Transactions of the Cumberland & Westmorland Antiquarian & Archaeological Society 11 (series 3)

This paper argues that in Cumbria one of the key cultural aspects that helped produce some of today's differences in local identity is industrialisation and specifically past variations in the experience of industrialisation. An archaeological approach is taken by using the evidence of physical change in the landscape and of access to goods.

Five of the twenty-five Roman cavalryman's memorials found in Britain of the type known as Reiter stones come from Cumbria. Three of these have had no published illustrations other than engravings in 1875. This paper presents up-to-date photographs of the three with comments on the differences between the engravings and the actual stones. In introducing these, some consideration is given to the type as a whole. A reconstruction drawing is offered of the figure on one stone, which survives only partially, and the significance of the three sculptures for the nature of the garrison of the fort at Kirkby Thore is considered.

Note describing in detail a fragment of a copper alloy eagle mount dating to the late second century AD or the first or second quarter of the third century, found near both the Roman fort and the Roman cemetery at Beckfoot. Parallels from elsewhere are cited, and the Beckfoot example is classified as a Type II rather than a Type I mount. LD

Note on buildings sampled for dating by the Nottingham Dendrochronology Laboratory with the aid of a grant from English Heritage. Dates in the 15th to 17th centuries are given for timbers from eight structures. Part of the grant was also used to fund training, as well as the copying of the 1910 Land Tax Records for the Solway Plain, which were deposited at the Carlisle County Record Office. LD

Brief notes of archaeological investigations carried out in Cumbria during 2010, arranged in alphabetical order by town or parish, with a separate section covering the Lake District National Park.