " " " " "

2102

1568

Triangular fragment used as whetstone and point sharpener, with 2 deep grooves and 1 smaller one; 65 x 41 x 40 mm, 95 g

Quartz sandstone, slightly yellow, possibly a Jurassic sandstone?

B8, robber trench of phase 4 wall

2216

1744

Fragment roofing tile re-used as whetstone with 3 worked surfaces; 77 x 68 x 34 mm, 225 g

Lower Old Red Sandstone Brownstones

Finds reference

2407

2571

Quern fragment

(not seen)

Upper Old Red Sandstone quartz conglomerate

Northern part of ditch 2375

2444

2927

Fragment, probably from millstone, trace of slot for rynd fitting and possible slight hollow round central hole, worn grinding surface; 157 x 130 x 64 mm, 1.800 kg

Upper Old Red Sandstone quartz conglomerate

Top silting layer in ditch 2445, contains rubble & late Roman pot

2444

3060

Weathered fragment, possibly from well worn millstone with part of central hole; diam < 600 mm, diam of hole c. 100 mm, max th now 60 mm. 4.0 kg

Upper Old Red Sandstone quartz conglomerate

Top silting in ditch 2445 containing rubble and late Roman pottery

2444

3062

Weathered fragment from millstone, part of central hole; diam at least 730 mm, diam of hole c. 110 mm, th at rim c. 48 mm, th at centre 83 mm, 10.900 kg

Upper Old Red Sandstone quartz conglomerate

" " " " " "

 

 

Unphased

Ctx

SF

Description

Stone

Context type

0

35

Triangular fragment of whetstone and point sharpener with 5 worn surfaces & 1 groove; 54 x 40 x 27 mm, 25 g

Quartz sandstone, medium-grained, banded, possibly a Jurassic sandstone?

General unstratified finds reference

0

1421

Fragment from rotary quern or millstone, probably upper stone, with part of rim; 136 x 112 x 65 mm, 1.580 g

Upper Old Red Sandstone quartz conglomerate

" " " " " "

0

2018

Fragment with part of rim, probably from millstone; diam c. 730 mm, max th 65 mm, 1.385 kg

Millstone Grit

" " " " " "

0

2287

Part of whetstone, rod type, weathered; 58.5 x 25 x 18 mm, 40 g

Kentish Rag probably

" " " " " "

0

(5497)

=5639

Segment from lower stone of rotary quern, not fully pierced, traces of rings on grinding surface and polish near rim, underside left rough; diam c. 400 mm, max th 80 mm, 3.0 kg

Upper Old Red Sand stone quartz conglomerate

" " " " " "

0

(5498)

=5640

Fragment of rotary quern, upper stone with part of rim; 122 x 73 x 48 mm, 480 g

Upper Old Red Sandstone pebbly sandstone

" " " " " "

0

(5499)

=5641

Fragment from rotary quern, upper stone with traces of hollowed hopper, pecked on upper surface and round rim, grinding surface worn into rings; 136 x 127 x 51 mm, 1.230 kg

Upper Old Red Sandstone pebbly sands tone

" " " " " "

0

(5500)

=5642

Segment from rotary quern with part of rim; 122 x 105 x 45 mm, 780 g

Upper Old Red Sandstone quartz conglomerate

" " " " " "

503

3553

5 weathered fragments quern or millstone material; 330 g

Niedermendig lava

Finds reference for material from topsoil/plough furrows etc. in Trench 13

504

253

Fragment whetstone, rod type; 42 x 21.5 x 15 mm, 20 g

Kentish Rag?

Topsoil

504

283

Disc with incomplete hole

(not seen)

 

" "

504

286

Part of whetstone, well worn to an uneven triangular shape; probably re-used roofing tile; 86.5 x 43 x 26 mm, 125 g

Lower Old Red sandstone Brownstones

" "

504

331

Small bead, elongated, complete; 10 x 5 mm, c. 1 g

Fine-grained, red, banded stone, probably jasper

" "

504

199

Axe

Group VI from Great Langdale, Cumbria

" "

555

381

Weathered and burnt fragment, possibly part of millstone; 183 x 98 x 91 mm, 2.0 kg

Millstone Grit

?posthole in Trench 13

802

699

Part of whetstone, re-used roofing tile with 3 worked surfaces; 83 x 35 x 15.5 mm, 65 g

Lower Old Red Sandstone

Brownstones

Finds reference

1234

899

Near complete lower stone from rotary quern, fully pierced, pecked round rim, pecked grinding surface, underside unmodified; diam 345 mm, th at rim c. 24 mm, th in centre 66 mm, 8.250 kg

Upper Old Red Sandstone, pebbly sandstone

Finds reference for material trowelled off in Trench 17

1469

2959

Fragment from probable millstone, upper stone with large central hole, weathered; 183 x 117 x 64 mm, diam of hole c. 100 mm, 2.500 kg

Upper Old Red Sandstone quartz conglomerate

Rubble layer overlying ditch 1409, 1368

2122

1623

Fragment from millstone, probably upper stone, weathered, worn thin, traces of pitting on upper surface; diam c. 750 mm, th now 39 mm, 1.980 kg

Millstone Grit

Stone spread to east of 1988 & B 8/9

2142

3560

4 weathered fragments quern or millstone material; 170 g

Niedermendig lava

Finds reference for material recovered when Medieval wall removed

2317

2575

Fragment probably from millstone, smooth grinding surface may be re-used; 146 x 131 x 56 mm, 1.840 kg

Millstone Grit

Alluvium layer

2317

2576

Second fragment from probable millstone, smooth grinding surface may be re-used; 215 x 110 x 60 mm, 875 g

Millstone Grit

" " "

2430

2748

Fragment whetstone, rod type; 61 x 21 x 14 mm, 20 g

Kentish Rag

Finds reference for material in West of Trench 19

2430

2755

Fragment roofing tile re-used as whetstone, with 1 flat, worn surface, and as point sharpener, with parts of 8 narrow grooves; 156 x 83 x 22 mm, 400 g

Lower Old Red Sandstone Brownstones

" " " " " "

2430

2757

Triangular fragment of roofing tile re-used as whetstone with 1 worn, flat surface; 122.5 x 96 x 19 mm, 225 g

Lower Old Red Sand stone Brownstones, bleached

" " " " " "

2430

2759

Fragment of roofing tile re-used as whetstone, with 1 worn, flat surface; 101 x 67 x 30 mm, 300 g

Lower Old Red Sandstone Brownstones

" " " " " "

2430

2873

Fragment whetstone, rod type, rectangular cross-section; 47 x 25.5 x 20 mm, 40 g

Kentish Rag

" " " " " "

2430

2883

Fragment roofing tile re-used as whetstone with 1 worn surface; 52 x 51 x 27 mm, 80 g

Lower Old Red Sandstone Brownstones

" " " " " "

2430

2934

Fragment roofing tile re-used as whetstone with 1 flat, worn surface, and also as point sharpener with trace of 1 groove; 118 x 105 x 20 mm, 310 g

Lower Old Red Sandstone Brownstones

" " " " " "

2430

2942

Fragment roofing tile re-used as whetstone with 2 worn surfaces, and also as point sharpener with 1 short groove; 63 x 61 x 16.5 mm, 80 g

Lower Old Red Sandstone Brownstones

" " " " " "

2430

2957

Triangular fragment roofing tile or pavingstone re-used as whetstone with 1 flat, worked surface; 82.5 x 67 x 34 mm, 200 g

Lower Old Red Sandstone Brownstones

" " " " " "

2430

2970

Part of whetstone made from pebble, 3 worked sides; 96 x 48 x 20 mm, 160 g

Limonitic quartz sandstone, slightly micaceous, possibly a Jurassic sandstone?

" " " " " "

2430

2978

Weathered fragment, traces of pitted surface, probably from millstone; 157 x 117 x 99mm, 2.5 kg

Millstone Grit

" " " " " "

2430

3115

Fragment rotary quern or more probably millstone; 101 x 77 x 50 mm, 370 g

Millstone Grit

" " " " " "

2840

2981

Segment of rotary quern, probably upper stone, weathered, traces of rings on grinding surface, pecked rim; diam c. 400 mm, th at rim 50.5 mm, 1.710 kg

Upper Old Red Sandstone quartz conglomerate

Rubble spread, partly pitched in south of Trench 29

2840

2982

Fragment roofing tile re-used as whetstone with 1 flat worn surface and traces of groove from use as point sharpener; 93 x 66 x 23 mm, 140 g

Lower Old Red Sandstone Brownstones

" " " " " "

2840

2984

Part upper stone of small millstone

(not seen)

Upper Old Red Sand stone quartz conglomerate

" " " " " "

2919

3009

Rim segment, probably from rotary quern, upper stone, raised rim and pitted upper surface, worn grinding surface; diam approx 400 mm, th at rim 65 mm, 835 g

Millstone Grit

Natural feature

 

II: KIMMERIDGE SHALE

Phase 3 (early 2nd – late 3rd /early 4th century AD)

Ctx

SF

Description

Context type

687

423

Spindlewhorl, plano-convex

Layer of cobbles, surface of Trench 13 phase 3 enclosure

687

489

Fragment spindlewhorl

" " " " " " "

687

603

Complete spindlewhorl, biconical

" " " " " " "

687

660

Fragment bracelet, decorated

" " " " " " "

1200

946

Fragment bracelet, decorated

" " " " " " "

1294

5492

3 small fragments bracelet

NE – SW ditch in Trench 17

2409

2338

Small bead

Inner gully forming enclosure

Phase 3/4 (early 2nd – early 5th century AD)

Ctx

SF

Description

Context type

502

76

Fragment bracelet

Late 3rd – 4th century well with circular feature

Unstratified

Ctx

SF

Description

Context type

504

166

Small fragment possible bracelet

Topsoil

1914

1187

Fragment ring

Pit

2334

3113

Fragment bracelet

Area of silt overlying robbed road surface

 

III: BUILDING STONE

Phase 3 (early 2nd – late 3rd /early 4th century AD)

Ctx

SF

Description

Stone

Context type

596

3559

Slab, burnt, probably part of roofing tile

Great Oolite, shelly limestone

Part of fence line, Trench 13

620

395

Building stone sample, burnt

Great Oolite, shelly and oolitic limestone, may be from Corinium quarries

Boundary ditch defining southern part of trackway, Trench 13

687

1450

Small fragment, burnt, probably building stone

From the Corinium quarries?

Layer of cobbles, Trench 13 enclosure

687

5849

Small fragment roofing tile with hole, burnt

Great Oolite. medium-grained shelly & oolitic limestone

" " " " "

701

5851

Fragment roofing tile with hole

Great Oolite, fine-grained shelly limestone

N – S trackway ditch, Trench 13

766

-

Stone sample

Limestone with holes in it, possibly Dagham stone from the white Limestone

Well by entrance to inner enclosure

1200

3573

Fragment roofing tile

Great Oolite, fine-grained shelly limestone

General spread of material cleaned up from Trench 17

1200

5839

Fragment roofing tile with hole

Great Oolite, limestone, shelly & oolitic/fine-grained & shelly

" " " " "

2161

3557

4 fragments

Limonitic sandstone, micaceous, could be Jurassic sandstone from Kellaways Beds

Boundary ditch, Trench 13 enclosure

2267

-

Slab with one straight edge, probably building stone, sample

Fine-grained limestone

N – S gully. Trench 13

2267

5831

Near complete hexagonal roofing tile with hole; 356 x 257 x 34 mm, 3.0 kg

Great Oolite, fine-grained shelly limestone

" " " " "

2715

3571

Building stone sample

Great Oolite, oolitic limestone, probably from Corinium quarries

Small ditch, Trench 13

2818

-

Fragment building stone, burnt

Great Oolite, limestone, possibly from Corinium quarries

E boundary ditch, Trench 29

2856

 

Fragment, burnt, possibly from roofing tile

Great Oolite, fine-grained shelly limestone

" " " " "

Phase 3/4 (early 2nd - early 5th century AD)

Ctx

SF

Description

Stone

Context type

713

471

Part of plain column shaft; diam 188 mm, H now 440 mm

Oolitic limestone with some shell fragments, probably from the Corinium quarries

Finds reference for pit group in centre of Trench 17

713

472

Lower part of column with moulded base; diam of column 200 mm, max diam 230 mm, H now 373 mm

Oolitic limestone with some shell fragments, probably from the Corinium quarries

" " " " "

713

3576

Slab, burnt, building stone sample, possibly paving stone

Great Oolite, fine-grained limestone

" " " " "

749

3565

Fragment architectural stone, weathered but may have been shaped

Great Oolite, shelly & oolitic limestone, probably from Corinium quarries

One of 25 intercutting pits in Trench 17 enclosure

1318

2961

Part of column base with square socket cut in underside; 262 x 243 x 169 mm, 13.750 kg

Oolitic& shelly limestone, probably from Corinium quarries

Large pit/well

1555

5852

Fragment roofing tile with hole

Great Oolite, fine-grained shelly limestone

Gravel surface

2107

2017

Shaped masonry (not seen)

 

East wall of building 7

2107

2935

Shaped masonry (not seen)

Oolitic limestone

" " " " "

Phase 4 (early – late 4th century)

Ctx

SF

Description

Stone

Context type

501

3572

Building stone sample

Hard limonitic sandstone, probably Jurassic

Latest Roman enclosure ditch around ‘villa’ site

693

5837

Fragment roofing tile with hole

Great Oolite, fine-grained shelly limestone

Rubble spread in front of main Trench 13 buildings

693

5838

Fragment roofing tile with hole

Great Oolite, fine-grained shelly limestone

" " " " "

693

5841

Burnt fragment, probably roofing tile

Great Oolite, fine-grained shelly limestone with some larger shell fragments

" " " " "

693

5855

Part of roofing tile with hole

Great Oolite, very coarse-grained shelly & oolitic limestone

" " " " "

700

5843

Fragment roofing tile with hole

Great Oolite, coarse-grained shelly limestone with shelly matrix

Part of inner enclosure around Phase 3 late Roman villa

720

2928

Unevenly shaped slab with central cone-shaped sockets either side, probably column base; 272 x 223 x 77 mm, 7.0 kg

Fairly fine-grained oolitic limestone with scattered shells, probably from Corinium quarries

Late drain cut Room 2 & the W wall of building 8

720

2929

Slab architectural stone with chamfered edge

Great Oolite, shelly & oolitic limestone, probably from Corinium quarries

" " " " " "

720

5835

Fragment roofing tile

Great Oolite, fine-grained shelly limestone

" " " " " "

720

5846

Small fragment roofing tile with hole

Great Oolite, shelly limestone

" " " " " "

725

3563

Fragment possible paving stone with worn surface (or large whetstone)

Lower Old Red Sandstone

Brownstones

Disturbed floor layer within room 1 of building 8

1558

5840

Complete small hexagonal roofing tile; 310 x 217 x 28 mm, 2.250 kg

Great Oolite, shelly & oolitic limestone

Floor surface/make up of room 4 in building 8

1766

5834

Fragment roofing tile with hole

Great Oolite, shelly & oolitic limestone

Part of inner enclosure around Phase 3 late Roman villa

1909

3555

Fragment paving stone (or possibly a slightly used whetstone)

Lower Old Red Sandstone

Brownstones

Sunken feature in room 10

1916

3574

Fragment paving stone (or possibly a whetstone)

Lower Old Red Sandstone

Brownstones

Rubble spread just north of building 8

1916

5832

Fragment roofing tile with hole

Great Oolite, shelly & oolitic limestone

" " " " " "

1916

5833

Part of roofing tile with hole, in 2 pieces

Great Oolite, fine-grained shelly limestone

" " " " " "

1969

5856

Fragment roofing tile with hole, slightly burnt

Great Oolite, coarse-grained shelly limestone

Sunken feature in room 10

1989

3564

Weathered fragments

Oolitic limestone, possibly from Corinium quarries

Regular square pit

1989

3567

Small fragments, building stone sample

Indurated clay from Oxford Clay or Kellaways Beds

" " " "

2024

3556

Building stone sample, 2 slabs

Great Oolite, shelly & oolitic limestone with some larger shell fragments

Wall arc in N of shrine

2075

5850

Small fragment roofing tile with hole

Great Oolite, medium-grained shelly limestone

A dark, rectangular spread over 2 pits in room 2, building 9

2356

2014

3 fitting fragments from the base of a small column, square base, square socket cut in underside; 225 x 173 x 171 mm, 8.0 kg

Oolitic & shelly limestone, probably from Corinium quarries

Probably phase 4 rubble layer

2356

2015

Part of slender column, not freestanding, weathered, part of large block; column diam c. 90 mm, th now 134 mm, length 237 mm, 5.0 kg

Shelly & oolitic limestone, weathered to a pale colour, rather coarse-grained, possibly from Corinium quarries

" " " " " "

2356

2016

Column (not seen)

Oolitic & shelly limestone

" " " " " "

2475

3569

Slab, possibly building stone

Fine-grained limonitic sandstone, probably Jurassic sandstone from the Kellaways Beds

Phase 4 wall

2608

2585

Shaped masonry (not seen)

Forest Marble

Large 3-sided enclosure

2708

5853

Top part of roofing tile with hole

Great Oolite, fine-grained shelly limestone

Drain, E – W, running from building 8

2721

5842

3 fitting fragments complete hexagonal roofing tile; 343 x 220 x 32 mm, 2.375 kg

Great Oolite, very coarse-grained shelly limestone with shelly & oolitic matrix

Large sump with drain from building 8 leading into it

2721

5854

Fragment roofing tile with hole

Great Oolite, coarse-grained shelly & oolitic limestone

" " " " " "

2759

3570

Building stone sample, uneven slab, weathered

Jurassic limestone, shelly

Grave with evidence for stone lining

2759

5836

Fragment roofing tile with hole

Great Oolite, coarse-grained shelly & oolitic limestone

" " " " " "

2759

5844

Part of roofing tile with hole

Great Oolite, shelly & oolitic limestone

" " " " " "

2829

3061

Shaped masonry, slab of stone with straight edges, also chamfered, underside uneven; 304 x 201 x 58 mm, 5.250 kg

Great Oolite. shelly & oolitic limestone, probably from Corinium quarries

Ditch running N – S

Unstratified

Ctx

SF

Description

Stone

Context type

+

-

Block with one straight edge and part of second, traces of chisel marks, probably architectural stone; 232 x 187 x 114mm 6.100 kg

Great Oolite, shelly and oolitic limestone, probably from Corinium quarries

FCP 84

0

5500

Fragment architectural stone with 2 shaped surfaces

Great Oolite, shelly & oolitic limestone, probably from Corinium quarries

-

0

5848

Two fitting fragments roofing tile, one with nail in hole

Great Oolite, fine-grained shelly limestone

General finds reference

504

5845

Roofing tile (not traced)

-

Topsoil

504

-

Small fragment roofing tile, perhaps SF 5845?

 

Topsoil

797

2932

Shaped masonry (not seen)

 

Aka E12

2317

3568

Small fragment probable roofing tile

Great Oolite, fine-grained shelly limestone

Alluvium layer