Transactions of the Cumberland & Westmorland Antiquarian & Archaeological Society 91 (series 2)

The discovery of the remains of a small circular structure prompted a wider survey of this area of upland. Searching predominantly at a height of between 300 and 350 metres, the most common altitude for prehistoric settlement, a variety of remains were located. These included lime kilns, evidence for lime quarrying, a horse-shoe shaped enclosure, walling, cairns and several circular stone banks whose interpretation is proving a little problematical. There was also a large rectangular enclosure and the remains of a small circular hut. IH

An initial ground-based radar survey plotted five transects around the edge of the lawn revealing five basic zones to a depth of 3.9m. The ensuing excavation, along two trenches, uncovered thirteen phases of activity dating from the Roman period, through the medieval, to modern material. There are reports on `The pottery' by M R McCarthy & M L Hird (41--2), `The finds' by T G Padley (42--3) and `The Roman coin list' by D C A Shotter (44). Fifteen architectural fragments from the cathedral which had been placed in a rockery on part of the site are also discussed. There is a summary of documentary sources taken from notes provided by B C Jones, followed by a discussion of the Roman features (phases 1--5) and the post-Roman and medieval features (phases 6--13). IH

A review of occurrences of this type of Norman feature in the area, including an appendix (88--9) reporting additions to the SMR of motte and `burh-type' sites. IH

Seven sections detail the significance of Cumbria in the bee-keeping history of Britain, characteristics of Cumbrian bee shelters, characteristics of Cumbrian bee boles, the structures in relation to their surroundings, evidence for their use, examples of other protective structures for skeps and the significance of bees in family and community life. There are two appendices giving `Sites in Cumbria: additions to the 1981 list' (258--9) and `Data for the bee shelters and bee boles' (260--1). IH

Twenty one notes give information on the following topics. `Recording work at Kirkhead Cavern' by Percival Turnbull (263), `Flints from Murton, Asby and Orton Scar' by Clare I Fell (263--4) and `Reworked axe from Little Strickland Hill, Witherslack' also by Clare I Fell (265--6). `Rise How: an ADS date for the Iron Age burial' by R L Bellhouse (266--7), `The position of milefortlet 10 (Silloth)' by Percival Turnbull (267--8), `Archaeological work on the Papcastle bypass' by Percival Turnbull (268), and `The Roman road across Leesrigg pasture' by R L Bellhouse (269). `Recent Roman coin finds in Cumbria and North Lancashire' by D C A Shotter (269--75), `A further component of the Cliburn (Penrith) hoard' by D C A Shotter (276--9) `A hoard of radiates from Great Strickland' also by D C A Shotter (280--1), `Another gold coin from Scalesceugh' by R L Bellhouse (281--2), `Two Roman mounts from Kendal, Cumbria' by Phillip Cracknell (282--4), and `The Fosse of the Galwegians' by R L Bellhouse (284--7). `Carlisle Cathedral: Fratry watching brief, 1988' by Graham D Keevill (289--92), `A possible medieval votive coin from Cummersdale' by Ian Caruana (292--4), `St Margaret's Tower, Staveley' by Percival Turnbull (294), `The Anchorite well, Kendal - recent changes' by John Marsh (295), and `A mid-fourteenth century coin hoard from Rickerby, Carlisle' by C Richardson & M R McCarthy (295--8). `Three post-medieval green glass wine bottle fragments from Penrith' by Edgar Bolton (299--301), `An eighteenth century sealed green glass wine bottle in Carlisle Museum' by Edgar Bolton (301--3), and finally `A fragmentary Nailsea type glass vessel in Carlisle Museum' also by Edgar Bolton (303--4). IH