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This paper deals with the history of the Chilworth gunpowder mills in the third quarter of the 17th century and thereby completes the principal author's study of the mills from their establishment in 1626 to the end of that century. It attempts to distinguish the parts played by the two gunpowder makers involved, Josias Dewye and Vincent Randyll, in particular regarding Dewye's role in the 1650s and its bearing on the development of the site. The paper also discusses the performance of the Chilworth gunpowder makers in what was a period of intermittent war and hence of widely fluctuating demand for the product.