Transactions of the Cumberland & Westmorland Antiquarian & Archaeological Society 86 (series 2)

A group of Late Meso habitation sites is tabulated by type and location. Late Neo/BA occupation occurs at a slightly lower level.

Records the location of MF 17 and the excavation work done before scheduling stopped operations, and corrects several statements made by Higham and Jones in The Carvetii (1985).

Work with OS maps in the Carlisle to Shap area suggested a layout in 20-actus units.

Archaeology and place-names suggest this area of cold, heavy clays was resistant to settlement until the Anglo-Scandinavian period, when pastoral dispersed settlement was introduced. However, the forest formed a valuable resource at all times for the settlements on its edge. Appended is a report on the excavation of Spedding Head, a late 3rd/4th century settlement.

Cites documents relating to the origins and growth of the borough from 12th to 16th century, the medieval topography of the town and surrounding farmland, and the pre-urban settlement pattern round about. Some hypotheses are set out for testing by excavation.

Discusses the ?mid-16th century drystone walls of Ravenstonedale and Wharton Parks, respectively. Differing constructions suggest that the first was to exclude wild animals, the second to keep deer inside.

Establishes that this lost stone was not from Stanwix but from 1 Castle Street, Carlisle, before 1792.