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J Archaeol Sci 26 (8)
Title
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Title:
J Archaeol Sci 26 (8)
Series
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Series:
Journal of Archaeological Science
Volume
Volume number and part
Volume:
26 (8)
Publication Type
The type of publication - report, monograph, journal article or chapter from a book
Publication Type:
Journal
Year of Publication
The year the book, article or report was published
Year of Publication:
1999
Note
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Note:
Date Of Issue From: 1999
Source
Where the record has come from or which dataset it was orginally included in.
Source:
BIAB (The British & Irish Archaeological Bibliography (BIAB))
Created Date
The date the record of the pubication was first entered
Created Date:
20 Jan 2002
Please click on an Article link to go to the Article Details.
Article Title
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Abstract
Introduction to select papers delivered at the 1996 international symposium on archaeometry, held at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Julian Henderson
Hector Neff
Thilo Rehren
851 - 853
Introductory overview of the conference that spawned this special themed issue.
Composition and origin of Early Mediaeval opaque red enamel from Britain and Ireland
C Stapleton
Ian C Freestone
S G E Bowman
913 - 921
Opaque red enamel was examined semi-quantitatively using X-ray fluorescence on forty-one objects dating to the Early Mediaeval period, and eleven of these were analysed quantitatively using energy-dispersive X-ray analysis in the scanning electron microscope. The enamels are copper-lead-silica glasses, and differ from the opaque reds of the pre-Roman and Roman periods in their low alkali contents. The red glass ingot purported to be from near Kilmessan and the Hill of Tara, Ireland, and previously thought to be a potential source for much Early Mediaeval Celtic enamelwork, is of the earlier type and is thus not related to Mediaeval enamelling. The compositional difference is parallelled in a small number of lead isotope analyses. It is demonstrated that the enamels most probably represent re-use of metallurgical raffination slags.
The organic geochemistry of jet: pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (py-gcms) applied to identifying jet and similar black lithic materials-preliminary results
S Watts
Mark M Pollard
George Wolff
923 - 933
Jet, cannel coal, lignite and torbanite are some of the materials that were used in the past to make black shiny ornaments. Distinguishing between these different materials has proven difficult. They all originate from organic sedimentary deposits, which can be classified according to the organic matter from which they were formed, the type of deposit, and its geological maturity. Pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (py-GCMS) is a commonly used method for the analysis of complex macromolecules, such as the preserved organic matter found in organic-rich sediments. Preliminary results of py-GCMS analyses of samples of jet and other workable black lithic materials are reported here. Distinctive pyrolysis products were identified for each sample analysed, that reflect their different organic precursors and depositional environment. The pyrolysis products of torbanite and cannel coal samples were dominated by a series of normal hydrocarbons. Conversely, samples derived from wood precursors, such as lignite and jet produced predominantly phenol, methylphenol and methoxyphenol. The lignite and Whitby jet samples could be discriminated by the differences in the distribution of normal hydrocarbons produced on pyrolysis. Organo-sulphur compounds, such as thiophenes, were predominant in the pyrolysis products of Kimmeridge oil shale.
Determining the technological origins of iron and steel
David Starley
1127 - 1133
The potential for identifying the technology of production of iron artefacts is investigated through the examination of two series of well-dated iron samples. Compositional variations were investigated in both the metal matrices, using scanning electron microscope (SEM)-based wavelength dispersive analysis, and in the slag inclusions by an energy dispersive detector. This combination of data allowed the partitioning of elements between the two phases to be calculated, providing a measure of furnace conditions. A first study looked at high quality iron and steel from the Late Mediaeval and Renaissance, through the analysis of sixty samples from forty-four plate armours. A change to the use of superior steels by south German and English armourers from AD 1500 is suggested to derive from the high bloomery smelting process, on the basis of the partitioning of manganese. More recent work examined architectural ironwork with the aim of investigating eighteenth- and nineteenth-century innovative coke-fired reverberatory processes for the conversion of cast iron to wrought iron. The results have now been tested against previously suggested models for the composition of these alloys.
