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Geo-spatial metadata interoperability initiative.
GEo-spatial Metadata INteroperability Initiative or ‘UK GEMINI’ is a specification for a set of metadata elements for describing geospatial data resources for discovery purposes. It has been produced and is maintained by an AGI Standards Committee. It is a free of charge resource provided by the AGI for the benefit of the GI community.
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A register of parks and gardens of special historical interest, to draw attention to the importance of these sites. For parks and gardens in England it has been compiled by [English Heritage|Glossary#English Heritage]. Parks and Gardens dating from 1939 or earlier are included in the register and the gardens are graded (I, II* or II) to indicate their interest.
!Related term
A [preferred term|Glossary#Preferred term] linked to another preferred term conceptually but not hierarchically, for example 'Stable' and 'Tack Shed'. Although both terms are to do with horses there is not a hierarchical relationship but the conceptual link is so close that anybody looking for 'Tack Sheds' might also want to look for 'Stables'.
!Relational database
A database which structures data in the form of tables. Each table contains information relevant to a particular feature, and is linked to other tables by a common value. For example, two attribute tables could be lined to a spatial data table via a geocode, such as a postcode, or a unique identifier.
!Remote sensing
The science of acquiring information about the earth using instruments which are remote to the earth's surface, usually from aircraft or satellites (but geophysical information is also relevant). Can provide the ability for the rapid acquisition of data for large areas.
!Research frameworks
Research Frameworks are an agreed set of research topics developed through the collaboration of experts in the field. They help to co-ordinate and prioritise research across the sector.
!Resolution
The resolution of a digital dataset expresses the size of the smallest object which can be depicted. The term is most commonly associated with the [raster|Glossary#Raster] data model where the resolution of a [raster|Glossary#Raster] or grid is equal to the size of the cell in the real world.
!Resource
Resource: The Council for Museums, Archives and Libraries: established as MLAC in April 2000 and later launched with a new name. This national body replaces the former [MGC|Glossary#MGC] and takes on national responsibilities for libraries and archives. a second name change has since occurred and the organisation is now known as [MLA|Glossary#MLA].
!Resource Description Framework
Resource Description Framework (RDF) is a standard model for data interchange on the Web, which has features that facilitate data merging even if the underlying schemas differ. RDF extends the linking structure of the Web to use URIs to name the relationship between things as well as the two ends of the link, allowing structured and semi-structured data to be mixed, exposed, and shared across different applications.
!RHSBE
Register of Historic Sites and Buildings of England, the new protection register proposed in [HPR|Glossary#HPR].
!RIGS
Regionally Important Geological Sites.
!RNIB
Royal National Institute for the Blind
!RNID
Royal National Institute for the Deaf
!ROW
Rights of Way, footpaths and other routes along which members of the public have the right to pass.
!RR(A)A
Race Relations Amendment Act, 2000.
!RSLP
Reasearch Support Libraries Programme: a national initiative, funded by the four higher education funding bodies to bring together both forms of access to library information, with specific reference to support for research.
!RSM
Record of Scheduled Monuments. The RSM is the [EH|Glossary#English Heritage] database for managing information on [Scheduled Monuments|Glossary#SM]. An RSM number identifies a [scheduled monument|Glossary#SM] within that system.
!RSS
Regional Spatial Strategy.
!Rubber sheeting
A process which adjusts the relative positions of features within a dataset in a non~linear, or non-uniform way. It is used to transform the co-ordinates of maps with different scales, orientation or co-ordinate systems.
|[Back to the top|Glossary#Informing the Future of the Past Glossary]
!!S
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!SAM
Scheduled Ancient Monument: Scotland and Wales (for England see [SM|Glossary#SM]).
!Scanning
A data-capture technique which digitises information from paper or film hard copy into digital [raster|Glossary#Raster] data. The process is rapid, but the resulting [raster|Glossary#Raster] dataset only has colour, grey-scale or black-and white attributes associated with it and may not have the intelligence necessary for [GIS|Glossary#GIS] analysis. Some [GIS|Glossary#GIS] have tools for converting [raster|Glossary#Raster] to [vector data|Glossary#Vector Data], but these always require some human intervention.
!SCAPE
A Scottish charity that seeks to research, conserve and promote the archaeology of Scotland's coast. SCAPE is especially interested in remains that are threatened by coastal erosion. The charity has developed [SCHARP|Glossary#SCHARP] to record sites threatened by erosion. For more information see the [SCAPE website|http://www.scapetrust.org/|target='_blank']
!SCAUM
Standing Conference of Archaeological Unit Managers. See also [FAME|Glossary#FAME]
!SCHARP
Thousands of archaeological sites are threatened with destruction through coastal erosion. In response [SCAPE|Glossary#SCAPE] developed Scotland’s Coastal Heritage at Risk Project (SHARP) to involve more people in actively recording threatened sites. For more details visit the [project website|http://scharp.co.uk/|target='_blank'].
!Scheduling
The process of identifying, assessing, reviewing and recommending monuments to the Secretary of State for Culture, Media and Sport for the purpose of inclusion in the Schedule of Monuments. Scheduling of monuments in England is currently carried out as part of national strategic and thematic projects. For more information on Scheduling visit Historic Englands [Website|https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/what-is-designation/scheduled-monuments/|target='_blank'].
!SCONUL
Society of College, National and University Libraries. For more details visit their [website|https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/what-is-designation/scheduled-monuments/|target='_blank'].
!Scope note
A definition of a term for the purposes of the terminology list. It may, or may not, also include guidance upon its use.
!Scotland's Places
ScotlandsPlaces is a website using geographic location to search across different national datasets from [RCAHMS|Glossary#RCAHMS], The national Record of Scotland and the national Library of Scotland. Users may search by place name or a coordinate across these collections or they can use the mapping in the website to both define and refine their search. The results pages provide the data relevant to the search conducted, from each of the project partners.
Through TranscribeScotlandsPlaces members of the public help create transcriptions of various resources in the website. These resources are images of historic archives which contain handwritten information about the people and places in Scottish history.
Visit the [ScotlandsPlaces website|http://www.scotlandsplaces.gov.uk/|target='_blank'] for more details.
!SCRAN
Scran is an online learning service with over 390,000 images and media from museums, galleries, and archives. Its charitable purpose is "the advancement of education by enabling public access to Scottish cultural resources and related material.” For learning, there are Pathfinders for instant use; and tools such as Curriculum Navigator, Albums, Stuff, Create, Multicreate, Offline Slieshow and Slides let you discover, store, design, assemble and share your own learning resources. For more information see the [SCRAN website|http://www.scran.ac.uk/|target='_blank'].
!SDA
Sex Discrimination Act, 1975. The Act was replaced by the Equality Act 2010.
!SDD
Scottish Development Department
!SDI
A Spatial Data Infrastructure (SDI) is the technology, policies, human resources and related activities necessary to acquire, process, distribute, use, maintain and preserve spatial data.
!SEA
Strategic Environment Assessment
!Secondary sources
Published and unpublished works that are based on the interpretation of primary research materials such as finds, aerial photographs, geophysical survey data, etc. Some secondary sources are based on interpretation of both primary data and re-interpretation of other secondary sources.
!Segment
One of the basic spatial entitles and a basis for spatial models. Formed from a set of ordered co-ordinates (vertics).
!Semantic Web
The Semantic Web provides a common framework that allows data to be shared and reused across application, enterprise, and community boundaries. It is a collaborative effort led by W3C with participation from a large number of researchers and industrial partners. It is based on the Resource Description Framework ([RDF|Glossary#Resource Description Framework]).
!SENESCHAL
A one year AHRC funded Knowledge Exchange project based on enhanced vocabulary services that aims to make it significantly easier for vocabulary providers ([English Heritage|Glossary#English Heritage], [RCAHMS|Glossary#RCAHMS] and [RCAHMW|Glossary#RCAHMW]) to make their vocabularies available as [Linked Data|Glossary#Linked Data] and for users to index their data with uniquely identified (machine readable) controlled terminology that is semantically enriched and compatible with Linked Data. For more information see the [project page|http://www.heritagedata.org/blog/about-heritage-data/seneschal/|target='_blank'] available on the [HeritageData.org|Glossary#HeritageData.org] website.
!SHED
Scotland’s Historic Environment Data (SHED) Strategy is a partnership to help protect, promote and enhance Scotland’s historic environment through coordinated activity to improve the quality, systems and processes for SHED. The partnership includes government agencies, non-governmental organisations (NGOs) and academic institutions, and will support the public’s involvement in the care and enjoyment of the historic environment through the improved and more efficient provision of information. See the [SHED page|http://smrforum-scotland.org.uk/shed/|target='_blank'] on the [SMR Forum|Glossary#SMR Forum (Scotland)] website for more details.
!SHINE
The Selected Heritage Inventory for Natural England, a single nationally consistent dataset of undesignated historic environment features from across England that could benefit from management within agri-environment schemes. SHINE has established a clear set of selection criteria, which archaeological sites must be assessed against in order to qualify for SHINE. To qualify, the archaeological site must be substantive, verifiable sites, of known character, with an extent that is closely mappable, and which would benefit from management under agri-environment schemes. The data is created by Local Authority HERs, before being merged into the national SHINE dataset, with each HER retaining ownership of their portion of the data. For more information visit the [SHINE website|http://www.myshinedata.org.uk/|target='_blank']
!Signpost
Cross-references to places where other information can be found.
!Simple wordlist
A list of terms that do not have any relationships built into the [wordlist|Glossary#Wordlist] and do not have multiple elements attached to the same concept.
!SLA
Service Level Agreement: an agreement between a client and a contractor that sets out agreed service levels, for example minimum response time, the number of hours of telephone support, replacement equipment, etc.
!SM
Scheduled Monument (England), formerly Scheduled Ancient Monument (SAM): a monument included in the Schedule of Monuments and protected under the terms of the Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Areas Act 1979. For Scotland and Wales see [SAM|Glossary#SAM].
!SMaR
Scheduled Monuments at Risk in England, now part of [HaR|Glossary#HaR].
!SMR
Sites and Monuments Record, now know as [HERs|Glossary#HER] particularly in England, some individual records still use the title SMR.
!SMR Assessment Report
Report commissioned by [ALGAO|Glossary#ALGAO UK] from David Baker, with funding from the [RCHME|Glossary#RCHME], giving an assessment of the condition of [SMRs|Glossary#SMR] in England in 1998 (Baker 1999a). David Baker produced Similar reports for Scotland and Wales.
!SMR Forum (Scotland)
A forum for circulating information and considering issues relating to Historic Environment Records (HERs) and Sites and Monuments Records (SMRs) in Scotland. The SMR Forum encompasses organisations in Scotland that hold large datasets of historic environment information. This includes Historic Environment Scotland and the National Trust for Scotland, as well as local authority HERs and SMRs, and others. For more information see [http://smrforum-scotland.org.uk/].
!SNHD
The Selected National Heritage Dataset. A datset of archaeological sites across England used by Natural England to pre-populate maps for [Environmental Stewardship|Glossary#Environmental Stewardship|target='_blank']. This dataset was created in early 2005 and contained selected archaeological sites from across England, as recorded in the NMR, together with datasets supplied from nine participating HERs. The dataset was replaced by [SHINE|Glossary#SHINE|target='_blank'] in 2009
!Spatial analysis
This is the process of applying analytical techniques to geographically referenced datasets to extract or generate new geographical information. Spatial analysis may be used to model complex geographical interactions and is useful for investigating site suitability and predicting future events. Overall, analytical techniques may be complex, but are usually made up of a combination of simpler techniques applied in an appropriate order.
!SPECTRUM
The UK museum documentation standard published by the [mda|Glossary#mda]. This standard is integral to [MGC|Glossary#MGC] registration for museums and is being implemented throughout the UK and worldwide in both manual and computerised systems.
!SPP
Scottish Planning Policy: guidance issued by the Scottish Executive.
!SQL Server
Any database server that implements the Structured Query Language, a special-purpose programming language designed for managing data held in a relational database management system ([RDBMS|Glossary#RDBMS])
!SRP
Scotland's Rural Past (October 2006 to September 2011) was a five year initiative, run by the [RCAHMS|Glossary#RCAHMS] with partnership funding. SRP worked with local communities to research, record and promote Scotland's vanishing historic rural settlements and landscapes. Over 60 community-led projects improved our understanding of Scotland's rural heritage, from Shetland to the Scottish Borders. For more information see the [project website|http://www.scotlandsruralpast.org.uk/|target='_blank'].
!SSSI
Sites of Special Scientific Interest.
!Statutory instrument
Any designation to which the Statutory Instruments Act 1946 applies.
!Strategic plan
A high-level planning document which sets out an organisation's overall aims and objectives for the next three to five years.
!SUP
Scotland’s Urban Past (SUP) is a five-year [HLF|Glossary#HLF] funded project commencing in Autumn 2014. SUP encourages and supports communities across the country to investigate, record, engage with, and celebrate the heritage of our towns and cities.
SUP will be one of the first major projects to be launched by [Historic Environment Scotland|Glossary#HES], the new lead body for recording, collecting and promoting Scotland’s historic environment.More details can be found on the [RCHAMS website|http://www.rcahms.gov.uk/rcahms-projects/scotlands-urban-past|target='_blank'].
!Superfile package
[English Heritage|Glossary#English Heritage]-supported text-file system for [SMRs|Glossary#SMR] based on the [AN32|Glossary#AN32] recording form.
!SURE
The Specialist User Recording Environment (SURE) enables partners in national, local and third sector organisations across Scotland to enter information directly through web distributed forms into the [RCAHMS|Glossary#RCAHMS] database and published online on [Canmore|Glossary#Canmore].
!SWAD
Scottish Wetland Archaeological Database.
!Synonym
A term having a different form or spelling but the same or nearly the same meaning as another term, for example, Slaughter House and Abattoir or Dovecote and Dovecot.
|[Back to the top|Glossary#Informing the Future of the Past Glossary]
!!T
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!TAN
Technical Advice Note (Scotland): guidance produced by [Historic Scotland|Glossary#Historic Scotland].
Also Technical Advice Notes (Wales) which supplement "Planning Guidance (Wales): Planning Policy".
!TDR
A Trusted Digital Repository (TDR) provides reliable, long-term access to managed digital resources both now and in the future.
!Technology preservation
The maintenance of hardware, operating systems and applications used to create specific data.
!Term list
Another phrase for a [wordlist|Glossary#Wordlist].
!Terminology control
The overall concept of the use of terms to control the recording and retrieval of any given unit of information.
!Tir Gofal
Tir Gofal is an agri-environment scheme which provided funding to farmers and other land managers to deliver effective environmental management on their land in Wales. The scheme is now closed to new applicants but ran between 1999 and 2009.
!Thematic map
A map which communicates a single theme or subject. For example, a map depicting the number of fieldwork projects within different administrative areas, or the number of sites within areas would be thematic maps. These contrast with general-purpose topographic mapping which depicts features such as roads, rivers, landmarks and elevation.
!Thesaurus
A list of concepts or terms that normally shows equivalence, hierarchical and associative relationships. A thesaurus is a flexible indexing and retrieval tool.
!Thesaurus of Building Materials
A [thesaurus|Glossary#Thesaurus] of construction materials for monuments relating to the built and buried heritage. Maintained by [Historic England|Glossary#Historic England] and [FISH|Glossary#FISH].
!Thesaurus of Event Types
A [thesaurus|Glossary#Thesaurus] used for recording archaeological and architectural investigative, data collection exercises; from intrusive interventions into the resource to non damaging survey events. Maintained by [Historic England|Glossary#Historic England] and [FISH|Glossary#FISH].
!Thesaurus of Monument Types
A [thesaurus|Glossary#Thesaurus] used for recording most types of monuments relating to the built and buried heritage in England, covering individual heritage assets, complex structures and building assemblages. Maintained by [Historic England|Glossary#Historic England] and [FISH|Glossary#FISH].
!TOAD
Database system developed by Oxford Arch Digital.
!TOID
Topographic Identifier in [MasterMap|Glossary#MasterMap].
!Topography
The natural and artificial features of the landscape.
!Topology
The relationships in spatial terms between connected or adjacent geographical objects. Topology is used to apply intelligence to data held in [vector data|Glossary#Vector Data] models. For example, topological information for an arc might include the [polygon|Glossary#Polygon] to its left and right and the [nodes|Glossary#Node] to which it is connected.
!TORC
Training Online Resource Centre.
!TPO
Tree Preservation Order.
!Treasure Act
The 1996 Act that defines which finds or objects should be reported to local coroners as Treasure.
!Trojan horse
A type of program that is moved insidiously on to a computer system to be triggered at sometime by certain pre-defined actions, usually with disastrous consequences.
|[Back to the top|Glossary#Informing the Future of the Past Glossary]
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!U3A
University of the Third Age
!UAD
Urban Archaeological Database.
!UDP
Urban Development Plan (Wales).
!UKSGB
UK Standard Geographic Base.
!UNESCO
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation: a specialised agency of the UN which works to preserve our cultural heritage, bringing together those who can help all nations set the course towards co-operation, development and peace.
!Unicode
The standard for the consistent encoding, representation, and handling of text expressed in most of the world's writing systems.
!Unit of information
Units of 'reformation are the fundamental facts of interest contained within an information system whether computerised or manual.
!URL
Universal Resource Locator: an address used to identify resources on the World Wide Web.
!User declaration forms
These are forms that set out the role of the [SMR|Glossary#SMR] and its commitment to conservation and preservation of the historic environment
|[Back to the top|Glossary#Informing the Future of the Past Glossary]
!!V
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!Vector Data
A data model based on the representation of geographical objects by Cartesian co-ordinates, commonly used to represent linear features. Each feature is represented by a series of co-ordinates which define its shape, and which can have linked information. More sophisticated vector data models include topology.
!Version 1 SMR systems
Text flies based on a paper report form used by [English Heritage|Glossary#English Heritage] to record visits to [Scheduled Monuments|Glossary#SM] by [FMWs|Glossary#FMW] (known as [AM107|Glossary#AM107] and its predecessors the AM12 and AM7).
!Viruses
A computer virus is a self-replicating programme, which may or may not be harmful. Viruses are inadvertently spread from computer to computer on floppy discs, email attachments and from the [internet|Glossary#Internet]. Once introduced on to a computer they may simply display a message on screen but some cause damage to data files.
|[Back to the top|Glossary#Informing the Future of the Past Glossary]
!!W
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!Walsh Committee
The 1968 Committee of Enquiry into the arrangements for the Protection of Field Monuments by County Planning Authorities.
!Walsh report
The report prepared by the Walsh Committee and published in 1969.
!WAN
Wide Area Network: a computer network for a series of buildings which may be widely separated across the country.
!WAT
The Welsh Archaeological Trusts. The four Welsh Archaeological Trusts, were established in the mid 1970s to respond to the rapidly increasing demands of rescue archaeology and to provide a uniform local archaeology service across the whole of Wales. Based on the county areas created in 1974 the Trusts now provide a broad range of archaeological and heritage services - including the maintenance of Historic Environment Records and the provision of archaeological management and planning advice, educational services, field survey, excavation and heritage interpretation. The four Trusts are independent limited companies with charitable status, employing professional archaeological staff.
!Web server
A web server is a computer that provides access to HTML documents and other web-enabled materials stored on its hard disc or memory. This may simply be a personal computer with appropriate communications software and a connection to the [internet|Glossary#Internet], or it may be a higher specification machine maintained by an [ISP|Glossary#ISP] or a large organisation.
!Website
A linked series of HTML documents that is available on the [internet|Glossary#Internet] at a location identified by a [URL|Glossary#URL] is referred to as a website. A web page is a single HTML document.
!Web space
Space on the web server that may be used for file storage and for a website. Websites have an address or [URL|Glossary#URL] which locates a hypertext file on the World Wide Web.
!Welsh Office Circular 60 96
Welsh Office Circular 60/96 Planning and the Historic Environment: Archaeology sets out the Welsh Government's approach to the way in which planning should treat archaeology. It closely follows the English PPG16 and replaced PPG16 (Wales) in 1996.
!Welsh Office Circular 61 96
Welsh Office Circular 61/96 Planning and the Historic Environment: Historic Buildings and Conservation Areas sets out the Welsh Government's approach to the way in which planning should deal with historic buildings and conservation areas. It is similar to the English PPG15 and replaced PPG15 (Wales) in 1996.
!WG
The Welsh Government is the devolved Government of Wales and is responsible for areas such as health, education, language and culture and public services.
!WGS84
World Geodetic System map projection.
!WHS
World Heritage Site: A site which is identified on the list of cultural and natural properties protected under the [UNESCO|Glossary#UNESCO] Convention on World Heritage agreed by the World Heritage Committee.
!WI
Womens Institute.
!Wordlist
A standard list of terminology used to control information recorded in a specific field in a database.
!Worms
A destructive program that replicates itself throughout a single computer or across a network, both wired and wireless.
!WoSAS
The West of Scotland Archaeology Service was established in 1997 by Minute of Agreement between 12 Councils of the former Strathclyde regional council. The purpose of the Service is to maintain and update the [Historic Environment Record (HER)|Glossary#HER] - the complete record of all known archaeological sites, finds, fieldwork and research for the West of Scotland. Staff from the Service also provide professional advice to landowners, public utilities, private developers, farmers and other land managers to promote the implementation of national and international policies for the preservation of archaeological remains. In addition, we provide free information and advice to researchers, local societies and members of the public. For more information see the [WoSAS website|http://www.wosas.net/|target='_blank'].
!WSI
Written Scheme of Investigation.
!www
World Wide Web
|[Back to the top|Glossary#Informing the Future of the Past Glossary]
!!X
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!XML
Extensible Markup language
!XML UK
United Kingdom Forum for Structured Information Standards
|[Back to the top|Glossary#Informing the Future of the Past Glossary]
!!Y
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!YAC
Young Archaeologists Club.
|[Back to the top|Glossary#Informing the Future of the Past Glossary]
!!Z
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!Z39.50
A communications protocol designed to enable communication between computer systems.
|[Back to the top|Glossary#Informing the Future of the Past Glossary]
A register of parks and gardens
This page (revision-161) was last changed on 25-Sep-2018 15:46 by Staffordshire Historic Environment RecordTop