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!!! Informing the Future of the Past Glossary
 
|[A|Glossary#A]|[B|Glossary#B]|[C|Glossary#C]|[D|Glossary#D]|[E|Glossary#E]|[F|Glossary#F]|[G|Glossary#G]|[H|Glossary#H]|[I|Glossary#I]|[L|Glossary#L]|[M|Glossary#M]|[N|Glossary#N]|[O|Glossary#O]|[P|Glossary#P]|[R|Glossary#R]|[S|Glossary#S]|[T|Glossary#T]|[U|Glossary#U]|[V|Glossary#V]|[W|Glossary#W]|[X|Glossary#X]|[Y|Glossary#Y]|[Z|Glossary#Z]

!!A
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!ACAO
Association of County Archaeological Officers

!ADAO
Association of District Archaeological Officers

!Adoption of the HER
Refers to the adoption by a local authority of a [HER|Glossary#HER] as the information resource on which planning decisions concerning the archaeological environment will be based

!Address matching
A geocoding process which matches the street address of a property to its location. This usually involves the matching of two database flies, the first containing the address of interest, the second the list of addresses and their co-ordinates

!ADS
Archaeology Data Service: A [trusted digital repository|Glossary#TDR] for data created as a product of research within the discipline broadly defined as Archaeology and the Historic Environment.

!AGI
Association for Geographical Information.

!AHDS
Arts and Humanities Data Service: funded by the academic community to collect, catalogue and preserve digital data and distribute these for use in teaching and research. Service is no longer operational.

!AHRC
Arts and Humanities Research Council: A non-departmental public body which provides funding for arts and humanities research. Sponsored by the Department for Business, Innovation and Skills, along with the other UK Research Councils.

!AIfA
Associate member of the [Institute for Archaeologists|Glossary#IfA].

!AIP
Archaeological Investigations Project: an [English Heritage|Glossary#English Heritage] funded project which monitors archaeological fieldwork generated through planning advice as a result of [PPG 16|Glossary#PPG 16].

!ALGAO UK
Association of Local Government Archaeological Officers (UK)

!AM107
A [Scheduled Monument|Glossary#SM] reporting form.

!AN32
A recording form for information about [scheduled monuments|Glossay#SM] developed by [English Heritage|Glossary#English Heritage] in the early 1980s.

!AMIE
A computer database developed for the [RCHME's|Glossary#RCHME] (now [English Heritage|Glossary#English Heritage]) to hold text-based information about monuments, archives and events. It holds the data on the [National Record of the Historic Environment|Glossary#NRHE], Excavation Index and archive catalogues. This replaced [NewHIS|Glossary#NewHIS].

!ANSI
American National Standards Institute.

!Anti-virus software
Software that is designed to identify the presence of computer viruses and which provides facilities for their safe removal from a computer system. This software incorporates an index to currently known viruses, and as new versions are rapidly introduced, must be regularly updated.

!AONB
Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty.

!ArcGIS
[GIS|Glossary#GIS] software supplied by [Esri|Glossary#ESRI].

!Archaeological Objects Thesaurus
A [thesaurus|Glossary#Thesaurus] that is maintained by the [mda|Glossary#mda] as part of [INSCRIPTION|Glossary#INSCRIPTION] to provide indexing terminology for archaeological objects.

!Archaeology Scotland
Formerly the [Council for Scottish Archaeology|Glossary#CSA], Archaeology Scotland is a national charity, helping people from all walks of life to get more involved with archaeology through learning, promotion and support for Scotland's unique historic environment. Archaeology Scotland coordinates Scottish Archaeology Month each September and publishes Discovery and Excavation Scotland, an annual summary of fieldwork undertaken across the country each year. See their [website|http://www.archaeologyscotland.org.uk/|target='_blank'] for more details.

!Archive
‘The documents created or received and accumulated by a person or organisation in the course of the conduct of affairs and preserved because of their long-term value’ (International Council on Archives).

!Archwilio
The website that gives on-line access to the Historic Environment Records of the Welsh Archaeological Trusts. The system has been developed through a partnership of the four Welsh Archaeological Trusts. The word Archwilio is Welsh and translates as to explore, examine or audit.

!ArcView
[GIS|Glossary#GIS] software supplied by [Esri|Glossary#Esri].

!ARENA
Archaeological Records of Europe Network Access: a project to search for archaeological sites and monuments from six European countries: UK, Denmark, Norway, Iceland, Romania and Poland. The UK is represented in the project by the [ADS|Glossary#ADS].

!ARIA
Association of Regional and Island Archaeologists. ARIA represented the most senior archaeologists employed by or for local planning authorities in Scotland , but in 2006 merged with colleagues from England and Wales to form [ALGAO UK|Glossary#ALGAO UK].

!ASCII
American Standard Code for Information Interchange text or delimited text for structured data.

!ASLIB
Association for Information Management: promotes best practice in management of information resources.

!ASPIRE
Archaeological Standard Protocol for the Integrated Reporting of Events (Scotland). ASPIRE is a protocol specifying the data structure, data type and required fields for reporting archaeological information to the [SMRs|Glossary#SMR] and [RCAHMS|Glossary#RCAHMS]. See the [website|http://aspire-resource.info/|target='_blank'] for more details.

!ATF
Archaeology Training Forum

!Attribute
A particular item of text, whether numeric or alphabetic, that is used to control the entry of terms into a unit of information.

!Authority list
A list of terms, whether numeric or alphabetic, that is used to control the entry of terms into a unit of information.

!AutoCAD
Drawing software often used with [GIS|Glossary#GIS].

|[Back to the top|Glossary#Informing the Future of the Past Glossary]

!!B
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!Backing-up data
The process by which copies are made of computer data and placed in safe storage to provide a facility to restore information in the event of system failures or other losses (such as theft of computers).

!BAR
British Archaeological Reports.

!BAR
Buildings at Risk. In England this is now part of [HaR|Glossary#HaR|].

!Bath Profile
An International [Z39.50|Glossary#Z39.50] Specification for Library Applications and Resource Discovery

!BECTA
British Education Communications and Training Agency.

!BestValue
A national Government initiative which sets out a duty for local authorities 'to deliver services to clear standards, covering both cost and quality, by the most effective, economic and efficient means available' (IDEA 2000).

!BGS
British Geological Survey

!BIAB
British and Irish Archaeological Bibliography: an annual indexed list of archaeological publications for Great Britain and Ireland maintained by the [CBA|Glossary#CBA], with funding from national heritage agencies and others.

!BIM
Building Information Modeling (BIM) is the digital representation of the physical and functional characteristics of places. BIM software is used to design, construct, operate and maintain diverse physical infrastructures, from services (water, wastewater, electricity, gas, refuse and communication utilities) to roads, bridges and ports, from houses, apartments, schools and shops to offices, factories, warehouses and prisons. More information can be found on [National BIM Standard website|http://www.nationalbimstandard.org/faq.php#faq1|target='_blank'].

!Broader term
A term that represents a parent to a term or other terms. The broader term is super-ordinate to its subordinate narrow term. One term may have many narrower terms and, in turn, each narrow term may itself have narrower terms.

!BTCV
British Trust for Conservation Volunteers.

!Building assessment
A professional assessment of a built structure by an architectural historian, archaeologist or other specialist.

!Buffer
A zone of user-specified distance around a point, line or area feature. Buffers are commonly used as a means of identifying the proximity of features (for example, finding all archaeological monuments within a 1 kilometre corridor of a proposed motorway).

!BVPI
Best Value Performance Indicator.

|[Back to the top|Glossary#Informing the Future of the Past Glossary]

!!C
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!CAD
Computer Aided Design: software programme for the design, drafting and presentation of graphics. Originally designed for manufacturing drawing, now also used for mapping.

!Cadastre
A dataset containing information related to landownership and rights. This usually takes she form of maps and descriptions of uniquely identifiable land parcels. For each parcel, legal information such as ownership, easements and mortgages are recorded.

!Cadw
[Cadw|http://cadw.gov.wales/?lang=en/|target='_blank'] (Welsh for ‘to keep’) is the historic environment division within the Welsh Assembly Government with responsibility for protecting, conserving and promoting an appreciation of the historic environment of Wales.

!Candidate term
A new term that has been proposed for inclusion in a [thesaurus|Glossary#Thesaurus] or [wordlist|Glossary#Wordlist].

!CANMAP
A map enabled query system for [Canmore|Glossary#Canmore].

!Canmore
[Canmore|https://canmore.org.uk/|target='_blank'] is the window into the Historic Environment Scotland database. It brings together the results of the survey and collections material into one place and combines location information, site details and images on more than 300,000 archaeological, architectural, maritime and industrial sites throughout Scotland. Through MyCanmore users can add their own information and images to the national collection.

!Card-index system
A topical set of ordered cards maintained to provide an index to a collection: for example a card index to a library might be ordered by author's name.

!CARN (Wales)
Core Archaeological Record Index. CARN is being developed as the public entry point to the Extended National Database for Wales, a national information resource for archaeology and architecture compiled by archaeological organisations across Wales.

!CBA
[Council for British Archaeology|http://new.archaeologyuk.org/|target='_blank'].

!CCN
Countryside Character Network.

!CD/CD-ROM/CD-RW
Compact Disc/Compact Disc Read-Only Memory/Compact Disk – Rewritable.

!Cell
The basic element within a grid or [raster|Glossary#Raster] dataset.

!Centroid
The centre point of a polygon, often used to attach attribute information to an area such as a census ward. These may be mathematically derived or user defined.

!CHNTO
Cultural Heritage National Training Organisation, formerly the [MTI|Glossary#MTI].

!CIDOC
Comitte International pour la Documentation, Conseil International des Musees: the Documentation Committee of the International Council of Museums.

!CIfA
[Chartered Institute for Archaeologists|http://www.archaeologists.net/|target='blank']: is the professional organisation for archaeologists in the United Kingdom. It promotes professional standards and ethics for conserving, managing, understanding and promoting enjoyment of heritage. It was know as the IfA before being granted a Royal Charter in 2014.

!CILIP
[Chartered Institute of Library and Information Professionals|http://www.cilip.org.uk/|target='blank']

!CIMI
Centre for Industrial and Medical Informatics

!CIS
Countryside Information System

!Class
A grouping of terms representing concepts within a general subject area. The terms within a class need not be hierarchically related.

!Codes of Practice
Guidance notes issued by trade associations, professional associations and the like, regarding the conduct of their members.

!Coflein
[Coflein|http://www.coflein.gov.uk/|target='blank'] is the online databse for the National Monuments Record of Wales ([NMRW|Glossary#NMRW]) – the national collection of information about the historic environment of Wales. The name is derived from the Welsh cof (memory) and lein (line)

!Collecting policy
A policy document which defines the physical material which it is within scope of the [HER|Glossary#HER] to collect, this should also include a policy for appropriate disposal of inappropriate material. This document is separate to the [recording policy|Glossary#Recording policy] (see below).

!Compound term
A term that is made up of two or more concepts. These are usually divided up into separate terms for each concept except where this affects the meaning or where its use is very well established.

!Conservation area
An area of historical and architectural character whose boundaries have been designated in local plans. Local planning authorities have special planning powers covering these areas which aim to preserve and enhance their character.

!Conservation plan
A plan produced by a local authority which identifies a conservation area and sets out plans for preserving and enhancing it. A Conservation Plan provides a single approach to understanding and managing the cultural significance of a place. It explains why a site is significant and how that significance will be retained in any future use, alteration, development or repair. The same approach can be used for historic gardens, landscapes, buildings, archaeological sites, collections or even a ship and is particularly relevant when a site has more than one type of heritage.

!Consultation
Refers to requests for information and professional advice made by planning authorities, developers, Government agencies and curators.

!Co-operation Statement
A 1998 statement on behalf of the [RCHME|Glossary#RCHME], [ALGAO|Glossary#ALGAO UK] and [English Heritage|Glossary#English Heritage] setting out the current position relating to [SMRs|Glossary#SMR] and a shared vision for their future development ([RCHME|Glossary#RCHME], [ALGAO|Glossary#ALGAO UK] and [English Heritage|Glossary#English Heritage] 1998).

!Co-ordinate
Numbers representing the position of a point relative to an origin. Cartesian co-ordinates express the location in two or three dimensions as the perpendicular distances from two or three orthogonal axes.

!Copyright
Legal rights associated with the originators of material.

!CORINE
Land cover data.

!COSLA
Convention of Scottish Local Authorities. COSLA is the representative voice of Scottish local government and also acts as the employer’s association on behalf of all Scottish Councils.

!Countryside Stewardship
The new environmental land management scheme replacing Environmental Stewardship, the English Woodland Grant Scheme and capital grants from the Catchment Sensitive Farming programme in 2015.  Countryside Stewardship provides targeted funding to farmers and other land managers who deliver effective environmental management on their land.

!CPA
Continuous Performance Assessment

!CPD
Continuous Professional Development

!CREE
Contextual Resource Evaluation Environment consortium.

!CRM
Cultural Resource Management.

!CRM
Conceptual Reference Model.

!CSA
Council for Scottish Archaeology - former name for [Archaeology Scotland|Glossary#Archaeology Scotland].

!CUCAP
[Cambridge University Collection of Aerial Photographs|http://www.geog.cam.ac.uk/cucap/|target='blank'] maintained by the Landscape Modelling Unit (formerly Cambridge University Committee on Aerial Photography): a body which has been involved in undertaking aerial-photographic surveys for archaeological and environmental research and management and which holds an important collection of air photographs.

!CyMAL
Museums Archives and Libraries Wales - the former name for [MALD (Museums, Archives and Libraries Division of the Welsh Government|Glossary#MALD (Museums, Archives and Libraries Division)].

|[Back to the top|Glossary#Informing the Future of the Past Glossary]

!!D
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!DAC
Diocesan Advisory Committee

!Database Right
Legal rights associated with the originators of computer databases.

!Data capture
The process of capturing information into a computer system. This may involve direct input from a keyboard, scanning, [digitising|Glossary#Digitising] or transfers of digital data from external sources.

!Data dictionary
A reference work that sets out the data fields or units of information incorporated into a computer system or card index. A data dictionary specifies the information that it is appropriate to record in each field and any [wordlists|Glossary#Wordlist] or [thesauri|Glossary#Thesaurus] to be used.

!Data migration
The planned movement of data to new formats and more recent versions of software.

!Data model
A generalised, user-defined view of data representing the real world and entitles therein. For example, the concepts of monuments and events, and their relationship is a model of 'real world' entitles expressed through a particular organisation of data.

!Data standards
Data standards set out what information it is important to record about a particular subject and how this should be carried out. The aim is to promote consistency in the way in which information is recorded to enable its retrieval.

!Data transfer
Transfer of digital data between one computer system and another.

!DC
Development Control.

!DCLG
Department for Communities and Local Government.

!DCMS
Department for Culture, Media and Sport

!DDA
Disabilities Discrimination Act: 1995 Act of Parliament setting out equal rights of the disabled.

!DDE
Dynamic Data Exchange: a protocol incorporated into the Windows operating system that allows one application to exchange data or to trigger an action in another application.

!DEFRA
Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs. DEFRA was created in June 2001 from the then Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food ([MAFF|Glossary#MAFF]) and from the environmental and countryside business areas of the then Department of the Environment, Transport and the Regions ([DETR|Glossary#DETR]).

!DEM
Digital Elevation Model, or terrain model: a data model used to represent a topographic surface, often based on a grid with height value for each cell, or on a set of irregular triangles (later known as a TIN model).

!DETR
Department of Environment, Transport and the Regions.

!Digital archiving
Long-term preservation and future use of static digital data.

!Digitising
The process of converting or encoding existing maps from an analogue form (paper) into digital information, usually in the form of Cartesian [co-ordinates|Glossary#Co-ordinate]. This may be via a digitising table or a tablet with a handheld cursor, or via a scanner.

!Diocesan archaeologist
Church of England archaeological adviser.

!Disaster plan
A plan which helps staff to react in the event of a disaster and to cope with the aftermath. The process identifies precautions to reduce the possibility of a disaster, procedures to meet immediate requirements in the event of a disaster and contingency plans for coping with the aftermath.

!DOB
[CBA's|Glossary#CBA] Defence of Britain project.

!DoE
Department of the Environment.

!DOI
Digital Object Identifiers (DOI) are persistent identifiers used to consistently identify an object such as an electronic document. DOIs have associated metadata which may describe a location, such as a [URL|Glossary#URL], where the object can be found or the creator or publisher of the resource. Even though the metadata about the object may change, the DOI for a document remains fixed over the lifetime of the document.

!DPA
Data Protection Act: 1998 Act of Parliament setting out the obligations of the holders of personal data to the subjects of that data.

!Dublin Core
A standard content-description model widely used on the [internet|Glossary#Internet].

!DVD/DVD-ROM
Digital Video or Digital Versatile Disc/Digital Video or Digital Versatile Disc – Read Only Memory.

!DXF
Digital exchange Format: a proprietary exchange format owned by Autodesk, originally for the transfer of data between [CAD|Glossary#CAD] systems. Due to its simplicity, it is now widely used in the transfer of [vector data|Glossary#Vector Data] between [GIS|Glossary#GIS], despite a number of limitations.

|[Back to the top|Glossary#Informing the Future of the Past Glossary]

!!E
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!EAB
Environmental Archaeology Bibliography.

!EAC
Europae Archaeologiae Consilium

!EEA
European Economic Area: includes all member states of the European Union plus some countries with associated status.

!EEC
European Economic Community.

!e-Gov metadata standard
A list of the elements and refinements that will be used by the public sector to create metadata for information resources. It also gives guidance on the purpose and use of each element.

!EH
See [English Heritage|Glossary#English Heritage]

!EIR
Environmental Information Regulations, 2004.

!ELC
European Landscape Convention

!ELS
Entry Level Agri-Environment Scheme

!EMA
Event-Monument-Archive model, see [EMS|Glossary#EMS Events-monuments-source data model].

!EMS Events-monuments-source data model
A logical data model which divides information about the historic environment into site investigation (event), site interpretation (monument) and reference sources. (Formerly known as [EMA|Glossary#EMA] – Event-Monument-Archive)

!Emulation
A software interface between the operating system and the data together with the program needed to read it.

!END
Extended National Database for Wales

!ENGAGE
National Association for Gallery Education.

!English Heritage
An independent charity looking after the National Heritage Collection on behalf of The Historic Buildings and Monuments Commission for England. Prior to April 2015 English Heritage was a non departmental government body and included statutory responsibilities, this part of English Heritage became a new organisation Historic England.

!English Nature
The statutory body which achieves, enables and promotes nature conservation in England.

!Environmental record
Records of the natural environment.

!Environmental Stewardship
Includes Entry-level Scheme ([ELS|Glossary#ELS]) and Higher Level Scheme ([HLS|Glossary#HLS]) in England, Tir Cynnal and Tir Gofal (in Wales) and Rural Stewardship Scheme in Scotland. Environmental Stewardship schemes are agri-environment schemes which provide funding to farmers and other land managers who deliver effective environmental management on their land.

!ERDAS Imagine
Imaging software product used with [GIS|Glossary#GIS].

!ER Mapper
Imaging software product used with [GIS|Glossary#GIS].

!ESA
Environmentally Sensitive Area (designated by [MAFF|Glossary#MAFF]).

!ESRI
[GIS|Glossary#GIS] and mapping software supplier which produces the Arc suit of products.

!ETRS 89
European Terrestrial Reference Framework.

!Excavation Index
English Heritage's record of archaeological interventions in England maintained.

!exeGesIS SDM Ltd
A commercial company which specialises in desktop mapping and text database solutions for conservation, environmental and local government organisations including the [HER|Glossary#HER] application [HBSMR|Glossary#HBSMR].

!Extensive Urban Survey
[English Heritage|Glossary#English Heritage] programme leading to reports on historic towns within an area and the enhancement of the [HER|Glossary#HER].

!EU
European Union.

|[Back to the top|Glossary#Informing the Future of the Past Glossary]

!!F
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!FAME
Federation of Archaeological Managers and Employers

!Firewall
A protective security screen to control access to locally held resources from unauthorised outside users.

!FISH
Forum on Information Standards in Heritage (formerly FISHEN): a working party established to decide on terminology and develop [wordlists|Glossary#Wordlist] and [thesauri|Glossary#Thesaurus] to be used in association with the [MIDAS|Glossary#MIDAS] units of information.

!FISH Interoperability Toolkit
The FISH Interoperability Toolkit is a suite of tools which can assist with the process of moving large amounts of data between a wide range of information systems used to record the historic environment. Produced on behalf of FISH with funding from [English Heritage|Glossary#English Heritage] (now called [Historic England|Glossary#Historic England]), the toolkit was first developed by Oxford ArchDigital in 2004 and redeveloped in 2012 by the [Archaeology Data Service (ADS)|Glossary#ADS]. FISH Toolkit is hosted by the [ADS|http://archaeologydataservice.ac.uk/fishtoolkit/|target='_blank'].

!FISH Terminology Working Group
The Forum for Information Standards in Heritage Terminology Working Group (FISH TWG) is a sub-group of [FISH|Glossary#FISH], which helps support thesauri development within the heritage sector.

!Flatfile
A computer record system based on a single data table in which a record consists of a row of data fields.

!FLO
Finds Liaison Officer of the portable Antiquities Scheme.

!FOI
Freedom of Information Act, 2000.

!Forward plan
A management plan which takes stock of the current situation and sets out plans for the future.

!FMW
Field Monument Warden

!Free Text Search
A query made where there is no control of the terminology that is searched upon: for example a search on 'house' would find any instance where the word is used regardless of its context.

!Freedom of access to information on the environment
1990 EC directive (90/313/EEC) concerning public access to information on the environment, implemented in Great Britain through the 1992 Environmental Information Regulations (SI 1447) by the [DETR|Glossary#DETR]. Under these regulations environmental information relates to the state of any' water or air, flora or fauna, soil, natural or other land. The 'state' includes physical, chemical and biological conditions in the past, present and future. The 'land' includes all land surfaces, buildings, land covered by water and underground strata.

!FTP
File Transfer Protocol: a way of transferring digital data between source and destination systems.

!FWAG
Farming and Wildlife Advisory Group.

|[Back to the top|Glossary#Informing the Future of the Past Glossary]

!!G
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!Gazetteer
A list of place names with their associated location, normally given as a grid reference. Gazetteers are published by the [OS|Glossary#OS] and other mapmakers and are used as an aid to finding the location of a place on a map sheet. In archaeology, gazetteers of site names and their locations are often included in journals and other publications. Gazetteers have a specific use in [GIS|Glossary#GIS], described separately.

Also

In a [GIS|Glossary#GIS] system, a gazetteer is a list of spatial entities, such as properties, or streets, held with their co-ordinates. Gazetteers are used in [GIS|Glossary#GIS] for rapidly displaying a particular area on screen and also for searches. The gazetteer often forms the core of larger [GIS|Glossary#GIS]-based applications, such as the prototype National Land Information Service.

!GEM
Group for Education in Museums.

!Geocode
The element in a database used to identify the location of a particular record, for example, a postcode.

!Geodetic datum
A set of parameters defining co-ordinates for all parts of the earth. For example, WGS 84 is the World Geodetic System for 1984. Varying datums are used to produce better local ‘fit’ of a spheroid (a ‘squashed’ sphere) to the actual shape of the earth – the geoid.

!GeoMedia
[GIS|Glossary#GIS] Software produced by Intergraph.

!GEMINI
Geo-spatial metadata interoperability initiative.

!GiGateway
Metadata Standard to replace [NGDF|Glossary#NGDF].

Also

A free web service aimed at increasing awareness of and access to geospatial information in the UK.

!GIS
Geographic Information System.

!GML
Geography Markup Language

!GPS
Global Positioning System: a position-finding system which uses radio receivers to pick up signals from four or more special satellites and compute WGS co-ordinates for the receiver.

!Grandfather, father, son backup system
A method for storing previous generations of data that are continuously updated, sometimes know as GFS

!Grouping term
A broader term used to gather a group of terms together but not to be used in recording.

!GUI
Graphical User Interface: a method of interaction with a computer which uses pictorial buttons (icons) and command lists controlled by a mouse.

|[Back to the top|Glossary#Informing the Future of the Past Glossary]

!!H
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!HaR
Heritage at Risk

!HBR
Historic Buildings Records: a name used for local-authority records providing an information-management tool for both [listed buildings|Glossary#Listed buildings] and other buildings of local and regional historical interest.

!HBSMR
A software package for [HERs|Glossary#HER] that implements the [MIDAS|Glossary#MIDAS] data standard which was jointly developed by the [RCHME|Glossary#RCHME] (now [English Heritage|Glossary#English Heritage]) and [exeGesIS SDM Ltd|Glossary#exeGesIS SDM Ltd] in partnership with [ALGAO|Glossary#ALGAO UK]. An earlier version was called SMR.

!HEAVS
Historic Environment Advisory Council for Scotland. The Council provides independent strategic advice to Scottish Ministers on issues affecting the historic environment.

!HECAS
Historic Environment Advisory Council for Scotland.

!HEIRNET
Historic Environment Information Resources Network: a consortium of UK bodies hosted by the [CBA|Glossary#CBA] seeking to co-ordinate inter-operability between information systems relating to the historic environment.

!HEIRS
Historic Environment Information Resources: organisations with information systems relating to archaeology and the historic environment.

!HELM
Historic Environment – Local Management/ HELM provides accessible information, training and guidance to decision makers in local authorities, regional agencies and national organisations whose actions affect the historic environment. Working with key partners, HELM aims to provide the tools to manage change in the historic environment with increased skill and confidence. [English Heritage|Glossary#English Heritage] promotes the need for properly resourced and actively consulted historic environment departments, conservation officers, archaeologists and historic environment records. More than 40% of local authorities have now appointed historic environment champions to provide leadership on heritage issues.

!HER
Historic Environment Record: a name used for records which provide an information-management tool for both archaeology and historic buildings.

!HER Forum
Historic Environment Records Forum, co-ordinated by [English Heritage|Glossary#English Heritage] and [ALGAO|Glossary#ALGAO UK] (and formerly named SMR Forum), is a discussion forum for [HER|Glossary#HER] professionals. Discussions are held through an e-mail discussion list and twice-yearly meetings. Its Newsletter [HER|Glossary#HER] News is now part of the [Heritage Gateway|Glossary#HeritageGateway].

!HER News
Former newsletter of the [HER Forum|Glossary#HER Forum], published twice a year by [English Heritage|Glossary#English Heritage] now part of the [Heritage Gateway|Glossary#HeritageGateway].

!HeritageData.org
National cultural heritage thesauri and vocabularies have acted as standards for use by both national organizations and local authority [Historic Environment Records|Glossary#HER] but until now have lacked the persistent Linked Open Data (LOD) URIs that would allow them to act as vocabulary hubs for the Web of Data. Through the [SENESCHAL|Glossary#SENESCHAL] project key vocabularies from the England, Scotland and Wales have been published as linked open Data with persistent URIs. For more information visit the [Heritage Data Linked Data Vocabularies for Cultural Heritage website|http://www.heritagedata.org/blog/|target='_blank'].

!Heritage 2020
Heritage 2020: strategic priorities for England’s historic environment 2015-2020 is a sector wide framework which sets out how heritage organisations across England can work together add value to the work of individual bodies following on from the [NHPP|Glossary#NHPP].

!Heritage Gateway
[English Heritage|Glossary#English Heritage] co-ordinates a partnership project with [ALGAO|Glossary#ALGAO UK] and the [IHBC|Glossary#IHBC] to maintain a portal to local and national historic environment resources including the [National Heritage List for England (NHLE)|Glossary#NHLE], the [National Record of the Historic Environment (NRHE)|Glossary#NRHE] and local authority [Historic Environment Records (HERs)|Glossary#HER] by facilitating distributed searches to provide a rich and diverse experience to users wishing to explore England’s archaeological and architectural heritage.

!HES
Historic Environment Scotland (HES) is to be created in 2015  by bringing together [Historic Scotland|Glossary#Historic Scotland] and the [Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Scotland|Glossary#RCAHMS]. HES will be the new lead public body for the Historic Environment in Scotland.

!Hierarchical wordlist
A [wordlist|Glossary#Wordlist] containing a hierarchy but no other form of relationship.

!Hierarchy
An arrangement of terms showing broader and narrower relationships between the terms.

!Historic buildings
Buildings which are of national, regional and local historic interest, including [listed buildings|Glossary#Listed buildings].

!Historic England
A non departmental government body which has statutory responsibilities involving designation, planning, grants etc as well as investigation, survey and supporting HERs in England.

!Historic Environment Strategy for Scotland
[Our Place in Time – The Historic Environment Strategy for Scotland (2014)|http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Publications/2014/03/8522|target='_blank'] is a high level framework which sets out a 10 year vision for the historic environment and is owned, not by Government, but by the people of Scotland.  It identifies a set of strategic priorities which will help to align and prioritise sector activity towards a common goal. It is therefore owned, not by Government, but by the people of Scotland. The key outcome of the Strategy is to ensure that the cultural, social, environmental and economic value of Scotland’s heritage makes a strong contribution to the wellbeing of the nation and its people.

!Historic Scotland
Historic Scotland is an Agency within the Scottish Executive Education Department and is directly responsible to Scottish Ministers for safeguarding the nation’s built heritage, and promoting its understanding and enjoyment. See also [HES|Glossary#HES]

!HLA
Historic Landuse Assessment: an analysis of past and present land use in Scotland

!HLAMAP
[HLAMAP|http://hla.rcahms.gov.uk/|target='_blank'] is a web-based presentation of [HLA|Glossary#HLA] data for Scotland that allows the user to view the data by Historic Land-use Type, Period or Category as well as by Relict Period and to print out a report of any selected area.

!HLC
Historic landscape characterisation: [English Heritage|Glossary#English Heritage] programme to inform landscape-conservation strategies in the context of planning and agricultural policies. It is aimed at ascertaining and presenting the historic character of the present day landscape, in a form which accurately represents the complexity of the evidence.

!HLF
Heritage Lottery Fund.

!HLS
Higher Level Agri-Environment Scheme.

!Homograph
Homographs are terms that have the same spelling but different meanings. The meanings are usually differentiated from each other by using a qualifier within round brackets after the term, for example Bank (Financial) and Bank (Earthwork).

!HPR
Heritage Protection Review.

!HWM
High Water Mark.

!Hypertext
Document files prepared in Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) for, use on the World Wide Web. These documents incorporate text with links to images, digital data and other documents.

|[Back to the top|Glossary#Informing the Future of the Past Glossary]

!!I
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!lcomos
International Council on Monuments and Sites: the international body responsible for preparing reports on sites proposed for inclusion on the World Heritage list for consideration by the World Heritage Committee.

!IFP
Informing the Future of the Past.

!IGGI
Inter Governmental Group on Geographic Information.

!IHBC
Institute of Historic Building Conservation. IHBC is the professional institute which represents conservation professionals in the public and private sectors in the United Kingdom and Ireland. The Institute exists to establish the highest standards of conservation practice to support the effective protection and enhancement of the historic environment.

!liP
Investors in People: the national standard for investing in all employees. It was drawn up after research into the UK's most successful organisations found common factors in their success: good communication, effective planning, and valuing every member of staff.

!ILFA
Inspiring Learning For All: an [MLA|Glossary#MLA] produced framework that enables the ways in which museums, archives and libraries engage users in learning to be examined and evaluated.

!Images of England
Images of England is an [EH|Glossary#English Heritage], [HLF|Glossary#HLF] funded project to put a photograph of every [Listed Building|Glossary#Listed buildings] on the [internet|Glossary#Internet]

!Imagine
[GIS|Glossary#GIS] software product.

!INSCRIPTION
The national heritage reference dataset, a collection of [wordlists|Glossary#Wordlist] and [thesauri|Glossary#Thesaurus] developed by various heritage bodies, both national and regional, that are recommended for use in conjunction with [MIDAS|Glossary#MIDAS].

!INSPIRE
The [INSPIRE (Infrastructure for Spatial Information in Europe) Directive (2007)|http://inspire.ec.europa.eu/|target='_blank'] mandates all European Union member states to share environmentally related datasets so that they can be easily accessed by other public organisations within their own country and in surrounding European countries.  Key to delivering INSPIRE is the establishment of [Spatial Data Infrastructures (SDIs)|Glossary#SDI]. SDIs embrace the policies, human resources and related activities needed to acquire, process distribute, use maintain and preserve spatial data.

!Intensive urban surveys
[English Heritage|Glossary#English Heritage] programme leading directly to the creation of UADS.

!Internet
A global communications network made up of millions of computers. Access to the World Wide Web and electronic mail or 'email' are normally considered as the most important internet services.

!Intranet
Closed computer networks that are established by organisations to serve the computing needs of their staff.

!IRIS
Association for Industrial Archaeology's 'Index Record for Industrial Sites'.

!ISBN
International Standard Book Number.

!ISO
International Standards Organisation.

!ISP
[Internet|Glossary#Internet] Service Provider: an organisation that offers services including access to the World Wide Web and email.

!IT
Information technology.

!ITN
Integrated Transport Network.

|[Back to the top|Glossary#Informing the Future of the Past Glossary]

!!L
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!LaMIS
Land Management Information Service.

!LAN
Local Area Network: a computer network maintained by an organisation to connect computers within a building or a single site.

!Landform Profile
[OS|Glossary#OS] [vector dataset|Glossary#Vector Data].

!LandLine
[OS|Glossary#OS] [vector dataset|Glossary#Vector Data].

!Latitude/longitude
A spatial reference system for the earth's surface. Latitude is an angular measurement N or S of the equator, longitude is an angular measurement E or W of the meridian at Greenwich, UK.

!LB Online
LB Online is a version of [LBS|Glossary#LBS] accessible to Local Authorities and Statutory Amenity Societies via the [internet|Glossary#Internet].

!LBS
[English Heritage's|Glossary#English Heritage] [Listed Building|Glossary#Listed buildings] System: a computer database of the List of Buildings of special architectural or historical interest.

Also

[Listed Building|Glossary#Listed buildings] System. The LBS is the [EH|Glossary#English Heritage] database for managing information on [Listed Buildings|Glossary#Listed buildings].

!LCA
Landscape Character Assessment. (See also [HLC|Glossary#HLC] above)

!LCT
Landscape Character Types

!Lead Role
Refers to the lead role in respect of [HERs|Glossary#HER] in England for national Government currently held by [English Heritage|Glossary#English Heritage].

!LGA
Local Government Association. The LGA promotes the interests of English and Welsh local authorities. It aims to put local councils at the heart of the drive to improve public services and to work with government to ensure that the policy, legislative and financial context in which they operate supports that objective.

!LGMB
Local Government Management Board.

!LGR
Local Government Reorganisation.

!LHI
Local Heritage Initiative: a national grant scheme funded by the Heritage Lottery Fund and the Nationwide Building Society to help people care for their local landscape, landmarks and traditions. The national scheme followed Countryside Agency pilot projects, which ranged from lime-kilns to local histories, wildlife sites to walls and way marks.

!Licensing
A form of agreement between two parties in which one party is permitted to carry out some action by another. For example, an [OS|Glossary#OS] licence permits the licence-holder to use or copy [OS|Glossary#OS] maps within specified conditions.

!Linked Data
Linked Data is about using the Web to connect related data that wasn't previously linked, or using the Web to lower the barriers to linking data currently linked using other methods. Linked Data describes best practice for exposing, sharing, and connecting pieces of data, information, and knowledge on the Semantic Web using URIs and RDF. For more information see the [Linked Data website|http://linkeddata.org/|target='_blank'].

!Listed buildings
Buildings of special architectural or historical interest included in the Lists published by the [DCMS|Glossary#DCMS].

!Listing
The process of identifying buildings of architectural or historical interest and publishing them on the [Listed Buildings|Glossary#Listed buildings] list.

!LPA
Local Planning Authority.

!LSC
Learning and Skills Council. The LSC is responsible for funding and planning education and training for over 16-year-olds in England

|[Back to the top|Glossary#Informing the Future of the Past Glossary]

!!M
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!Macaulay
Institute which researches the interactions between society and land use.

!MAFF
Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food.

!MAGIC
Multi-Agency Geographic Information for the Countryside: this brings together spatial information form a number of key environmental schemes and designations from six government organisations. The MAGIC partners are: [DEFRA (Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs)|Glossary#DEFRA], [English Heritage|Glossary#English Heritage], Natural England, Environment Agency, Forestry Commission, Department for Communities and Local Government..

!MALD (Museums, Archives and Libraries Division)
[MALD (Museums, Archives and Libraries Division)|http://gov.wales/topics/cultureandsport/museums-archives-libraries/?lang=en|target='_blank'] is the division of Welsh government supporting museums, archives and libraries across Wales. Formerly known as [CyMAL|Glossary#CyMAL]

!MapInfo
[GIS|Glossary#GIS] software used produced by the MapInfo Corporation.

!Map projection
A mathematical model used to convert three-dimensional reality into two dimensions for representation on a map, or within a two dimensional [GIS|Glossary#GIS] database. All map projections have particular strengths: some preserve shape, others preserve distance, area and direction. All projections have limitations of which users should be aware.

!Map scale
The measure of reduction between the representation and the reality, be it a map or a spatial database. Scale is usually represented as a representative fraction of distance (for example 1:50,000, one unit of distance on the map representing 50,000 units in reality). The nominal scale of a spatial dataset has considerable influence over the possible application of the dataset. For example, it would not be sensible to compare data captured at a nominal scale of 1:625,000 with data captured at 1:1,250.

!MapXtreme
[GIS|Glossary#GIS] software package.

!MARS
Monuments at Risk Survey: funded by [English Heritage|Glossary#English Heritage] and run by Bournemouth University.

!MasterMap
The [OS|Glossary#OS] large scale digital mapping product.

!mda
A UK-wide organisation which supports the development and application of cultural information-management standards for museums and similar organisations (formerly the Museums Documentation Association).

!MEDIN
[The Marine Environment Data and Information Network (MEDIN)|http://www.oceannet.org/|target='_blank'] is a partnership of public and private sector UK organisations set up to promote good governance of marine survey data. Marine data is expensive to collect and provides a unique snapshot in time and location of the richness and condition of Scotland’s coasts and seas. MEDIN encourages the consistent application of standards to improve discovery of, access to and re-use of geographical data across the marine industry through a series of Accredited Data Archive Centres (DACs).

!MetaGenie
[GiGateway|Glossary#GiGateway] metadata product.

!MGC
Museums and Galleries Commission: the national body with responsibility for promoting standards in museums. The MGC was replaced by MLAC and then renamed Resource: The Council for Museums, Archives and Libraries in April 2000.

!MIDAS
Monument Inventory Data Standard, was the original [data standard|Glossary#Data standards] for inventories of monuments. It was agreed by representatives from organisations directly involved in the recording of England's monuments working together as the Data Standards Working Party, now [FISH|Glossary#FISH]. MIDAS is a 'content' standard. Revised and re-issued as [MIDAS Heritage|Glossary#MIDAS Heritage] in 2012.

!MIDAS Heritage
MIDAS Heritage (previously referred to as [MIDAS|Glossary#MIDAS] is a British cultural heritage standard for recording information on buildings, archaeological sites, shipwrecks, parks and gardens, battlefields, areas of interest and artefacts. Maintained and managed by [FISH|Glossary#FISH]. The data standard suggests the minimum level of information needed for recording heritage assets and covers the procedures involved in understanding, protecting and managing these assets. It also provides guidelines on how to support effective sharing of knowledge, data retrieval and long-term preservation of data.

!MIfA
Member of the [Institute for Archaeologists|Glossary#IfA].

!Mitigation
A recommendation made by a conservation professional to mitigate any adverse impacts which may result from a development proposal.

!MLA
Museums, Libraries and Archives Council: established to replace the former [MGC|Glossary#MGC] on 1 April 2000 and immediately renamed Resource: The Council for Museums, Archives and Libraries, The name Resource has since been dropped in favour of MLA. MLA is the strategic body working with and for museums, archives and libraries, tapping the potential for collaboration between them. The organisation replaces the [Museums and Galleries Commission (MGC)|Glossary#MGC] and the Library and Information Commission (LIC) and now includes archives within its portfolio.

!MOD
Ministry of Defence.

!Modem
An input-output device which is used to transmit and receive digital signals between computers across the [internet|Glossary#Internet].

!MONARCH
A computer database developed for the [RCHME|Glossary#RCHME] (now [English Heritage|Glossary#English Heritage]) to hold text-based information about monuments, archives and events. This was replaced by [NewHIS|Glossary#NewHIS], and now by [AMIE|Glossary#AMIE].

!Monument record
A record in a card index or computer database which describes and indexes an interpretation of the archaeological or architectural features represented on a site.

!MPP
Monuments Protection Programme: an [English Heritage|Glossary#English Heritage] programme of site evaluation with the aim of adding to the schedule of nationally important [Scheduled Monuments|Glossary#SM].

!MSC
Manpower Services Commission: a government agency which funded programmes with the aim of giving work experience to people who had been unemployed for long periods of time. Many local government organisations ran MSC-funded schemes to capture information into [SMRs|Glossary#SMR].

!MTI
Museums Training Institute, later [CHNTO|Glossary#CHNTO].

!Multimedia
A term used to describe materials available on the [internet|Glossary#Internet] which incorporate text, images, video clips and sound clips.

|[Back to the top|Glossary#Informing the Future of the Past Glossary]

!!N
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!NAR
National Archaeological Record: based on the card index developed by the [OS's Archaeology Division|Glossary#OS Archaeology Division], formerly maintained by the [RCHME|Glossary#RCHME] and later incorporated into the [NRHE|Glossary#NRHE].

!Narrower term
A term that represents a specific sub-set of the concepts represented by another term. A narrower term can have more than one broader term.

!National Archaeology Day
Annual events organised by the [CBA's|Glossary#CBA] Young Archaeologists Club to offer their members an opportunity to participate in activities organised in partnerships with museums, SMRS, archaeology units and others.

!National curriculum
The curriculum taught in schools to children between the ages of 5 and 16 co-ordinated nationally by the Department of Education.

!National Heritage Datasets
A series of computer-based records maintained by [English Heritage|Glossary#English Heritage], including: [National Record of the Historic Environment|Glossary#NRHE] and the [National Heritage List for England|Glossary#NHLE].

!Natural England
Natural England brings together English Nature, the Countryside Agency and the Rural Development Service.

!NCAP
NCAP is the National Collection of Aerial Photography. It is one of the largest collections of aerial imagery in the world, containing tens of millions of aerial images featuring historic events and places around the world. It is the role of NCAP to collect and secure the future of these records, both digital and physical, to preserve them for generations to come, and to make them as accessible and available as possible. Based in Edinburgh, Scotland, our operational and development costs are funded through commercial enterprise. For more information see the [NCAP website|http://ncap.org.uk/|target='_blank'].

!Negative events
Archaeological investigations, such as watching briefs and trial trenches, that find no evidence for human activity. These are described and recorded as negative events. They are considered as important in evaluating the potential for human activity in the area or the effectiveness of a particular field technique under certain conditions.

!NewHIS
A computer database developed for [English Heritage|Glossary#English Heritage] to hold text-based information about monuments, archives and events. This replaced [MONARCH|Glossary#MONARCH], but has been superseded by [AMIE|Glossary#AMIE].

!NGDF
The National Geospatial Data Framework: a forum for discussion about common spatial descriptions within key geographic databases. The NGDF has produced the UK Standard Geographic Base ([UKSGB|Glossary#UKSGB]) and also a metadata standard suitable for use with spatial information.

!NGR
National Grid Reference: a spatial referencing system for the British Isles developed by the [OS|Glossary#OS]. A National Grid Reference locates a point north and east of a point of origin that lies close to the Isles of Scilly.

!NHLE
National Heritage List for England: A list combining historic environment designations together comprising: [listed buildings|Glossary#Listed buildings], [scheduled monuments|Glossary#SM], [registered parks and gardens|Glossary#Registered Parks and Gardens], [registered battlefields|Glossary#Registered Battlefields], [protected wrecks|Glossary#Protected Wreck] and [World Heritage Sites|Glossary#WHS].

!NHPP
National Heritage Protection Plan (England).

!NISO
National Information Standards Organisation.

!NLAP
National Library of Air Photographs: a collection of vertical and oblique aerial photographs providing complete national coverage of England. Maintained by the English Heritage Archive.

!NMGW
National Museums and Galleries of Wales.

!NMP
National Mapping Programme: an [English Heritage|Glossary#English Heritage] project to map the archaeological resource known from aerial photography and to provide a more reliable framework for classifying and dating sites.

!NMRE
National Monuments Record (England) was a directorate within [English Heritage|Glossary#English Heritage] established by the [RCHME|Glossary#RCHME]. The NMREs collections including aerial photographs, ground photographs of buildings and archaeological monuments, plans, sketches and drawings are now curated by The English Heritage Archive. The NMRs databases of monuments and events is now know as The National Record of the Historic Environment (NRHE).

!NMRS
National Monuments Record for Scotland referred to the record, collections and public service of [RCAHMS|Glossary#RCAHMS].  [Canmore|Glossary#Canmore] provides online public access to the information held in RCAHMS sites and Collections.

!NMRW
National Monuments Record (Wales)

!Node
A basic spatial entity within the [vector data|Glossary#Vector Data] model which represents the beginning or end of segment.

!NOF
New Opportunities Fund: one of the agencies established by the Government to distribute funds from the National Lottery.

!Non-preferred term
A term that cannot be selected for indexing or retrieval, it is treated as synonymous with another term, the preferred term.

!NOS
National Occupational Standards, form the basis of the Government's strategy for vocational qualifications and training.

!NoSAS
North of Scotland Archaeological Service.

!Noun phrase
A phrase which acts in the same way as a noun. Terms in [wordlists|Glossary#Wordlist] consist of nouns and/or noun phrases.

!NPPF
National Planning Policy Framework

!NPPG
National Planning Policy Guideline (Scotland)

!NRHE
National Record of the Historic Environment, a database of monuments and recording events in England maintained by [English Heritage|Glossary#English Heritage] and available online via the [PastScape|Glossary#PastScape] Website.

|[Back to the top|Glossary#Informing the Future of the Past Glossary]

!!O
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!OASIS
On-line Access to the Index of Archaeological Interventions: a partnership project between [English Heritage|Glossary#English Heritage] and the [ADS|Glossary#ADS] funded by the [Research Support Libraries Programme|Glossary#RSLP].

!OCR
Optical Character Recognition.

!ODBC
Open Database Connectivity: a set of protocols that allows a database application held on a client machine to interact with a different database application held on a server across a network. For example, using ODBC an Access database on a work station can query and exchange data with an Oracle'database on a network server.

!ODPM
Office of the Deputy Prime Minister, see [DCLG|Glossary#DCLG].

!OGAR
Online Guide to Archaeological Research: maintained by the [CBA|Glossary#CBA].

!OLE
Object Linking and Embedding: a protocol that is incorporated into the Windows operating system. It allows programs to communicate with each other and is used to link or embed objects creating a compound document, for example an Access form might contain a Word document, an Excel spreadsheet or a [Maplnfo|Glossary#MapInfo] workspace. Linking means that data is retrieved from its original file. Embedding means that data from the original file is copied into the compound document.

!One Scotland, One Geography
[One Scotland – One Geography; a geographic information strategy for Scotland (2005)|http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Publications/2005/08/31114408/44098|target='_blank'] sets out a proposed approach to the more systematic and effective use of geographic information in the development and delivery of policy and services to the benefit of the people of Scotland.

!Oracle Database
Oracle Database (commonly referred to as Oracle [RDBMS|Glossary#RDBMS] or simply as Oracle) is an object-relational database management system.

!OS
Ordnance Survey.

!OS Archaeology Division
The division of the Ordnance Survey, established by O G S Crawford in the 1930s, which identified and recorded archaeological sites and monuments for inclusion on Ordnance Survey maps.

!OS card index
Card index of archaeological sites and monuments formerly maintained by the [OS Archaeology Division|Glossary#OS Archaeology Division].

!OSGB36
[OS|Glossary#OS] map projection.

!OSGM02
National Geoid Model.

!OSTN02
National Grid Transformation.

!OUCA
Oxford University Committee for Archaeology

|[Back to the top|Glossary#Informing the Future of the Past Glossary]

!!P
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!PaG
See [Registered Parks and Gardens|Glossary#Registered Parks and Gardens] also used as short hand for the Parks and Gardens Registration System.

!PAI
Positional Accuracy Improvement Programme ([OS|Glossary#OS])

!PAN
Planning Advice Note (Scotland)

!Passwords
These are codewords, normally made up of a mixture of letters and numbers, that are used to limit entry to computers, networks and other systems to authorised persons.

!Pastmap
PastMap brings together map-based information from many different sources, providing a single point of access to information about the archaeological and architectural sites and landscapes of Scotland. Hosted by [RCAHMS|Glossary#RCAHMS] in partnership with [Historic Scotland|Glossary#Historic Scotland] and local government archaeological curators, PastMap includes information about [World Heritage Sites|Glossary#WHS], Scheduled Monuments, Listed buildings, Gardens and Designed Landscapes, The Battlefields Register, [Conservation Areas|Glossary#Conservation Area], most [Local Authority Historic Environment Records|Glossary#HER] and [Canmore|Glossary#Canmore].  For more information visit the [Pastmap website|http://pastmap.org.uk/|target='_blank'].

!PastScape
Online resource developed by [English Heritage|Glossary#English Heritage] which provides an easy-to-use way to find information about many of England’s ancient and historical sites, buildings and monuments. The information within PastScape is taken directly from the [National Record of the Historic Environment|Glossary#NRHE]. These records contain descriptions of any interesting archaeological details, pictures (where available) and links to maps and aerial photographs on other websites.

!PC
Personal Computer: a desktop computer which incorporates a monitor, keyboard, central processing unit and memory storage space used to run applications software.

!PDP
Personal Development Plan

!PIfA
Practitioner member of the [Institute for Archaeologists|Glossary#IfA].

!Pilot project
A project which is designed to test the effectiveness or potential of a particular approach.

!Pixel
A picture element of a [raster|Glossary#Raster] image as displayed on a screen or [raster|Glossary#Raster] plot.

!PLANARCH
Planning and Archaeology in North West Europe, European funded project.

!Planning advice
Professional conservation advice about the implications of proposed developments on the cultural heritage.

!Point
A spatial entity that represents the simplest geographical element. Represented in the [vector data|Glossary#Vector Data] model as a single x, y co-ordinate and in the [raster|Glossary#Raster], as a single cell.

!Polygon
A representation of an enclosed region defined by a segment or a series of segments that makes up its boundary. Polygons may have attributes describing the region they represent, such as the period(s) for a historic town.

!Portable Antiquities Scheme (PAS)
Established by the [DCMS|Glossary#DCMS] with the British Museum to promote the recording of archaeological objects found by metal-detector users and others.

!PPG
Planning Policy Guidance Note: a series of guidance notes issued by the [DoE|Glossary#DoE] identifying issues to be taken into consideration by local planning authorities. (England)

!PPG 15
Planning Policy Guidance Note 15: Planning and the Historic Environment, now replaced by the [NPPF|Glossary#NPPF].

!PPG 16
Planning Policy Guidance Note 16: Archaeology and Planning, now replaced by the [NPPF|Glossary#NPPF].

!PPS5
Planning Policy Statement 5: Planning for the Historic Environment, this replaced PPGs [15|Glossary#PPG 15] and [16|Glossary#PPG 16] and has now been replaced itself by the [NPPF|Glossary#NPPF].

!Preferred term
A term which can be selected for retrieval and can be used for indexing.

!PRN
Primary Reference Number to [SMR|Glossary#SMR] records.

!Protected Wreck
These are wreck sites in UK waters which have been identified and designated for protection by the [DCMS|Glossary#DCMS].

!Public Enquiry
A process in which evidence may be presented by members of the public and other parties to an official body for review and for their recommendations. The location of new developments (such as roads or airports) is an example of a subject which may go to public enquiry.

!Public Record Office
The national organisation responsible for curating archive collections that include national government papers.

|[Back to the top|Glossary#Informing the Future of the Past Glossary]

!!R
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!RAF
Royal Air Force: the RAF has been engaged in aerial photography and other remote-sensing techniques since its inception. In the ten years after World War II, the RAF undertook routine aerial-survey programmes to produce vertical photographs for use by the [OS|Glossary#OS] in mapmaking.

!RAID
Redundant Array of Independent Disks.

!Raster
A data structure composed of a grid of cells. Groups of cells represent geographical features; the value in the cell represents the attribute of the feature.

!RCHME
Royal Commission on the Historical Monuments of England: the national body established by Royal Warrant in 1908 to compile a record of ancient and historical monuments in England and make recommendations concerning their preservation. In 1999, the RCHME was merged with [English Heritage|Glossary#English Heritage].

!RCAHMS
Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Scotland. The mission of RCAHMS is to help people to value and enjoy their surroundings, to provide a world-class record of the historic and built environment to local, national and international audiences, as well as advancing understanding of the human influence on Scotland’s places from earliest times to the present day. We achieve this through strategic field investigation, research and our dynamic national collection, which together provide a unique, authoritative and internationally important resource for the study and management of the historic and built environment. See also [HES|Glossary#HES]

!RCAHMW
Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Wales.

!RDA
Regional Development Agency.

!RDBMS
Relational Database Management System.

!Recording policy
A policy document which defines the breadth and scope of the information recorded in the [HER|Glossary#HER]. This document is separate to the [collecting policy|Glossary#Collecting policy] (see above).

!Recording-practice guidelines
Desk manuals for use in [HERs|Glossary#HER], [English Heritage|Glossary#English Heritage] and the NMRs that are based around national data standards but which aim to provide practical guidance on how to record in the local situation. They may include guidelines on sources, monument categories, adding and editing records, etc.

!Recording standards
Agreed standards for recording information within a computer system or card index. See [Data standards|Glossary#Data standards] and [Data dictionary|Glossary#Data dictionary].

!Record map
This refers to the maps (most commonly at 1:10,000 scale) used to record the location of sites or monuments in [HERs|Glossary#HER]/SMRs prior to the introduction of [GIS|Glossary#GIS].

!Records management
The function of managing records to meet operational business needs, accountability requirements and community expectations.

!Registered Battlefields
A register of battlefields of special historical interest, to draw attention to the importance of these sites. For English battlefields it has been compiled by [English Heritage|Glossary#English Heritage].

!Registered Parks and Gardens
A register of parks and gardens of special historical interest, to draw attention to the importance of these sites. For parks and gardens in England it has been compiled by [English Heritage|Glossary#English Heritage]. Parks and Gardens dating from 1939 or earlier are included in the register and the gardens are graded (I, II* or II) to indicate their interest.

!Related term
A [preferred term|Glossary#Preferred term] linked to another preferred term conceptually but not hierarchically, for example 'Stable' and 'Tack Shed'. Although both terms are to do with horses there is not a hierarchical relationship but the conceptual link is so close that anybody looking for 'Tack Sheds' might also want to look for 'Stables'.

!Relational database
A database which structures data in the form of tables. Each table contains information relevant to a particular feature, and is linked to other tables by a common value. For example, two attribute tables could be lined to a spatial data table via a geocode, such as a postcode, or a unique identifier.

!Remote sensing
The science of acquiring information about the earth using instruments which are remote to the earth's surface, usually from aircraft or satellites (but geophysical information is also relevant). Can provide the ability for the rapid acquisition of data for large areas.

!Research frameworks
Research Frameworks are an agreed set of research topics developed through the collaboration of experts in the field. They help to co-ordinate and prioritise research across the sector.

!Resolution
The resolution of a digital dataset expresses the size of the smallest object which can be depicted. The term is most commonly associated with the [raster|Glossary#Raster] data model where the resolution of a [raster|Glossary#Raster] or grid is equal to the size of the cell in the real world.

!Resource
Resource: The Council for Museums, Archives and Libraries: established as MLAC in April 2000 and later launched with a new name. This national body replaces the former [MGC|Glossary#MGC] and takes on national responsibilities for libraries and archives. a second name change has since occurred and the organisation is now known as [MLA|Glossary#MLA].

!Resource Description Framework
Resource Description Framework (RDF) is a standard model for data interchange on the Web, which has features that facilitate data merging even if the underlying schemas differ. RDF extends the linking structure of the Web to use URIs to name the relationship between things as well as the two ends of the link, allowing structured and semi-structured data to be mixed, exposed, and shared across different applications.

!RHSBE
Register of Historic Sites and Buildings of England, the new protection register proposed in [HPR|Glossary#HPR].

!RIGS
Regionally Important Geological Sites.

!RNIB
Royal National Institute for the Blind

!RNID
Royal National Institute for the Deaf

!ROW
Rights of Way, footpaths and other routes along which members of the public have the right to pass.

!RR(A)A
Race Relations Amendment Act, 2000.

!RSLP
Reasearch Support Libraries Programme: a national initiative, funded by the four higher education funding bodies to bring together both forms of access to library information, with specific reference to support for research.

!RSM
Record of Scheduled Monuments. The RSM is the [EH|Glossary#English Heritage] database for managing information on [Scheduled Monuments|Glossary#SM]. An RSM number identifies a [scheduled monument|Glossary#SM] within that system.

!RSS
Regional Spatial Strategy.

!Rubber sheeting
A process which adjusts the relative positions of features within a dataset in a non~linear, or non-uniform way. It is used to transform the co-ordinates of maps with different scales, orientation or co-ordinate systems.

|[Back to the top|Glossary#Informing the Future of the Past Glossary]

!!S
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!SAM
Scheduled Ancient Monument: Scotland and Wales (for England see [SM|Glossary#SM]).

!Scanning
A data-capture technique which digitises information from paper or film hard copy into digital [raster|Glossary#Raster] data. The process is rapid, but the resulting [raster|Glossary#Raster] dataset only has colour, grey-scale or black-and white attributes associated with it and may not have the intelligence necessary for [GIS|Glossary#GIS] analysis. Some [GIS|Glossary#GIS] have tools for converting [raster|Glossary#Raster] to [vector data|Glossary#Vector Data], but these always require some human intervention.

!SCAPE
A Scottish charity that seeks to research, conserve and promote the archaeology of Scotland's coast. SCAPE is especially interested in remains that are threatened by coastal erosion. The charity has developed [SCHARP|Glossary#SCHARP] to record sites threatened by erosion. For more information see the [SCAPE website|http://www.scapetrust.org/|target='_blank']

!SCAUM
Standing Conference of Archaeological Unit Managers. See also [FAME|Glossary#FAME]

!SCHARP
Thousands of archaeological sites are threatened with destruction through coastal erosion. In response [SCAPE|Glossary#SCAPE] developed Scotland’s Coastal Heritage at Risk Project (SHARP) to involve more people in actively recording threatened sites. For more details visit the [project website|http://scharp.co.uk/|target='_blank'].

!Scheduling
The process of identifying, assessing, reviewing and recommending monuments to the Secretary of State for Culture, Media and Sport for the purpose of inclusion in the Schedule of Monuments. Scheduling of monuments in England is currently carried out as part of national strategic and thematic projects. For more information on Scheduling visit Historic Englands [Website|https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/what-is-designation/scheduled-monuments/|target='_blank'].

!SCONUL
Society of College, National and University Libraries. For more details visit their [website|https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/what-is-designation/scheduled-monuments/|target='_blank'].

!Scope note
A definition of a term for the purposes of the terminology list. It may, or may not, also include guidance upon its use.

!Scotland's Places
ScotlandsPlaces is a website using geographic location to search across different national datasets from [RCAHMS|Glossary#RCAHMS], The national Record of Scotland and the national Library of Scotland. Users may search by place name or a coordinate across these collections or they can use the mapping in the website to both define and refine their search. The results pages provide the data relevant to the search conducted, from each of the project partners.

Through TranscribeScotlandsPlaces members of the public help create transcriptions of various resources in the website. These resources are images of historic archives which contain handwritten information about the people and places in Scottish history.

Visit the [ScotlandsPlaces website|http://www.scotlandsplaces.gov.uk/|target='_blank'] for more details.

!SCRAN
Scran is an online learning service with over 390,000 images and media from museums, galleries, and archives. Its charitable purpose is "the advancement of education by enabling public access to Scottish cultural resources and related material.”  For learning, there are Pathfinders for instant use; and tools such as Curriculum Navigator, Albums, Stuff, Create, Multicreate, Offline Slieshow and Slides let you discover, store, design, assemble and share your own learning resources. For more information see the [SCRAN website|http://www.scran.ac.uk/|target='_blank'].

!SDA
Sex Discrimination Act, 1975. The Act was replaced by the Equality Act 2010.

!SDD
Scottish Development Department

!SDI
A Spatial Data Infrastructure (SDI) is the technology, policies, human resources and related activities necessary to acquire, process, distribute, use, maintain and preserve spatial data.

!SEA
Strategic Environment Assessment

!Secondary sources
Published and unpublished works that are based on the interpretation of primary research materials such as finds, aerial photographs, geophysical survey data, etc. Some secondary sources are based on interpretation of both primary data and re-interpretation of other secondary sources.

!Segment
One of the basic spatial entitles and a basis for spatial models. Formed from a set of ordered co-ordinates (vertics).

!Semantic Web
The Semantic Web provides a common framework that allows data to be shared and reused across application, enterprise, and community boundaries. It is a collaborative effort led by W3C with participation from a large number of researchers and industrial partners. It is based on the Resource Description Framework ([RDF|Glossary#Resource Description Framework]).

!SENESCHAL
A one year AHRC funded Knowledge Exchange project based on enhanced vocabulary services that aims to make it significantly easier for vocabulary providers ([English Heritage|Glossary#English Heritage], [RCAHMS|Glossary#RCAHMS] and [RCAHMW|Glossary#RCAHMW]) to make their vocabularies available as [Linked Data|Glossary#Linked Data] and for users to index their data with uniquely identified (machine readable) controlled terminology that is semantically enriched and compatible with Linked Data. For more information see the [project page|http://www.heritagedata.org/blog/about-heritage-data/seneschal/|target='_blank'] available on the [HeritageData.org|Glossary#HeritageData.org] website.

!SHED
Scotland’s Historic Environment Data (SHED) Strategy is a partnership to help protect, promote and enhance Scotland’s historic environment through coordinated activity to improve the quality, systems and processes for SHED. The partnership includes government agencies, non-governmental organisations (NGOs) and academic institutions, and will support the public’s involvement in the care and enjoyment of the historic environment through the improved and more efficient provision of information. See the [SHED page|http://smrforum-scotland.org.uk/shed/|target='_blank'] on the [SMR Forum|Glossary#SMR Forum (Scotland)] website for more details.

!SHINE
The Selected Heritage Inventory for Natural England, a single nationally consistent dataset of undesignated historic environment features from across England that could benefit from management within agri-environment schemes. SHINE has established a clear set of selection criteria, which archaeological sites must be assessed against in order to qualify for SHINE. To qualify, the archaeological site must be substantive, verifiable sites, of known character, with an extent that is closely mappable, and which would benefit from management under agri-environment schemes. The data is created by Local Authority HERs, before being merged into the national SHINE dataset, with each HER retaining ownership of their portion of the data. For more information visit the [SHINE website|http://www.myshinedata.org.uk/|target='_blank']

!Signpost
Cross-references to places where other information can be found.

!Simple wordlist
A list of terms that do not have any relationships built into the [wordlist|Glossary#Wordlist] and do not have multiple elements attached to the same concept.

!SLA
Service Level Agreement: an agreement between a client and a contractor that sets out agreed service levels, for example minimum response time, the number of hours of telephone support, replacement equipment, etc.

!SM
Scheduled Monument (England), formerly Scheduled Ancient Monument (SAM): a monument included in the Schedule of Monuments and protected under the terms of the Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Areas Act 1979. For Scotland and Wales see [SAM|Glossary#SAM].

!SMaR
Scheduled Monuments at Risk in England, now part of [HaR|Glossary#HaR].

!SMR
Sites and Monuments Record, now know as [HERs|Glossary#HER] particularly in England, some individual records still use the title SMR.

!SMR Assessment Report
Report commissioned by [ALGAO|Glossary#ALGAO UK] from David Baker, with funding from the [RCHME|Glossary#RCHME], giving an assessment of the condition of [SMRs|Glossary#SMR] in England in 1998 (Baker 1999a). David Baker produced Similar reports for Scotland and Wales.

!SMR Forum (Scotland)
A forum formed in order to implement the recommendations of the Baker Report (1999) in Scotland’s 18 SMRs.

!SNHD
The Selected National Heritage Dataset. A datset of archaeological sites across England used by Natural England to pre-populate maps for [Environmental Stewardship|Glossary#Environmental Stewardship|target='_blank']. This dataset was created in early 2005 and contained selected archaeological sites from across England, as recorded in the NMR, together with datasets supplied from nine participating HERs. The dataset was replaced by [SHINE|Glossary#SHINE|target='_blank'] in 2009

!Spatial analysis
This is the process of applying analytical techniques to geographically referenced datasets to extract or generate new geographical information. Spatial analysis may be used to model complex geographical interactions and is useful for investigating site suitability and predicting future events. Overall, analytical techniques may be complex, but are usually made up of a combination of simpler techniques applied in an appropriate order.

!SPECTRUM
The UK museum documentation standard published by the [mda|Glossary#mda]. This standard is integral to [MGC|Glossary#MGC] registration for museums and is being implemented throughout the UK and worldwide in both manual and computerised systems.

!SPP
Scottish Planning Policy: guidance issued by the Scottish Executive.

!SQL Server
Any database server that implements the Structured Query Language, a special-purpose programming language designed for managing data held in a relational database management system ([RDBMS|Glossary#RDBMS])

!SRP
Scotland's Rural Past (October 2006 to September 2011) was a five year initiative, run by the [RCAHMS|Glossary#RCAHMS] with partnership funding. SRP worked with local communities to research, record and promote Scotland's vanishing historic rural settlements and landscapes. Over 60 community-led projects improved our understanding of Scotland's rural heritage, from Shetland to the Scottish Borders. For more information see the [project website|http://www.scotlandsruralpast.org.uk/|target='_blank'].

!SSSI
Sites of Special Scientific Interest.

!Statutory instrument
Any designation to which the Statutory Instruments Act 1946 applies.

!Strategic plan
A high-level planning document which sets out an organisation's overall aims and objectives for the next three to five years.

!SUP
Scotland’s Urban Past (SUP) is a five-year [HLF|Glossary#HLF] funded project commencing in Autumn 2014. SUP encourages and supports communities across the country to investigate, record, engage with, and celebrate the heritage of our towns and cities.

SUP will be one of the first major projects to be launched by [Historic Environment Scotland|Glossary#HES], the new lead body for recording, collecting and promoting Scotland’s historic environment.More details can be found on the [RCHAMS website|http://www.rcahms.gov.uk/rcahms-projects/scotlands-urban-past|target='_blank'].

!Superfile package
[English Heritage|Glossary#English Heritage]-supported text-file system for [SMRs|Glossary#SMR] based on the [AN32|Glossary#AN32] recording form.

!SURE
The Specialist User Recording Environment (SURE) enables partners in national, local and third sector organisations across Scotland to enter information directly through web distributed forms into the [RCAHMS|Glossary#RCAHMS] database and published online on [Canmore|Glossary#Canmore].

!SWAD
Scottish Wetland Archaeological Database.

!Synonym
A term having a different form or spelling but the same or nearly the same meaning as another term, for example, Slaughter House and Abattoir or Dovecote and Dovecot.

|[Back to the top|Glossary#Informing the Future of the Past Glossary]

!!T
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!TAN
Technical Advice Note (Scotland): guidance produced by [Historic Scotland|Glossary#Historic Scotland].
Also Technical Advice Notes (Wales) which supplement "Planning Guidance (Wales): Planning Policy".

!TDR
A Trusted Digital Repository (TDR) provides reliable, long-term access to managed digital resources both now and in the future.

!Technology preservation
The maintenance of hardware, operating systems and applications used to create specific data.

!Term list
Another phrase for a [wordlist|Glossary#Wordlist].

!Terminology control
The overall concept of the use of terms to control the recording and retrieval of any given unit of information.

!Tir Gofal
Tir Gofal is an agri-environment scheme which provided funding to farmers and other land managers to deliver effective environmental management on their land in Wales.  The scheme is now closed to new  applicants but ran between 1999 and 2009.

!Thematic map
A map which communicates a single theme or subject. For example, a map depicting the number of fieldwork projects within different administrative areas, or the number of sites within areas would be thematic maps. These contrast with general-purpose topographic mapping which depicts features such as roads, rivers, landmarks and elevation.

!Thesaurus
A list of concepts or terms that normally shows equivalence, hierarchical and associative relationships. A thesaurus is a flexible indexing and retrieval tool.

!Thesaurus of Building Materials
A [thesaurus|Glossary#Thesaurus] of construction materials for monuments relating to the built and buried heritage. Maintained by [Historic England|Glossary#Historic England] and [FISH|Glossary#FISH].

!Thesaurus of Event Types
A [thesaurus|Glossary#Thesaurus] used for recording archaeological and architectural investigative, data collection exercises; from intrusive interventions into the resource to non damaging survey events. Maintained by [Historic England|Glossary#Historic England] and [FISH|Glossary#FISH].

!Thesaurus of Monument Types
A [thesaurus|Glossary#Thesaurus] used for recording most types of monuments relating to the built and buried heritage in England, covering individual heritage assets, complex structures and building assemblages. Maintained by [Historic England|Glossary#Historic England] and [FISH|Glossary#FISH].

!TOAD
Database system developed by Oxford Arch Digital.

!TOID
Topographic Identifier in [MasterMap|Glossary#MasterMap].

!Topography
The natural and artificial features of the landscape.

!Topology
The relationships in spatial terms between connected or adjacent geographical objects. Topology is used to apply intelligence to data held in [vector data|Glossary#Vector Data] models. For example, topological information for an arc might include the [polygon|Glossary#Polygon] to its left and right and the [nodes|Glossary#Node] to which it is connected.

!TORC
Training Online Resource Centre.

!TPO
Tree Preservation Order.

!Treasure Act
The 1996 Act that defines which finds or objects should be reported to local coroners as Treasure.

!Trojan horse
A type of program that is moved insidiously on to a computer system to be triggered at sometime by certain pre-defined actions, usually with disastrous consequences.

|[Back to the top|Glossary#Informing the Future of the Past Glossary]

!!U
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!U3A
University of the Third Age

!UAD
Urban Archaeological Database.

!UDP
Urban Development Plan (Wales).

!UKSGB
UK Standard Geographic Base.

!UNESCO
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation: a specialised agency of the UN which works to preserve our cultural heritage, bringing together those who can help all nations set the course towards co-operation, development and peace.

!Unit of information
Units of 'reformation are the fundamental facts of interest contained within an information system whether computerised or manual.

!URL
Universal Resource Locator: an address used to identify resources on the World Wide Web.

!User declaration forms
These are forms that set out the role of the [SMR|Glossary#SMR] and its commitment to conservation and preservation of the historic environment

|[Back to the top|Glossary#Informing the Future of the Past Glossary]

!!V
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!Vector Data
A data model based on the representation of geographical objects by Cartesian co-ordinates, commonly used to represent linear features. Each feature is represented by a series of co-ordinates which define its shape, and which can have linked information. More sophisticated vector data models include topology.

!Version 1 SMR systems
Text flies based on a paper report form used by [English Heritage|Glossary#English Heritage] to record visits to [Scheduled Monuments|Glossary#SM] by [FMWs|Glossary#FMW] (known as [AM107|Glossary#AM107] and its predecessors the AM12 and AM7).

!Viruses
A computer virus is a self-replicating programme, which may or may not be harmful. Viruses are inadvertently spread from computer to computer on floppy discs, email attachments and from the [internet|Glossary#Internet]. Once introduced on to a computer they may simply display a message on screen but some cause damage to data files.

|[Back to the top|Glossary#Informing the Future of the Past Glossary]

!!W
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!Walsh Committee
The 1968 Committee of Enquiry into the arrangements for the Protection of Field Monuments by County Planning Authorities.

!Walsh report
The report prepared by the Walsh Committee and published in 1969.

!WAN
Wide Area Network: a computer network for a series of buildings which may be widely separated across the country.

!WAT
The Welsh Archaeological Trusts. The four Welsh Archaeological Trusts, were established in the mid 1970s to respond to the rapidly increasing demands of rescue archaeology and to provide a uniform local archaeology service across the whole of Wales. Based on the county areas created in 1974 the Trusts now provide a broad range of archaeological and heritage services - including the maintenance of Historic Environment Records and the provision of archaeological management and planning advice, educational services, field survey, excavation and heritage interpretation. The four Trusts are independent limited companies with charitable status, employing professional archaeological staff.

!Web server
A web server is a computer that provides access to HTML documents and other web-enabled materials stored on its hard disc or memory. This may simply be a personal computer with appropriate communications software and a connection to the [internet|Glossary#Internet], or it may be a higher specification machine maintained by an [ISP|Glossary#ISP] or a large organisation.

!Website
A linked series of HTML documents that is available on the [internet|Glossary#Internet] at a location identified by a [URL|Glossary#URL] is referred to as a website. A web page is a single HTML document.

!Web space
Space on the web server that may be used for file storage and for a website. Websites have an address or [URL|Glossary#URL] which locates a hypertext file on the World Wide Web.

!WG
Welsh Government.

!WGS84
World Geodetic System map projection.

!WHS
World Heritage Site: A site which is identified on the list of cultural and natural properties protected under the [UNESCO|Glossary#UNESCO] Convention on World Heritage agreed by the World Heritage Committee.

!WI
Womens Institute.

!Wordlist
A standard list of terminology used to control information recorded in a specific field in a database.

!Worms
A destructive program that replicates itself throughout a single computer or across a network, both wired and wireless.

!WoSAS
The West of Scotland Archaeology Service was established in 1997 by Minute of Agreement between 12 Councils of the former Strathclyde regional council. The purpose of the Service is to maintain and update the [Historic Environment Record (HER)|Glossary#HER] - the complete record of all known archaeological sites, finds, fieldwork and research for the West of Scotland. Staff from the Service also provide professional advice to landowners, public utilities, private developers, farmers and other land managers to promote the implementation of national and international policies for the preservation of archaeological remains. In addition, we provide free information and advice to researchers, local societies and members of the public. For more information see the [WoSAS website|http://www.wosas.net/|target='_blank'].

!WSI
Written Scheme of Investigation.

!www
World Wide Web

|[Back to the top|Glossary#Informing the Future of the Past Glossary]

!!X
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!XML
Extensible Markup language

!XML UK
United Kingdom Forum for Structured Information Standards

|[Back to the top|Glossary#Informing the Future of the Past Glossary]

!!Y
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!YAC
Young Archaeologists Club.

|[Back to the top|Glossary#Informing the Future of the Past Glossary]

!!Z
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!Z39.50
A communications protocol designed to enable communication between computer systems.

|[Back to the top|Glossary#Informing the Future of the Past Glossary]

A: Introduction to HERs#

B: How do you manage an HER?#

C: Recording practice guidelines#

D: How do you compile, maintain and enhance an HER?#

E: Characterisation and its uses in the HER#

F: Access to the HER#