A14 Cambridge to Huntingdon, Cambridgeshire Improvement Scheme: Digital Archive for Archaeological Works

Inhumation details for object 41206

x ray: X-1ST R TOE; L RIB
Photo: P,PP
Indication when there are anmal intrusive remains included with the skeleton: 1
Cemetery name: UA
Comments: SUERC-81194 (GU48511) - 253-396 CAL AD (DATE (95.4%))
Pathology comments: TRAUMA TO THE ANTERIOR NECK CAUSED BY SHARP FORCE, COULD BE POSISBLE CAUSE OF DEATH. LOWER LEGS AND FEET NOT IN SITU, RIGHT LOWER LEG/FOOT LOCATED NEAR THE LEFT LOWER ARM; RIGHT LOWER LEG/FOOT RECOVERED FROM NEAR THE RIGHT UPPER ARM. BOTH LOWER LEGS AND FEET WERE FULLY ARTICULATED HOWEVER NO CUT MARKS OR TRAUMA TO THE LEGS WAS OBSERVABLE. SAMPLE <72408> FROM GRAVE FILL [723734] REASSOCIATED C14 DATA SUGGESTS 1709 +/- 26 (253-396 CAL AD)

Right tibia: Well healed small area (38.5mm x 28.5) of slightly raised dense healed lamella bone with slight vascular impressions. The infected patch is on the medial surface of the right tibia just distal to the mid shaft. There are no other signs of infection.

Pathology locations for pathology code (element number) 211

Bone: Tibia R (bone no. B71)
Bone segment 1: 0
Bone segment 2: 1
Bone segment 3: 0
Bone segment 4: 0
Bone segment 5: 0
Bone segment 6: 0
Bone segment 7: 0
Bone segment 8: 0

Long bone segment note: When an entry is made into the L1 table – in the example entries for a left and right femur – the application validates the entry made. In this case a three character binary array is expected indicating the presence or absence of the proximal, shaft and distal thirds of the bone, e.g. 101, 111, 010, 110, 011.

Possible cut throat total of 3 observable cut marks: Several injuries consistant with sharp force trauma to the anterior of the neck appear on the anterior bodies and edges of the transverse processes of the Axis (C2) and the C3. The Axis: Has a shallow thin sharp cut mark on an angle 23mm inferior to the dens joint surface and a further cut mark on the left lateral edge of the anterior body 1mm above the inferior most edge of the Axis body. There is a corresponding cut mark on the very superior anterior edge of the C3 which has a smooth, shiny, flattened appearence to the cut edge a characteristic sign of sharp force trauma, this same edge from the same traumatic event may have extended to the right transverse process of the C3 leaving a flat sheared appearence. A thicker, possibly deeper (filled with dirt) cut mark is approximately 5mm below the first one on the C3, again with a flattened lip folded into the cut. (PBR: present)

Pathology locations for pathology code (element number) 432

Bone: Basihyoid (bone no. B25)
Bone segment 1: 1
Bone segment 2: 0
Bone segment 3: 0
Bone segment 4: 0
Bone segment 5: 0
Bone segment 6: 0
Bone segment 7: 0
Bone segment 8: 0

Bone: C3 (bone no. B3303)
Bone segment 1: 1
Bone segment 2: 0
Bone segment 3: 0
Bone segment 4: 0
Bone segment 5: 0
Bone segment 6: 0
Bone segment 7: 0
Bone segment 8: 0

Vertebrae segment note: Vertebrae are coded by area present: Centrum and neural arch 1, Centrum only 2, Neural arch only 3

Bone: C2 (axis) (bone no. B3302)
Bone segment 1: 1
Bone segment 2: 0
Bone segment 3: 0
Bone segment 4: 0
Bone segment 5: 0
Bone segment 6: 0
Bone segment 7: 0
Bone segment 8: 0

Vertebrae segment note: Vertebrae are coded by area present: Centrum and neural arch 1, Centrum only 2, Neural arch only 3

Possible osteochondritis dissecans in the form of a small subcircular lesions (5.7mm x 7mm: 3mm deep) at the center of the subtalar joint surface of the right talus. and at the center of the joint between the MT1 and medial cuneiform

Pathology locations for pathology code (element number) 911

Bone: Metatarsals 1-5 R (bone no. B81)
Bone segment 1: 1
Bone segment 2: 0
Bone segment 3: 0
Bone segment 4: 0
Bone segment 5: 0
Bone segment 6: 0
Bone segment 7: 0
Bone segment 8: 0

Feet segment note: The calcaneum and talus are recorded separately from the rest of the tarsal bones as a single digit in each (B75/76 and B77/78 respectively). The remaining tarsal bones are recorded as a five digit binary array corresponding to the following sequence: navicular, cuboid, medial cuneiform, intermediate cuneiform and lateral cuneiform. The foot (pedal) phalanges (B83-91) are recorded in the same way as the manual phalanges (see 2.2.4). Cells B52-54 should add up to no more than ten, cells B55-57 should add up to no more than eight and cells B58-60 should add up to no more than ten. Hallucial sesamoids can be counted as 1 or 2 for left and right or 1-4 for unsided sesamoids.

Bone: Talus R (bone no. B77)
Bone segment 1: 1
Bone segment 2: 0
Bone segment 3: 0
Bone segment 4: 0
Bone segment 5: 0
Bone segment 6: 0
Bone segment 7: 0
Bone segment 8: 0

Feet segment note: The calcaneum and talus are recorded separately from the rest of the tarsal bones as a single digit in each (B75/76 and B77/78 respectively). The remaining tarsal bones are recorded as a five digit binary array corresponding to the following sequence: navicular, cuboid, medial cuneiform, intermediate cuneiform and lateral cuneiform. The foot (pedal) phalanges (B83-91) are recorded in the same way as the manual phalanges (see 2.2.4). Cells B52-54 should add up to no more than ten, cells B55-57 should add up to no more than eight and cells B58-60 should add up to no more than ten. Hallucial sesamoids can be counted as 1 or 2 for left and right or 1-4 for unsided sesamoids.

DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS: Left 5th proximal hand phalanx distal end: There is severe bone changes to the distal end of the left hand phalanx which appears to be irregular but fairly smooth with small nodules of irregular bone formation angled towards the shaft around where the distal joint surface should be. Although this could be a form of joint disease the roundness of the distal end and lack of eburnation or lytic activity could suggest that the changes are due to trauma. There are changes to the shape and size of the bone such as thinning of the shaft which may be a result of bone loss (Shafer et al 2012). These changes have altered the appearence of the bone leaving it looking more like a foot phalanx, however the proximal joint surface is like that of the right 5th hand phalanx and not as concave or circular as a proximal foot phalanx, in addition all proximal foot phalanges are accounted for with no signs of additional intrusive human bone. There are no signs of the left intermediate or distal 5th hand phalanges supporting the possibility of trauma resulting in amputation at the joint between the proximal and intermediate left 5th hand phalanges (see 412)

Pathology locations for pathology code (element number) 4211

Bone: M. Prox. Phalanges L (bone no. B54)
Bone segment 1: 1
Bone segment 2: 0
Bone segment 3: 0
Bone segment 4: 0
Bone segment 5: 0
Bone segment 6: 0
Bone segment 7: 0
Bone segment 8: 0

Phalanges segment note: The hand (manual) phalanges are divided into proximal, intermediate and distal rows. Those phalanges that can be readily sided should be recorded as such (cells B52, B55 and B58 for right and B54, B57 and B60 for left). Uncertain cases can be totalled in cells B53, B56 and B59 as unsided. Cells B52-54 should add up to no more than ten, cells B55-57 should add up to no more than eight and cells B58-60 should add up to no more than ten.

Healed diagonal fracture to one of the left rib shafts (within the vertebral end third of the shaft). Sharp bone projections remain at both the superior annd inferior edges of the fracture zone however the alignment and angle of the rib are well healed. No sign of infection or trauma to any other ribs (however they are quite fragmented). Healed fracture to the interphalangeal joint surface of the right 1st distal foot phalanx. The fracture line is healed but well defined with the medial edge pushed inwards leaving a ridge at the fracture location. There is a small depression at the medial edge on the dorsal surface of the right 1st proximal foot phalanx which is in line with the fracture to the distal phalageal joint surface and may be related.

Pathology locations for pathology code (element number) 4210

Bone: Ribs (Heads Only) L (bone no. B32)
Bone segment 1: 1
Bone segment 2: 0
Bone segment 3: 0
Bone segment 4: 0
Bone segment 5: 0
Bone segment 6: 0
Bone segment 7: 0
Bone segment 8: 0

Rib segment note: Only the heads of ribs should be counted, i.e. the portion of the ribs with the costo-vertebral and costo-transverse articular facets. These counts are then entered numerically for each side: B30 for right ribs, B32 for left ribs. Rib heads that cannot be sided confidently can be entered in B31. All three cells (B30-32) should add up to no more than 24.

Bone: P. Dist. Phalanges R (bone no. B89)
Bone segment 1: 1
Bone segment 2: 0
Bone segment 3: 0
Bone segment 4: 0
Bone segment 5: 0
Bone segment 6: 0
Bone segment 7: 0
Bone segment 8: 0

Phalanges segment note: The hand (manual) phalanges are divided into proximal, intermediate and distal rows. Those phalanges that can be readily sided should be recorded as such (cells B52, B55 and B58 for right and B54, B57 and B60 for left). Uncertain cases can be totalled in cells B53, B56 and B59 as unsided. Cells B52-54 should add up to no more than ten, cells B55-57 should add up to no more than eight and cells B58-60 should add up to no more than ten.

Bone: P. Prox. Phalanges R (bone no. B83)
Bone segment 1: 1
Bone segment 2: 0
Bone segment 3: 0
Bone segment 4: 0
Bone segment 5: 0
Bone segment 6: 0
Bone segment 7: 0
Bone segment 8: 0

Phalanges segment note: The hand (manual) phalanges are divided into proximal, intermediate and distal rows. Those phalanges that can be readily sided should be recorded as such (cells B52, B55 and B58 for right and B54, B57 and B60 for left). Uncertain cases can be totalled in cells B53, B56 and B59 as unsided. Cells B52-54 should add up to no more than ten, cells B55-57 should add up to no more than eight and cells B58-60 should add up to no more than ten.

Left 5th proximal hand phalanx distal end: There is severe bone changes to the distal end of the left hand phalanx which appears to be irregular but fairly smooth with small nodules of irregular bone formation angled towards the shaft around where the distal joint surface should be. Although this could be a form of joint disease the roundness of the distal end and lack of eburnation or lytic activity could suggest that the changes are due to trauma. There are changes to the shape and size of the bone such as thinning of the shaft which may be a result of bone loss (Shafer et al 2012). These changes have altered the appearence of the bone leaving it looking more like a foot phalanx, however the proximal joint surface is like that of the right 5th hand phalanx and not as concave or circular as a proximal foot phalanx, in addition all proximal foot phalanges are accounted for with no signs of additional intrusive human bone. There are no signs of the left intermediate or distal 5th hand phalanges supporting the possibility of trauma resulting in amputation at the joint between the proximal and intermediate left 5th hand phalanges. However these may not have been recovered: see 4211).

Pathology locations for pathology code (element number) 412

Bone: M. Prox. Phalanges L (bone no. B54)
Bone segment 1: 1
Bone segment 2: 0
Bone segment 3: 0
Bone segment 4: 0
Bone segment 5: 0
Bone segment 6: 0
Bone segment 7: 0
Bone segment 8: 0

Phalanges segment note: The hand (manual) phalanges are divided into proximal, intermediate and distal rows. Those phalanges that can be readily sided should be recorded as such (cells B52, B55 and B58 for right and B54, B57 and B60 for left). Uncertain cases can be totalled in cells B53, B56 and B59 as unsided. Cells B52-54 should add up to no more than ten, cells B55-57 should add up to no more than eight and cells B58-60 should add up to no more than ten.