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Page References

Incoming links Outgoing links
SectionA.1
SectionA.1

Version management

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The historic environment includes all aspects of our surroundings that have been built, formed or influenced by human activities from earliest to most recent times.
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The historic environment includes all aspects of our surroundings that have been built, formed or influenced by human activities from earliest to most recent times. An Historic Environment Record stores and provides access to systematically organised information about these surroundings in a given area. It is maintained and updated for public benefit in accordance with national and international standards and guidance. An HER makes information accessible to all in order to:
An Historic Environment Record stores and provides access to systematically organised information about a given area. The HER consists of three main elements: a databases or indexing system, a mapping system and a reference collection of more detailed information. In the early days, the database or index was often a card index, but nowadays digital databases are used. Similarly, the mapping used to be paper based, but is increasingly a [GIS|Glossary#GIS|target='_blank']. The reference collections may contain both digital and hard copy information.
An HER is maintained and updated for public benefit in accordance with national and international standards and guidance. An HER makes information accessible to all in order to:
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The information held in HER databases, [GIS|Glossary#GIS|target='_blank'] and collections provides a starting point for management processes, conservation, fieldwork, and research into the historic environment. It also informs local communities about their area. In turn, many of these activities generate new information which feeds back to HER managers in the form of reports and archives that are used to enhance the HER (Figure. 1).
The information held in the HER provides a starting point for management processes, conservation, fieldwork, and research into the historic environment. It also informs local communities about their area. In turn, many of these activities generate new information which feeds back to HER managers in the form of reports and archives that are used to enhance the HER (Figure. 1).
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In general, HER contain information about all of the ancient and historic features and sites in both countryside and town that make up the historic landscape. They range in date from the earliest evidence for human activity to remains from modern times.
In general, HERs contain information about all of the ancient and historic features and sites in both countryside and town that make up the historic landscape. They range in date from the earliest evidence for human activity to remains from modern times.
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!Fieldwork
HER databases contain information about fieldwork carried out in their area, from the earliest antiquarian investigations through to the present-day activities of archaeologists, architectural recorders, surveyors, photographers and others. This information is used to set the known sites and monuments in the area in the context of the pattern of investigation and discovery. It can be used to identify areas for new fieldwork - to fill in apparent 'blanks' in the distribution of monuments - and to inform new understanding or to suggest investigative techniques that may yield good results. On completion of field projects, contractors supply a summary for inclusion in the HER followed by a report on the work. In Scotland, in addition to submission of fieldwork reports to the HER, summaries are provided to Archaeology Scotland for inclusion in Discovery and Excavation in Scotland, an annual publication. Project archives should be deposited with Historic Environment Scotland. Similarly in Wales, in addition to their submission to the HER, it is usual for recent fieldwork results to be summarised in the Council for British Archaeology, Wales annual publication Archaeology in Wales. Since it is usually some time before the results are published, HERs are an increasingly important source of information about these projects. The development of the [Online AccesS to the Index of archaeological investigationS (OASIS)|Glossary#OASIS|target='_blank'] project (See sections [B.5.4|SectionB.5#B.5.4 OASIS (see also C.7.3)], [C.7.3|SectionC.7#C.7.3OASISOnLineAccesSToTheIndexOfArchaeologicalInvestigationS]) is enabling contractors and curators to complete online recording forms and should facilitate supply of information from field projects to HERs. OASIS has been introduced for use in England and Scotland and many HERs and contracting units are registered and using the system. A version of OASIS that collects data and grey literature directly from the HER will be implemented in Wales during 2017.
!Fieldwork and Research
HERs contain information about fieldwork and research carried out in their area, from the earliest antiquarian investigations through to the present-day activities of archaeologists, architectural recorders, surveyors, photographers and others. This fieldwork and research is the basis of what we know about individual heritage assets, and can lead to changing interpretations as more work is done on a particular site. This information is also used to set the known sites and monuments in the area in the context of the pattern of investigation and discovery. It can be used to identify areas for new fieldwork - to fill in apparent 'blanks' in the distribution of monuments - and to inform new understanding or to suggest investigative techniques that may yield good results. On completion of field projects, contractors supply a summary for inclusion in the HER followed by a report on the work. In Scotland, in addition to submission of fieldwork reports to the HER, summaries are provided to Archaeology Scotland for inclusion in Discovery and Excavation in Scotland, an annual publication. Project archives should be deposited with Historic Environment Scotland. Similarly in Wales, in addition to their submission to the HER, it is usual for recent fieldwork results to be summarised in the Council for British Archaeology, Wales annual publication Archaeology in Wales. Since it is usually some time before the results are published, HERs are an increasingly important source of information about these projects. The development of the [Online AccesS to the Index of archaeological investigationS (OASIS)|Glossary#OASIS|target='_blank'] project (See sections [B.5.4|SectionB.5#B.5.4 OASIS (see also C.7.3)], [C.7.3|SectionC.7#C.7.3OASISOnLineAccesSToTheIndexOfArchaeologicalInvestigationS]) is enabling contractors and curators to complete online recording forms, and upload copies of reports, and aims to facilitate the supply of information from field projects to HERs. OASIS has been introduced for use in England and Scotland, and many HERs and contracting units are registered to use the system. A version of OASIS that collects data and grey literature directly from the HER will be implemented in Wales during 2017.
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A growing number of archaeological curators are maintaining databases of their recommendations, the decisions made by planning authorities and grant applications. In some cases, these databases are being linked to the main HER database itself. This information is used to track the progress of planning and other consultations within the wider Archaeology or Historic Buildings Service. Some HERs are beginning to record the processes involved in managing field monuments in their databases in order to plan and monitor the impact of changes in management regimes and repair work.
A growing number of archaeological curators are maintaining databases of their recommendations, the decisions made by the relevant organisations who they advised, and grant applications. This information can relate to casework around Planning applications, land management such as forestry or farming, work by utilities companies, or other infrastructure such as highways. In some cases, these databases are being linked to the main HER database itself. This information is used by the wider advice service to track the progress of planning and other consultations. Some HERs are beginning to record the processes involved in managing field monuments in their casework databases, in order to plan and monitor the impact of changes in management regimes and repair work.
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Paper, film and digital copies of Ordnance Survey (OS) maps, supplied under licence, are kept in conjunction with the HER database. They are used to record the locations of monuments and finds, or to show archaeological constraint areas to highlight the potential implications of proposed development. Where paper maps are used, the map scales are normally 1:10,000 for rural areas and 1:2,500 or 1:1,250 for urban areas. Associated material includes map overlays, for example cropmark plots, and copies of historic maps, such as early editions of the OS or tithe maps. These may be held either as paper copy or digital mapping. The use of digital mapping and recording through [GIS|Glossary#GIS|target='_blank'] is increasing, and GIS standards are one aspect which is addressed more fully in this revision of the manual (See [Section E|SectionE]).
Paper, film and digital copies of Ordnance Survey (OS) maps, supplied under licence, are kept in conjunction with the HER database. They are used to record the locations of monuments and finds, or to show archaeological constraint areas to highlight the potential implications of proposed development. Where paper maps are used, the map scales are normally 1:10,000 for rural areas and 1:2,500 or 1:1,250 for urban areas. Associated material includes map overlays, for example cropmark plots, and copies of historic maps, such as early editions of the OS or tithe maps. These may be held either as paper copy or digital mapping. The use of digital mapping and recording through [GIS|Glossary#GIS|target='_blank'] is increasing, and GIS standards are one aspect which is addressed more fully elsewhere (See [Section E|SectionE]).
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Library collections based on local and national series of archaeological and historical society journals, specialist publications, gazetteers, catalogues and other reference works will normally be held within the HER office.
This is a library collection, based on local and national series of archaeological and historical society journals; specialist publications such as site monographs; gazetteers, catalogues and other reference works, copies of which will often be held within the HER office, though not always.
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These include fieldwork and other reports, dissertations, statutory protection documentation (for example [scheduling|Glossary#scheduling|target='_blank'] notifications), notes and sometimes correspondence. Reports arise from archaeological work undertaken as part of development control or from planned research objectives, such as field survey or excavation of a particular class of monument. These reports may be held either as paper copy or digitally (or both).
These include fieldwork and other reports, dissertations, statutory protection documentation (for example [scheduling|Glossary#scheduling|target='_blank'] notifications), notes and sometimes correspondence which have not been formally published. These are often called "Grey Literature". Reports can arise from archaeological work undertaken as part of development control, or from planned research objectives, such as field survey or excavation of a particular class of monument. These reports may be held either as paper copy or digitally (or both).
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Colour or black and white photographs and slides, digital photographs and videos may be kept by the HER. These derive from fieldwork, such as excavation, survey or planned site visits; or from the recording of finds in archaeological units, museums or specialist laboratories. This material will originate from both the host organisation and also from other organisations and private individuals who will retain title to its copyright. HERs are also recommended to maintain a collection of colour slides of illustrative materials for lecture and presentation purposes.
Colour or black and white photographs and slides, digital photographs and videos may be kept by the HER. These derive from fieldwork, or from the recording of finds in archaeological units, museums or specialist laboratories. This material will originate from both the host organisation and also from other organisations and private individuals who will retain title to its copyright. HERs are also recommended to maintain a collection of colour slides of illustrative materials for lecture and presentation purposes.
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Colour or black and white, vertical and oblique aerial-photographic prints, negatives and slides are all kept by HERs. Sources of photography include the National Monuments Records for Scotland ([NMRS|Glossary#NMRS|target='_blank']), and Wales ([NMRW|Glossary#NMRW|target='blank']) and The Historic England Archive, as well as the Cambridge University Committee on Aerial Photography (now Cambridge University Collection of Aerial Photographs (CUCAP), the Ordnance Survey (OS), the Royal Air Force (RAF) and regionally based individuals, including some HERs, taking aerial photographs of archaeological sites. Associated materials include flight traces and indexes. Air-photographic transcriptions may also be held on film, paper and digital map form. HERs hold copies of prints whose copyright (and often the original negative or slide) is retained by the photographer or commissioning organisation.
Colour or black and white, vertical and oblique aerial-photographic prints, negatives and slides are all kept by HERs. Sources of photography include the National Monuments Records for Scotland ([NMRS|Glossary#NMRS|target='_blank']), and Wales ([NMRW|Glossary#NMRW|target='blank']) and The Historic England Archive, as well as the Cambridge University Collection of Aerial Photographs (CUCAP), the Ordnance Survey (OS), the Royal Air Force (RAF) and regionally based individuals, including some HERs, taking aerial photographs of archaeological sites. Associated materials include flight traces, showing the route taken by the aircraft, and indexes. Air-photographic transcriptions may also be held on film, paper and digital map form. HERs hold copies of prints whose copyright (and often the original negative or slide) is retained by the photographer or commissioning organisation.
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!Digital archives
These include floppy disks, [CDs|Glossary#CDCDROMCDRW|target='_blank'] and [DVDs|Glossary#DVDDVDROM|target='_blank'], and other media holding digital data in formats which may include: databases, text files, image files, [Geographic Information Systems (GIS)|Glossary#GIS|target='_blank'] and [Computer Aided Design (CAD)|Glossary#CAD|target='_blank'] files, geophysical survey files. HERs may acquire this material from contractors following fieldwork and also create digital archive, through programmes of database and GIS compilation, data capture and scanning of slides, photographs or paper documents.
!Digital media
These include old floppy disks, [CDs|Glossary#CDCDROMCDRW|target='_blank'] and [DVDs|Glossary#DVDDVDROM|target='_blank'], and other media holding digital data in formats which may include: databases, text files, image files, [Geographic Information Systems (GIS)|Glossary#GIS|target='_blank'] and [Computer Aided Design (CAD)|Glossary#CAD|target='_blank'] files, geophysical survey files. HERs may acquire this material from contractors following fieldwork and also create digital archive, through programmes of database and GIS compilation, data capture and scanning of slides, photographs or paper documents.
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