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SectionC.11
SectionC.11

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[{Image src='fig42.jpg' alt='Figure 42: A GIS generated map showing Bronze Age barrows over Landscape Types and rivers in Hampshire.'}]
''Figure 42: A GIS generated map showing Bronze Age barrows over Landscape Types and rivers in Hampshire (© Hampshire County Council 2007 and © Crown Copyright. All rights reserved. 100019181. 2007).''
[{Image src='fig42.jpg' alt='Figure 19: A GIS generated map showing Bronze Age barrows over Landscape Types and rivers in Hampshire.'}]
''Figure 19: A GIS generated map showing Bronze Age barrows over Landscape Types and rivers in Hampshire (© Hampshire County Council 2007 and © Crown Copyright. All rights reserved. 100019181. 2007).''
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Most HERs using GIS will also hold spatial data and other information in the HER databases described in this manual. An important consideration in setting up the GIS will be how to create a link to the HER database (Figure 43). The first step in this process might be to export data from the HER database and use it to create points in the GIS (see [B.8.4|http://archaeologydataservice.ac.uk/ifp/Wiki.jsp?page=SectionB.8#section-SectionB.8-B.8.4DataMigration]). However, this layer will become out of date as new records are added to the HER and HER managers will also wish to use the GIS to check and correct the locations of existing records in the HER database.
The databases used for the HER may allow the HER and GIS to be dynamically linked, or the HER may be run with a separate GIS which is updated separately to the HER.
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%%image-caption
[{Image src='fig43.gif' alt='Figure 43: Relationships between HER text databases and GIS.'}]
''Figure 43: Relationships between HER text databases and GIS.''
/%
Most HERs using GIS will also hold spatial data and other information in the HER databases described elsewhere in this guidance. An important consideration in setting up the GIS will be how to create a link to the HER database. The first step in this process might be to export data from the HER database and use it to create points in the GIS (see [B.10.4|http://archaeologydataservice.ac.uk/ifp/Wiki.jsp?page=SectionB.10#section-SectionB.10-B.10.4DataMigration]). However, this layer will become out of date as new records are added to the HER. HER managers will also wish to use the GIS to check and correct the locations of existing records in the HER database.
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*the initial data load from HER text database to GIS (see [B.8.4|http://archaeologydataservice.ac.uk/ifp/Wiki.jsp?page=SectionB.8#section-SectionB.8-B.8.4DataMigration])
*the initial data load from HER text database to GIS (see [B.10.4|http://archaeologydataservice.ac.uk/ifp/Wiki.jsp?page=SectionB.10#section-SectionB.10-B.10.4DataMigration])
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In deciding which shape to use, it is important to consider to what purpose the data will be put. If, as in many cases it will be, the aim is to indicate the extent of a monument or building, then polygons will be most useful. If the purpose is to show discrete find spots then points are more appropriate. The next issue is how and where these shapes are to be drawn and the accuracy that is required; the scale of the apping available will affect the decision.
In deciding which shape to use, it is important to consider to what purpose the data will be put. If, as in many cases it will be, the aim is to indicate the extent of a monument or building, then polygons will be most useful. If the purpose is to show discrete find spots then points are more appropriate. The next issue is how and where these shapes are to be drawn and the accuracy that is required; the scale of the mapping available will affect the decision.
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Where the extent of the monument is known and especially where the monument or building is clearly visible, then there are advantages in showing the extent of the monument on the GIS. This enables users to see the monument or building in relation to other features in its landscape setting. Figure 44 shows an example of.the use of polygons to plot the early 19th century defences south of Chelmsford in relation to contours, thus allowing their topographical location to be understood.
Where the extent of the monument is known and especially where the monument or building is clearly visible, then there are advantages in showing the extent of the monument on the GIS. This enables users to see the monument or building in relation to other features in its landscape setting. Figure 20 shows an example of.the use of polygons to plot the early 19th century defences south of Chelmsford in relation to contours, thus allowing their topographical location to be understood.
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[{Image src='fig44.gif' alt='Figure 44: A GIS layer showing the use of polygons to show the extent of the early 19th-century defences at Chelmsford.'}]
''Figure 44: A GIS layer showing the use of polygons to show the extent of the early 19th-century defences at Chelmsford. (© Essex County Council 2007and © Crown Copyright, All rights reserved. 100019602. 2007).''
[{Image src='fig44.gif' alt='Figure 20: A GIS layer showing the use of polygons to show the extent of the early 19th-century defences at Chelmsford.'}]
''Figure 20: A GIS layer showing the use of polygons to show the extent of the early 19th-century defences at Chelmsford. (© Essex County Council 2007and © Crown Copyright, All rights reserved. 100019602. 2007).''
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Many sites recorded in HERs require special consideration in land-use planning, for example sites that are afforded statutory protection, which may have a legally defined boundary showing the protected area (Figure 45). The protected area may differ from the full extent of the monument site, such as a monument site that survives partially as earthworks and partially as cropmarks, with the better preserved portion of the site being scheduled. For these reasons, it is recommended practice to create separate layers within the GIS depicting the extents of protected sites, for example a Scheduled Monument (SM) layer would be created for scheduled monuments. These can then be displayed over other polygons that might show features or monuments both lying within and outside the protected area. It is recommended that HERs should, where possible, obtain digital boundaries from the organisation responsible for maintaining them, for example scheduled monuments from English Heritage. It has been recently agreed in Scotland that the RCAHMS displays site polygons as known extents, while the HERs/SMRs display site polygons with buffer zones. The extent of those buffer zones and so forth are still being discussed but agreement should be reached by end of 2006.
Many sites recorded in HERs require special consideration in land-use planning, for example sites that are afforded statutory protection, which may have a legally defined boundary showing the protected area (Figure 21). The protected area may differ from the full extent of the monument site, such as a monument site that survives partially as earthworks and partially as cropmarks, with the better preserved portion of the site being scheduled. For these reasons, it is recommended practice to create separate layers within the GIS depicting the extents of protected sites, for example a Scheduled Monument (SM) layer would be created for scheduled monuments. These can then be displayed over other polygons that might show features or monuments both lying within and outside the protected area. It is recommended that HERs should, where possible, obtain digital boundaries from the organisation responsible for maintaining them, for example scheduled monuments from English Heritage. It has been recently agreed in Scotland that the RCAHMS displays site polygons as known extents, while the HERs/SMRs display site polygons with buffer zones. The extent of those buffer zones and so forth are still being discussed but agreement should be reached by end of 2006.
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[{Image src='fig45.gif' alt='Figure 45: Great Chesterford scheduled area.'}]
''Figure 45: Great Chesterford scheduled area (© Essex County Council 2007 and © Crown Copyright, All rights reserved. 100019602. 2007).''
[{Image src='fig45.gif' alt='Figure 21: Great Chesterford scheduled area.'}]
''Figure 21: Great Chesterford scheduled area (© Essex County Council 2007 and © Crown Copyright, All rights reserved. 100019602. 2007).''
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GIS systems are made up of 'layers' of information, which can be overlaid, combined and analysed to create new information. For example, the location of a number of archaeological sites could be compared to the location of aspects of the environment (Figure 46).
GIS systems are made up of 'layers' of information, which can be overlaid, combined and analysed to create new information. For example, the location of a number of archaeological sites could be compared to the location of aspects of the environment (Figure 22).
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[{Image src='fig46.jpg' alt='Figure 46: Examples of layers in a GIS.'}]
''Figure 46: Examples of layers in a GIS.''
[{Image src='fig46.jpg' alt='Figure 22: Examples of layers in a GIS.'}]
''Figure 22: Examples of layers in a GIS.''
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These can then be used to identify sites which lie within the boundaries of particular soil types, creating new information (very useful, for example, in identifying impacts of agri-environmental schemes, set-aside, and so forth) (Figure 47).
These can then be used to identify sites which lie within the boundaries of particular soil types, creating new information (very useful, for example, in identifying impacts of agri-environmental schemes, set-aside, and so forth) (Figure 23).
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[{Image src='fig47.jpg' alt='Figure 47: A new GIS layer: archaeological sites on arable land.'}]
''Figure 47: A new GIS layer: archaeological sites on arable land.''
[{Image src='fig47.jpg' alt='Figure 23: A new GIS layer: archaeological sites on arable land.'}]
''Figure 23: A new GIS layer: archaeological sites on arable land.''
This page (revision-8) was last changed on 01-Apr-2015 16:11 by Alison BennettTop