"id","site_number","house_number","site_name","pollen","pre_landscape","early_landscape","late_landscape","barley","emmer","spelt","rye","oats","wheat_sp","bread_wheat","pulses","flax","fruit","nuts","other_wild","sheep_goat","perc_sh_g","cow","perc_cow","pig","perc_pig","horse","perc_horse","other","wild_small_mammals","deer","other_large_mammals","birds","fish","shell_fish","type_of_exploitation","soil_chemical_analysis","good_chronological_res","notes"
1,20,1,"Cefn Du",,,,,1,1,1,0,1,0,1,0,0,1,0,"fat hen, goosefoot, legumes, corn spurrey, knotgrass, sheep's sorrel, gorse, ribwort, bedstraw, sedges, daisy, grasses, sloe, heather, tuber",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,,0,0,0,0,0,0,,0,,"RB date, grains and chaff, crop processing, cooking and fuel. Oats could be grown or wild"
2,20,3,"Cefn Du",,,,,1,1,1,0,0,0,1,0,0,1,0,"rue, goosefoot, sheep's sorrel, blackthorn, legume, ribwort, bedstraw, sedge, grass, bracken, tuber",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,,0,0,0,0,0,0,,0,,"chaff used as tinder or fuel. Heath grass suggests crops grown on heathland. Emmer late."
3,19,9,"Cefn Cwmwd",,,,,0,1,1,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,"heather, legume, ribwort, sedges, rye grass, grasses, sloe",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,,0,0,0,0,0,0,,0,"mostly RB, heather and sedge earlier","charred fine crop processing remains. Grassland and heath, wet areas"
5,19,5,"Cefn Cwmwd",,,,,1,1,1,0,1,0,1,0,0,0,0,"plantain, sedge,",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,,0,0,0,0,0,0,,0,,"Grains, one sample from hearth - cooking"
6,19,6,"Cefn Cwmwd",,,,,1,1,1,0,1,0,1,0,0,0,0,"docks, sedge, rye grass, grasses, sloe, ericaceae",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,,0,0,0,0,0,0,,0,,"from hearth"
7,54,0,"Melin Y Plas",,,"open","open",1,1,1,0,1,0,0,0,0,1,0,"oats, St John's wort, heath grass, plantain, persicaria, algae ball, sedge, ragged robin,",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,,0,0,0,0,0,0,,0,"also barley and oats in med phase, when more open","weeds suggest wetland or heath / grassland"
8,20,0,"Cefn Du",,,,,1,0,1,0,1,0,1,0,1,0,0,"chamomile, corn marigold",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,,0,0,0,0,0,0,,0,"barley, oats, flax in med assemb, wet cult land","From 9 post granary, exclusively grain (mainly spelt and/or bread wheat)"
9,50,0,"Llandegai","on-site","open",,,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,,0,0,0,0,0,0,,0,,"Analysis of buried soils below henge bank predating site. Charcoal from radiocarbon in ditch includes oak, alder, holly, gorse or broom, pomoidaea"
10,22,0,"Cefn Graeanog II","both","arable","semi-wooded","arable",1,1,1,1,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,"arable weeds, bracken, oats, damp-loving and woodland species, nettle, rush, gorse, heather",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,,0,0,0,0,0,0,,1,,"Grasses and arable types by 410-215 BC, cleared during first millennium BC. Some fluctutations in tree cover indicated by pollen on site. More grasses in later phase. Was producing cereals, occupied all year, mainly spelt, some barley. Building F for livestock? E for grain storage"
11,22,16,"Cefn Graeanog II",,,,,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,,0,0,0,0,0,0,,0,,
12,42,0,"Graeanog","on-site","open","arable","arable",1,1,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,"rye and oats?",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,,0,0,0,0,0,0,,0,,"More hazel in pre-site phase - scrub? Then clearance. Cereal pollen also in soil samples from pre-site phase."
13,56,0,"Moel Y Gerddi","both","open","pasture / arable","pasture / arable",1,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,1,1,"sedge, corn spurrey, chickweed, hazel, rush, herbs, clover, marsh marigold",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,,0,0,0,0,0,0,,1,,"Tree regrowth after abandoned. High soil phosphorous inside enclosure wall"
14,36,0,"Erw-Wen","both","open","pasture / arable","pasture / arable",1,1,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,1,1,"sedge, blinks, chickweed, rush, corn spurrey",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,,0,0,0,0,0,0,,0,,
15,29,0,"Crawcwellt West","off-site","wooded","open","open",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,,0,0,0,0,0,0,,0,,"see Chambers and Lageard 1993. Woodland? Contemporary with tree decline seen at Llwyn Du, 5km away"
16,10,0,"Bryn Eryr","both","wooded","pasture / arable","pasture / arable",1,1,1,0,1,0,1,0,0,0,0,"nettle, goosefoot, rush,",1,0,1,0,0,0,1,0,,0,0,0,0,0,0,"wool",0,"emmer, spelt in e phase, later barley, oats, bread","Gradual clearance of alder and oak but hazel remaining, water in ditch. No cereals prior to second phase"
17,12,0,"Bush Farm","both","open","pasture / arable","pasture / arable",1,1,1,1,1,1,0,0,0,0,0,,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,,0,0,0,0,0,0,,0,,"pollen evidence for crops, wheat species"
18,49,0,"Holyhead Mountain",,,,,1,1,1,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,"ribwort plantain, goosefoot, grass, legumes, heather,",1,0,1,0,0,0,1,0,,0,0,0,0,0,1,,1,,"limpets in particular, smaller ones from middle and upper shore. Oats probably wild, spelt more common in T4 later structure, other wheats contaminants. In house 47 emmer more common. Soils suggest sporadic cultivation"
19,11,0,"Bryn y Castell","off-site","wooded","open","open",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,,0,0,0,0,0,0,,1,,"Good pollen data for clearance etc, began in late Bronze Age (Mighall et al 1990; Mighall and Chambers 1997). Tree decline 40 +/- 120 AD. Major decline ad 430 (dates for pollen HAR 6105 - 6109)"
20,55,0,"Meyllteyrn Ucaf","on-site",,"open","open",1,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,"heath grass, sheeps sorrel, rush, cultivation weeds, plantain, buttercup, purging flax,",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,,0,0,0,0,0,0,,0,,"Pollen generally open environment, some cereals, also scrub, presence of woodland. One oat frag from house 54 / 55."
21,100,0,"Thornwell Farm","on-site",,"open","open",1,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,"sloe, nettle/hemp, vetch, clover, grass",1,0,1,0,1,0,1,0,,1,1,1,1,0,0,,0,"only in animal bone","Poor pollen and seed samples. High sheep / goat suggests 'unromanised' diet (or particular landscape), multi-purpose role of animals"
22,79,0,"Breiddin","on-site","woodland pasture","semi-wooded","pasture / arable",1,1,1,1,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,,1,0,1,0,1,0,0,0,,0,0,0,0,0,0,,0,"fairly","Good data from Buckbean Pond. Insect work. No impact on woodland until 2400 bc, peaking at 1850-1650bc, arable evidence. Deforestation by 600 bc. Crops reflect change from emmmer to spelt, later in Wales. No conclusive evidence for cultivation, could be stored. Suggests bulk storage and charring from roasting or drying. Animal bone survival poor. Oats maybe wild, small amounts barley and rye."
23,125,0,"Whitton",,,,,0,1,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,"fodder species, watercress, goosefoot and orache, bracken, docks, thistles, nettle",1,34,1,32,1,22,1,4,"dog 2.5%",1,1,1,1,1,0,"dairy, meat, wool",0,,"% mni. Cattle greatest food source by meat weight. Well assemblage very different, mostly pig, large proportions of dog and deer. Agriculture likely, only small oat frag, likely barley and bread wheat also grown. Snails and insects"
24,88,0,"Collfryn",,,,,1,1,0,1,1,1,1,0,1,1,1,"legumes, berries, prunus sp., brassica, chenopodium",1,37,1,42,1,14,1,6,"dog",0,1,0,0,0,0,,0,"yes. Shift from emmer/spelt to wheat RB","Like Breiddin also late for emmer not spelt in IA. Processing of crops (grain cleaning) and presence of autumn sown grain. Few wild species in R period, final stages of crop cleaning. Oats and rye prob wild contaminants, more oats in med corn drier. Flax and dog R. Small bone assemblage, more sheep in interior, charred bones."
25,96,0,"Prestatyn",,,,,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,,1,0,1,0,1,0,1,0,"dog",0,0,0,0,0,0,,0,,"Plant data is from a well in phase II: mainly wheat (spelt), minor emmer, barley, oats. Waterlogged deposits including fruits, pine nut, coriander. Roundhouses in phase I only."
26,148,0,"Penycoed","on-site",,"open","open",0,0,0,1,1,1,0,0,0,0,0,"wet species, arable weeds, dandelion, elderberries, nettle, rushes,",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,,0,0,0,0,0,0,,0,,"Full report seen at Cambria. Plant reports indicate marshy meadows and open woodland. Very few cereal grains. Rye and oats present as weeds? Charred cereal weeds. Insects suggest grazing animals, pollen mostly pastoral some arable. Waterlogged deposits from ditches."
27,146,121,"Stackpole Warren A",,,,,1,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,1,"cultivation weeds",1,0,1,0,1,0,1,0,"dog, domestic fowl",1,1,0,1,0,1,,0,,"see archive (not listed for each site = A and others) poor bone pres. Seeds relate to house. Snails"
28,171,0,"Woodside",,,,,1,1,1,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,1,,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,,0,0,0,0,0,0,,0,"yes","very little animal bone. Lack of charred cereals in Bronze Age, many hazelnuts. Mostly spelt in later periods. Other cereals contaminants. Assemblage mostly chaff, few weeds"
29,163,0,"Dan-y-Coed",,,,,1,1,1,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,1,,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,,0,0,0,0,0,0,,1,"yes","very little animal bone. Hazelnuts only in earlier phases. Cereals mostly spelt. Other cereals contaminants. Assemblage mostly chaff, few weeds"
30,90,0,"Glanfeinion",,,,,1,1,0,0,1,1,0,0,1,1,1,"crap-apple, hazelnut, cultivation weeds",1,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,,0,0,0,0,0,0,,0,,"Oak and hazel suggested from charcoal. Poor bone preservation. Significant deposits of carbonised seeds in pits. Oat present as weed only? Barley already processed, this main crop?"
31,92,0,"Llanymynech","on-site","wooded",,,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,,0,0,0,0,0,0,,0,,"Moore 1992 bovine skull found in area of peat sample. Radiocarbon. No evidence of cereals, suggests hillfort built for mining of copper. Several episodes of clearance and regeneration but hard to tie into occupation"
32,93,0,"Moel Hiraddug",,,,,0,1,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,"arable weeds - bromus, oats",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,,0,0,0,0,0,0,,0,,"Hillman report on grain, CPAT archive. Note spelt and emmer under cultivation at Dinorben (especially emmer)"
33,145,0,"Arddleen","on-site",,,,1,1,1,0,1,0,0,0,0,1,0,"elderberry, sloe, heather, sedge, bracken",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,,0,0,0,0,0,0,,1,,"report unpublished Jones and Millis from earlier excavation of enclosure ditch. Not able to distinguish emmer / spelt. Sample residue - used as fuel? Later samples from ditch bracken, alder, sloe stones sedge, heather, hazel, blackthorn. Poor pollen preservation"
34,35,0,"Dinorben",,,,,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,,1,25,1,64,1,6,1,3,"hare",1,1,0,0,0,0,"wool, dairy",0,,"small bone assemblage from unpublished 1980 excavation of boundary bank. Very small but more indicative of earlier rather than later (RB) assemblages from site"
35,91,153,"Graig Fechan","on-site",,"woodland pasture",,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,1,"hazelnut shells",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,,0,0,0,0,0,0,,1,,"oak, willow / poplar, birch / hazel charcoal. After abandonment site open, heather. No cereal pollen. Early tree pollen hazel, birch, oak, grassland herbs."
36,101,0,"Caer Cadwgan","both",,,,1,1,1,1,0,1,0,0,0,0,1,"sloe, hazelnut",1,0,1,0,1,0,0,0,"dog",0,0,0,0,0,0,,1,,"cereals, burnt bone (crop processing waste). Sieving from three further hut platform fills. Sheep / goat outnumber cattle 2:1"
37,97,0,"Trelystan",,,,,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,"hazelnuts",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,,0,0,0,0,0,0,,0,,"hazel, sloe, poplar, rowan, hawthorn"
38,111,0,"St. Athan","on-site",,,,1,0,0,0,1,1,0,1,0,0,0,"legumes, dock or sorrel, weeds, bramble",1,0,1,0,1,0,1,0,"dog",0,1,0,1,0,0,,1,,"MIA - ER most of animal bone, peripheral areas used for discard. Molluscs. Charred pulses from driers. Oats poss only. Charcoal including blackthorn, oak, ash, hawthorn. Phosphate enrichment. Pollen poorly preserved and no further work recommended."
39,121,0,"Biglis",,,,,1,0,0,0,1,1,0,0,0,0,0,,1,50,1,30,1,7,1,3,"dog, badger, hedgehog, hare, cat",1,1,1,1,0,1,"dairy, meat, wool",0,,"Unpublished bone report in archive by J. Whitbourn. Quantification of bone by numbers, bones showing butchery especially long bones, for marrow. No decrease in proportion of sheep to cattle and pigs as seen on more 'romanised' sites, and fewer pigs. Limpets. Free-threashing clubwheat from corn driers (more common in medieval times but may date back to BA in S Wales), few oats (wild or domestic)."
40,123,0,"Llandough",,,,,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,,1,35,1,45,1,14,1,4,"dog",1,1,0,1,0,0,"dairy, meat, wool",0,,"Unpublished bone report by J Whitbourn seen at GGAT. Not large bone sample, fragement counts only. Medieval contexts not included here in totals."
41,132,0,"Castell Henllys",,,,,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,,1,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,,0,1,0,0,0,0,,0,,"bone only surviving as burnt. Crops already processed"
42,149,0,"Porth y Rhaw","on-site","semi-wooded","open","open",1,1,1,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,"knotweeds, goosefoot, grasses, heather, bracken, blackthorn",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,,0,0,0,0,0,0,,0,,"waste plant material used as fuel (or fodder, bedding). Pollen does not suggest very nearby cultivation - pastoral? Small plant assemblage. Limpets mentioned in 1808 excavation - recent?"
43,139,0,"Llandysul",,,,,1,1,1,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,1,"sheeps sorrel, hemp nettle",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,,0,0,0,0,0,0,,0,"yes, spelt only in Roman context",
44,140,223,"Newton, Llanstadwell",,,,,1,0,0,0,1,1,0,0,0,0,0,"docks, orache, grass",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,,0,0,0,0,0,0,,0,,"Mainly wood charcoal in roundhouse (oak, birch, hazel, alder, prunus sp.). Oats may be wild or cultivated. Barley here hulled as opposed to naked barley at Stackpole, Mellteyrn Uchaf and Glanfeinion"
45,99,0,"Upper Ninepence","on-site",,"open",,0,1,0,0,0,1,1,0,0,0,1,"hazelnuts, acorn, fat hen, dock, violet, selfheal, ribwort; nettle, bramble, rose, grasses,",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,,0,0,0,0,0,0,,1,"yes, in phases and by structure but small sample","Weeds indicate grassland with hazel scrub and cultivation nearby. Pollen agrees  but poor survival. Charcoals mainly hazel, hawthorn, blackthorn. Slight evidence for cultivation in Peterborough Ware phase, less later. Pigs and sheep / cattle contributed to diet, with change to pig in Grooved Ware phase (from residue analysis of pottery). Sample from RB hearth not included here (bread wheat, barley, charcoals)."
47,153,0,"Llanmaes",,,,,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,,0,0,0,0,1,80,0,0,,0,1,0,0,0,0,,0,,"good bone assemblage, in progress (Mulville - Gwilt forthcoming)"