Archaeologia Aeliana Series 5

Argues for very little frontier development under Trajan; Hadrian ordered a running barrier for security against raiding parties. The forts were originally conceived to supply milecastle and turret guards, only later being moved forward for more effective control. The Vallum was a protected service track also allowing rapid movement. Turrets and milecastles were overprovided at first; only after Hadrian's death and the withdrawal from Scotland were they reappraised.

A largely 18th and 19th century industry. Treats imports from prestigious Continental sources (eg French burrs, Mayen lavas) and from the Derbyshire Peak before discussing Northumbrian exploitation areas like Harbottle Crags and Lyham Hill. Various stages of extraction seen in the field are recorded. Inventory of sites (c 40); some med references, from 12th century.

History and fabric of the 1672 fort; after mid-19th century decline it was revitalized as a submarine mining establishment, with continuing adaptations to the present.