SECTION 2.2.4: CLAYDON
PIKE TRENCH 29
INTRODUCTION
Phasing
PHASE 2
PHASE 3 (C EARLY/MID 2nd - LATE
3rd EARLY 4th CENTURY AD)
Subphase 1 (Phase 3a?)
Subphase 2 (E20;Phase 3a
Subphase 3 (Phase 3a/b)
Subphase 4 (Phase 3b/c)
Subphase 5 (Phase 3d to Phase 4)
TRENCH 29 INTERNAL FEATURES
Internal boundaries
Building 5
The waterholes
Structural Evidence
Miscellaneous features
INTERPRETATION OF THE ARCHAEOLOGY FROM
TRENCH 29
Trench 29, measuring c 1620 m² with extension to the south, was
located in the south-western part of the main excavation area, south of
the east-west Roman road and west of the rectangular enclosures in Trench
19. It was separated from the latter area by another north-south road.
In contrast to Trenches 13 and 17, this area was not as clearly defined.
It was not a raised area and was not always clearly defined by boundaries.
The cropmarks showed a triangular block formed by the east-west road,
the north-south road adjacent to Trench 19, and by a diagonal boundary
formed by a lower lying part of the field to the south-west. Excavation
concentrated in the northern part of this area.
Preservation was poorer than in Trench 13, and the only surviving surface
spreads overlying the gravel occurred on the north-west side, although
occasional stone built features did survive elsewhere in the trench (see
below). Trench 29 contrasts to the other areas in showing evidence of
less intensive archaeological activity. The majority of features appeared
to be defining boundaries, although there was a stone building foundation
(B 5) and another possible structure at the north-eastern end. Certainly
the quantities of domestic debris suggested occupation at some level.
Quantities of pottery and animal bone were far smaller than from the other
trenches. Building debris was scant, with little tile and no roof slabs.
The tile derived principally from the later phase contexts, perhaps indicating
that thatch was used for roofing. There were no box or floor tiles or
window glass. Activity seems to have been either utilitarian or low status.
The recovery from several features of iron slag may indicate smithing
activity, although the quantity of such material was small compared to
Trench 17 to the north.
The activity appears to have been largely confined to the 2nd-century
with very little evidence of 3rd and 4th century occupation. But some
late 3rd to early 4th-century ditch digging was undertaken, defining the
north-south road. Dating the start of activity in this area was more difficult.
Small quantities of early samian ware and late 1st century fabrics were
recovered, but few were stratified in the early phase features and a high
proportion derived from a section of a later Roman ditch (2818) and was
obviously residual. As it could not be clearly demonstrated that activity
started in the later 1st century AD on this part of the site, material
from the first main enclosure phase suggests activity broadly dating from
the first half of the 2nd century in Trench 29. This probably followed
the radical structural modification occurring in Phase 3a of Trench 13.
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Trench 29 is here described by phase and feature type. The relationships
between the major features allowed the construction of a sequence of subphases,
primarily within Phase 3. This involved the sequence of boundary features
in relation to the main east-west road. Activity within this area could
not always be assigned to a specific subphase and some of features are
described separately. The subphases are sometimes described in terms of
a sequence of stratigraphy rather than a closely defined single phase
of activity.
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Phase 2
The only Phase 2 feature is ditch 2930 in the north-east part of Trench
29. It was probably a continuation of a ditch which ran east-west to the
north of Trench 19 before turning north in the western part of Trench
13, along the line of later ditch 2301 (Fig.
2.2.3: Longdoles Field Settlement: Outline of Phase 2). It was cut
by all other features and contained no finds.
Phase 3 (c early/mid 2nd - late 3rd/early 4th century
AD)
Phase 3 was divided into four subphases (and subphase 5 may also belong
to the end of this phase). These saw the gradual formalization of boundaries
culminating in a rigid rectangular block pattern mirrored inn Trenches
13 and 17.
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This phase is somewhat tenuous and was defined by features earlier than
the enclosure in subphase 2. The main feature was 2847, a shallow linear
east-west boundary ditch 0.18 m deep and c 0.70 m wide. It was cut by
ditch 2828 (section 65), which was part of subphase 2 E 20. The east end
of ditch 2847 turned south beyond the trench edge prior to intersecting
ditch 2801. It could not be clearly traced from the cropmarks but it appeared
to lie within the line of the road running from the south adjacent to
the enclosure in Trench 19. It could not be traced further west than ditch
2888, which cut it (see below).
Few other features were assigned to this phase. Gully 2909 ran north from
2847 and was certainly cut by the subphase 2 enclosure. Its northern extent
was unclear and it may have continued as gully 2878, but a large well,
2867, removed the relationship. Ditches 2888 and 2902 represented a possible
NE-SW aligned enclosure. Ditch 2888 was later than ditch 2847, but was
cut by the subphase 2 enclosure E20. It ran south-east from E20 for four
metres before running beyond the trench edge and reappearing for a further
3 metres further to the south. It was c 2 m wide and 0.54 m deep. Running
perpendicular to 2888 further to the west was ditch 2902 (c 1 m wide,
0.38 m depth), which had been recut. The only other feature that may have
belonged to this phase was ditch 2930 (1.8 m wide, 0.43 m deep), which
ran east-west beneath trackway ditch 2834. It was a continuation of the
ditch that ran in front of the rectangular enclosure in Trench 19, and
may have belonged to either late Phase 2 or early Phase 3. Little dating
evidence was recovered from these features, but suggested an early 2nd
century date.
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This phase was represented by a sub-rectangular enclosure (E 20) in the
centre of the trench. Represented by ditches 2810, 2825, 2828, 2871 and
2890, it covered an area c 30 m east-west and 33 m north-south. Its southern
ditch (2828) cut subphase 1 boundary 2847 (section 65) while the northern
limit (2890) projected c 3 m into the line of the main east-west Roman
road. The east limit (2825, 2810), which defined the edge of the north-south
road, was a substantial ditch (0.9 m wide and 0.6 m deep) and showed traces
of recutting (section 44). The western ditch (2871) was also substantial
(up to 1.2 m wide, 0.5 m deep) but there was no obvious re-cutting. It
was cut by Phase 4 ditches 2868 and 2870 (section 6). A terminal was exposed
in the north-west side (not shown on plan) but other phases of the ditch
continued across this point. Large segments of the enclosure ditches were
cut by later features on the north and east sides that may have removed
evidence of entrances.
Dating evidence provided by the pottery came principally from the top
fills. The enclosure predated the construction of main east-west road.
Its use/infill date was early to mid 2nd century and there was no evidence
to suggest it had an earlier origin. It could therefore be regarded as
broadly contemporary with the expansion of Trench 13. The function of
the enclosure remains uncertain and associated finds were few. Aside from
a small quantity of fired clay and iron nails, the only small finds were
a fragment of vessel glass and a whetstone. Just over 100 animal bones
were recovered and the c 2.5 kg of pottery included four fragments of
2nd century samian and 15 pieces of Dressel 20 amphora. The resolution
of the ceramic dates was not sufficiently fine to date the internal features,
and the overall quantities of debris from the ditch were generally not
large enough to demonstrate that there was domestic activity within the
enclosure.
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Subphase 3 saw a more regular marking out of the area, with linear boundary
ditches defining the north, east and west sides of a rectilinear enclosure
(c 25m across east-west). The northern ditch (2836) appeared to have been
the earliest of a sequence of east-west trackway ditches (section 41),
the position of which scarcely changed throughout the remaining phases.
It was c 0.3 m deep and a width of 1 m was visible, but it was cut by
the later trackway ditch 2835 (see subphase 4 below). Running in a southerly
direction from the trackway boundary were two further ditches, 2859 and
2801. Ditch 2859 ran north to south and curved to the south-east, and
while its extent further south was unclear from aerial photographs, it
did not appear to cross the line of the north-south road. It cut through
ditches belonging to E 20, and became shallow towards the intersection
with trackway ditch 2836, suggesting the two may have been contemporary.
It was fairly broad and shallow (1.4 x 0.4 m) and was overlain by the
eastern side of B 5 (see below). Finds from ditch 2859 included a small
quantity (0.3 kg) of local pottery and fired clay. Gully 2898 ran east
from 2859 for 11 m just south of 2847 before terminating.
Running approximately parallel to 2859 on the east side of the trench
was a substantial ditch, 2801 (c 2.3 m width, 0.54m depth), which cut
diagonally across the line of the north-south road. It was cut by both
the sub-phase 4 and sub-phase 5 boundary ditches (section 62) and limited
ceramic dating evidence (c 1.2 kg) from the ditch fill indicated a 2nd
century date. Its relationship with 2859 and 2836 suggested contemporaneity.
Another ditch, 2862/2879, ran west from 2859, possibly representing the
southern boundary of an adjacent enclosure.
The spatial arrangement of features in this subphase suggested that the
line of the east-west trackway was well established by this time, but
this may not have been the case for the north-south trackway. The subphase
is not well dated, but can be placed within the 2nd century AD. A series
of inter-cutting internal boundaries probably also belonged to this general
phase, although some cut ditch 2859, while others were demonstrably cut
by it (see below).
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This phase includes a stratigraphic sequence defining a set of coherent
boundaries to the west and east of the platform, while to the north they
were also associated with the east-west road. As in subphase 3, a rectangular
area was defined, but on a slightly different alignment, and with the
possible appearance of a double ditched boundary similar to Trench 17.
An area c 24 m east to west was defined. The west side was represented
by two major ditches, 2868 and 2870 (section 6). The inner ditch, 2868,
comprised two cuts (section 7). The earlier cut (2869) turned west 3 m
short of the east-west road, and was subsequently cut by 2870. The late
cut (2868) ran parallel to 2870 (between 2 and 3 m apart) but terminated
at the point where 2869 curved west. Both 2870 and 2868 were of similar
proportions (c 1 m wide, 0.4 - 0.5 m deep), and the ditches may have been
contemporary, forming a double boundary. Aside from a few sherds of pottery
(0.47 kg), there were no finds from these ditches.
The east side of Trench 29 was defined by three separate ditches which
all converged with the east-west aligned road ditches. The latest ditch,
2837 (equivalent to cut 2835 of the road ditch), was a foreshortened version
of its earlier form, extending only 5 m south of the road before terminating.
It showed signs of re-cutting and was relatively deep (0.8 m and c 1.7
m wide; section 43). The upper layers had been infilled with rubble. The
other two ditches, 2818 (2826) and 2815 (2856, 2822, 2824) probably joined
the east-west boundary 2836, which continued in use from subphase 3. They
ran south for 24 m and did not intercut (section 44). Ditch 2815 was shallow
(0.3-4 m deep) and the north end had been recut (2824, 2822). It was cut
by subphase 5 ditch 2821 (section 44). It had been filled with rubble
and there were rubble spreads across the northern extent of these ditches.
Boundary 2818 was more substantial (c 1.2 m wide, 0.4-0.5 m deep), but
it shallowed to the north (section 44). It cut subphase 2 enclosure ditch
2825 and ditches 2816, 2817, which may have belonged to Phase 3 (see internal
boundaries below).
Ditch 2445 ran north-south within the southern extension of the trench.
It had been recut (2445, 2447 - 2449, 2493) and terminated several metres
short of 2818, 2815. At least five recuts were visible and varied in dimensions
(0.5 m - 0.8 m deep, c 0.5 - 1 m deep; section 67). The subsidence hollow
at the top had been levelled with rubble and domestic debris dating to
the 4th century (layer 2444).Pottery from the ditch (c 3.2 kg) was mostly
2nd and 3rd century in date, in contrast to layer 2444, which produced
over 15 kg of mainly late 3rd and 4th century material. Other material
was uncommon from the lower ditch fills, and included iron nails, coal,
vessel glass, quernstones, and a small number of animal bones.
Aside from the apparent redeposited material in subphase 5, this subphase
produced the largest quantity of pottery (c 17 kg) suggesting that activity
was at its most intense during this period, although less intensive than
in trenches 13 and 17. The small finds included three late 3rd century
coins along with some industrial and domestic debris.
Activity in this subphase seems to have ceased around the middle of the
3rd century. There was a notable absence of Oxford colour-coated ware
from the ditch fills. The start date was more difficult to determine but
was probably during the latter part of the 2nd century at the earliest.
The end of this sub-phase also marked the end of any significant domestic
or `light industrial' activity on this part of the site. It is likely
that Building 5 and at least two of the wells (2906, 2867) were contemporary
with this phase (see below).
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The final phase of activity in Trench 29 was confined largely to the
south-east corner. A series of short lengths of gully (2800, 2803, 2804,
2805, 2808) ran NE-SW at a slight angle to the earlier boundaries. They
varied from 7-10 m in length and were variable in profile from narrow
and deep cuts (2804; 0.7 m wide, 0.7 m deep) to broad and shallow (2805;
0.3 m deep, c 0.9 m wide; section 63). Many of the gullies showed some
signs of recutting, and relationships were not always clear. They converged
towards the line of the north-south road. Almost 5 kg of pottery was recovered
from these gullies, along with 225 animal bones, vessel glass, iron nails,
iron shears, a copper alloy brooch (2nd century) and a bone pin. The terminal
of gully 2808 cut elongated pit 2809 which contained 0.4 kg of pottery
and some iron slag.
South of these gullies, linear boundary 2445 may still have been in existence
but visible only as a hollow. Its upper fill (2444) contained large quantities
of pottery (c 15 kg) and 60% of the small finds from the entire phase,
including vessel glass, a quernstone, a brooch and pin, two 4th century
coins and 124 animal bones. It appears to have been dumped along with
stone rubble, probably from another part of the trench or from further
afield. Although this material wass mixed, it generally dates to the later
3rd and early 4th century, a similar date range to the material from gullies
2800 and 2808. The dumping of domestic and structural material during
this phase is paralleled in Trenches 17 and 19, and must relate to the
phase of major reorganisation across the whole site.
Other features belonging to this phase included 2834, the latest re-cut
of the east-west trackway ditch, which was c 1.8 m wide and 0.35 m deep
(section 41). It contained a small amount of pottery (0.09 kg) and a few
animal bones. Just to the south of its eastern terminal was north-south
ditch 2821, traced for c 7 m before ending in a shallow terminal. This
appeared to have been the latest in the series of north-south cuts defining
part of the trackway in this area (section 44). A total of 0.6 kg of pottery
was recovered from the ditch. Lying less than 1 m to the west was pit
2846 (c 1.6 x 1.9 m across) which cut Phase 4 ditch 2836 and may belong
to phase 5. A small pottery assemblage (0.1 kg) was recovered from its
fill.
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Trench 29 Internal Features
Many of the features Trench 29 could not be accurately assigned to specific
subphases, but all may have belonged to Phase 3.
Internal boundaries
A sequence of ditches and gullies were situated in the central and southern
part of Trench 29, although the relationships between them were not always
that clear. Their general alignment suggested contemporaneity with eastern
ditch 2801 of subphase 3, but many cut ditch 2859 of that same subphase.
Two substantial ditches (2861/2831 and 2849) ran east-west, cutting ditch
2859 to the west and 2817 to the east. Ditch 2861/2831 (1.5 m wide, 0.4
m deep; section 60) was cut by a number of north-south gullies (2882,
2884, 2866) and was traced westwards out of the trench, while 2849 further
north (1.2 m wide, 0.4 m deep; section 59) was later, cutting features
with the exception of well 2839. To the south of 2831 lay gully 2814,
which ran east from 2859 before turning south along the line of the later
ditch 2445. Two L-shaped ditches, 2838 and 2883, were also located within
the central southern part of Trench 29 as was a later feature, 2844/2882.
They both ran west from the eastern trench limit for c 12 m before turning
south, neither extending beyond ditch 2847. It was unclear what they defined.
The pottery (1.6 kg) suggested a 2nd century date, and it is likely that
they were broadly contemporary with the subPhase 3 features, probably
defining internal boundaries. Other finds included fired clay and iron
nails. A fragment of 2nd century vessel glass and a dress pin were also
found and a small amount of smithing slag suggests minor industrial activity.
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Situated on the west side of the trench and overlying subphase 3 ditch
2859, was a square structure measuring c 2.5 m² internally. It probably
had two phases of use. The first phase was represented by two short lengths
of parallel wall, 2895 and 2887, defining the east and west sides. Wall
2895 was constructed of small stone rubble and the faces were disturbed.
Quantities of rubble in the upper layers of adjacent ditch 2868 suggest
that the ditch may have been only partially infilled when the structure
was demolished. Wall 2887 cut ditch 2859. It had deep foundations and
was coursed. Overlying the central section of this foundation were burnt
flat limestone slabs (2885), which projected eastwards for 0.5 m. They
were covered by a layer of burnt material, and were linked to a stoke-hole
on the western side of the wall (2886). It may have been part of an oven
structure, probably inserted into the wall at a later date, but no evidence
for a superstructure has survived. This second phase of B 5 may be related
to two postholes (2900, 2901) on the northern and southern sides, sited
off-centre towards wall 2887 and opposing each other. They were aligned
with two limestone slabs that may have formed post pads c 1 m to the east,
creating a rectangular, possibly open sided, building 3 m by 1 m in size
around the oven. No other features associated with the structure were
recognised. Dating was based on the stratigraphic position, post-dating
ditch 2859, allowing a construction date some time in the later 2nd/early
3rd century and possibly contemporary with the subphase 4 boundary ditch
2868, possibly in use into the early - mid 3rd century.
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The waterholes
Four small waterholes were situated within Trench 29. Three within the
central area were late, cutting subphase 3 ditches. The fourth (2906)
lay further south, beyond the main area of Trench 29. In two cases (2839,
2906) steps into the waterholes were exposed, both on the east side but
only the west sides of the other two (2867, 2877) were excavated. A similar
feature, 1318, with on the east side was located in Trench 17 to the north.
All of the waterholes probably belonged to the same subphase (4), but
may not all have been directly contemporary.
Feature 2839
Feature 2839 lay towards the eastern part of the trench, cutting ditch
2849. Its was 2.2 m in diameter and 1.1 m deep (section 192). No indication
of a revetment was found and the fill showed evidence of erosion from
the sides. It appears to have been deliberately infilled, with large quantities
of occupation material in the central fills, above the waterline. This
included 0.72 kg of pottery and 128 animal bones. Ceramic dating suggests
it was filled by the mid 3rd century.
Feature 2867
Waterhole 2867 lay adjacent to the west platform boundaries towards the
south-west corner, cutting ditches 2861, 2866 and 2859. It was oval in
plan and 3 m across and c 1.06 m deep (section 188). In contrast to the
other two waterholes in the central area, the top fill was a thick alluvial
deposit, suggesting that it remained a substantial hollow into the post-Roman
period. A late 3rd century coin was retrieved from this fill, but most
of the material from the lower fills indicates use from as early as the
late 2nd century. The fill was more homogenous than that of feature 2837,
suggesting that the silting process continued with little interruption.
Finds included a fragment of vessel glass (c 2nd-early 3rd century), 0.68
kg of pottery and 121 animal bones, including dog, pig and bird.
Feature 2877
Well 2877 lay to the east of 2867 and was of similar size (2.6 m by 1.02
m deep; section 189). It cut east-west gully 2876. Small quantities of
stone and domestic material (0.12 kg pottery and 57 animal bones) came
from the clay, silt and gravel fill. Dating evidence suggested that it
was infilled by the mid 3rd century.
Feature 2906
Well 2906 lay to the south of the boundary ditches in the main part of
Trench 29 and was exposed in a trial trench c 30 m south of the other
waterholes. The top hollow had filled with an alluvial deposit, which
produced late Roman finds (section 190). It was slightly larger than the
other waterholes (c 3 m across, 1.15 m deep) and ten steps in a damaged
condition curved downwards on the east side. The feature had been filled
with stone and other refuse. Finds included 0.6 kg of pottery, 1.2 kg
of ceramic tile, 47 animal bones, fired clay and a quern fragment. A cone
of Pinus Pinea (Calne 4426) came from a lower deposit of dark grey organic
material (see also environmental report, section 4.4). Dating evidence
from the well, although sparse, suggests that it was probably open from
early to late 3rd century, making it slightly later than the other waterholes.
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Structural Evidence
A number of features in the north-east corner of the trench suggested
the presence of one or more structures (Fig.
2.2.19: Trench 29 composite plan). The evidence took the form of a
concentration of postholes, most stone packed, and an L-shaped slot associated
with carved stonework. It was not clear if the postholes and slot were
contemporary or represented two distinct phases of activity. The postholes
were confined to an area 7 m by 4 m but no apparent structure could be
discerned. The relationship with timber slot 2893 was not clear but one
small posthole was cut by the slot.
The L-shaped slot, 2893, was shallow and relatively wide (0.2 m deep,
0.6 m wide) with a flat base (section 50). A line of coursed stonework,
2928, 0.2 m wide lay inside the angle and ran 1 m east to west and then
0.6 m to the south (not shown on plan). Two courses survived, faced on
the outer edge but the inner edge face was ragged. It appeared to be associated
with the slot but its function was unclear. The nature of the stonework
did not suggest that it was a replacement in stone of a timber building
as in Trench 17. If 2893 represented a beam slot the stonework might represent
an internal feature. It was impossible to date these features with any
precision. However it was cut by gully 2892 running N-S and an oblong
pit 2850 at its east end (section 50), indicating an early date. Both
of these features contained material dating to between the late 1st century
AD and the beginning of the 3rd century.
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Miscellaneous features
Pits
Nineteen pits were excavated in Trench 29. They seemed to concentrate
around the boundary ditches and in some cases cut them, particularly in
the south-west and north-east corners. The pits to the south-west (2889,
2920, 2933, 2923) were similar in form, c 1 m in diameter and from 0.7
to 0.9 m deep. They were amongst the latest features in the area, most
probably belonging to subphase 4. Their function was unclear and they
produced few finds but they appeared to have been deliberately infilled.
The majority of the pits were circular in plan but some were long shallow
scoops. Pit 2874, in the central part of the trench, was somewhat different
to the rest. It was rectangular in plan (2.4 x 1.5 m, 0.5 m deep), with
steep sides and a flat base (section 11), but with no evidence of waterlogging.
It had been deliberately infilled and the soil was charcoal blackened
and contained pottery (0.74 kg), stone, animal bone and daub fragments.
Most of the other pits contained few finds, with the exception of oval
pit 2832, which cut ditch 2831. It was 0.9 x1.6 m in size and 0.4 m deep,
and contained almost 1 kg of pottery, along with animal bone and fired
clay.
Stack rings
Two circular gullies with a small diameter, described as stack rings,
were exposed in Trench 29 (2881 and 2875). They were 3 m across with gully
dimensions of 0.6 m wide and 0.2 m deep (section 10) with sloping sides.
The southern half of 2875 had been removed by pit 2874. There was insufficient
evidence to date them precisely.
Feature 2940
Feature 2940 was a short slot with a flat base running east-west for
4 m in the north of the trench. It was 0.08 m deep and 0.25 m wide. It
may have held a timber beam, but no other features appeared to be associated.
It contained no finds.
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Interpretation of the archaeology from Trench
29
An east-west aligned ditch running along the southern boundary, dating
to the early 2nd century, appears to represent the earliest activity in
the trench. This was succeeded by a large sub-rectilinear enclosure of
early to mid 2nd century date. It defined one side of the main north-south
trackway, but intruded into the southern part of the east-west trackway
and was unlikely to have been associated with domestic or industrial activity.
During the mid to late 2nd century, the enclosure was replaced by a more
regular pattern of linear ditches forming a rectilinear enclosure open
to the south. The northern boundary was the first of these and defined
the east-west trackway. A succession of north-south and east-west boundaries
in the southern part of the trench may have belonged to this subphase,
but dating evidence was equivocal. They probably represented a constant
shifting of internal boundaries within the area, and although slight,
the small quantities of domestic and light industrial material hinted
at a new phase of activity.
From the later 2nd to early/mid 3rd century, a series of substantial boundary
ditches were laid out on the north, east and west sides. The northern
and eastern ditches defined sides of the main trackways through the site,
while those to the west probably formed a double ditched arrangement,
similar to 667 and 670 in Trench 17. Near to the western boundary lay
the only building identified within the trench (B 5). It was a two phase
structure, and the latest version included an oven structure. Another
possible structure indicated by postholes, a construction slot and building
stone lay in the north-east of the trench, and may belong to the same
phase or possibly earlier. Comparatively large quantities of pottery and
small finds suggest low status domestic and light industrial activity
during this phase.
In the later 3rd to early 4th century, activity was largely confined to
the south-east corner of the trench, where a series of linear gullies
were cut. A spread of late Roman material over ditches further to the
south was probably the result of dumping of refuse from other areas, and
was probably contemporary with the reorganisation associated with the
construction of the masonry villa in Trench 13. A major recut of the east-west
road ditch also probably belongs to this period. Aside from a few sherds
of medieval or post-medieval pottery, there was no indication of activity
beyond the early/mid 4th century.
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