Mann, J. C. and Gillam, J. Pearson. (1970). The Northern British Frontier from Antoninus Pius to Caracalla. Archaeologia Aeliana Series 4. Vol 48, pp. 1-44. https://doi.org/10.5284/1060523.  Cite this via datacite

Title: The Northern British Frontier from Antoninus Pius to Caracalla
Issue: Archaeologia Aeliana Series 4
Series: Archaeologia Aeliana
Volume: 48
Page Start/End: 1 - 44
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0
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DOI
https://doi.org/10.5284/1060523
Publication Type: Journal
Abstract: Hadrian's Wall and the Antonine Wall were never occupied simultaneously; HW Ib was c 158-180s; AW IIl 185-207/8. A double frontier is unthinkable The literary and epigraphic evidence does not justify the assumption of a Brigantian revolt in the 150s, the identification of the AW as the wall crossed in the 180s and the assumption of a 197 disaster. Steer's case for connecting poor workmanship with auxiliary building inscriptions of the time of Pius and for assuming the Hamians could not have been the AW II garrison of Bar Hill is examined and rejected. The comparison of pottery from HW turrets and milecastles, HW forts, the AW and Corbridge shows very little overlap between HW and AW, and the end of HW Ib apparently earlier than AW II, Corbridge VC and Halton deposits. The evidence of samian and mortarium stamps and the proportion of black-burnished two are of particular importance. This with the literary and epigraphic evidence suggests a destruction of HW in the 180s, a destruction of Halton, Corbridge and the AW in 207/8 and a rebuilding of HW under Caracalla. BD
Author: John C Mann
John Pearson Gillam
Year of Publication: 1970
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Created Date: 30 May 2019