Gaskell, P., Courtney, P., Smith, K., Powell, J. and Lake, J. (2019). Developing an ecosystems approach – dry stone walls. Fort Cumberland: Historic England. https://doi.org/10.5284/1110956. Cite this using datacite

Title
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Title:		 Developing an ecosystems approach – dry stone walls
Series
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Series:		 Historic England Research Reports
Downloads
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Downloads:
nmr1-517493_213274.pdf (6 MB) : Download
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Licence Type:
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Licence icon
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0
International Licence
DOI
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DOI
https://doi.org/10.5284/1110956
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Publication Type:		 Report (in Series)
Abstract
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Abstract:		 Dry stone walls are an integral part of the landscape and cultural heritage of the PDNP and other upland areas of England, marking routeways, territorial, occupancy and tenurial boundaries, separating rough grazing from meadows, pastures and arable land and enabling the management and movement of people and livestock. As the stilldominant form of enclosure in the PDNP dry stone walls are part of the ‘scenery‘ appreciated by residents and visitors, and also providing wildlife habitats and corridors. A report on landscape change in the National Parks of England and Wales, published in 1991 by the Countryside Commission, estimated that in the PDNP there were 8,756 kilometres (km) of dry stone walls, 1,710 km of hedges and 472 km of fences. Although the PDNP has experienced greater loss of field boundaries than any other National Park, it still has the third highest density of dry stone walls in any of the National Parks - at an average of 7.6 km2. The approach to valuing the benefit streams flowing from dry stone walls is based on a simple ROI model using financial approximations (‘proxy measures’) to estimate values of the benefit flows. Within the model the functions of dry stone walls were allocated to the four main ecosystem services categories (provisioning, supporting, regulating, cultural). Annual costs of wall restoration and maintenance, and annual benefits produced were modelled over a 50-year time horizon. Annual costs and benefits were discounted back to present value (using a 3.5% discount rate) and summed to provide total present values for costs and benefits of dry stone walls over the period.
Author
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Author:		 Peter Gaskell
Paul Courtney
Ken Smith
John Powell
Jeremy Lake ORCID icon
Publisher
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Publisher:		 Historic England
Year of Publication
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Year of Publication:		 2019
Locations
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Locations:
Country: England
Parish: Tideswell
County: Derbyshire
District: Derbyshire Dales
Grid Reference: 415699, 375899 (Easting, Northing)
Subjects / Periods
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Subjects / Periods:
UNCERTAIN WALL (Tag)
WALL (Monument Type England)
THEMATIC SURVEY (Event)
UNCERTAIN (Historic England Periods)
Identifiers
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Identifiers:
OASIS Id: nmr1-517493
Report id: 43/2018
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OASIS (OASIS)
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Created Date
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Created Date:		 18 Jul 2023