Hawkins, A. L. and Hayward, K. M J. (2018). Historic Building Recording and Watching Brief on the repair (Phase II) of the Flamsteed Turret Steps in the White Tower, HM Tower of London, London Borough of Tower Hamlets. Brockley: Pre-Construct Archaeology Limited. https://doi.org/10.5284/1051552. Cite this using datacite

Title The title of the publication or report Title:	Historic Building Recording and Watching Brief on the repair (Phase II) of the Flamsteed Turret Steps in the White Tower, HM Tower of London, London Borough of Tower Hamlets
Series The series the publication or report is included in Series:	Pre-Construct Archaeology Ltd (London) unpublished report series
Downloads Any files associated with the publication or report that can be downloaded from the ADS Downloads:	preconst1-318573_1.pdf (85 MB) : Download
Licence Type ADS, CC-BY 4.0 or CC-BY 4.0 NC. Licence Type:	ADS Terms of Use and Access
DOI The DOI (digital object identifier) for the publication or report. DOI	https://doi.org/10.5284/1051552
Publication Type The type of publication - report, monograph, journal article or chapter from a book Publication Type:	Report (in Series)
Abstract The abstract describing the content of the publication or report Abstract:	Pre-Construct Archaeology was commissioned by Historic Royal Palaces to undertake building recording during the replacement of the protective timber staircase in the Flamsteed Turret at the White Tower, Tower of London. The timber covers and the underlying stone stair vice built from 1075/79 to 1100 were recorded. Petrological analysis of the steps identified the same 1080 to 1090/93 building break as that seen elsewhere in the fabric of the White Tower around 23m aOD. This hiatus was identified by a change in mortar in the steps and surrounding turret wall (also marked by ashlar blocks to stone rubble construction). Although malmstone was the principal stone-type associated with the medieval steps, it was not used above the building break. Caen stone, Reigate stone and Quarr stone with crisp axe carving were used in the steps approaching the building break. Above the building break, Reigate stone was the most commonly used with Quarr stone and some Bembridge Limestone. The Basement Level steps are late post-medieval in date. The watching brief established that older timber covers still exist over Step 90 to 105 at Gallery Level. The oak covers below Step 90 were late 20th century in appearance with steel nosings housing grit treads. Faint graffiti on one of the timber treads of '1971' may suggest the date that they replaced the earlier scheme. Graffiti on one step showed that it was lifted on 04/04/1991. Datable finds under the covers included a 1960 shilling, 1995 and 2001 tickets and a 2007 leaflet.
Author The authors of this publication or report Author:	Anon
Publisher The publisher of the publication or report Publisher:	Pre-Construct Archaeology Limited
Year of Publication The year the book, article or report was published Year of Publication:	2018
Locations Any locations covered by the publication or report. This is not the place the book or report was published. Locations:	District: Tower Hamlets Site: The Flamsteed Tower, The White Tower County: Greater London Parish: TOWER HAMLETS Country: England Grid Reference: 533631, 180564 (Easting, Northing)
Subjects / Periods Subjects / Periods associated with this record. Subjects / Periods:	MEDIEVAL (Historic England Periods) BUILDING SURVEY (Event) FORTRESS (Monument Type England) TOWER (Monument Type England) STAIRCASE (Find)
Identifiers Identifiers associated with the publication. These might include DOIs, site codes, Monument Identifiers etc. Identifiers:	OASIS Id: preconst1-318573 OBIB: PCA Report Number: R13279
Note Extra information on the publication or report. Note:	A4 spiral bound with blue cover report
Source Where the record has come from or which dataset it was orginally included in. Source:	OASIS (OASIS)
Relations Other resources which are relevant to this publication or report Relations:
Created Date The date the record of the pubication was first entered Created Date:	22 Mar 2019

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