Transactions of the Cumberland & Westmorland Antiquarian & Archaeological Society 77 (series 2)

SD 127904. A cluster of seventy cairns at 700' OD was surveyed and two chosen at random to test whether they were field clearance heaps or burial cairns. Neither produced any finds, nor was careful construction evident; however, phosphorous levels in one were high enough to hint at a former burial. On present data the Cumberland cairnfields, now on agriculturally impoverished land, could have been associated with arable cultivation at c AD 300 or with pastoral activity at c 1100 BC.

[NY 7914]. Some new rescue work has been done and the 1954 pottery is published for the first time. An early Flavian foundation date is confirmed by considerable quantities of pottery, but the garrison type is still unknown. If the fort had a Hadrianic break in occupation it was in use again by later 2nd century, and the vicus was in existence by mid-2nd. A cemetery yielded Flavian-Trajanic and 4th century cremations; the site of the 2nd century cemetery is not yet known. Appendices treat samian and coarse wares, and querns of Niedermendig stone with local copies thereof.

Accounts from 1658 show the forge being worlced by Thomas Rawlinson. Typical of Furness forges of the time, it worked the ore in a fully mechanized version of the direct process The three wheels, finery, chafery and hammer, used waterpower only. The accounts throw light on all aspects; reasons for the trading loss of 1658-63 are discussed. The site is probably not where marked on the OS map but at 339909.