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[{TableOfContents title='G: Glossary and List of Abbreviations'}]
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|IFA|Institute of Field Archaeologists: is the professional organisation for archaeologists in the United Kingdom. It promotes professional standards and ethics for conserving, managing, understanding and promoting enjoyment of heritage.
|IfA|Institute for Archaeologists: is the professional organisation for archaeologists in the United Kingdom. It promotes professional standards and ethics for conserving, managing, understanding and promoting enjoyment of heritage.
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|MGC|Museums and Galleries Commission: the national body with responsibility for promoting standards in museums. The MGC was replaced by MLAC and then renamed Resource: The Council for Museums, Archives and Libraries in April 2000.
|MGC|Museums and Galleries Commission: the national body with responsibility for promoting standards in museums. The MGC was replaced by MLAC and then renamed Resource: The Council for Museums, Archives and Libraries in April 2000.
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|MSC|Manpower Services Commission: a government agency which funded programmes with the aim of giving work experience to people who had been unemployed for long periods of time. Many local government organisations ran MSC-funded schemes to capture information into SMRs.
|MSC|Manpower Services Commission: a government agency which funded programmes with the aim of giving work experience to people who had been unemployed for long periods of time. Many local government organisations ran MSC-funded schemes to capture information into SMRs.
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|NMRE|National Monuments Record (England): an information resource for England's historic environment established by the RCHME and now maintained by English Heritage. The NMR contains major collections of aerial photographs, ground photographs of buildings and archaeological monuments, plans, sketches and drawings and databases of monuments, events and archives.
|NMRE|National Monuments Record (England) was a directorate within English Heritage established by the RCHME. The NMREs collections including aerial photographs, ground photographs of buildings and archaeological monuments, plans, sketches and drawings are now curated by The English Heritage Archive. The NMRs databases of monuments and events is now know as The National Record of the Historic Environment (NRHE).
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|ODPM|Office of the Deputy Prime Minister, see DCLG
|NRHE|National Record of the Historic Environment, a database of monuments and recording events in England maintained by English Heritage and available online via the PastScape Website.
|ODPM|Office of the Deputy Prime Minister, see DCLG.
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|RAF|Royal Air Force: the RAF has been engaged in aerial photography and other remote-sensing techniques since its inception. In the ten years after World War II, the RAF undertook routine aerial-survey programmes to produce vertical photographs for use by the OS in mapmaking.
|RCHME|Royal Commission on the Historical Monuments of England: the national body established by Royal Warrant in 1908 to compile a record of ancient and historical monuments in England and make recommendations concerning their preservation. In 1999, the RCHME was merged with English Heritage.
|RAF|Royal Air Force: the RAF has been engaged in aerial photography and other remote-sensing techniques since its inception. In the ten years after World War II, the RAF undertook routine aerial-survey programmes to produce vertical photographs for use by the OS in mapmaking.
|RCHME|Royal Commission on the Historical Monuments of England: the national body established by Royal Warrant in 1908 to compile a record of ancient and historical monuments in England and make recommendations concerning their preservation. In 1999, the RCHME was merged with English Heritage.
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|WAG|Welsh Assembly Government.
|WG|Welsh Government.
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|Archwilio| The website that gives on-line access to the Historic Environment Records of the Welsh Archaeological Trusts.
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|BAR|Buildings at Risk.
|BAR|Buildings at Risk. In England this is now part of HaR.
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|Excavation Index|English Heritage's record of archaeological interventions in England maintained by the NMR
|Excavation Index|English Heritage's record of archaeological interventions in England maintained.
|HaR| Heritage at Risk
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|Heritage Gateway|English Heritage is currently co-ordinating a project in partnership with ALGAO and the IHBC to build a ‘Heritage Gateway’ This will act as a portal to the resources of English Heritage including the new Heritage Protection Reform (HPR) Register of Historic Sites and Buildings of England (RHSBE), the National Monuments Record (NMRE) and local authority Historic Environment Records (HERs) and the wider sector (including national and thematic recording projects) by facilitating distributed searches to provide a rich and diverse experience to users wishing to explore England’s archaeological and architectural heritage.
|Heritage Gateway|English Heritage co-ordinates a partnership projrct with ALGAO and the IHBC to maintain a portal to local and national historic environment resources including the National Heritage List for England (NHLE), the National Record of the Historic Environment (NRHE) and local authority Historic Environment Records (HERs) by facilitating distributed searches to provide a rich and diverse experience to users wishing to explore England’s archaeological and architectural heritage.
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|LHI|Local Heritage Initiative: a national grant scheme funded by the Heritage Lottery Fund and the Nationwide Building Society to help people care for their local landscape, landmarks and traditions. The national scheme followed Countryside Agency pilot projects, which ranged from lime-kilns to local histories, wildlife sites to walls and way marks.
|LHI|Local Heritage Initiative: a national grant scheme funded by the Heritage Lottery Fund and the Nationwide Building Society to help people care for their local landscape, landmarks and traditions. The national scheme followed Countryside Agency pilot projects, which ranged from lime-kilns to local histories, wildlife sites to walls and way marks.
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|NAR|National Archaeological Record: based on the card index developed by the OS's Archaeology Division, formerly maintained by the RCHME and later incorporated into the NMR.
|NLAP|National Library of Air Photographs: a collection of vertical and oblique aerial photographs providing complete national coverage of England. Maintained by the NMR.
|NAR|National Archaeological Record: based on the card index developed by the OS's Archaeology Division, formerly maintained by the RCHME and later incorporated into the NRHE.
|NLAP|National Library of Air Photographs: a collection of vertical and oblique aerial photographs providing complete national coverage of England. Maintained by the English Heritage Archive.
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|National Heritage Datasets|A series of computer-based records maintained by English Heritage, including: National Monuments Record (the AMIE database); Record of Scheduled Monuments (RSM database); List of Buildings of Special Architectural or Historic Interest (LBS database); Register of Parks and Gardens; Battlefields Register; Buildings at Risk Register; Protected Wrecks and list of World Heritage Sites.
|National Heritage Datasets|A series of computer-based records maintained by English Heritage, including: National Record Record of the Historic Environment and the National Heritage List for England.
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|PastScape|Online resource developed by English Heritage’s National Monuments Record (NMR) which provides an easy-to-use way to find information about many of England’s ancient and historical sites, buildings and monuments. The information within PastScape is taken directly from the NMR’s national historic environment database. These records contain descriptions of any interesting archaeological details, pictures (where available) and links to maps and aerial photographs on other websites.
|PastScape|Online resource developed by English Heritage which provides an easy-to-use way to find information about many of England’s ancient and historical sites, buildings and monuments. The information within PastScape is taken directly from the National Record of the Historic Evironment. These records contain descriptions of any interesting archaeological details, pictures (where available) and links to maps and aerial photographs on other websites.
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|RSM|Record of Scheduled Monuments: maintained by English Heritage. An RSM number identifies a scheduled monument within that system.
|RSM|Record of Scheduled Monuments: maintained by English Heritage. An RSM number identifies a scheduled monument within that system.
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|SMaR| Scheduled Monuments at Risk in England, now part of HaR.
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|Conservation area|An area of historical and architectural character whose boundaries have been designated in local plans. Local planning authorities have special planning powers covering these areas which aim to preserve and enhance their character.
|Conservation area|An area of historical and architectural character whose boundaries have been designated in local plans. Local planning authorities have special planning powers covering these areas which aim to preserve and enhance their character.
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|NHLE|National Heritage List for England: A list combining historic environment sesignations together comprising: listed buildings, scheduled monuments, registered parks and gardens, registered battlefields, protected wrecks and World Heritage Sites.
|NPPF|National Planning Policy Framework
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|Planning Practice Guidance| A series of guidance notes produced by government to support the implementation of the NPPF. The guidance covers a range of topics from advertisements to waste and water supply. There is a specific guidance document on 'Conserving and Enhancing the Historic Environment'.
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|PPG 15|Planning Policy Guidance Note 15: Planning and the Historic Environment, now replaced by the NPPF.
|PPG 16|Planning Policy Guidance Note 16: Archaeology and Planning, now replaced by the NPPF.
|PPS5| Planning Policy Statement 5: Planning for the Historic Environment, this replaced PPGs 15 and 16 and has now been replaced itself by the NPPF.
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|Registered Battlefields|A register of battlefields of special historical interest, to draw attention to the importance of these sites. For English battlefields it has been compiled by English Heritage.
|Registered Parks and Gardens|A register of parks and gardens of special historical interest, to draw attention to the importance of these sites. For parks and gardens in England it has been compiled by English Heritage. Parks and Gardens dating from 1939 or earlier are included in the register and the gardens are graded (I, II* or II) to indicate their interest.
|Registered Battlefields|A register of battlefields of special historical interest, to draw attention to the importance of these sites. For English battlefields it has been compiled by English Heritage.
|Registered Parks and Gardens|A register of parks and gardens of special historical interest, to draw attention to the importance of these sites. For parks and gardens in England it has been compiled by English Heritage. Parks and Gardens dating from 1939 or earlier are included in the register and the gardens are graded (I, II* or II) to indicate their interest.
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|Scheduling|The process of identifying, assessing, reviewing and recommending monuments to the Secretary of State fbr Culture, Media and Sport for the purpose of inclusion in the Schedule of Monuments. Scheduling of monuments in England is currently incorporated in the Monuments Protection Programme.
|Scheduling|The process of identifying, assessing, reviewing and recommending monuments to the Secretary of State fbr Culture, Media and Sport for the purpose of inclusion in the Schedule of Monuments. Scheduling of monuments in England is currently incorporated in the Monuments Protection Programme.
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|AIFA|Associate member of the Institute of Field Archaeologists.
|AIfA|Associate member of the Institute for Archaeologists.
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|MIFA|Member of the Institute of Field Archaeologists.
|MIfA|Member of the Institute for Archaeologists.
|NHPP| National Heritage Protection Plan (England).
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|Public Enquiry|A process in which evidence may be presented by members of the public and other parties to an official body for review and for their recommendations. The location of new developments (such as roads or airports) is an example of a subject which may go to public enquiry.
|PIFA|Practitioner member of the Institute of Field Archaeologists.
|Public Enquiry|A process in which evidence may be presented by members of the public and other parties to an official body for review and for their recommendations. The location of new developments (such as roads or airports) is an example of a subject which may go to public enquiry.
|PIfA|Practitioner member of the Institute for Archaeologists.
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|AMIE|A computer database developed for the RCHME's (now English Heritage's) NMR to hold text-based information about monuments, archives and events. This replaced NewHIS.
|AMIE|A computer database developed for the RCHME's (now English Heritage) to hold text-based information about monuments, archives and events. It holds the data on the National Record of the Historic Environment, Excavation Index and archive catalogues. This replaced NewHIS.
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|HBSMR|A software package for HERs that implements the MIDAS data standard which was jointly developed by the NMR and exeGesIS SDM Ltd in partnership with ALGAO. An earlier version was called SMR.
|HBSMR|A software package for HERs that implements the MIDAS data standard which was jointly developed by the RCHME (now English Heritage) and exeGesIS SDM Ltd in partnership with ALGAO. An earlier version was called SMR.
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|MONARCH|A computer database developed for the RCHME's (now English Heritage's) NMR to hold text-based information about monuments, archives and events. This was replaced by NewHIS, and now by AMIE.
|MONARCH|A computer database developed for the RCHME (now English Heritage) to hold text-based information about monuments, archives and events. This was replaced by NewHIS, and now by AMIE.
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|Negative events|Archaeological investigations, such as watching briefs and trial trenches, that find no evidence for human activity. These are described and recorded as negative events. They are considered as important in evaluating the potential for human activity in the area or the effectiveness of a particular field technique under certain conditions.
|NewHIS|A computer database developed for English Heritage's NMR to hold text-based information about monuments, archives and events. This replaced MONARCH, but has been superceded by AMIE.
|Negative events|Archaeological investigations, such as watching briefs and trial trenches, that find no evidence for human activity. These are described and recorded as negative events. They are considered as important in evaluating the potential for human activity in the area or the effectiveness of a particular field technique under certain conditions.
|NewHIS|A computer database developed for English Heritage to hold text-based information about monuments, archives and events. This replaced MONARCH, but has been superceded by AMIE.
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|Recording-practice guidelines|Desk manuals for use in HERs and the NMR that are based around national data standards but which aim to provide practical guidance on how to record in the local situation. They may include guidelines on sources, monument categories, adding and editing records, etc.
|Recording-practice guidelines|Desk manuals for use in HERs, English Heritage and the NMRs that are based around national data standards but which aim to provide practical guidance on how to record in the local situation. They may include guidelines on sources, monument categories, adding and editing records, etc.
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|Secondary sources|Published and unpublished works that are based on the interpretation of primary research materials such as finds, aerial photographs, geophysical survey data, etc. Some secondary sources are based on interpretation of both primary data and re-interpretation of other secondary sources.
|Secondary sources|Published and unpublished works that are based on the interpretation of primary research materials such as finds, aerial photographs, geophysical survey data, etc. Some secondary sources are based on interpretation of both primary data and re-interpretation of other secondary sources.
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!!!G.8 GIS
|Address matching|A geocoding process which matches the street address of a property to its location. This usually involves the matching of two database flies, the first containing the address of interest, the second the list of addresses and their co-ordinates
|ArcGIS|GIS software supplied by Esri.
|ArcView|GIS software supplied by Esri.
|Attribute|A particular item of text, whether numeric or alphabetic, that is used to control the entry of terms into a unit of information.
|AutoCAD|Drawing software often used with GIS.
|Buffer|A zone of user-specified distance around a point, line or area feature. Buffers are commonly used as a means of identifying the proximity of features (for example, finding all archaeological monuments within a 1 kilometre corridor of a proposed motorway).
|CAD|Computer Aided Design: software programme for the design, drafting and presentation of graphics. Originally designed for manufacturing drawing, now also widely used for mapping.
|Cadastre|A dataset containing information related to landownership and rights. This usually takes she form of maps and descriptions of uniquely identifiable land parcels. For each parcel, legal information such as ownership, easements and mortgages are recorded.
|Cell|The basic element within a grid or raster dataset.
|Centroid|The centre point of a polygon, often used to attach attribute information to an area such as a census ward. These may be mathematically derived or user defined.
|Co-ordinate|Numbers representing the position of a point relative to an origin. Cartesian co-ordinates express the location in two or three dimensions as the perpendicular distances from two or three orthogonal axes.
|DEM|Digital Elevation Model, or terrain model: a data model used to represent a topographic surface, often based on a grid with height value for each cell, or on a set of irregular triangles (later known as a TIN model).
|Digitising|The process of converting or encoding existing maps from an analogue form (paper) into digital information, usually in the form of Cartesian co-ordinates. This may be via a digitising table or a tablet with a handheld cursor, or via a scanner.
|DXF|Digital exchange Format: a proprietary exchange format owned by Autodesk, originally for the transfer of data between CAD systems. Due to its simplicity, it is now widely used in the transfer of vector data between GIS, despite a number of limitations.
|Emulation|A software interface between the operating system and the data together with the program needed to read it.
|ERDAS Imagine|Imaging software product used with GIS.
|ER Mapper|Imaging software product used with GIS.
|ETRS 89|European Terestrial Reference Framework.
|Gazetteer|In a GIS system, a gazetteer is a list of spatial entities, such as properties, or streets, held with their co-ordinates. Gazetteers are used in GIS for rapidly displaying a particular area on screen and also for searches. The gazetteer often forms the core of larger GIS-based applications, such as the prototype National Land Information Service.
|Geocode|The element in a database used to identify the location of a particular record, for example, a postcode.
|Geodetic datum|A set of parameters defining co-ordinates for all parts of the earth. For example, WGS 84 is the World Geodetic System for 1984. Varying datums are used to produce better local ‘fit’ of a spheroid (a ‘squashed’ sphere) to the actual shape of the earth – the geoid.
|GeoMedia|GIS Software produced by Intergraph.
|GEMINI|Geo-spatial metadata interoperability initiative.
|GIS|Geographic Information System.
|GiGateway|Metadata Standard to replace NGDF.
|GPS|Global Positioning System: a position-finding system which uses radio receivers to pick up signals from four or more special satellites and compute WGS co-ordinates for the receiver.
|Imagine|GIS software product.
|ITN|Integrated Transport Network.
|Landform Profile|OS vector dataset.
|LandLine|OS vector dataset.
|Latitude/longitude|A spatial reference system for the earth's surface. Latitude is an angular measurement N or S of the equator, longitude is an angular measurement E or W of the meridian at Greenwich, UK.
|Map projection|A mathematical model used to convert three-dimensional reality into two dimensions for representation on a map, or within a twodimensional GIS database. All map projections have particular strengths: some preserve shape, others preserve distance, area and direction. All projections have limitations of which users should be aware.
|Map scale|The measure of reduction between the representation and the reality, be it a map or a spatial database. Scale is usually represented as a representative fraction of distance (for example 1:50,000, one unit of distance on the map representing 50,000 units in reality). The nominal scale of a spatial dataset has considerable influence over the possible application of the dataset. For example, it would not be sensible to compare data captured at a nominal scale of 1:625,000 with data captured at 1:1,250.
|MapInfo|GIS sowtware used produced by the MapInfo Corporation.
|MasterMap|The OS lares scale digital mapping product.
|MapXtreme|GIS software package.
|MetaGenie|GiGateway metadata product.
|NGDF|The National Geospatial Data Framework: a forum for discussion about common spatial descriptions within key geographic databases. The NGDF has produced the UK Standard Geographic Base (UKSGB) and also a metadata standard suitable for use with spatial information.
|NGR|National Grid Reference: a spatial referencing system for the British Isles developed by the OS. A National Grid Reference locates a point north and east of a point of origin that lies close to the Isles of Scilly.
|Node|A basic spatial entity within the vector data model which represents the beginning or end of segment.
|Pixel|A picture element of a raster image as displayed on a screen or raster plot.
|OCR|Optical Character Recognition.
|OSGB36|OS map projection.
|OSGM02|National Geoid Model.
|OSTN02|National Grid Transformation.
|Point|A spatial entity that represents the simplest geographical element. Represented in the vector data model as a single x, y co-ordinate and in the raster, as a single cell.
|Polygon|A representation of an enclosed region defined by a segment or a series of segments that makes up its boundary. Polygons may have attributes describing the region they represent, such as the period(s) for a historic town.
|PAI|Positional Accuracy Improvement Programme (OS)
|Raster|A data structure composed of a grid of cells. Groups of cells represent geographical features; the value in the cell represents the attribute of the feature.
|Remote sensing|The science of acquiring information about the earth using instruments which are remote to the earth's surface, usually from aircraft or satellites (but geophysical information is also relevant). Can provide the ability for the rapid acquisition of data for large areas.
|Resolution|The resolution.of a digital dataset expresses the size of the smallest object which can be depicted. The term is most commonly associated with the raster data model where the resolution of a raster or grid is equal to the size of the cell in the real world.
|Rubber sheeting|A process which adjusts the relative positions of features within a dataset in a non~linear, or non-uniform way. It is used to transform the co-ordinates of maps with different scales, orientation or co-ordinate systems.
|Scanning|A data-capture technique which digitises information from paper or film hard copy into digital raster data. The process is rapid, but the resulting raster dataset only has colour, grey-scale or black-and white attributes associated with it and may not have the intelligence necessary for GIS analysis. Some GIS have tools for converting raster to vector data, but these always require some human intervention.
|Segment|One of the basic spatial entitles and a basis for spatial models. Formed from a set of ordered co-ordinates (vertics).
|Spatial analysis|This is the process of applying analytical techniques to geographically referenced datasets to extract or generate new geographical information. Spatial analysis may be used to model complex geographical interactions and is useful for investigating site suitability and predicting future events. Overall, analytical techniques may be complex, but are usually made up of a combination of simpler techniques applied in an appropriate order.
|Thematic map|A map which communicates a single theme or subject. For example, a map depicting the number of fieldwork projects within different administrative areas, or the number of sites within areas would be thematic maps. These contrast with general-purpose topographic mapping which depicts features such as roads, rivers, landmarks and elevation.
|TOID|Topographic Identifier in MasterMap.
|Topography|The natural and artificial features of the landscape.
|Topology|The relationships in spatial terms between connected or adjacent geographical objects. Topology is used to apply intelligence to data held in vector data models. For example, topological information for an arc might include the polygon to its left and right and the nodes to which it is connected.
|UKSGB|UK Standard Geographic Base.
|Vector Data|A data model based on the representation of geographical objects by Cartesian co-ordinates, commonly used to represent linear features. Each feature is represented by a series of co-ordinates which define its shape, and which can have linked information. More sophisticated vector data models include topology.
|WGS84|World Geodetic System map projection.
!!!G.9 Data standards
|AM107|A Scheduled Monument reporting form.
|AN32|A recording form for information about scheduled monuments developed by English Heritage in the early 1980s.
|Archaeological ObjectsThesaurus|A thesaurus that is maintained by the mda as part of INSCRIPTION to provide indexing terminology for archaeological objects.
|Authority list|A list of terms, whether numeric or alphabetic, that is used to control the entry of terms into a unit of information.
|Bath Profile|An International Z39.50 Specification for Library Applications and Resource Discovery
|Broader term|A term that represents a parent to a term or other terms. The broader term is super-ordinate to its subordinate narrow term. One term may have many narrower terms and, in turn, each narrow term may itself have narrower terms.
|Candidate term|A new term that has been proposed for inclusion in a thesaurus or wordlist.
|Class|A grouping of terms representing concepts within a general subject area. The terms within a class need not be hierarchically related.
|Compound term|A term that is made up of two or more concepts. These are usually divided up into separate terms for each concept except where this affects the meaning or where its use is very well established.
|Data dictionary|A reference work that sets out.the data fields or units of information incorporated into a computer system or card index. A data dictionary specifies the information that it is appropriate to record in each field and any wordlists or thesauri to be used.
|Data model|A generalised, user-defined view of data representing the real world and entitles therein. For example, the concepts of monuments and events, and their relationship is a model of 'real world' entitles expressed through a particular organisation of data.
|Data standards|Data standards set out what information it is important to record about a particular subject and how this should be carried out. The aim is to promote consistency in the way in which information is recorded to enable its retrieval.
|Dublin Core|A standard content-description model widely used on the internet..
|e-Gov metadata standard|A list of the elements and refinements that will be used by the public sector to create metadata for information resources. It also gives guidance on the purpose and use of each element.
|Grouping term|A broader term used to gather a group of terms together but not to be used in recording.
|Hierarchical wordlist|A wordlist containing a hierarchy but no other form of relationship.
|Hierarchy|An arrangement of terms showing broader and narrower relationships between the terms.
|Homograph|Homographs are terms that have the same spelling but different meanings. The meanings are usually differentiated from each other by using a qualifier within round brackets after the term, for example Bank (Financial) and Bank (Earthwork).
|INSCRIPTION|The national heritage reference dataset, a collection of wordlists and thesauri developed by various heritage bodies, both national and regional, that are recommended for use in conjunction with MIDAS.
|MIDAS|Monument Inventory Data Standard, a data standard for inventories of monuments. It was agreed by representatives from organisations directly involved in the recording of England's monuments working together as the Data Standards Working Party, now FISH. MIDAS is a 'content' standard.
|Narrower term|A term that represents a specific sub-set of the concepts represented by another term. A narrower term can have more than one broader term.
|Non-preferred term|A term that cannot be selected for indexing or retrieval, it is treated as synonymous with another term, the preferred term.
|Noun phrase|A phrase which acts in the same way as a noun. Terms in wordlists consist of nouns and/or noun phrases.
|Preferred term|A term which can be selected for retrieval and can be used for indexing.
|Recording standards|Agreed standards for recording information within a computer system or card index. See Data standards and Data dictionary.
|Related term|A preferred term linked to another preferred term conce tually but not hierarchically, for example 'Stable' and 'Tack Shed'. Although both terms are to do with horses there is not a hierarchical relationship but the conceptual link is so close that anybody looking for 'Tack Sheds' might also want to look for 'Stables'.
|Scope note|A definition of a term for the purposes of the terminology list. It may, or may not, also include guidance upon its use.
|Simple wordlist|A list of.terms that do not have any relationships built into the wordlist and do not have multiple elements attached to the same concept.
|SPECTRUM|The UK museum documentation standard published by the mda. This standard is integral to MGC registration for museums and is being implemented throughout the UK and worldwide in both manual and computerised systems.
|Synonym|A term having a different form or spelling but the same or nearly the same meaning as another term, for example, Slaughter House and Abattoir or Dovecote and Dovecot.
|Term list|Another phrase for a wordlist.
|Terminology control|The overall concept of the use of terms to control the recording and retrieval of any given unit of information.
|Thesaurus|A list of concepts or terms that normally shows equivalence, hierarchical and associative relationships. A thesaurus is a flexible indexing and retrieval tool.
|Thesaurus of Building Materials|A thesaurus maintained by English Heritage as part of INSCRIPTION to provide an index to materials used in the construction of buildings and other structures such as public monuments, garden ornaments, street furniture, etc.
|Thesaurus of Monument Types|A thesaurus maintained by English Heritage as part of INSCRIPTION to provide an index to monuments, buildings and other built structures by character and function.
|Unit of information|Units of 'reformation are the fundamental facts of interest contained within an information system whether computerised or manual.
|Wordlist|A standard list of terminology used to control information recorded in a specific field in a database.
|Z39.50|A communications protocol designed to enable communciation between computer systems.
!!!G.10 Information technology and the internet
|Anti-virus software|Software that is designed to identify the presence of computer viruses and which provides facilities for their safe removal from a computer system. This software incorporates an index to currently known viruses, and as new versions are rapidly introduced, must be regularly updated.
|ASCII|American Standard Code for Information Interchange text or delimited text for structured data.
|Backing-up data|The process by which copies are made of computer data and placed in safe storage to provide a facility to restore information in the event of system failures or other losses (such as theft of computers).
|CD/CD-ROM/CD-RW|Compact Disc/Compact Disc Read-Only Memory/Compact Disk – Rewritable.
|Data capture|The process of capturing information into a computer system. This may involve direct input from a keyboard, scanning, digitising or transfers of digital data from external sources.
|Data migration|The planned movement of data to new formats and more recent versions of software.
|Data transfer|Transfer of digital data between one computer system and another.
|DDE|Dynamic Data Exchange: a protocol incorporated into the Windows operating system that allows one application to exchange data or to trigger an action in another application.
|Digital archiving|Long-term preservation and future use of static digital data.
|DVD/DVD-ROM|Digital Video or Digital Versatile Disc/Digital Video or Digital Versatile Disc – Read Only Memory.
|Emulation|A software interface between operating system and the data together with the program needed to read it.
|Firewall|A protective security screen to control access to locally held resources from unauthorised outside users.
|Flatfile|A computer record system based on a single data table in which a record consists of a row of data fields.
|FTP|File Transfer Protocol: a way of transferring digital data between source and destination systems.
|GiGateway|A free web service aimed at increasing awareness of and access to geospatial information in the UK.
|GML|Geography Markup Language
|GUI|Graphical User Interface: a method of interaction with a computer which uses pictorial buttons (icons) and command lists controlled by a mouse.
|Hypertext|Document files prepared in Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) for, use on the World Wide Web. These documents incorporate text with links to images, digital data and other documents.
|lnternet|A global communications network made up of millions of computers. Access to the World Wide Web and electronic mail or 'email' are normally considered as the most important internet services.
|lntranet|Closed computer networks that are established by organisations to serve the computing needs of their staff.
|ISP|Internet Service Provider: an organisation that offers services including access to the World Wide Web and email.
|IT|Information technology.
|LAN|Local Area Network: a computer network maintained by an organisation to connect computers within a building or a single site.
|Modem|An input-output device which is used to transmit and receive digital signals between computers across the internet.
|Multimedia|A term used to describe materials available on the internet which incorporate text, images, video clips and sound clips.
|ODBC|Open Database Connectivity: a set of protocols that allows a database application held on a client machine to interact with a different database application held on a server across a network. For example, using ODBC an Access database on a work station can query and exchange data with an Oracle'database on a network server.
|OLE|Object Linking and Embedding: a protocol that is incorporated into the Windows operating system. It allows programs to communicate with each other and is used to link or embed objects creating a compound document, for example an Access form might contain a Word document, an Excel spreadsheet or a Maplnfo workspace. Linking means that data is retrieved from its original file. Embedding means that data from the original file is copied into the compound document.
|Passwords|These are codewords, normally made up of a mixture of letters and numbers, that are used to limit entry to computers, networks and other systems to authorised persons.
|PC|Personal Computer: a desktop computer which incorporates a monitor, keyboard, central processing unit and memory storage space used to run applications software.
|RAID|Redundant Array of Independent Disks.
|Relational database|A database which structures data in the form of tables. Each table contains information relevant to a particular feature, and is linked to other tables by a common value. For example, two attribute tables could be lined to a spatial data table via a geocode, such as a postcode, or a unique identifier.
|Technology preservation|The maintenance of hardware, operating systems and applications used to create specific data.
|Trojan horse|A type of program that is moved insidiously on to a computer system to be triggered at sometime by certain pre-defined actions, usually with disastrous consequences.
|URL|Universal Resource Locator: an address used to identify resources on the World Wide Web.
|Viruses|A computer virus is a self-replicating programme, which may or may not be harmful. Viruses are inadvertently spread from computer to computer on floppy discs, email attachments and from the internet. Once introduced on to a computer they may simply display a message on screen but some cause damage to data files.
|WAN|Wide Area Network: a computer network for a series of buildings which may be widely separated across the country.
|Web server|A web server is a computer that provides access to HTML documents and other web-enabled materials stored on its hard disc or memory. This may simply be a personal computer with appropriate communications software and a connection to the internet, or it may be a higherspecification machine maintained by an ISP or a large organisation.
|Website|A linked series of HTML documents that is available on the internet at a location identified by a URL is referred to as a website. A web page is a single HTML document.
|Web space|Space on the web server that may be used for file storage and for a website. Websites have an address or URL which locates a hypertext file on the World Wide Web.
|Worms|A destructive program that replicates itself throughout a single computer or across a network, both wired and wireless.
|www|World Wide Web
|XML|Extensible Markup language
!!!G.11 Access and copyright
|Copyright|Legal rights associated with the originators of material.
|Database Right|Legal rights associated with the originators of computer databases.
|DDA|Disability Discrimination Act
|EIR|Environmental Information Regulations 2004
|FoI|Freedom of Information Act 2000
|Free Text Search|A query made where there is no control of the terminology that is searched upon: for example a search on 'house' would find any instance where the word is used regardless of its context.
|Freedom of access to information on the environment|1990 EC directive (90/313/EEC) concerning public access to information on the environment, implemented in Great Britain through the 1992 Environmental Information Regulations (SI 1447) by the DETR. Under these regulations environmental information relates to the state of any' water or air, flora or fauna, soil, natural or other land. The 'state' includes physical, chemical and biological conditions in the past, present and future. The 'land' includes all land surfaces, buildings, land covered by water and underground strata.
|Licensing|A form of agreement between two parties in which one party is permitted to carry out some action by another. For example, an OS licence permits the licence-holder to use or copy OS maps within specified conditions.
|National Archaeology Day|Annual events organised by the CBA's Young Archaeologists Club to offer their members an opportunity to participate in activities organised in partnerships with museums, SMRS, archaeology units and others.
|National curriculum|The curriculum taught in schools to children between the ages of 5 and 16 co-ordinated nationally by the Department of Education.
|User declaration forms|These are forms that set out the role of the SMR and its commitment to conservation and preservation of the historic environment.
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This page (revision-38) was last changed on 25-Sep-2018 10:06 by Staffordshire Historic Environment RecordTop