Transactions of the Cumberland & Westmorland Antiquarian & Archaeological Society 5 (series 3)

Report on the results of a geophysical survey and excavation in 1997 to the north of Garlands Hospital, which revealed a spread of heat-affected sandstone fragments within a charcoal rich matrix, identified as a ploughed-out burnt mound and radiocarbon dated to between 2577 and 1530 cal BC. Includes

Report on an archaeological investigation in 2002 following topsoil stripping to the west of Old Carlisle Farm, in an area of the Roman settlement associated with the fort of Old Carlisle. A suite of archaeological features were revealed and recorded, confirming an in situ presence of Roman structures beyond the east gate of the fort, including a substantial stone wall corresponding with the northern wall of a structure identified from aerial photography. Includes

Report on an excavation at Amberfield, Burgh by Sands, in 2002, approximately 200m to the south of Hadrian's Wall and Burgh II. A considerable settlement of later second- to third-century date, believed to be part of the vicus, had been identified immediately to the east by previous archaeological investigations. Features excavated included a well, four deep pits interpreted as post-pits for a substantial building lying mainly to the north of the excavation area, postholes and beamslots relating to timber buildings, and shallow ditches and gullies which appear to be boundary features. Finds from the site are consistent with the interpretation of the site as part of the vicus, and dated its occupation to the second half of the second century. The implications for the dating of the Burgh II fort are discussed. Includes

Description and analysis of a small collection of mainly Roman coins donated to the Senhouse Roman Museum at Maryport in 2004, and apparently found during building works at Whitehaven Castle during the first half of the twentieth century. The authors consider the evidence of the coins themselves, the information given by the envelope containing them, and the family who owned them prior to their donation. Includes

Article discussing place-names in and around Gilsland, northeast Cumbria, with Cumbric (British) linguistic elements, including names not previously recorded and new evidence on names known previously. The author also discusses their historical context, and considers other potential evidence for the survival of Cumbric in the area. Includes

Report of the discovery of a dugout boat during the laying of a pipeline at the `Pink' quarry near Shap in 1984. The authors describe the circumstances of its discovery and the remains of the boat itself, which were dated by dendrochronology to between 1224 and 1300 AD.

Analysis of the records of five manor courts in the former county of Westmorland (Crosby Ravensworth, Great Musgrave, Newbiggin and Thrimby, all in the Eden Valley, and Kirkland, Kendal). The study is aimed at determining the extent to which they regulated the affairs of manorial communities between the late-sixteenth and late-seventeenth centuries, whether the courts primarily served the interests of the lord or tenant, and if the role of the courts changed over time.

The author presents documentary and archaeological evidence for the location and period of use of Cunsey Forge, a bloomery forge located on land adjacent to Cunsey Beck, on the west bank of Windermere, from 1618 to the mid-eighteenth century. The author discusses its location, origins and ironmasters, the characteristics of blast furnaces and refining forges in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, the raw materials needed, transport, the protracted closure of the forge, and later developments concerning the site. A description of the surviving visible surface features is given, along with an account of a geophysical survey and the limited excavation of part of the main building. The different phases of use, and finds from the investigation, and described.

Article assessing the condition of housing in 1917 in the city of Carlisle within a nationwide context, using material collected by Carlisle Corporation on the state of the city's housing stock.

Report on hoards and casual finds of Roman coins found in Cumbria, arranged in two sections and listed alphabetically by town or parish within sections.

Note on an assemblage of clay pipe fragments found during fieldwalking at Cumdivock; including a description of the stamps.

Note on a print found at Kendal Public Library, depicting ``Sizergh Church Westmoreland'', and an account of the author's attempts to identify the (possibly fictitious) church depicted.

Short, separately authored summaries of archaeological fieldwork undertaken in Cumbria during 2004, arranged alphabetically by town or parish, with a special section on sites in the Lake District National Park; entries include grid references.