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SectionE.1
SectionE.1

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Historic Land-use Assessment (HLA) started in Scotland in 1996, led and centrally managed by the Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Scotland (RCAHMS) and Historic Scotland (Historic Scotland), in conjunction with the Local Authorities ([Dyson-Bruce et al 1999|Bibliography#Dyson-Bruce et al 1999|target='_blank']). A single uniform GIS based methodology is being applied across the country and approximately half of Scotland had been completed at the time of writing.
Historic Land-use Assessment (HLA) started in Scotland in 1996, led and centrally managed by the Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Scotland (RCAHMS) and Historic Scotland (Historic Scotland), in conjunction with the Local Authorities ([Dyson-Bruce et al 1999|Bibliography#Dyson-Bruce et al 1999|target='_blank']). A single uniform GIS based methodology has been applied across the country. HLA can be viewed online ([http://hlamap.org.uk/]) or downloaded for use in GIS.
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__Website:__\\
RCAHMS has an interactive website, which is constantly updated, illustrating the HLA, (see - [http://jura.rcahms.gov.uk/HLA/start.jsp]), a sample screenshot from the website is illustrated below (figure 50).
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Wales has adopted a different approach, and has defined a 'Register of Landscapes' of specific or outstanding interest ([Cadw 1998|Bibliography#Cadw 1998|target='_blank']) which ranks and values specific selected areas, but not the whole landscape. A programme of Historic Landscape Characterization has been undertaken on each of the registerered landscapes and the methodology exists to characterize any part of the landscape outside the register. Further information on this methodology can be found in Dave Thompson and Daffyd Gwyn's introduction to a typical HLC report such that for [The vale of Llangollen|http://www.herwales.co.uk/her/groups/CPAT/media/reports/CPAT 683.pdf].
Wales has adopted a different approach, and has defined a 'Register of Landscapes' of specific or outstanding interest ([Cadw 1998|Bibliography#Cadw 1998|target='_blank']) which ranks and values specific selected areas, but not the whole landscape. A programme of Historic Landscape Characterization has been undertaken on each of the registered landscapes and the methodology exists to characterize any part of the landscape outside the register. Further information on this methodology can be found in Dave Thompson and Daffyd Gwyn's introduction to a typical HLC report such that for [The vale of Llangollen|http://www.walesher1974.org/her/appDev/php/herumd.php?level=3&group=CPAT&docid=301300496|target='_blank'].
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Further information about Historic Landscapes in Wales can be found on the Countryside Council for Wales' website at [http://www.ccgc.gov.uk/landscape--wildlife/protecting-our-landscape/historic-landscapes.aspx]
Further information about Historic Landscapes in Wales can be found on the Cadw website at [http://cadw.gov.wales/historicenvironment/protection/historiclandscapes/?lang=en]
Natural Resources Wales have also worked on landscape assessment including that of the historic landscape, in conjunction with the Welsh Archaeological Trusts, as part of their extensive LANDMAP project. Further information about this can be found on their website at [https://naturalresources.wales/planning-and-development/landmap/?lang=en].
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!Birmingham HLC
__Balancing conflicting requirements during the creation of the Birmingham HLC: characterisation accuracy and detail vs. manageable polygon sizes and record numbers__
Completed in December 2014, the historic landscape characterisation of Birmingham covers 26,798 ha (66,219 acres) and its database contains 6,974 HLC records, afterwards also combined into 111 broad character areas. 38 broad and 432 ‘individual’ HLC types are used to describe the Birmingham HLC records and – derived from them – another 18 and respectively 124 types for the character areas. Aiming to map, date and describe as accurately as possible the wide variety of past and present land use ‘realities’ encountered ‘on the ground’ – that is depicted in (or inferred from) the mainly cartographic sources used during the characterisation process - the Birmingham HLC used a number of approaches in order to achieve its intended characterisation accuracy while at the same time avoiding excessive fragmentation of the polygons drawn and/or an unworkable increase in the number of records captured.
__1. Using ‘multi-polygon’ HLC records__
Using this innovative approach, two or more polygons with (near-) identical land use ‘histories’ and typologies, and located relatively close to each other (though obviously not spatially contiguous), were attached to a single newly-created HLC record. As the GIS and HER software used to draw and record data (MapInfo and HBSMR) posed no problems in this respect, the ‘multi-polygon’ approach was implemented wherever deemed suitable, to the extent that the Birmingham HLC database now contains some 2,000 more polygons (c. 8,975) than actual records (6,974). This represents a significant reduction in the number of potential records contained in the Birmingham HLC database, without compromising the accuracy and detail of the characterisation itself.
The size and nature of the (mainly) 1930s Kingstanding Estate in north-west Birmingham – one of the largest inter-war housing estates in the country – made it eminently suitable for the ‘multi-polygon’ HLC record approach, as illustrated by the 12 HLC records highlighted in this map. Also the estate is bisected by two dual-carriageway roads (‘polygonised’ as well by the Birmingham HLC) meeting in its centre, while the M6 motorway cuts across its south-western corner. The current HLC broad type of all the 12 records highlighted in the illustration is Residential, apart from one (HBM5816) which includes (almost) all of the retail facilities present on the estate and is made up of no fewer than 13 polygons (!) – four of them created purely as a result of the dual carriageway roads’ junction.
As expected, the current ‘period of origin’ of most of these 12 HLC records is the 1930s, apart from three dated to the late 1940s and the 1950s. Drawing the HLC polygons also had to take into account the boundaries of the ancient Perry Barr Common (enclosed around 1815) which cut across of the modern estate. This resulted in 4 of the highlighted 12 ‘multi-polygon’ HLC records being purposely drawn so as to lie entirely within the area of the former commons.
%%image-caption
[{Image src='Birmingham_HLC_Kingstanding.jpg' width=550 alt='Birmingham HLC Kingstanding area'}]
''Figure 56: Birmingham HLC Kingstanding area (©Birmingham City Council 2015).''
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__2. Using ‘mixed’ HLC types__
Where attempting to draw along the boundary between two different land use types, dates or both, would have resulted in unworkable polygon shapes (e.g. a patchwork of interspersed ‘mini-polygons’ belonging to only two records), the alternative chosen most often by the Birmingham HLC was to incorporate everything into just one polygon/record and then characterise it using a mixed HLC broad and ‘individual’ type (and/or also tweak its period of origin). In fact, more than a quarter of the 38 broad land use types employed by the Birmingham HLC are a ‘mixture’ of two (or more) existing types (originally inherited from the Black Country HLC); they combine for example Residential with Industrial or Commercial, Fields, Outdoor Recreational, Social/Public etc. While additional HLC broad and ‘individual’ types have to be created as a consequence, this ‘typological trade-off’ is more than compensated by the characterisation accuracy and dataset size benefits.
The need to use ‘mixed’ types occurred throughout the Birmingham HLC particularly when characterising certain past land use realities, such as the combination of Victorian terraces and small works common in many parts of the city before the extensive post-war re-developments, or the combination of cottages, houses, smallholdings, alongside their closes and gardens, specific of the (semi-)dispersed settlement pattern of the pre-industrial era. Mixed HLC types were not exclusively used for describing past land realities though, as for example the Industrial and Commercial type was also used extensively to characterise current situations where traditional manufacturing had been replaced by industrial/trading/business/technology estates/parks.
An example of the need to use mixed HLC types is characterising pre-modern Edgbaston – as illustrated by this map from 1718 – manor which lacked a ‘true’ village centre and consisted largely of houses, farms and cottages scattered in groups of two and three at best, including those in the vicinity of Edgbaston Hall and Church (HBM3780) – all record numbers mentioned here are highlighted in red on the map. In order to have any chance of ‘capturing’ at least part of this dispersed pattern, the resulting Birmingham HLC records had to either stay small (e.g. HBM3853 – 1.8 ha or HBM3875 – 1.44 ha), or use the ‘farm and enclosed fields’ mixed HLC type (e.g. HBM3852, HBM3869 or HBM3773, the latter farm located next to its Medieval moated predecessor – HBM3774). Incidentally, the closest thing to an Edgbaston ‘village centre’ in pre-modern times, was the small hamlet at Good Knaves End (top left corner), area covered by only two HLC records: a very small one (HBM3920 – 0.95 ha) and a larger one (HBM3871 – 2.71 ha), larger only because it also includes a small country house and its grounds.
%%image-caption
[{Image src='1718_Edgbaston_and_HLC.jpg' width=550 alt='1718 map of Edgbaston and Birmingham HLC'}]
''Figure 57: 1718 map of Edgbaston and Birmingham HLC (©Birmingham City Council 2015).''
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We firmly believe that both methodological approaches described above worked well in practice during the characterisation process, and that together they helped keep the size of the Birmingham HLC dataset – and thus also the workload required to create it – manageable, without compromising the accuracy of drawing, dating and describing its records.
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''Figure 57: HLA overlay showing a Designed Landscape (©Aberdeenshire Council 2007 and ©Crown Copyright. All rights reserved. 100020767. 2007).''
''Figure 58: HLA overlay showing a Designed Landscape (©Aberdeenshire Council 2007 and ©Crown Copyright. All rights reserved. 100020767. 2007).''
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''Figure 58: SMR overlay showing same Designed Landscape as an archaeological site (©Aberdeenshire Council 2007 and ©Crown Copyright. All rights reserved. 100020767. 2007).''
''Figure 59: SMR overlay showing same Designed Landscape as an archaeological site (©Aberdeenshire Council 2007 and ©Crown Copyright. All rights reserved. 100020767. 2007).''
This page (revision-31) was last changed on 24-Jan-2017 15:57 by Chris MartinTop