"assemblage id","cattle body part representation","sheep/goat body part representation","pig body part representation","horse body part representation","notes"
26,"mostly preservation/retrieval determined","mostly preservation/retrieval determined","mostly preservation/retrieval determined","mostly preservation/retrieval determined","for cattle, s/g & pig: all parts of body represented with level of abundance as expected assuming poorer survival of lower density bones. MPs  under-represented  in s/g & cattle & MTs in horse : taken for boneworking. Lack of Pig mps harder to explain."
27,"mostly preservation/retrieval determined","mostly preservation/retrieval determined","mostly preservation/retrieval determined","mostly preservation/retrieval determined","mostly as per expected according to bone density. MPs generally under-represented, probably used for boneworking (except for pig: v few worked pig MPs). Horse skulls quite well represented in some periods, feet abundant in other periods"
28,"mostly preservation/retrieval determined","mostly preservation/retrieval determined","mostly preservation/retrieval determined","even (as per skeletal abundance)","s/g, cattle: slightly fewer Metapodials than expected - possibly used for boneworking."
29,"mostly preservation/retrieval determined","mostly preservation/retrieval determined","mostly preservation/retrieval determined","even (as per skeletal abundance)","s/g, cattle: slightly fewer Metapodials than expected - possibly used for boneworking."
30,"mostly preservation/retrieval determined","mostly preservation/retrieval determined","mostly preservation/retrieval determined","even (as per skeletal abundance)","s/g, cattle: slightly fewer Metapodials than expected - possibly used for boneworking.But, all S/g lower limbs (phs mps ast & calc) under represented - possibly primary carcass processing waste disposed of elsewhere. Horse scapulae particularly abundant"
10,"mostly preservation/retrieval determined","mostly preservation/retrieval determined","mostly preservation/retrieval determined","insufficient","report gives details of multivariate analyses, or which one variable considered is anatomical element."
11,"mostly preservation/retrieval determined","mostly preservation/retrieval determined","mostly preservation/retrieval determined","mostly preservation/retrieval determined","cattle showed greater than expected abundance of meat bones in phase 3/4 pits but this may be small sample bias."
12,"mostly preservation/retrieval determined","mostly preservation/retrieval determined","abundance of head","insufficient","clear over representation of cranial fragments/lack of meat bearing elements among the pig assemblage. Head and lower limb bones somewhat more abundant than meat bearing bones in sheep, and to lesser extent cattle, but not nearly as pronounced as in pig"
13,"even (as per skeletal abundance)","even (as per skeletal abundance)","even (as per skeletal abundance)","insufficient","balance of meat vs non-meat elements fairly  equal. Abundance of mandibles varies considerably between contexts. Small s/g bones probably subject to retrieval bias. Cattle metapodials quite low numbers, possibly taken for bone working"
17,"mostly preservation/retrieval determined","mostly preservation/retrieval determined","abundance of head","insufficient",
18,"even (as per skeletal abundance)","even (as per skeletal abundance)","even (as per skeletal abundance)","even (as per skeletal abundance)","shee/goat and cattle assemblages lack metapodials - in s/g this explained as removal of metapodial bones for making bone artefacts/tools (such tools are recovered from the site). No such obvious evidence of boneworking to suggest same for cattle."
19,"even (as per skeletal abundance)","even (as per skeletal abundance)","not available","insufficient","horse skeleton: possible lack of thoracic area (suggested?rib roast) but otherwise skeleton largely complete."
1,"mostly preservation/retrieval determined","mostly preservation/retrieval determined","abundance of head","even (as per skeletal abundance)","cattle and sheep/goat even but missing small elements"
2,"mostly preservation/retrieval determined","mostly preservation/retrieval determined","mostly preservation/retrieval determined","abundance of feet","cattle show abundance of skull frags but these mostly come from only 2 individuals."
3,"mostly preservation/retrieval determined","mostly preservation/retrieval determined","abundance of head","insufficient",
4,"not available","not available","not available",,
5,"mostly preservation/retrieval determined","mostly preservation/retrieval determined","abundance of head","abundance of head","less dense elements may have been destroyed by trampling & gnawing. Cattle metatarsal more abundant than cattle metacarpals. Abundance of horse skull frags interpreted as possible ritual significance. Pig pattern probably preservation related"
6,"insufficient","mostly preservation/retrieval determined","insufficient",,"cattle axial skeleton under represented, pig entirely head and lower hind limbs but sample size v. small and therefore insufficient to conclude reliable pattern"
7,"mostly preservation/retrieval determined","mostly preservation/retrieval determined","abundance of head","insufficient","pig - abundance of mandibles from later context groups.pig upper forelimb also well represented"
8,"mostly preservation/retrieval determined","mostly preservation/retrieval determined","insufficient",,
9,"mostly preservation/retrieval determined","mostly preservation/retrieval determined","mostly preservation/retrieval determined","not available","cattle showed somewhat higher percentages of non-meat bearing bones than sheep/goat. But skull frags and small foot bones etc (I.e. non- meat bearing) likely subject to preservation/retrieval bias. Pig higher proportion of meat bearing bones than at Ower"
20,"mostly preservation/retrieval determined","mostly preservation/retrieval determined","mostly preservation/retrieval determined","insufficient","in units H&I (midden) assemblage is very well preserved and probably reflects original composition: post-cranial particularly well represented. In the less well preserved, upper deposits, preservation favours denser elements."
22,"mostly preservation/retrieval determined","mostly preservation/retrieval determined","mostly preservation/retrieval determined","insufficient","some differences in body part preservation. Metapodials probably less accessible to dogs. Lower limb bones most heavily gnawed. Upper limb (meaty) bones less gnawing but more burning, suggesting more human consumption of these body parts."
23,"mostly preservation/retrieval determined","mostly preservation/retrieval determined","mostly preservation/retrieval determined","abundance of head","for cattle, s/g & pig: all parts of body represented with level of abundance as expected assuming poorer survival of lower density bones. Metapodials  under-represented  in s/g: these taken for boneworking. Lack of Pig mps harder to explain."
24,"mostly preservation/retrieval determined","mostly preservation/retrieval determined","mostly preservation/retrieval determined","abundance of feet","for cattle, s/g & pig: all parts of body represented with level of abundance as expected assuming poorer survival of lower density bones. Metapodials  under-represented  in s/g & cattle: these taken for boneworking. Lack of Pig mps harder to explain."
25,"mostly preservation/retrieval determined","mostly preservation/retrieval determined","mostly preservation/retrieval determined","abundance of feet","for cattle, s/g & pig: all parts of body represented with level of abundance as expected assuming poorer survival of lower density bones. Metapodials  under-represented  in s/g & cattle: these taken for boneworking. Lack of Pig mps harder to explain."
74,"even (as per skeletal abundance)","mostly preservation/retrieval determined","insufficient","even (as per skeletal abundance)",
75,"mostly preservation/retrieval determined","mostly preservation/retrieval determined","mostly preservation/retrieval determined","mostly preservation/retrieval determined",
76,"mostly preservation/retrieval determined","mostly preservation/retrieval determined","mostly preservation/retrieval determined","mostly preservation/retrieval determined",
77,"mostly preservation/retrieval determined","mostly preservation/retrieval determined","mostly preservation/retrieval determined","mostly preservation/retrieval determined",
78,"mostly preservation/retrieval determined","mostly preservation/retrieval determined","mostly preservation/retrieval determined","mostly preservation/retrieval determined","cattle quite high levels of loose teeth, reflecting poor preservation, particularly in upper levels. S/g biased towards most sturdy bones (preservation bias), with low numbers of the smaller bones such as tarsals, carpals and phalanges (retrieval bias)"
79,"mostly preservation/retrieval determined","mostly preservation/retrieval determined","abundance of head","mostly preservation/retrieval determined","differences between upper and lower layers relate to preservation. Cattle high percentage of loose teeth (poor preservation) especially in upper layers. S/g emphasis on larger more robust elements (preservation and retrieval) especially in upper layers."
81,"mostly preservation/retrieval determined","mostly preservation/retrieval determined","insufficient","insufficient",
82,"not available","abundance of feet","not available","not available","abundance of s/g metapodia refelects concentration of these elements in pit 6116."
84,"abundance of head","not available","not available","not available","large quantities of cattle horn cores deposited in pits and ditches - probably indicative of industrial activity (? Specialised hornworking at this site)"
42,"abundance of head+feet","mostly preservation/retrieval determined","abundance of head+feet","abundance of head","small sample. Although identified cattle fragments mostly head & feet, limb bone fragments are present in the unidentified large (cattle sized) mammal fraction of the assemblage."
43,"insufficient","insufficient","insufficient","insufficient","s/g skeletal element representation noted as different in different contexts. 1 structure has abundance of head, another structure abundance of feet. Another structure more foreleg, & another mostly even."
44,"mostly preservation/retrieval determined","mostly preservation/retrieval determined","mostly preservation/retrieval determined","abundance of head",
45,"mostly preservation/retrieval determined","mostly preservation/retrieval determined","mostly preservation/retrieval determined","insufficient",
46,"even (as per skeletal abundance)","insufficient","insufficient",,"skeletons mostly complete but there is a lack of small elements such as carpals, tarsals and phalanges, and some loose epiphyses. This probably retrieval bias against small bones missed by excavators."
47,"even (as per skeletal abundance)","even (as per skeletal abundance)","even (as per skeletal abundance)","even (as per skeletal abundance)","author states, 'all parts of the body of all the domestic farm species are more or less equally represented'…"
51,"insufficient","insufficient","insufficient","insufficient",
52,"insufficient","insufficient","insufficient","insufficient",
53,"mostly preservation/retrieval determined","mostly preservation/retrieval determined","mostly preservation/retrieval determined","even (as per skeletal abundance)",
54,"abundance of trunk","abundance of head+feet","insufficient","insufficient","abundance of goat horncores in some features."
55,"even (as per skeletal abundance)","abundance of head+feet+trunk","insufficient","insufficient",
31,"mostly preservation/retrieval determined","mostly preservation/retrieval determined","mostly preservation/retrieval determined","insufficient","s/g, cattle: slightly fewer Metapodials than expected - possibly used for boneworking."
32,"mostly preservation/retrieval determined","mostly preservation/retrieval determined","mostly preservation/retrieval determined","even (as per skeletal abundance)","s/g, cattle: slightly fewer Metapodials than expected - possibly used for boneworking."
33,"not available","insufficient","insufficient","insufficient",
34,"abundance of head+feet","mostly preservation/retrieval determined","abundance of head","insufficient","cattle and pig element representation fairly similar: dominated by cranial frags. S/g show different pattern: 'normal pattern' with body parts as expected according to predicted survivability, i.e. limb bones better represented than for cattle & pig."
35,"insufficient","insufficient","insufficient","insufficient",
36,"even (as per skeletal abundance)","mostly preservation/retrieval determined","mostly preservation/retrieval determined","mostly preservation/retrieval determined","within individual features there are variations in skeletal abundance but the overall assemblage pattern is for all parts of the body to be represented but with differential loss of elements due to natural taphonomic precess."
56,"abundance of head","mostly preservation/retrieval determined","insufficient","insufficient","cattle and s/g both have lots of mandible & loose teeth present."
57,"mostly preservation/retrieval determined","mostly preservation/retrieval determined","mostly preservation/retrieval determined","insufficient","Cattle assemblage biased towards more robust elements. Also large part of cattle, s/g & pig samples made up from loose teeth. Reflects poor preservation."
58,"not available","not available","not available","not available","lack of anterior region of skull noted for s/g & seals - suggested this result of slaughter technique of smashing front of head."
59,"mostly preservation/retrieval determined","mostly preservation/retrieval determined","abundance of head","insufficient","3 pig partial skeletons missing longbones - ?exported."
60,"not available","not available","not available","not available",
62,"mostly preservation/retrieval determined","mostly preservation/retrieval determined","mostly preservation/retrieval determined","insufficient","predominance of loose teeth & cranial as well as more robust limb bones - reflects poor preservation & dog gnawing"
63,"mostly preservation/retrieval determined","mostly preservation/retrieval determined","mostly preservation/retrieval determined","insufficient",
65,"mostly preservation/retrieval determined","mostly preservation/retrieval determined","insufficient","insufficient",
67,"mostly preservation/retrieval determined","mostly preservation/retrieval determined","insufficient","insufficient",
69,"not available","not available","not available","not available",
70,"mostly preservation/retrieval determined","mostly preservation/retrieval determined","not available","not available","suggested for all species that butchery occurred away from site & that vertebrae remained at butchery site. Cattle metacarpals considerably more abundant that metatarsals."
73,"mostly preservation/retrieval determined","mostly preservation/retrieval determined","insufficient","insufficient",
86,"mostly preservation/retrieval determined","mostly preservation/retrieval determined","insufficient","mostly preservation/retrieval determined","mostly larger more robust elements present. Not much cranial material."
87,"abundance of meat-bearing","mostly preservation/retrieval determined","even (as per skeletal abundance)","abundance of head","cattle abundance of limb bones possibly indication of good preservation. Pig skeletal representation influenced by high proportion of complete skeletons. Horse probably influenced by initial deposition."
88,"mostly preservation/retrieval determined","mostly preservation/retrieval determined","mostly preservation/retrieval determined","abundance of pelvis",
89,"mostly preservation/retrieval determined","mostly preservation/retrieval determined","mostly preservation/retrieval determined","abundance of pelvis","horse abundance of pelvis in pits and metatarals in ditches."
90,"insufficient","insufficient","insufficient","insufficient",
91,"abundance of head","even (as per skeletal abundance)","mostly preservation/retrieval determined","even (as per skeletal abundance)","even skeletal abundance in s/g linked to large number of whole skeletons. Cattle skull abundance linked to special deposits."
92,"mostly preservation/retrieval determined","mostly preservation/retrieval determined","mostly preservation/retrieval determined","even (as per skeletal abundance)",
93,"mostly preservation/retrieval determined","mostly preservation/retrieval determined","abundance of head","abundance of meat-bearing","cattle, few skull frags but lots of mandibles; pelvis also well represented. Horse mostly limb bones, mainly special deposits."
95,"abundance of head+feet+trunk","mostly preservation/retrieval determined","insufficient","abundance of meat-bearing","s/g high proportion of loose teeth, especially in poorly preserved contexts (quarries & ditches). Cattle/horse less evidence of loose teeth as better preserved and older animals"
96,"not available","mostly preservation/retrieval determined","abundance of head","even (as per skeletal abundance)",
97,"mostly preservation/retrieval determined","mostly preservation/retrieval determined","mostly preservation/retrieval determined","mostly preservation/retrieval determined",
98,"mostly preservation/retrieval determined","mostly preservation/retrieval determined","abundance of head","mostly preservation/retrieval determined","cattle and sheep cranial remains more abundant in ditches than pits, probably reflects no.s of loose teeth.  Overall, pattern similar to other thames valley gravel sites (Farmoor and Appleford)."
99,"mostly preservation/retrieval determined","mostly preservation/retrieval determined","mostly preservation/retrieval determined","mostly preservation/retrieval determined","all parts of skeleton represented. Abundance of cranial mostly due to loose teeth. Meat bones well represented in postcranial elements."
100,"mostly preservation/retrieval determined","mostly preservation/retrieval determined","not available","mostly preservation/retrieval determined",
101,"mostly preservation/retrieval determined","even (as per skeletal abundance)","abundance of head","abundance of head","cattle mostly head and limbs. S/g skeletal abundance influenced by large numbers of complete and partial skeletons from shallow pit; remaining s/g assemblage fragmentary."
102,"not available","not available","not available","not available","overall noted that 'waste parts' (heads and feet) predominate although other parts of body are still present. Suggests debris from earlier stages of butchery and 'cooking' waste rather than 'table' waste."
103,"abundance of meat-bearing","mostly preservation/retrieval determined","mostly preservation/retrieval determined","not available","suggested cattle butchered off site and this assemblage made up of parts of carcasses cooked/consumed on-site. S/g and pig samples too poorly preserved to comment."
104,"mostly preservation/retrieval determined","mostly preservation/retrieval determined","mostly preservation/retrieval determined","insufficient","no evidence to suggest differential butchery and disposal."
105,"mostly preservation/retrieval determined","mostly preservation/retrieval determined","mostly preservation/retrieval determined","insufficient",
106,"even (as per skeletal abundance)","abundance of meat-bearing","insufficient","insufficient","noted that all parts of cattle represented, while s/g dominated by main meat bearing bones (although sample sizes small and these observations may not be reliable)."
107,"abundance of head+feet","abundance of head+feet","abundance of head+feet","insufficient","body part representation varies between zones. S/g paticulary variable. Pig hindlimb poorly represented throughout.'absences' may be due to fragmentation/destruction as much as differential disposal."
108,"mostly preservation/retrieval determined","mostly preservation/retrieval determined","insufficient","abundance of feet",
109,"not available","not available","not available","not available","varied between contexts and phases - not quantified in report. More info possibly available in supplementary Microfiche."
111,"abundance of trunk","insufficient","insufficient","insufficient","cattle dominated by partial skeltons from ditches, plenty of head and trunk, lacking limbs (absence of main meat bearing elements)"
112,"abundance of head","even (as per skeletal abundance)","abundance of head","abundance of head",
113,"mostly preservation/retrieval determined","even (as per skeletal abundance)","abundance of head","insufficient","s/g all parts of body represented with even skeletal abundance, due to large nos of complete skeletons, however, rest of s/g assemblage affected by preservation and retrieval bias."
114,"abundance of meat-bearing","even (as per skeletal abundance)","abundance of head","abundance of trunk","s/g all parts of body represented with even skeletal abundance, due to large nos of complete skeletons, however, rest of s/g assemblage affected by preservation and retrieval bias."
115,"mostly preservation/retrieval determined","mostly preservation/retrieval determined","insufficient","insufficient",
116,"even (as per skeletal abundance)","mostly preservation/retrieval determined","mostly preservation/retrieval determined","not available",
117,"mostly preservation/retrieval determined","mostly preservation/retrieval determined","insufficient","insufficient",
118,"mostly preservation/retrieval determined","mostly preservation/retrieval determined","abundance of head","not available","loose teeth dominate assemblage."
121,"not available","not available","not available","not available",
123,"not available","not available","not available","not available","bodypart representation varies between layers, sometimes maily meat bearing, othertimes mainly waste products. No overall patterns for site."
124,"mostly preservation/retrieval determined","mostly preservation/retrieval determined","abundance of head","mostly preservation/retrieval determined",
125,"mostly preservation/retrieval determined","mostly preservation/retrieval determined","insufficient","insufficient","high proportion of loose teeth in ditches"
129,"abundance of head","abundance of head+feet","insufficient","insufficient","lack of vertebrae & ribs. cattle abundance of limbs; sheep abundance of head & limbs. This reflects composition of pit 44."
130,"abundance of meat-bearing","abundance of meat-bearing","mostly preservation/retrieval determined","insufficient","slight emphasis on meat bearing bones for cattle and s/g but pleny of 'waste' elements also present, suggesting all processing and consumption activities taking place in vicinity."
131,"mostly preservation/retrieval determined","mostly preservation/retrieval determined","abundance of head","insufficient","cattle and sheep cranial remains more abundant in ditches than pits, probably reflects no.s of loose teeth.  Overall, pattern similar to other thames valley gravel sites (Farmoor and Ashville)"
132,"mostly preservation/retrieval determined","mostly preservation/retrieval determined","abundance of head","mostly preservation/retrieval determined","cattle and sheep cranial remains more abundant in ditches than pits, probably reflects no.s of loose teeth.  Overall, pattern similar to other thames valley gravel sites (Appleford and Ashville)"
133,"even (as per skeletal abundance)","mostly preservation/retrieval determined","insufficient","not available","cattle all body parts represented, but skeletal abundance does vary between features."
134,"abundance of head","even (as per skeletal abundance)","insufficient","not available","lower levels s/g remains probably from fairly complete individuals; thus even skeletal distribution. In upper MBA levels s/g have abundance of head & feet, and cattle abundance of head, again due to ABGs ?hides or skinning waste"
135,"abundance of head","insufficient",,"abundance of head+feet","patterns mostly explained for cattle as several frags from same skull. Horse feet from 1 or 2 individuals"
136,"abundance of meat-bearing","mostly preservation/retrieval determined","insufficient","insufficient",
137,"mostly preservation/retrieval determined","mostly preservation/retrieval determined","insufficient","insufficient",
139,"mostly preservation/retrieval determined","mostly preservation/retrieval determined","insufficient","insufficient",
140,"mostly preservation/retrieval determined","mostly preservation/retrieval determined","abundance of head","insufficient",
141,"insufficient","insufficient","insufficient","insufficient",
142,"mostly preservation/retrieval determined","mostly preservation/retrieval determined","mostly preservation/retrieval determined","insufficient","assemblage predominantly loose teeth >70%. Reflects heavy fragmentation and poor preservation."
143,"mostly preservation/retrieval determined","mostly preservation/retrieval determined","mostly preservation/retrieval determined","insufficient",
144,"abundance of meat-bearing","abundance of meat-bearing","abundance of head","insufficient",
145,"abundance of head","mostly preservation/retrieval determined","abundance of head","abundance of head","pig abundance of mandibles, but fibulae also quite well represented, especially compared to other postcranial elements. Abundance of mandibles of all species possibly result of preservation/fragmentation bias."
146,,"abundance of meat-bearing","abundance of meat-bearing",,"mandibles (and also maxillae for pigs) are well represented in addition to upper limb bones. Suggests offerings of prime meat cuts plus some cranial element."
148,"mostly preservation/retrieval determined","mostly preservation/retrieval determined","mostly preservation/retrieval determined","insufficient",
149,"mostly preservation/retrieval determined","mostly preservation/retrieval determined","mostly preservation/retrieval determined","insufficient","all parts of main domesticates present, suggesting killed on site. Abundance of loose teeth due to fragmented assemblage."
151,"even (as per skeletal abundance)","even (as per skeletal abundance)","abundance of head","mostly preservation/retrieval determined","cattle and sheep have range of skeletal elements representing both primary butchery & domestic waste. Pig mostly waste elements. Horse most skeletal elements except skull frags absent probably too small to identify to species"
152,"mostly preservation/retrieval determined","insufficient","insufficient","even (as per skeletal abundance)","cattle: all parts of skeleton represented, thus probably raised and killed on site. High proportions of dental & cranial frags, & shafts of longbones indicating effects of gnawing/fragmentation."
153,"mostly preservation/retrieval determined","abundance of head+feet","abundance of head","abundance of head+feet","some suggestion that IA has higher proportion of 'butchers waste' (heads and feet) than later periods, but samples small &  influence of fragmentation and retrieval biases also strong."
154,"mostly preservation/retrieval determined","even (as per skeletal abundance)","insufficient","abundance of head+feet","some suggestion that LIA/ERB has lower proportion of 'butchers waste' (heads and feet) than later periods, but samples small & influence of fragmentation and retrieval biases also strong."
155,"abundance of head+feet","mostly preservation/retrieval determined","insufficient","insufficient","cattle, s/g and horse all have abundance of loose teeth and cattle also have abundance of mandible frags - other parts of body all represented, bias toward teeth probably due to heavy fragmentation."
156,"abundance of meat-bearing","abundance of head","abundance of head",,"s/g and pig have abundance of loose teeth and mandible fragments - probably due to fragmentation and preservation/retrieval bias."