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!!A.2 How and why did SMRs and HERs develop?
!Strategic and local plans
HERs are used to help in the framing of strategic and local policies for conserving the historic environment. They are consulted to help determine the allocation of areas for development, although it is important to recognise that an apparent lack of archaeological features on an HER might reflect lack of fieldwork rather than absence of sites.
!Planning and development control
HERs play a key role in providing the information base for recommendations made by archaeological 'curators' in response to planning applications and other proposals. The scale of HER input will vary with the size of particular schemes: major infrastructure projects such as road and rail schemes require considerable numbers of records to be trawled and analysed. HERs are key sources of information for desktop assessments and provide background information used by archaeological contractors in the design of field projects. The results from developer-instigated fieldwork projects are then fed back into the HER.
!Managing monuments in the landscape
This is one area in which the information held in HER is becoming increasingly used proactively, for example as it has been recently in England in the the selection of monuments for consideration in English Heritage's Monuments Protection Programme (MPP). HERs formed a major source of information for the Monuments at Risk Survey (MARS) into the condition of field monuments in England (Darvill and Fulton 1998). HERs also form the basis for the selection of sites where improved management regimes or repair work would be beneficial. Whilst there has been no programme comparable to MPP in Scotland, Historic Scotland has in the past funded SMRs to compile Non-Statutory Registers of Monuments of Schedulable Quality. Under the terms of the Scottish planning guidance these are to be regarded as equivalent to scheduled sites in their treatment in development plans and the development control process. Non-Statutory Registers have been completed for most of Scotland. In Wales, Cadw sponsor a number of annual pan-Wales thematic surveys aimed at assessing the schedule of ancient monuments, making recommendations for new scheduling and identifying other monument and landscape management issues.
HERs in England have been a source of information for the Countryside Stewardship Scheme, a grant scheme which was first pilotted in 1991. It aims included the conservation of archaeological sites and historic features, by adapting land management practices. This scheme is now being replaced by a new agri-environment sceme, Environmental Stewardship, with two tiers – the Entry Level Scheme (ELS) and the Higher Level Scheme (HLS). HERs supply information on the archaeology of the area, together with recommendations as to the optimum method of land management. English Heritage is helping local authorities to employ Countryside Archaeological Advisors, whose role is to extract information from the HER and advise farmers and landowners on land management.
SMRs have been used in Scotland since 1997 as a source of archaeological information in connection with agri-environment grant application schemes, initially the Countryside Premium Scheme superseded in 2000 by the Rural Stewardship Scheme. Chargeable desk based archaeological audits are supplied by the Scottish SMRs for inclusion in farm conservation plans required as part of grant applications.
Since 1999 Tir Gofal, the all Wales agri-environment scheme, has promoted the conservation and sympathetic management of individual monuments and the wider historic landscape through the introduction of whole-farm management plans tied to annual payments. The historic environment of each farm entering the scheme is assessed, using information in the HER and targeted field visits, and specific management recommendations produced for indivudual monuments and the historic landscape in general. In addition to advice on the management of individual features the scheme also funds landowners to undertake a range of captial works to improve the condition of archaeological monuments and historic buildings.
!Education and presentation of sites to the public
Alongside their role in informing the planning and management process, HERs make a contribution to education through the use of their information and resources by schools, universities and the general public. HERs provide information for use on display panels at monuments and also for booklets, guides and trails aimed at a 'popular' audience.
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