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Data copyright © University of Reading unless otherwise stated

This work is licensed under the ADS Terms of Use and Access.

Primary contact

Prof Michael Fulford
Professor of Archaeology
School of Archaeology, Geography and Environmental Science
University of Reading
Whiteknights
PO Box 218
Reading
RG6 6AA
England
Tel: 0118 3788048

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Resource identifiers

• ADS Collection: 1352
• DOI:https://doi.org/10.5284/1030449
• How to cite using this DOI

Lincoln Road, Enfield (Greater London)

The map above shows the site in its geographical and thematic context, to view all other sites from the database in this view select 'All sites' from the list of layers.

Published Sources

A Gentry, J Ivens and H McClean (1977) Excavations at Lincoln Road, London Borough of Enfield, November 1974-March 1976, Transactions of the London and Middlesex Archaeological Society 28 , 101-189

Database ID	8019
Site Type (Major)	Nucleated settlement
Site Type (Minor)	roadside settlement, quarry
Non Domestic Stucture	corndrier, well
Region	South
County	Greater London
Summary	The earliest structure at the site was a v-shaped ditch which lay close to a, possibly tile-roofed, building which had been constructed on a sandstone sill. Much of the structural material was found to have been deposited in the ditch fill, a deposit dating to the Flavian period. Further ditches, a cremation burial, and a small circular compacted-gravel floor were also dated to this period. By the late 3rd C AD, the ditches had undergone a number of remodelling episodes, plus a metalled road surface had been constructed, presumably connected with Ermine Street. Evidence of industrial activity is presumed from the level of pitting between some of the ditches and the 'yard' area at the site, in particular from four large pits with mainly sterile fills, but which had silted up at their bases. Further watching briefs to the east of the main excavated areas revealed further ditches, a Roman coin hoard, two clay-built ovens and several clay and gravel extraction pits.
Organisation	Enfield Archaeological Society
Area of investigation (ha)	0.12
Easting	534097
Northing	195916
Start Date	50
End Date	400
Rural settlement form	unclassified
Number of circular buildings	0
Number of rectangular buildings	1
Paddocks	No evidence
Multi-room building	No evidence
Aisled building	No evidence
Masonry building	No evidence
Trackway/Road	Evidence
Structured deposits	No evidence

Burial data
Burials summary	One cremation burial was found in a feature cut into the top of a ditch, though no specialist analysis was carried out on the bone remains, largely due to damage to the burial group from the cutting of a later adjacent pit. The burial was dated by the numerous grave goods to the end of the 1stC AD. The remains seem likely to have been placed in a face urn, of which fragments were found in the context. Other grave goods included flagons, a hand-made jar, a flat dish, Samian ware, an amphora and a mortarium, as well as a cattle mandible and a knife blade.
Burials start date	85
Burials end date	100
Number of burials	Present
Cremations	Present
Burials with grave goods	Present
Cremation urns	Present
Disarticulated bone	Not present or no data
Animal bone	Not present or no data
Associated settlement	Present
Associated enclosure	Not present or no data
Grave goods	Present

Brooch data
Number of brooches	10
Colchester	5
Colchester derivative/Dolphin	1
Headstud	1
Penanular	1
Unclassified Plate	1
Unclassified	1

Coins data
Coin summary	A coin hoard of 326 pieces were recovered from a large grey pot and likely date early/mid 4th C AD, but pre-AD335. Many coins, both loose and from the hoard, were too corroded to be identified.
Number of coins	512
AD54 - 69	1
AD69 - 96	11
AD96 - 117	1
AD117 - 138	3
AD138 - 161	5
AD161 - 180	4
AD180 - 193	1
AD193 - 222	2
AD222 - 238	1
AD260 - 275	36
AD275 - 296	30
AD296 - 317	4
AD317 - 330	6
AD330 - 348	25
AD348 - 364	7
AD364 - 378	17
AD378 - 388	1
AD388 - 402	4
Unidentified 1st-2nd C	4
Unidentified 3rd-4th C	23

Other finds data
Finds summary	152 fragments of glass from at least 30 prismatic and cylindrical vessels were identified dating to the 1st and 2nd C AD. Writing equipment includes a stylus and a seal-box. Two hipposandals were recovered, one of which was a miniature, and may have been a model.
Bracelets	2
Finger rings	5
Hairpins	11
Other dress accessories	4
Leather shoes	1
Toilet/cosmetic instruments	1
Writing equipment	3
Equine/transport objects	3
Knives/tools	3
Household objects and and furniture fittings	2
Recreation	3
Objects associated with weighing	1
Sewing (needles)	1
Quernstones	18
Glass objects	4
Vessel glass	30
Jet objects	2
Iron slag	Not present or no data
Hobnails	Present
Evidence for salt production	Not present or no data
Evidence for bone-working	Not present or no data
Evidence for metalworking	Not present or no data
Structural worked stone	Present
Painted plaster	Not present or no data
Window glass	Present
Tesselated floor/mosaic	Not present or no data
Tiled roof	Present
Briquetage	Not present or no data
Inscriptions	Not present or no data
Hypocaust	Not present or no data
Evidence for Christianity	Not present or no data

Pottery data
Pottery summary	Only stratified coarseware pottery (282 sherds) was quantitated in the report. Samian wares were fully quantified however, which was noted to have made a substantial contribution to the assemblage. Samian ware from South, Central and Eastern Gaulish industries were recovered on site. Fragments from four well preserved face urns were also recovered.
Samian sherds	480
Religious vessels	Not present or no data
Pottery wasters	Not present or no data
Graffito	Not present or no data
Amphora presence	Present
Mortarium presence	Present
Samian presence	Present

Plant data
Summary	No data

Zooarchaeological data
The data below is divided into an overarching record for the whole site and, if recorded, separate records for individual phases.
Summary	The assemblage included one complete skeleton of a calf aged around 6-9 months and buried in a late 2nd-3rdC AD pit. Around 20 cattle horncores were also recovered from the site. Chop marks presumably made with a cleaver were common, particularly on cattle bones. The report notes some of the mark types, which seem to be in concordance with specialist Roman butchery styles (cf. Maltby 1989). Two wetland wildfowl bones include specimens from woodcock (tmt) and greylag goose (ttr). A very small quantity of bones came from 4thC AD features and have not been included here. Metric data was taken from the red deer metatarsal.
Sheep/Goat NISP	53
Cattle NISP	200
Pig NISP	22
Cattle ABGs	1
Domestic fowl NISP	7
Wetland fowl (ducks, geese and waders) NISP	2
End date	250
Total bone fragments	466
Dog NISP	1
Roe deer NISP (bone)	2
Fish	No
Egg shell	No
Assemblage sieved?	No
Red deer NISP (bone)	2
ABGs in NISP	No
Marine shell	No
Overall
Horse NISP	8
Red deer NISP (antler)	2
Start date	50

Faunal Ageing data
The data below is divided into an overarching record for the whole site and, if recorded, separate records for individual phases. Concordance with existing published ageing criteria is provided in the tables below Cattle Age category Grant stage Halstead stage Maltby stage Neonate 0-2 A 1 Juvenile 3-16 B-C 2-3 Subadult 17-37 D-E 4-5 Young adult 38-42 F 6 Adult >43 G 7 Elderly >43 H-I 7 Sheep/Goat Age category Grant stage Payne stage Payne stage Maltby stage Neonate 0-1 A 0-2 months 1 Juvenile 2-17 B-C 2-12 months 2-3 Immature 18-28 D 1-2 years 4 Subadult 28-39 E-F 2-4 years 5-6 Adult >40 G 4-6 years 7 Elderly >40 H-I 6-10 years 7 Pig Age category Grant stage Hambleton stage Maltby stage O'Connor stage Neonate 0-1 A 1 Juvenile 2-14 B-C 2-3 juvenile Immature 15-25 D-E 4-5 immature Subadult 26-35 F 6 subadult Adult 36-41 G 7 adult Elderly >42 H-I 8 elderly
Summary	No data though the cattle horncores suggest that most of the animals were sub-adult or adult, with only two juveniles represented. However, the complete calf was only 6-9 months old. A horse mandible from a 10-11yr old was present.
Evidence of neonatal (unknown) bones	No
Evidence of neonatal horse bones	No
Evidence of neonatal domestic fowl	No
Evidence of neonatal sheep/goat bones	No
Phase - Overall
Evidence of neonatal cattle bones	No
Evidence of neonatal pig bones	No

Site plans (published sources):

Related Sources

The identifiers displayed below have been collated by the project from project reports, HER records provided by those organisations at the beginning of the data collection phase of the project, and the OASIS system. These are intended to provide users with additional avenues of enquiry about this record as held in/by the named organisations, as well as provide a level of concordance with existing systems. Where possible, hyperlinks to these online records have been provided. It should be noted that collation of identifiers is not authoratative, and that gaps undoubtedly exist. For more information about sites in a particular area, including those not included in this academic synthesis, users are encouraged to consult the relevant HER record, of which the following resources and lists for England and Wales are available.

HER Monument ID: MLO18332 (Greater London)

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